Quality air is a scarce resource and Delhi has the worst air quality as per WHO study. Magneto Environmental Grouppe gives some respite by improving indoor air quality through its latest air purification technology.
Prof Margaret Bell CBE (Newcastle University) http://www.ncl.ac.uk/transport/people/profile/margaret.bell speaking at Acorn Road group meeting 18 July 2013
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Quality air is a scarce resource and Delhi has the worst air quality as per WHO study. Magneto Environmental Grouppe gives some respite by improving indoor air quality through its latest air purification technology.
Prof Margaret Bell CBE (Newcastle University) http://www.ncl.ac.uk/transport/people/profile/margaret.bell speaking at Acorn Road group meeting 18 July 2013
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
the presentation is all about Delhi air pollution
it include:
1. history of pollution
2. causes
3. some of the numerical example to show pollution situation initiative taken by the government to control the measures
Air pollution and climate change, DelhiSachin Kumar
Relationship between the Air pollution and Climate change and what are various policies adopted by the GoI and Delhi government to tackle the improve the air quality or mitigate the air pollution in our Capital.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
the presentation is all about Delhi air pollution
it include:
1. history of pollution
2. causes
3. some of the numerical example to show pollution situation initiative taken by the government to control the measures
Air pollution and climate change, DelhiSachin Kumar
Relationship between the Air pollution and Climate change and what are various policies adopted by the GoI and Delhi government to tackle the improve the air quality or mitigate the air pollution in our Capital.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The increase in the number of motorcycles in Indian cities is due to several factors such as traffic, low cost, mobility, few parking lots and the low efficiency of public transportation, becoming an important factor in air quality deterioration. In this context, vehicle emissions monitoring is essential to understand the contribution to air pollution as a whole. . The development of models for air pollution assessment has been identified as an important area for future research. Air pollution due to massive use of motor vehicles in urban areas of India is one of the most serious and the fastest growing problem to solve. These motor vehicles emit significant quantities of CO2, CO, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, SPM and other toxic substances in the atmosphere which adversely affect the environmental and the health. The objective of this study is to understand the chemistry of air pollution with its precise estimation through modeling. The behavior and relation between emission and deposition of pollutants can explain with the help of air quality models. Modeling is a set of different scientific methods that are helpful to analyse the nature and behavior of pollutants in the atmosphere. On the basis of source of pollutant air quality models are classified as point, area or line source models. Various Gaussian based line source models are commonly used in India to assess the impact of vehicular pollution along the roads or highways. The CO pollutant concentration values were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and the CO values were predicted by using CALINE4 model. The possible association between CO pollutant concentration and traffic parameters like traffic flow, type of vehicle, and Roadway width was also evaluated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Urban Air Quality Modelling and Simulation: A Case Study of Kolhapur (M.S.), ...IDES Editor
As a consequence of urbanization a phenomenal
surge has been observed in the vehicular population in India,
giving rise to elevated levels of traffic related pollutants like
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and
particulates in Indian urban centers. These pollutants can
have both acute and chronic effects on human health. Thus
air quality management needs immediate attention. Air
quality models simulate the physical and chemical processes
occurring in the atmosphere to estimate the atmospheric
pollutant concentration. A variety of air quality models are
available ranging from simple empirical models to complex
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models. Air quality
models can be a valuable tool in pollution forecasting, air
quality management, traffic management and urban planning.
This paper evaluates the performance of widely used Danish
Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) under Indian
traffic conditions. Comparison between predicted and observed
concentrations was performed using both quantitative and
statistical methods. OSPM was found to perform exceedingly
well for the prediction of particulates whereas NO2 predictions
were poorly predicted.
Emissions of motorized vehicles account for a
cities. Vehicle growth exponentially significantly increases emissions, in addition to
the condition of vehicle feasibility, traffic patterns, city planning that concentrates
offices in the city is the cause of more air po
of air pollutants sourced from motor vehicles namely CO cause
respiratory tract irritation, NOx causes throat vessel reactivity in asthmatics. This
study aims to (1) find out the types of motor
the observation point and find out the types of motor vehicles that contribute the most
emissions (2) estimate CO emissions from motor vehicles (3) estimate NOx emissi
from vehicles motorized (4) estimating SO
testing the regression and correlation of the number of motorized vehicles to
emissions. The method used in this study is observation / observation, observational
data is processed using a calculation formula accordi
Minister of Environment No. 12 of 2010. Then the calculation data is carried out by
correlation and regression tests.
