International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Carbon Credit Assessment on Modal Shift of Goods from Roadways to Inla...IRJET Journal
This document discusses assessing the potential carbon credits from shifting goods transport from roadways to inland waterways in Kerala, India. It presents the results of a study that modeled shifting freight between 11 origins and destinations in Kerala along National Waterway 3. The study categorized goods as perishable or non-perishable, and estimated carbon dioxide emissions from road and water transport under different load diversion scenarios. The results showed lower CO2 emissions from water transport compared to road transport. The estimated reduction in emissions from diverting goods represents the potential carbon credits that could be earned.
Reflections on diesel exposures in professional drivers - a poorly quantified...IES / IAQM
This document summarizes research on diesel exhaust exposures among professional drivers. It discusses several studies that have found high exposures and health effects among drivers such as taxi, truck, and bus drivers. The document outlines a new study called DEMiSt that aims to better characterize exposures for 200 drivers across sectors and identify strategies to reduce risks. Preliminary results suggest taxi drivers have the highest exposures while ventilation settings significantly impact levels. Reducing "pollution spikes" may substantially lower exposure. The study also examines exposures between electric and diesel taxis.
Prof Margaret Bell CBE (Newcastle University) http://www.ncl.ac.uk/transport/people/profile/margaret.bell speaking at Acorn Road group meeting 18 July 2013
Air Pollution Prediction via Differential Evolution Strategies with Random Fo...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a hybrid machine learning technique combining differential evolution and random forest methods to predict air pollution levels. It analyzes data on various pollutants from two cities in India - Delhi and Patna. The proposed approach is experimentally validated to achieve better performance compared to independent classifiers and multi-label classifiers in terms of accuracy, area under the curve, success index and correlation. Differential evolution is used to initialize population and optimize candidate solutions. Random forest creates an ensemble of decision trees to make predictions. The hybrid method is tested on predicting carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and benzene levels using data from a monitoring station in Delhi.
A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR OZONE UPLIFTING IN OBSTRUCTION PRONE ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
The document presents a predictive model for ozone uplifting in obstruction prone environments. The model is developed using dimensional analysis and relates the natural logarithm of ozone concentration at a height of 4 meters (Y) to the natural logarithm of the ratio of temperature at ground level to temperature at 4 meters (x1) and the natural logarithm of the product of wind speed and solar radiation (x2). Field data of these parameters is collected over 5 days for locations inside and outside an obstruction (fence wall). Regression analysis is used to calibrate the model and results show a correlation coefficient of 0.996 between measured and predicted ozone concentrations.
1) The study measured air pollution levels over two years in residential areas in and around Tirupati, India, a popular pilgrimage site that sees over 1 million visitors monthly.
2) Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respirable particulate matter (PM10) violated national air quality standards, while carbon monoxide levels approached the limit. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides were within standards.
3) Peak pollution occurred in spring and winter. Summer pollution levels exceeded monsoon and winter levels for most pollutants, influenced both by local factors and meteorology. Overall pollutant levels correlated with each other and with meteorological parameters.
The Effects of Vehicle Speeds on Accident Frequency within Settlements along ...IJMER
Literature provides overwhelming evidence that a strong relationship exist between
vehicle speed and accident risk, and an outcome severity in the event of an accident. Excessive speed
is said to be a major causal factor of road accidents on trunk roads; contributing 60% of all vehicular
accidents. However, speed rationalization measures implemented on a number of trunk roads in
Ghana have realized very little success. This study therefore investigated the effects of vehicle speeds
on accident frequency within settlements along trunk roads. Data was collected on accidents, vehicle
speeds and other road and environment-related features for ninety-nine (99) settlements delineated
from four (4) trunk roads. Correlation analysis was employed to establish useful relationships and
provided insight into the contributions of relevant road and environmental-related variables to the
occurrence of road traffic accidents. Using the Negative Binomial error structure within the
Generalized Linear Model framework, core (flow-based) models were formulated based on accident
data and exposure variables (vehicle mileage, daily pedestrian flow and travel speed). Incremental
addition of relevant explanatory variables further expanded the core models into comprehensive
models. Findings indicate the main risk factors are number of accesses, daily pedestrian flow and
total vehicle kilometers driven, as vehicle speed did not appear to influence the occurrence of road
traffic accidents within settlements along trunk roads. In settlement corridors, mitigating accident
risks should not focus only on traffic calming but rather on measures that reduce pedestrian and
vehicular conflict situations as well as improve conspicuity around junctions
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Carbon Credit Assessment on Modal Shift of Goods from Roadways to Inla...IRJET Journal
This document discusses assessing the potential carbon credits from shifting goods transport from roadways to inland waterways in Kerala, India. It presents the results of a study that modeled shifting freight between 11 origins and destinations in Kerala along National Waterway 3. The study categorized goods as perishable or non-perishable, and estimated carbon dioxide emissions from road and water transport under different load diversion scenarios. The results showed lower CO2 emissions from water transport compared to road transport. The estimated reduction in emissions from diverting goods represents the potential carbon credits that could be earned.
Reflections on diesel exposures in professional drivers - a poorly quantified...IES / IAQM
This document summarizes research on diesel exhaust exposures among professional drivers. It discusses several studies that have found high exposures and health effects among drivers such as taxi, truck, and bus drivers. The document outlines a new study called DEMiSt that aims to better characterize exposures for 200 drivers across sectors and identify strategies to reduce risks. Preliminary results suggest taxi drivers have the highest exposures while ventilation settings significantly impact levels. Reducing "pollution spikes" may substantially lower exposure. The study also examines exposures between electric and diesel taxis.
Prof Margaret Bell CBE (Newcastle University) http://www.ncl.ac.uk/transport/people/profile/margaret.bell speaking at Acorn Road group meeting 18 July 2013
Air Pollution Prediction via Differential Evolution Strategies with Random Fo...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a hybrid machine learning technique combining differential evolution and random forest methods to predict air pollution levels. It analyzes data on various pollutants from two cities in India - Delhi and Patna. The proposed approach is experimentally validated to achieve better performance compared to independent classifiers and multi-label classifiers in terms of accuracy, area under the curve, success index and correlation. Differential evolution is used to initialize population and optimize candidate solutions. Random forest creates an ensemble of decision trees to make predictions. The hybrid method is tested on predicting carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and benzene levels using data from a monitoring station in Delhi.
A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR OZONE UPLIFTING IN OBSTRUCTION PRONE ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
The document presents a predictive model for ozone uplifting in obstruction prone environments. The model is developed using dimensional analysis and relates the natural logarithm of ozone concentration at a height of 4 meters (Y) to the natural logarithm of the ratio of temperature at ground level to temperature at 4 meters (x1) and the natural logarithm of the product of wind speed and solar radiation (x2). Field data of these parameters is collected over 5 days for locations inside and outside an obstruction (fence wall). Regression analysis is used to calibrate the model and results show a correlation coefficient of 0.996 between measured and predicted ozone concentrations.
1) The study measured air pollution levels over two years in residential areas in and around Tirupati, India, a popular pilgrimage site that sees over 1 million visitors monthly.
2) Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respirable particulate matter (PM10) violated national air quality standards, while carbon monoxide levels approached the limit. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides were within standards.
3) Peak pollution occurred in spring and winter. Summer pollution levels exceeded monsoon and winter levels for most pollutants, influenced both by local factors and meteorology. Overall pollutant levels correlated with each other and with meteorological parameters.
The Effects of Vehicle Speeds on Accident Frequency within Settlements along ...IJMER
Literature provides overwhelming evidence that a strong relationship exist between
vehicle speed and accident risk, and an outcome severity in the event of an accident. Excessive speed
is said to be a major causal factor of road accidents on trunk roads; contributing 60% of all vehicular
accidents. However, speed rationalization measures implemented on a number of trunk roads in
Ghana have realized very little success. This study therefore investigated the effects of vehicle speeds
on accident frequency within settlements along trunk roads. Data was collected on accidents, vehicle
speeds and other road and environment-related features for ninety-nine (99) settlements delineated
from four (4) trunk roads. Correlation analysis was employed to establish useful relationships and
provided insight into the contributions of relevant road and environmental-related variables to the
occurrence of road traffic accidents. Using the Negative Binomial error structure within the
Generalized Linear Model framework, core (flow-based) models were formulated based on accident
data and exposure variables (vehicle mileage, daily pedestrian flow and travel speed). Incremental
addition of relevant explanatory variables further expanded the core models into comprehensive
models. Findings indicate the main risk factors are number of accesses, daily pedestrian flow and
total vehicle kilometers driven, as vehicle speed did not appear to influence the occurrence of road
traffic accidents within settlements along trunk roads. In settlement corridors, mitigating accident
risks should not focus only on traffic calming but rather on measures that reduce pedestrian and
vehicular conflict situations as well as improve conspicuity around junctions
IRJET- Increasing Noise Pollution in SRTM University Campus Area of Vishn...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on increasing noise pollution in the Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University campus area in Nanded, India. Noise levels were measured between January 2018 and December 2018 at 20 sampling sites, including locations designated as silence zones, residential areas, and commercial areas. The results found noise levels exceeding permissible limits set by the Central Pollution Control Board, with some commercial areas reaching up to 85 dB during the day. Increasing population, urbanization, construction activities, and vehicle traffic were concluded to be contributing factors to rising noise pollution levels in the university campus area.