Carbon monoxide Content of Exhaust Emissions from Agricultural Tractor Engine...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aims at contributing to the information buildup required for advocating the need for urgent reduction of environmental pollution by exhaust emissions from fossil fuel powered Engines in Nigeria. It was, concluded from the results obtained from the study that carbon monoxide content of the exhaust emissions of agricultural tractors are approximately forty nine(49) times higher than the recommended maximum level of 0.5 % vol CO (v/v) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). FIAT 70-666 contributed the largest content of 2.9 % vol of CO (v/v) while MASSEY FERGUSSON MF 375 contributed the least amount of 1.7 % vol of CO(v/v). Only the engine capacity had significant effect on the carbon monoxide content of the exhaust emissions of the agricultural tractors; the model/make selection did not significantly affect the CO content of their exhaust emissions.
Urban Air Pollution in Developing Country Megacities.
A Workshop On
Transportation in Developing Urban Areas:
Addressing Air Quality and Climate Change Issues by Michael P. Walsh
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EXHAUST POLLUTANTS, FUEL CONSUMPTION AND AVAILABLE FUEL C...IAEME Publication
The effects of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption on petrol and diesel vehicles during stop/restart condition, idling condition, small roundabout, different road conditions and traffic signals are reviewed. The vehicle idling conditions and different accessories effect such as electrical light effects, air conditioning, heater, music system, and refrigerator etc. have major impact on the fuel consumption and emission pollutants. The effects of idling on consumption of fuel and exhaust
pollutants of diesel vehicles and heavy duty trucks are studied and exhaust emissions are 16500 gm per hour, 86.4 gm per hour, 5130 gm per hour, 4 gm per hour and 375 gm per hour for carbon dioxide (CO2), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) respectively.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
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edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
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camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
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miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
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working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
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working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
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Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
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crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
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development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
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Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
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locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
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paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
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PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
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Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
E1032434
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 3 (March 2014), PP.24-34
24
A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in
Chidambaram town
P.Balashanmugam1
, V.Nehrukumar2
, G.Balasubramanian3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University.
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Annamalai University
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University.
Abstract:- Vehicular emissions generally include oxides of nitrogen, sulphur, carbon hydrocarbon, mercury and
leads. The effects of vehicular emissions on human health, vegetations, and environments were investigated in
four locations of Chidambaram (East Car Street, West car street, North Car Street and south car street junctions).
The investigation was carried out with the use of questionnaires and High volume sampler. The experiments
were conducted on air samples collected from each location to determine the level of CO, NOX,SO2 and SPM.
The results obtained from questionnaire show that on the average, 71%, 39.5%, 64.5%, 26%, 47% were
respectively affected by sleeplessness, running nose, eye irritation, asthmatic attack, and headache respectively.
Chidambaram town is suffering from poor air quality, mostly because of vehicular emissions or fumes. Air
pollution caused by existing vehicle emission is known to have already contributed to an increase in asthma,
acute respiratory diseases and even sometimes resulted in death. This study aims at assessing the effects public
health relating to vehicular emissions in Chidambaram. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and oral
interviews on the trend of vehicle ownership between November-December (2012) to January-February (2013).
Vehicle emissions are a significant contributor to ambient pollution, especially in urban areas. Monitoring of
ambient hourly concentrations of CO, NOx, Spm and SO2 took place at four major junctions in Chidambaram
during morning, low-traffic hours and during afternoon, high-traffic hours. Concentrations of NOx were
alarmingly high in all locations tested. Carbon monoxide concentrations were also high. Concentrations of both
CO and NOx were significantly higher during the afternoon than during the morning. Air quality crisis in cities
is mainly due to vehicular emissions. The effect of vehicular emission on urban air quality and human health has
been described. Recommendations were made to reduce vehicular emission in the study area.
Keywords:- Vehicular emissions, illness, Public Health, Traffic Related Air Pollution Diseases, Emission
inventory, driving patterns.
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMSBBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS
CO : Carbon Monoxide
CO2 : Carbon Dioxide
HC : Hydrocarbons
μg/m3
: microgram per cubic meter
NAAQS : National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NOx : Oxides of Nitrogen
NO2 : Nitrogen Dioxide
O3 : Ozone
PM : Particle Matter
PM10 : Particle Matter less than 10 microns
PM2.5 : Particle Matter less than 2.5 microns
ppm : Parts per million
SPM : Suspended Particulate Matter
SOx : Oxides of Sulphur
SO2 : Sulphur Dioxide
I. INTRODUCTION
Air pollution has remained a major health concern in India. In the past decades, several studies
highlighted the important contribution of ambient air pollution to excess morbidity and mortality (Schwartz,
2001, Le et al., 2010). In particular, exposure to particulate air pollution has been found to be associated with
increase in hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory disease and mortality in many countries
(Samet et al. 2000; Dockery, 2009) including India (Kumar et al., 2010; Balakrishnan et al., 2011; Rajarathnam
et al., 2011). Epidemiologic studies also depicted a close link between air pollution and asthma and allergic
2. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
25
diseases (Kelly and Fussell, 2011). Health impact of air pollution depends on the pollutant type, its
concentration in the air, length of exposure, other pollutants in the air, and individual susceptibility. Poor people,
undernourished people, very young and very old, and people with pre-existing respiratory disease and other ill
health are more at risk .Vichit-Vadakan et al., 2010). The ambient air of most of the Indian cities contains
respirable suspended particulate matter in levels that are above the national ambient air quality standards. The
most important contributor to air pollution in the cities is exhausts from petrol- and diesel-fuelled vehicles.
Millions of people are exposed to this poor quality of air for years. The consequence could be adverse health
effects that could be sub-clinical or overt. Despite these, little is known about the health impact of urban air
pollution at the cellular and sub-cellular levels among people residing in the Indian mega cities. Against this
background, this cross sectional study was undertaken to examine the health impact of air pollution in Kolkata
(former Calcutta), a city with high level of air pollution from vehicular traffic.
(a) Necessity of the air pollution study
Two decades ago, most of the air pollution was due to industrial emissions and burning of fuel. But the
situation has changed considerable since then. The ever increasing proliferation of automobiles would indicate
that, if uncontrolled, gaseous exhaust products could increase without limit. In India, during the last four
decades of progress, greater emphases has been laid on industrialization rather than motorization, yet there are
strong indications that automotive vehicles are turning to be an important contributor to air pollution. Auto
exhaust pollution has assumed a menacing proportion in the developing countries and its control should not be
delayed any more especially in India, where its contribution is about 45% - 70% of the total air pollution in
urban areas. In major Indian cities, the ambient CO levels along the roads of commercial zones have reached
alarming levels indicating that though the number of vehicles in major cities is comparatively smaller, the
intensity of pollutants can be compared to that of any other metropolis in the world. This can be attributed to the
age of vehicles with poor maintenance, poor road conditions and lack of traffic planning. Moreover the
automobiles leave the emission at the ground level resulting in greater impact on the air quality. Table I shows
the Different pollutants and their emissions. TableII shows the Effects of vehicle mode on emissions.
Table I Different pollutants and their emissions
Type Category Examples Pollutants
Combustion Fuel burning
transportation
Refuse
burning
Domestic burning, Thermal power plants,
cars
trucks and
Railways.
Open burning dumps
Sulphur oxide
Nitrogen oxide
Carbon monoxide
Lead, smoke,
organic vapours
Odours etc.
Fly ash and particulates
Manufacturi
ng process
Chemical
plants
Petroleum refineries. Fertilizers
Cement
Paper mills
Ceramic and Clay products.
TableII Effects of vehicle mode on emissions
Sl.no Vehicle
condition
Engine Flow Concentration
Hydrocarbon Carbon
monoxide
Oxides of
nitrogen
1 Idle Operating Very low High High Very low
2 Cruise
Low speed Operating Low Low Low Low
High speed Operating High Very low Very low Moderate
3 Acceleration
Moderate Operating High Low Low High
Heavy Operating Very High Moderate High Moderate
4 Deceleration Operating Very low Very High High Very low
5 Soak
Hot Stopped None - - -
3. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
26
II. PREVIOUS WORK
Vehicle emissions significantly pollute air and require control (Karlsson, 2004). With increasing
concern for air toxics and climate modification caused by exhaust emissions, the need for tighter control
increases in importance. There is therefore a great need for studies involving emission factors and impact. In
recent years, there has been considerable research on vehicle emissions and fumes (Bailey 1995; Lilley 2000;
Marshall et al 2003; Ababio 2003; Cadle et al 1997, 2000-2004).
Carbon monoxide causes blood clotting when it reacts with haemoglobin, which cuts the supply of
oxygen in the respiration system after long exposure. This is a common occurrence in urban centres with a high
level of commercial activity (Ackerman et al 2002; Gibbs et al 1995; Glen et al 1996; Johnson et al 2000).
The worst levels of pollution are seen in such urban cities as are densely populated with a low standard of living
(Addy and Pietrass 1992; Washington et al 1998). Unfortunately, vehicle emissions present an important
environmental hazard that needs to be investigated, since it may shorten the lifespan of exposed people.
Research has also indicated that the depletion of ozone layer is largely due to pollution from industries and the
use of automobiles. A study has also been carried out on forecasting vehicle models of operations as an impact
to modelling emissions (Washington et al 1998).
An extensive body of growing research is provided on experimental issues relating to vehicle emission.
In a related study, an investigation was made on vehicle exhaust gas casting in a diesel emissions control system
(Addy and Pietrass 1992). The use of intra-red and ultraviolet spectrometers to measures vehicle emission on
urban air quality has also been investigated experimentally (Gibbs et al 1995).