IRJET- Traffic Congestion Analysis: A Case Study of Kacherithazham -Muvattupu...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes traffic congestion on the Kacherithazham-Muvattupuzha Road in India. Traffic surveys were conducted during morning, evening, and afternoon peak hours to determine traffic volumes, speeds, and delays. The highest traffic volume of 2584 passenger car units per hour was observed from 4-5 PM. Speed studies found the average speed during this period was 5.38 km/hr with 1.1 minutes of stopped delay. To address the congestion, the document recommends widening the road, constructing a bypass, relocating a bus stop, and providing more parking. The analysis concludes the current roadway is congested based on a volume/capacity ratio over 1 and suggests these re
This document summarizes a study that estimated vehicular emissions in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The study collected data through video recordings, surveys, site visits and literature reviews to determine vehicle types and counts. Emission factors were used to estimate emissions of various pollutants including CO, CO2, HC, NOx, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, black carbon, and dioxin/furans. Total estimated emissions were over 723,000 tons/year, with CO2 as the largest component at 91%. Two-wheelers made up 77% of vehicles counted but contributed only 22% of emissions. Heavy duty vehicles contributed 50% of emissions despite being only 1.96% of vehicles
Risk Assessment of Human Health by Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities along...Premier Publishers
In this study, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni) concentrations were determined in soil samples taken from Pilafu, Shiwa, Fadama-rake and Damdrai along Hong major road using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The determined concentrations were used to investigate their influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure path ways. The result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure path ways, Metal species and sample area. The target hazard quotient for all the elements through each exposure path way were observed to be >1, except Zn in ingestion for adults and in dermal for children and also Cu for children in dermal. However, the health index values for adults were observed to be much higher than the children for THQinh and THQdermal. But for THQing the HI values for children were observed to be higher than the adults. While in inhalation exposure path way all the cancer risk index values were observed to be higher in adults than in children except Ni which is higher in children than in adults. The combine effect for each exposure path way shows high possibility of carcinogenic risk by inhalation route. Indicating some concern about the expansion of unregulated settlements along heavy traffic highways.
Strategy of control of urban air pollutionECRD2015
Vehicular emissions are the largest contributor to urban air pollution, accounting for 70% of emissions. A long-term strategy is needed to achieve clean air. The proposed strategy includes 6 steps: 1) Reduce need for car travel through better urban planning and public transport. 2) Reduce emissions from vehicles in use by promoting cleaner fuels and technologies. 3) Reduce emissions from household and commercial activities like refuse burning. 4) Improve industry performance through new technologies and compliance. 5) Fund research to improve understanding of air quality issues. 6) Improve planning to minimize exposure to pollution and encourage cleaner production.
Supertram - Tram Train Pilot - Sheffield - RotherhamSepehr Aghamehdi
The document provides an environmental report for the proposed Tinsley Chord project in Sheffield, UK. It summarizes baseline environmental conditions and potential impacts across several topics, including: air quality around the project site is within an existing air quality management area; no cultural heritage or archaeological impacts are expected; contaminated land on site was found but can be managed; and construction impacts will be minimized through environmental management plans while operational impacts may include air quality benefits from reduced emissions.
This document presents an overview of air pollution monitoring using remote sensing and GIS technologies. It discusses how satellite remote sensing can provide synoptic views of large areas and monitor multiple pollutants simultaneously. It also describes some common air pollutants and sources. Two case studies are then presented on using these methods to map ambient air pollution zones and monitor air quality in specific regions.
This document summarizes a study that assessed turning restrictions for vehicles at intersections along an arterial road in Dhaka, Bangladesh called Mirpur Road. Traffic congestion is a major problem on this road due to the high number of intersections and right-turning vehicles. The study used traffic simulation software to model Mirpur Road and analyze how changing signal timing and turning restrictions could improve traffic flow. Data was collected through surveys at 12 locations along the road during peak times. The simulation results showed that restricting right turns and allowing U-turns between intersections could help reduce congestion.
TROPOSPHERIC EXPLORATION ABOVE MOLDAVIA PROVINCE: Trace gas measurementsCovasnianu Adrian
The chemistry flight as0729 performed on the 16th of July 2007, between 14h20 and 16h20 local time was dedicated to pollution tracking above the Moldavia province in Romania. We wanted to explore two urban agglomerations: Iasi (47´09N; 27´37E) and Roman (46´55N; 26´54E) distant about 50 km from one another in straight line. Industrial zones are implanted in these areas. We went to explore the vertical distribution of the pollutants above these two areas. Moreover, a European road passes by the north of the two cities. We also went to track traffic emissions. Trace gas species measured during the flight were NOx, O3 and CO. Our goal is to establish the lower troposphere distribution of these pollutants in the area, in order to evaluate the photochemical production of ozone in an urban/industrial plume. The aim of our experimental strategy is to cover a horizontal and vertical dimension of the region.
IRJET - Air Pollution a Major Threat to the People of Khrew (J&K)IRJET Journal
This document discusses air pollution in Khrew, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that air pollution is a major threat to the people of Khrew, mainly affecting children. The main sources of air pollution are the approximately 6 cement plants in the area, which emit around 100,000 kg of toxic gases per day. This high level of air pollution has led to decreased production of saffron, fruits, and vegetables over time as well as decreased water levels. It is also linked to increased respiratory diseases and deaths among the local population. The document recommends various safety measures that can be taken to reduce air pollution, such as using cleaner fuels, limiting private transport, planting more trees, and locating cement plants further away from
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes various approaches for making routing more energy efficient in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the need for energy efficiency in MANETs due to nodes having limited battery power. Several energy efficient routing methods are described, including modifying existing protocols like AOMDV to select routes with higher remaining node energy. Other approaches discussed vary the transmission range, prioritize routes with nodes that have sent fewer messages, use multiple route replies like in reverse AODV, and base routing decisions on received signal strength and battery levels. The document evaluates these different energy efficient routing techniques and their ability to increase network lifetime in MANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Increasing Noise Pollution in SRTM University Campus Area of Vishn...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on increasing noise pollution in the Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University campus area in Nanded, India. Noise levels were measured between January 2018 and December 2018 at 20 sampling sites, including locations designated as silence zones, residential areas, and commercial areas. The results found noise levels exceeding permissible limits set by the Central Pollution Control Board, with some commercial areas reaching up to 85 dB during the day. Increasing population, urbanization, construction activities, and vehicle traffic were concluded to be contributing factors to rising noise pollution levels in the university campus area.
IRJET- Traffic Congestion Analysis: A Case Study of Kacherithazham -Muvattupu...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes traffic congestion on the Kacherithazham-Muvattupuzha Road in India. Traffic surveys were conducted during morning, evening, and afternoon peak hours to determine traffic volumes, speeds, and delays. The highest traffic volume of 2584 passenger car units per hour was observed from 4-5 PM. Speed studies found the average speed during this period was 5.38 km/hr with 1.1 minutes of stopped delay. To address the congestion, the document recommends widening the road, constructing a bypass, relocating a bus stop, and providing more parking. The analysis concludes the current roadway is congested based on a volume/capacity ratio over 1 and suggests these re
This document summarizes a study that estimated vehicular emissions in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The study collected data through video recordings, surveys, site visits and literature reviews to determine vehicle types and counts. Emission factors were used to estimate emissions of various pollutants including CO, CO2, HC, NOx, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, black carbon, and dioxin/furans. Total estimated emissions were over 723,000 tons/year, with CO2 as the largest component at 91%. Two-wheelers made up 77% of vehicles counted but contributed only 22% of emissions. Heavy duty vehicles contributed 50% of emissions despite being only 1.96% of vehicles
Risk Assessment of Human Health by Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities along...Premier Publishers
In this study, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni) concentrations were determined in soil samples taken from Pilafu, Shiwa, Fadama-rake and Damdrai along Hong major road using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The determined concentrations were used to investigate their influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure path ways. The result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure path ways, Metal species and sample area. The target hazard quotient for all the elements through each exposure path way were observed to be >1, except Zn in ingestion for adults and in dermal for children and also Cu for children in dermal. However, the health index values for adults were observed to be much higher than the children for THQinh and THQdermal. But for THQing the HI values for children were observed to be higher than the adults. While in inhalation exposure path way all the cancer risk index values were observed to be higher in adults than in children except Ni which is higher in children than in adults. The combine effect for each exposure path way shows high possibility of carcinogenic risk by inhalation route. Indicating some concern about the expansion of unregulated settlements along heavy traffic highways.
Strategy of control of urban air pollutionECRD2015
Vehicular emissions are the largest contributor to urban air pollution, accounting for 70% of emissions. A long-term strategy is needed to achieve clean air. The proposed strategy includes 6 steps: 1) Reduce need for car travel through better urban planning and public transport. 2) Reduce emissions from vehicles in use by promoting cleaner fuels and technologies. 3) Reduce emissions from household and commercial activities like refuse burning. 4) Improve industry performance through new technologies and compliance. 5) Fund research to improve understanding of air quality issues. 6) Improve planning to minimize exposure to pollution and encourage cleaner production.