Another study relates metrological variables and trends in motor vehicle emissions to monthly urban
carbon monoxide (Glen et al 1996). Another experimentally bared research was conducted to determine the
intake fraction of primary pollutants from motor vehicle emission in the South Coast Air Basin (Marshall et al
2003). In two cases, the scientific behaviours and effects at unregulated emissions were studied.
Another major group of research centres on reviews of the literature on some themes on emission research. A
series of is review as provided on real-world vehicle emissions in a consistent study of over 7 years (Cadle et al
1997, 2000-2004). An interesting review on ammonia inventory update for the South Coast Air Brain is
provided (Chitjian et al 1997). Another interesting study on emissions relates to ammonia, motors oxide and
hydrogen cyanide emissions from five passenger vehicles (Karlsson 2004). Experimental of vehicles emission
also include unregulated emission from three-way catalyst cars (Bardow and Stump 1997).
III. HEALTH EFFECTS FROM AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
The Emissions From Millions Of Vehicles Add Up. These Emissions Are By-Products From The
Engine Combustion Process And From The Evaporation Of Fuel. Despite The Ever-Growing Number Of
Vehicles On The Road, Studies Show That Ten To Thirty Percent Of Vehicles Cause The Majority Of Vehicle-
Related Air Pollution. This Fact Sheet Lists Some Of The Air Pollutants Associated With Vehicle Emissions.
Because Exposure To These Pollutants Can Cause Serious Health Problems, The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Has Established Air Quality Standards To Protect Our Health.
(a) Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas emitted from the vehicle's exhaust as a result
of incomplete combustion. It interferes with the blood's ability to carry oxygen to the brain, heart, and other
tissues. Unborn or newborn children and people with heart disease are in greatest danger from this pollutant, but
even healthy people can experience headaches, fatigue and reduced reflexes due to CO exposure. Motor vehicles
produce more than two-thirds of the man-made carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide reduces
the volume of oxygen that enters the bloodstream and can slow reflexes, cause drowsiness, impair judgment and
vision and even cause death.
(b) Hydrocarbons
Are unburned fuel vapors. When hydrocarbons and other pollutants are exposed to sunlight, a chemical
reaction occurs that produces ground-level ozone (smog), which is harmful to our health and the environment.
Vehicles are responsible for about 50 percent of the emissions that form ozone. Hydrocarbons are formed by
incomplete fuel combustion. When combined with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons
produce ground-level ozone, which can irritate the eyes, damage lungs, and aggravate respiratory problems.
Symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, and decreased lung function. Many hydrocarbons are also
considered hazardous air pollutants.
(c) Ozone
Ground-level ozone is the major component in what we know as smog. It is not emitted directly into
the air but is produced in the atmosphere when gases called hydrocarbons combine with nitrogen oxide
4. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
27
compounds in the presence of sunlight. In the body, ozone reacts with lung tissue. It can inflame and cause
harmful changes in breathing passages, decrease the lungs' working ability and cause coughing and chest pains.
Even healthy people are found to be sensitive to ozone exposure. Ozone smog at ground level is different from
the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, which filters out harmful solar radiation. Ozone is a severe irritant. It is
responsible for the choking, coughing, and stinging eyes associated with smog. Ozone damages lung tissue,
aggravates respiratory disease, and makes people more susceptible to respiratory infections. Children are
especially vulnerable to ozone's harmful effects, as are adults with existing disease. Even otherwise healthy
individuals may experience impaired health from breathing ozone-polluted air. Elevated ozone levels also
inhibit plant growth and can cause widespread damage to crops and forests. Ozone is not emitted directly. It is
formed in the atmosphere through a complex set of chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons, oxides of
nitrogen, and sunlight. The rate at which the reactions proceed is related to both temperature and intensity of the
sunlight. Because of this, problematic ozone levels occur most frequently on hot summer afternoons.
(d) Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide is emitted when fuel containing sulfur is burned in diesel engines. Sulfur dioxide
exposure constricts air passages, creating problems for people with asthma and for young children, whose small
lungs need to work harder than adults’ lungs.
(e) Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide and related nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced when fuel is burned. These
compounds contribute to ozone formation and are a health problem themselves. The effect of NOx exposure on
the respiratory system is similar to that of ozone and sulphur dioxide. Nitrogen oxides are by-products of fuel
combustion and contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. Health effects include coughing, shortness of
breath, and decreased lung function.
(f) Lead
Lead content has been reduced in gasoline. As a result, there is a significant drop in public exposure to
outdoor lead pollution. Lead poisoning can reduce mental ability, damage blood, nerves, and organs, and raise
blood pressure. Even small ingestions or inhalations of lead can be harmful because lead accumulates in the
body.
(g) Particulate Matter
Particulate matter includes microscopic particles and tiny droplets of liquid. Because of their small size,
these particles are not stopped in the nose and upper lungs by the body's natural defences but go deep into the
lungs, where they may become trapped and cause irritation. Exposure to particulate matter can cause wheezing
and similar symptoms in people with asthma or sensitive airways.
The health effects of diesel exhaust are both acute, from short-term exposure, and chronic, from long-
term or repeated exposure. Specific health risks and their severity depend upon the amount of chemical exposed
to as well as the duration of the exposure. An acute exposure to diesel exhaust could cause an irritation of the
eyes, nose, throat, and lungs as well as light-headedness. Chronic exposure to diesel exhaust can have several
more severe effects on human health. Human health studies demonstrate a correlation between exposure to
diesel exhaust and increased lung cancer rates in occupational settings. Experimental animal inhalation studies
of chronic exposure to diesel exhaust have shown that a range of doses cause varying levels of inflammation and
cellular changes in the lungs. Human and laboratory studies have also provided considerable evidence that
diesel exhaust is a likely carcinogen. The table III below shows the types of health effects experienced by the
most common pollutants at elevated levels.
Table III The types of health effects experienced by the most common pollutants at elevated levels
Pollutant Health effects at very high levels
Nitrogen Dioxide,
Sulphur Dioxide, Ozone
These gases irritate the airways of the lungs, increasing the symptoms of those
suffering from lung diseases
Particles Fine particles can be carried deep into the lungs where they can cause
inflammation and a worsening of heart and lung diseases
Carbon Monoxide This gas prevents the uptake of oxygen by the blood. This can lead to a significant
reduction in the supply of oxygen to the heart, particularly in people suffering
from heart disease
5. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
28
The health impacts of air pollutants are numerous and varied and can become manifest in any
compartment of the human body. Compartments affected include the respiratory system, immune system, skin
and mucous tissues, sensory system, central and peripheral nervous system, and the cardiovascular system.
Health effects of air pollution on the respiratory system include acute and chronic changes in
pulmonary function, increased incidence and prevalence of respiratory symptoms, sensitisation of airways to
allergens, and exacerbation of respiratory infections such as rhinitis, sinusivitis, pneumonia, alveolitis, and
legionnaires' disease. Principal agents for these health effects are the combustion products sulphur dioxide
(SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon monoxide (CO Health effects of air
pollution on the skin and on mucous tissues (eyes, nose, throat) are mostly irritating effects. Primary sensory
irritations include dry-sore-throat, tingling sensation of nose, and watering and painful eyes. Secondary irritation
is characterised by oedema and inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes up to irreversible changes in
these organs. Principal agents include volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and other aldehydes (e.g.
acetaldehyde, acrolein) and ETS.Sensory effects of air pollution include nuisance and annoyance reactions
caused by perception of air pollutants through sensory organs. VOCs, formaldehyde and ETS can act as
principal agents. Effects of air pollution on the central nervous system manifest themselves in damage of the
nerve cells, either toxic or hypoxic/anoxic. Principal agents are VOCs (acetone, benzene, toluene, and
formaldehyde), CO and pesticides.
(h) Short-term effects
Air pollution has a range of effects on health. However, air pollution in the UK on a day-to-day basis is
not expected to rise to levels at which people need to make major changes to their habits to avoid exposure;
Nobody need fear going outdoors, but they may experience some noticeable symptoms depending on which of
the following population groups they are in:
Adults and Children with lung or heart conditions - It is known that, when levels of air pollutants rise,
adults suffering from heart conditions, and adults and children with lung conditions, are at increased risk of
becoming ill and needing treatment. Only a minority of those who suffer from these conditions are likely to
be affected and it is not possible to predict in advance who will be affected. Some people are aware that air
pollution affects their health: adults and children with asthma may notice that they need to increase their use
of inhaled reliever medication on days when levels of air pollution are higher than average.
Older people - Older people are more likely to suffer from heart and lung conditions than young people
and so it makes good sense for them to be aware of current air pollution conditions.
The general population - At Very High levels of air pollution, some people may experience a sore or dry
throat, sore eyes or, in some cases, a tickly cough even in healthy individuals.
Children - Children need not be kept from school or prevented from taking part in games. Children with
asthma may notice that they need to increase their use of reliever medication on days when levels of air
pollution are higher than average.
Adults and children with heart or lung problems are at greater risk of symptoms. Follow your doctor's usual
advice about exercising and managing your condition. It is possible that very sensitive individuals may
experience health effects even on Low air pollution days. Anyone experiencing symptoms should follow
the guidance provided.