Supertram - Tram Train Pilot - Sheffield - RotherhamSepehr Aghamehdi
The document provides an environmental report for the proposed Tinsley Chord project in Sheffield, UK. It summarizes baseline environmental conditions and potential impacts across several topics, including: air quality around the project site is within an existing air quality management area; no cultural heritage or archaeological impacts are expected; contaminated land on site was found but can be managed; and construction impacts will be minimized through environmental management plans while operational impacts may include air quality benefits from reduced emissions.
This document presents an overview of air pollution monitoring using remote sensing and GIS technologies. It discusses how satellite remote sensing can provide synoptic views of large areas and monitor multiple pollutants simultaneously. It also describes some common air pollutants and sources. Two case studies are then presented on using these methods to map ambient air pollution zones and monitor air quality in specific regions.
This document summarizes a study that assessed turning restrictions for vehicles at intersections along an arterial road in Dhaka, Bangladesh called Mirpur Road. Traffic congestion is a major problem on this road due to the high number of intersections and right-turning vehicles. The study used traffic simulation software to model Mirpur Road and analyze how changing signal timing and turning restrictions could improve traffic flow. Data was collected through surveys at 12 locations along the road during peak times. The simulation results showed that restricting right turns and allowing U-turns between intersections could help reduce congestion.
TROPOSPHERIC EXPLORATION ABOVE MOLDAVIA PROVINCE: Trace gas measurementsCovasnianu Adrian
The chemistry flight as0729 performed on the 16th of July 2007, between 14h20 and 16h20 local time was dedicated to pollution tracking above the Moldavia province in Romania. We wanted to explore two urban agglomerations: Iasi (47´09N; 27´37E) and Roman (46´55N; 26´54E) distant about 50 km from one another in straight line. Industrial zones are implanted in these areas. We went to explore the vertical distribution of the pollutants above these two areas. Moreover, a European road passes by the north of the two cities. We also went to track traffic emissions. Trace gas species measured during the flight were NOx, O3 and CO. Our goal is to establish the lower troposphere distribution of these pollutants in the area, in order to evaluate the photochemical production of ozone in an urban/industrial plume. The aim of our experimental strategy is to cover a horizontal and vertical dimension of the region.
IRJET - Air Pollution a Major Threat to the People of Khrew (J&K)IRJET Journal
This document discusses air pollution in Khrew, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that air pollution is a major threat to the people of Khrew, mainly affecting children. The main sources of air pollution are the approximately 6 cement plants in the area, which emit around 100,000 kg of toxic gases per day. This high level of air pollution has led to decreased production of saffron, fruits, and vegetables over time as well as decreased water levels. It is also linked to increased respiratory diseases and deaths among the local population. The document recommends various safety measures that can be taken to reduce air pollution, such as using cleaner fuels, limiting private transport, planting more trees, and locating cement plants further away from
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes various approaches for making routing more energy efficient in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the need for energy efficiency in MANETs due to nodes having limited battery power. Several energy efficient routing methods are described, including modifying existing protocols like AOMDV to select routes with higher remaining node energy. Other approaches discussed vary the transmission range, prioritize routes with nodes that have sent fewer messages, use multiple route replies like in reverse AODV, and base routing decisions on received signal strength and battery levels. The document evaluates these different energy efficient routing techniques and their ability to increase network lifetime in MANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigar é como ir às compras: pode-se encontrar coisas que não interessam, coisas que não servem, e perder tempo e dinheiro. O documento compara pesquisar a ir às compras, notando que ambos podem resultar em achados não desejados que desperdiçam recursos como tempo e dinheiro.
O documento discute como os museus podem melhorar a programação e a mediação para os visitantes. Ele levanta questões sobre como os museus conhecem seus visitantes e podem inovar, e sugere paradigmas como inclusão, participação do público, e contar histórias pessoais para provocar emoções.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Este documento descreve um modelo de reconhecimento, validação e certificação de competências de adultos baseado em sessões estruturadas e orientadas por profissionais. Inclui entrevista inicial, sessões de reconhecimento de competências, sessões de formação complementar se necessário, sessões de acompanhamento e criação de portfólio, validação das competências e sessão de júri final.