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS
(a) The Study Area
Chidambaram is an ancient famous temple town of the Lord Nataraja (Siva) in Hindu, Religion. It is
most important holy and pilgrimage centre attracting tourists, coming from all over India and Abroad. The town
is named after the temple called “Chit Saba”. On the other hand, Chidambaram (i.e. Music Hall or Hall of
wisdom) The temple Nataraja was built during the 6-8th centuries after which it was historically influenced and
place of sanctity of divine Lord Siva by devoting service of Chola, Pandya, and Vijayanagara Kings during their
regime. The Saivate Saint Thiru Manickavasagar, who visited this place and made miracles, fascinating public
in the part of divinity, enlightened the Shine of divine Sanctity. This town is called “Thillai as sung in Saiva
Puranas. Since the place was Thillai forest and in later stage it is called as Margali (December) is celebrated
every year, fascinating devotes from all over India and abroad. The temples at Kalahasti, Kanchipuram, and
Chidambaram all stand on a straight line at 79' 45" east longitude The Chidambaram temple houses the Akasha
Lingam of Shiva and is considered one of the greatest Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu.
The objectives of this study are: (i) to investigate the state of vehicular emission in Chidambaram (ii) to
investigate the state of vehicular emission on people and the environments; and (iii) To prescribe ways of
reducing these emissions. These objectives are justified when one considers the argument by Kpako (2003),
who stated that vehicular emissions accounts for about 60% of the total pollutants emitted when compared to
6. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
29
other sources and are a dangers to society. Data was collected in Chidambaram town, a commercial and
residential town in cuddalore district.
(b) Air Sampling and Chemical Analysis
An eight hour ambient air sampling has been carried out using a high volume sampler at four different
select pollution prone locations on a continuously selected day each during January 01-01-2013 to 28-01-2013.
Sampling was done at each location for continuous 7 days (one week).The research focused on congested areas
of Chidambaram town where heavy vehicular emissions are common. The sample areas are densely populated.
They were observed both in the day and night. A common characteristic of these areas is the presence of heavy
flow of transportation. In these study areas, concentration of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulphur oxide,
nitrogen oxides (obtained mostly from exhaust gases) in the atmosphere is high. However, vehicular emissions
account for more than 60% of the total pollutants emitted when compared to other sources.
(i) The effect of emission on health:
In determining the health effects in the samples location, questionnaires were prepared and
administered on 50 selected individuals each who live or work in the study areas. The data obtained from the
questionnaires were analysed based on the information obtained from them. The questionnaire also sampled
people’s opinions on what they think should be done to reduce these harmful exhausts.
(ii) Effect of emission on plants:
The investigation carried out in the work entails observing vegetations in the sampled area to determine
samples showing the effects of emissions.
(c) Procedure
SPM (suspended particulate matter) concentrations were found by measuring the sample air volume
(m3
) through an orifice meter and the mass (μg) of particulate matter collected in a Watt man grade 1 fiberglass
filter paper. Concentrations of SO2 and NO2 (μg/m3
or PPM) were colorimetrically determined using a
spectrophotometer. 5 to 20 ml of reagent (sodium tetra chloro mercurate for West and Geake method to find
SO2 and sodium hydroxide for NO2) filled in a train of impingers of the high volume sampler trap
specific contaminant in air. Air flows to the impingers were determined using rota meters. Instantaneous carbon
monoxide concentrations were directly recorded using a battery operated portable CO monitor (CO 84 ENDEE
make.)
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the results, it can be concluded that Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is the main pollutant
within the Chidambaram town. All eight sampling stations, the concentration of SPM exceeded the ambient air
quality standard by CPCB .The reason is being the growing number of automobiles and poorly and congested
road with heavy traffic. This problem can be overcome by adapting advance eco-friendly transport systems,
usesage biofuels and widening of roads. In Chidambaram town, many individuals residing nearby traffic
intersections are suffering from respiratory diseases. Proper environmental awareness and personal protective
devices may be useful in avoiding health problems. This study has shown that chronic exposure to air pollution
of Chidambaram town that arises mostly from vehicular exhausts of more than one million motor vehicles
plying in the town adversely affect the health of its residents. It impairs lung function, increases the risk of life-
threatening COPD, elicits pulmonary and systemic inflammation, causes covert pulmonary hemorrhage, alters
immunity that may make the citizens susceptible to infection, increases the risk of hypertension and consequent
cardio-vascular diseases, damages DNA and the chromosomes, interferes with DNA damage repair mechanism
and enhances dysplasia of airway cells thereby increasing the risk of cancer in the lung and the airways.
Carcinogenic changes were mediated by up-regulation of Akt signal transduction pathway, and PM level in
breathing air was positively associated with most these changes via generation of oxidative stress.
(i) East and South car street junction
This site has one way traffic system, heavy non-smooth vehicle flow, narrow sharp turn, shopping
complex, and parking lots. Percentage traffic shares of two wheelers/ three wheelers/ light vehicles/ heavy
vehicles were 54, 15, 13 and 18 respectively. The respondents in East and South car street junction were
frequently affected by catarrh. This may be due to the heavy emissions from big buses that ply East and South
car street junction to other parts of Chidambaram. These vehicles are mainly powered by diesel fuel and in most
cases, are not frequently serviced. They operate almost 20 hours a day, hence the possibility of worn rings
thereby causing heavy soot from their exhaust pipes. Asthmatic attacks were rare in all areas, but traders in this
place showed the highest complaints. Heavy eye irritation, which is closely linked to sleeplessness, ranks second
in East and South car street junction. Therefore after assimilating different kinds of emissions for a large number
7. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
30
of hours, they suffer from heavy eye which is the cause of sleeplessness. Table IV shows the Effects of
automobile emissions on the respondents at East car and South car street junction.
(ii) South and west car street junction
This site has one way traffic system, heavy non-smooth vehicle flow, narrow sharp turn, shopping
complex, and parking lots. Percentage traffic shares of two wheelers/ three wheelers/ light vehicles/ heavy
vehicles were 50, 13, 18 and 19 respectively. The percentage of respondents affected by heavy eye was the
highest in South and west car street junction. This may be due to the fact that small buses are more common in
this area. The effects of these emissions may not be more noticeable during the day on the people but a night,
the people find it difficult to sleep due to heavy eye. This may be due to the fact that offices, banks and business
areas are along the bus stops in this area. Twenty percent of the respondents in Mushin are affected by headache.
Table V shows the Effects of automobile emissions on the respondents at south car and west car street junction.
(iii) West and North car street junction
This site has one way traffic system, heavy non-smooth vehicle flow, narrow sharp turn, shopping
complex, and parking lots. Percentage traffic shares of two wheelers/ three wheelers/ light vehicles/ heavy
vehicles were 55, 16, 13 and 16 respectively. In West and North car street junction, there is a mixture of big
buses and small buses, this allows for the comingling by diesel and petrol. Since these emissions are a mixture
of gases from different sources, it results quickly into adverse effects on the respondents hence the greatest
percentage of the respondents in this area suffer from catarrh. Table VI shows the Effects of automobile
emissions on the respondents at West car and North car street junction.
(iv) North and East car street junction
This site has one way traffic system, less frequent queuing, less stop-go practice, and commercial
bazaar activity. Percentage traffic shares of two wheelers/ three wheelers/ light vehicles / heavy vehicles were
62, 11, 9 and 18 respectively. There are many types of vehicles plying this area mainly big buses which produce
heavy emission. Twenty-five percent of respondents suffer from headache and the aftermath is sleeplessness.
This is due largely to the amount of gases (exhaust) that they have emitted during the day while undergoing their
business activities. There is a high percentage of respondents being affected by sleeplessness in this area This
area is partly residential and commercial. The subtle emissions from neighbouring bus stops, car parks are being
felt during the nights resulting in sleeplessness Table VII shows the Effects of automobile emissions on the
respondents at North car and East car street junction.
(a) Questionnaire
Questionnaires (see appendix) were administered in four areas of Chidambaram town: East car and
south car street junction, south car and west car street junction, west car and north car street junction and north
car and east car street junction. Questionnaires were administered on a total of 200 respondents to determine the
effects of emissions on their health, particularly in congested areas of Chidambaram town, where heavy
vehicular emissions are common. Preliminary observations were done for one month in many areas before
selecting the sampled areas. These are the areas where there are heavy flows of transportations. A total of 50
respondents were carefully selected each from the four locations. Questionnaires were administered on them
over a period of 4 months. The selected respondents include office workers, market women, street hawkers,
drivers, conductors, Annamalai university employees, school children, Traffic policeman, traders and residents.
Those that had difficulty in responding to the questionnaires were assisted by the crewmembers. The
questionnaires were analysed based on the factors/symptoms that constitute health problems. Table VIII shows
the Effects of automobile emissions on the respondents in the study areas and the table IX shows the Results
from on analysis on air samples in the four locations of Chidambaram town.
8. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
31
Table IV Effects of automobile emissions on the respondents at East car and South car street junction
Respondent Sleeplessness Eye irritation Asthmatic attack Headache Running nose
Market
women
2 3 2 3 2
Street hackers 2 1 1 2 3
Drivers 3 4 1 2 1
Conductors 3 3 1 3 2
AU Employees 3 4 2 1 2
School
children
5 2 1 1 2
Office
workers
4 2 1 3 2
Traders 6 5 1 2 1
Residents 2 3 0 5 2
School
teachers
2 2 0 1 0
Table V Effects of automobile emissions on the respondents at south car and west car street junction
Respondent Sleeplessness Eye irritation Asthmatic attack Headache Running nose
Market
women
6 3 2 3 2
Street
hackers
2 1 0 5 3
Drivers 2 4 2 2 1
Conductors 2 4 1 3 2
AU Employees 8 6 2 1 2
School
children
5 7 1 1 2
Office
workers
4 4 1 3 2
Traders 2 1 1 1 1
Residents 3 3 1 3 2
School
teachers
1 2 0 3 1
Table VI Effects of automobile emissions on the respondents at West car and North car street junction
Respondent Sleeplessness Eye irritation Asthmatic attack Headache Running nose
Market
women
4 3 3 3 2
Street
hackers
2 1 0 1 3
Drivers 3 4 2 2 1
Conductors 3 4 1 4 2
AU Employees 5 6 2 0 2
School
children
6 4 0 4 4
Office
workers
3 4 4 3 2
Traders 2 5 1 1 1
Residents 7 1 1 3 2
School
teachers
3 2 0 2 2
9. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
32
Table VII Effects of automobile emissions on the respondents at North car and East car street junction
Respondent Sleeplessness Eye irritation Asthmatic attack Headache Running nose
Market
women
2 3 2 2 2
Street
hackers
3 1 1 2 3
Drivers 2 4 1 5 1
Conductors 2 3 5 3 5
AU Employees 10 5 2 2 2
School
children
2 2 2 1 2
Office
workers
5 6 1 3 3
Traders 3 5 1 2 1
Residents 6 0 2 1 2
School
teachers
2 2 0 2 2
Table VIII Effects of automobile emissions on the respondents in the study areas
Ailment
Number of respondents affected
East car
&south
car street
junction
South car
&west car
street
junction
West car
&north car
street
junction
North car
&east car
street
junction
Totals
Sleeplessness 32 35 38 37 142(71% )
Running nose 17 18 21 23 79(39.5% )
Eye irritation 29 35 34 31 129(64.5% )
Asthmatic attack 10 11 14 17 52(26% )
Headache 23 25 23 23 94(47% )
Table IX Results from on analysis on air samples in the four locations of Chidambaram town.
Pollutant East car &south
car street
junction
South car
&west car
street junction
West car
&north car
street junction
North car
&east car
street junction
Oxides of
Nitrogen
75.86-100.52 65-95.23 70.21-108.3 69.54-105.65
Sulphur dioxide 62.50-92.78 53.52-90.68 60.24-95.65 68.35-97.65
Carbon mo
noxide
0-2.4 0-2.4 0-2.4 0-2.4
Suspended
Particulate
Matter
232.52-320.92 209.52 -301.92 202.13 -298.24 225.44-285.64
VI. CONCLUSION
The study is worth considering in view of the cost savings that would result if adequate traffic controls
were implemented. Future studies need to consider the development of models, analysis, and empirical scrutiny
of vehicle emission models. The result of such a research will be useful to the vehicle manufacturers in the
design of new exhaust pipes. But deep studies indicate that these problems not only affect the local environment,
but the ill-effects spread to the other parts of the world as well. If this situation continues, then life on earth on
becomes intolerable. Hence “Save our Earth” has become the slogan now. The problems and their ill-effects
have to be thoroughly analyzed at the global level. But, to prevent ill-effects, suitable action has to be taken at
the level. Environment is a partner to development and not an impediment. In order to maintain essential
ecological process, to ensure genetic diversity, sustain species and eco-systems, prevent environment
degradation, the following changes should be made in the vehicle to reduce the emission. The study reveals that
traffic related pollution in Chidambaram town is significant with possibly severe health consequences,
10. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
33
especially for people living in areas or in locations close to busy roads. If allowed to continue, it is likely that air
quality will only deteriorate as the town continues to grow. The resultant health care and lost productivity costs
are very high, especially now that there is influx of vehicle and high traffic build-up within the town. The
adoption of rigorous regulations and implementation of transport-policies will lead to an uptake of clean air and
play a very significant role in reducing air pollution and its consequential harm to the community and the
national economy.
Appendix: questionnaire
Questionnaire I.D. No
Date
Place of Study
Name of Interviewer
Signature
Please tick ( ) corresponding to the appropriate answer under the code indicated. Also, fill in the necessary
information in the spaces provided
S/No. Questions Categories
1 Sex Male
Female
2 Age Specify……………..
15 – 19
20 – 24
25 – 29
30 – 34
35 and above
3 Respondents Driver (private/personal)
Conductor
Commuter
Traders
School children
Street hackers
AU Employees
Market women
Office workers
4 Type of
Automobile
Two wheelers-2w
Three wheelers-3w
Cars of all types- LMV
Buses – HMV
Big Buses (all types)- HMV
Trucks (all types)- HMV
5 Type of Fuel Petrol
Diesel
Lpg
6 Duration of
Exposure to
Exhaust/day
1– 3 hours
8 hours
12 hours
12 hours and above
7 Effect on
Individual
Sleeplessness
Running nose
Irritation of eye
Asthmatic attack
Headache
11. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town
34
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