Urban Air Quality Modelling and Simulation: A Case Study of Kolhapur (M.S.), ...IDES Editor
As a consequence of urbanization a phenomenal
surge has been observed in the vehicular population in India,
giving rise to elevated levels of traffic related pollutants like
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and
particulates in Indian urban centers. These pollutants can
have both acute and chronic effects on human health. Thus
air quality management needs immediate attention. Air
quality models simulate the physical and chemical processes
occurring in the atmosphere to estimate the atmospheric
pollutant concentration. A variety of air quality models are
available ranging from simple empirical models to complex
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models. Air quality
models can be a valuable tool in pollution forecasting, air
quality management, traffic management and urban planning.
This paper evaluates the performance of widely used Danish
Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) under Indian
traffic conditions. Comparison between predicted and observed
concentrations was performed using both quantitative and
statistical methods. OSPM was found to perform exceedingly
well for the prediction of particulates whereas NO2 predictions
were poorly predicted.
IRJET- Analytical Evaluation of Vehicular Air Pollutants at Urban Arterial Ro...IRJET Journal
This study analytically evaluates vehicular air pollution at urban arterial roads in Rajkot City, India. Traffic and air pollution data were collected over 24 hours at two intersections. Models were developed to predict levels of CO and CO2 based on vehicle composition. The models were validated using statistical tests and found to be acceptable. While concentrations of pollutants like SO2, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded national standards, the study was limited in scope. Future work could expand the analysis to other pollutants at additional locations and develop models using other software.
Road Traffic Noise Level Assessment at an Institutional AreaIJERA Editor
Unplanned and rapid urbanization, industrialization, increasing number of vehicles, poor traffic management, poor road condition etc. are the major causes of higher noise levels in most of the Indian cities. Prolonged exposure to higher noise levels can lead to irreversible Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). Noise-induced hearing loss is contributing one-third to the total persons suffering from hearing loss in every country in the world. The present study aims at measuring the noise levels in the university campus to analyze the current situation and suggesting noise control measures to be adopted in University campus and along MMA Jauhar Marg. The numbers of vehicles were counted during November 17-21, 2012 and noise levels were measured at various pre decided locations. The traffic load in horizon years 2013, 2017, 2022, 2027 and 2032 on the MMA Jauhar Marg Road is predicted on the basis of observed traffic data and expected annual growth rate as 8.0% for pre Metro and 3.5% for post Metro. The noise levels were measured using Larson Davis Model 831 Class 1 Sound Level Meter on both sides of road at foot paths along MMA Jauhar Marg and at various receptor locations inside the different buildings in the university campus. Model RLS-90 is used for prediction of noise levels. The prediction of metro noise is carried out using statistical calculations. The combined noise levels were compared with standard criteria for silent zone and found on higher side. Installation of environment noise barrier is suggested as one of the noise control measure to be adopted along MMA Jauhar Marg and along metro viaduct to save students and staff from exposure of higher noise levels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses a survey conducted on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town, India. The survey investigated the impacts of emissions from vehicles on four major junctions in the town. Questionnaires found that most people reported health issues like sleeplessness, running nose, eye irritation, asthma, and headaches. Air samples taken at the junctions found high levels of pollutants like NOx, CO, SO2, and SPM, especially during afternoon high-traffic hours. Vehicle emissions were found to be a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas and impact public health. The study aims to assess the health effects of vehicle emissions in Chidambaram and make recommendations to reduce emissions.
IRJET - Influence of Vehicular Traffic on Urban Air Quality- Coimbatore CityIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the impact of vehicular traffic on air quality in Coimbatore City, India. Air quality data was collected from five major intersections on Avinashi Road over five months. Traffic studies found high traffic volumes. Emission modeling using CALINE4 predicted pollutant concentrations. Results showed suspended particulate matter and nitrogen oxide levels exceeded national standards at some locations, indicating traffic adversely affects local air quality. Traffic management strategies are needed to reduce vehicular emissions and improve air quality in the city.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
environmental assessment of vehicular emissionIJEAB
Port Harcourt is a coastal city located in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, with very short dry season and long heavy rainy season periods. The objective of this study was to assess air pollution level from vehicular emission during the rainy season period. Three locations in the city noted for high traffic congestion were selected for the study. Air sampling in these locations were carried out for 11 days, covering peak and off peak periods. The following air pollutants were measured namely; nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (CxHy), as well as climatic elements – ambient temperature and relative humidity. The air pollutant levels obtained were compared with local and international standards. CO complied with international standard, but exceeded local standard. There is need for effective air pollution monitoring and control, this will go a long way to reduce the health risk associated with air pollution in the city.
Urban Air Quality Modelling and Simulation: A Case Study of Kolhapur (M.S.), ...IDES Editor
As a consequence of urbanization a phenomenal
surge has been observed in the vehicular population in India,
giving rise to elevated levels of traffic related pollutants like
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and
particulates in Indian urban centers. These pollutants can
have both acute and chronic effects on human health. Thus
air quality management needs immediate attention. Air
quality models simulate the physical and chemical processes
occurring in the atmosphere to estimate the atmospheric
pollutant concentration. A variety of air quality models are
available ranging from simple empirical models to complex
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models. Air quality
models can be a valuable tool in pollution forecasting, air
quality management, traffic management and urban planning.
This paper evaluates the performance of widely used Danish
Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) under Indian
traffic conditions. Comparison between predicted and observed
concentrations was performed using both quantitative and
statistical methods. OSPM was found to perform exceedingly
well for the prediction of particulates whereas NO2 predictions
were poorly predicted.
This document analyzes highway air pollution in Chennai, India. It aims to quantify the total number of vehicles, estimate road traffic and pollution loads, and compare measured and predicted carbon monoxide concentrations. The study finds that traffic is growing rapidly in Indian cities, leading to increased air pollution from vehicle exhaust. It measures ambient levels of pollutants like CO, HC, NOx, SO2 and SPM at various locations. The CALINE 4 model is used to predict CO concentrations, which are then statistically compared to observed values. The results help assess the impact of vehicular emissions on air quality and inform pollution management efforts.
This study aimed to understand the relationship between air pollutant composition and road traffic volume in an industrial area of Shah Alam, Malaysia. Two sampling stations were established along a major road passing through an industrial estate, with sampling points 1m and 100m from the roadside. Particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone were monitored. Higher concentrations of PM10 and CO were found closer to the road, showing the influence of vehicle emissions, while ozone levels were higher farther from the road. Traffic counts were also conducted during weekday and weekend hours. The results provide insight into the impact of vehicle traffic on air quality in the industrial area.
Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System Based On Arduino-GSM for Environmental Moni...IJERA Editor
In recent years with tremendous progress in technology and growth in demand for vehicles, an individual fizzle to look after awful factors that occur due to improper maintenance of vehicles results in increase in air pollution and which results in disturbing environmental condition all over the world, that tends to raise global warming. In this paper “Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System Based on Arduino-GSM for Environmental Monitoring Application” is a system which detects the Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas coming out of a vehicle which is displayed on vehicle itself, so when the level of CO increases alerts will be sent to the owner of vehicle regarding maintenance of vehicle and if action is not taken regarding CO the vehicle is made to stop and later allowed to start the vehicle after given period. This cycle is continued to keep the CO free environment and also reduce human efforts to monitor each and every vehicle. The repetitively breaking down of a vehicle causes the owner to take serious action for reducing the CO of his vehicle.
Emissions of motorized vehicles account for a
cities. Vehicle growth exponentially significantly increases emissions, in addition to
the condition of vehicle feasibility, traffic patterns, city planning that concentrates
offices in the city is the cause of more air po
of air pollutants sourced from motor vehicles namely CO cause
respiratory tract irritation, NOx causes throat vessel reactivity in asthmatics. This
study aims to (1) find out the types of motor
the observation point and find out the types of motor vehicles that contribute the most
emissions (2) estimate CO emissions from motor vehicles (3) estimate NOx emissi
from vehicles motorized (4) estimating SO
testing the regression and correlation of the number of motorized vehicles to
emissions. The method used in this study is observation / observation, observational
data is processed using a calculation formula accordi
Minister of Environment No. 12 of 2010. Then the calculation data is carried out by
correlation and regression tests.
IRJET- Evaluating Traffic Congestion and its Remedial MeasuresIRJET Journal
This document evaluates traffic congestion on NH-152, a 9 km road connecting Dera Bassi and Zirakpur in India. It has a high volume of mixed traffic due to factories, markets, hospitals and residences along the route. Video data was collected at 3 stations during peak hours to analyze traffic flow and identify congestion hotspots. The study aims to evaluate current congestion levels and propose remedial measures. Traffic congestion is a major problem in many cities due to inadequate road and transport infrastructure not keeping pace with rising population and vehicle ownership. It wastes time and fuel, harms the environment, and stresses commuters. Solutions are needed to contain congestion and maintain road capacity and traffic flow.
The Effects of Countdown Signals on Intersection Capacity drboon
This study presents the effects of countdown signals on the total start-up lost time of automobiles at signalized intersections based on the data collected at intersections in Bangkok, Thailand. This countdown signal is used to warn motorists in queue at the stop line during any red phase on when the green phase will be started. The data indicated that the countdown signals did not have any effects on the saturation headway of automobiles, but on the total start-up lost time. With the use of the countdown signals, the total start-up lost time was decreased from 4.3 seconds to 2.9 seconds, or was reduced by thirty-three percent. Therefore, the countdown signals may be used to increase the capacity of signalized intersections.
The document presents information on emerging technologies for air quality monitoring. It discusses various air pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxides. It also describes different air sampling processes and the application of air quality index (AQI) to report daily air quality levels. The document outlines the objectives to analyze air quality data from pollution control boards and use sensors to provide cautionary values to alert people and improve air quality. It discusses literature review on indoor air quality and wireless sensor networks for air monitoring.
IRJET- Analysis of Saturation Flow at Signalized IntersectionsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes saturation flow rates at signalized intersections in urban areas of India. It finds that saturation flow rates are higher than predicted by generalized formulas due to heterogeneous traffic streams with many two and four wheelers. Field studies were conducted at two intersections to measure saturation flow rates and passenger car units during peak periods. Saturation flow was found to depend on traffic composition and lane width rather than just lane width as generalized formulas assume.
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
To what extent did the change to an overground meteropolitan light-rail syste...Alex Reavley
This document is a final year project that evaluates the extent to which the change to an overground, metropolitan light-rail (tram) system in Manchester in 1992 influenced air quality. It analyzes air quality data from 1992-2012 on various pollutants and discusses factors that impacted changes in air quality such as changes in fuel consumption and engine efficiency. It also examines patronage levels on Manchester's transport systems and how modal shares changed with the introduction of the tram network. The results showed an average 45.3% decrease in various pollutants, though the specific impacts of the tram system compared to other factors were difficult to distinguish.
Designing of a Traffic Signaling System at T-IntersectionIJERA Editor
The traffic signal design of the intersection has a direct control on its safety and operation from a design and user-ability point of view. We identified Kothavalasa T-Intersection has been arise problems like road accidents, conflicts and congestions. Design elements that are particularly important include the number of lanes provided on each approach and for each movement. These problems can solve by providing an efficient traffic signal control at the intersection for continuous movement of vehicles through the intersection. According to traffic signal, most traffic signal timing plans are designed to minimize vehicle delay based on the volumes seen in the past, not the present. Traffic count studies are to be made to determine the number, movement and classification of vehicles at an intersection. Signal timing is most important which is used to decide green time of the traffic light shall be provided at an intersection and how long the pedestrian walk signal should be provided. By using Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) intersection saturation for identifying periods of time when cycle length could be substantially short. These data is used identify normal flow of the roadway; determine the influence of heavy vehicles or pedestrians on vehicular traffic volume. Webster’s minimum delay cycle length equation overestimates the optimal cycle length compared to the results based on the HCM 2000 method. This is due to the restructuring of the HCM 2000 delay equation as compared to the original Webster’s delay calculation.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
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1. Ghanshyam et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.123-127
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Temporal Variation of Carbon Monoxide Concentration at
Congested Urban Roadways Intersection
Ghanshyam* and Kafeel Ahmad**
*
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, F/O Engineering & Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A
Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi – 110025, India
**
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, F/O Engineering & Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia
(A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi – 110025, India
ABSTRACT
The carbon monoxide (CO) is dominant among major traffic emitted pollutants such as respirable suspended
particulate matter (RSPM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic carbons(VOCs) and ozone (O 3) etc. It is
generated by automobiles due to incomplete combustion of the fuel. The vehicles that queue up at an intersection
spend more time in idle driving mode generating more pollutant leading to higher pollutant concentrations.
Therefore, the trends of average hourly CO concentrations at various locations of congested roadways
intersection have been investigated. The four approach roads making intersection have been selected for the
present study. CO monitoring has been carried out at 2 selected locations of each approach road. The CO
concentration has been monitored from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM at each location using portable online CO monitor.
The average hourly CO concentrations data have been analyzed using MS excel spread sheet for each approach
road. The average hourly concentration of monitored CO concentration at all receptors locations shows two peak
CO concentration values (i.e., the morning peak and evening peak) throughout the monitoring programme
(March to May, 2011). The comparison of monitored values of average 1 hourly CO concentration levels as well
as 8 hourly average concentration levels of CO showed non compliance with the prescribed standards (4000
µg/m3 average hourly and 2000 µg/m3 average 8 hourly CO concentration). The temporal CO concentration at
various approach roads making roadway intersection shows non-uniform. The highest CO concentration has
been observed to be towards high rise building and vice-versa. The least CO concentration has been observed
towards either low rise building or open area.
Keywords: Carbon monoxide, Monitoring, Road intersection, Temporal variation
I.
INTRODUCTION
The improvements in vehicle technology
play a significant role in reducing traffic emissions at
the source, air pollution abatement will remain a
challenge. Increasing demand for transportations due
to economic growth has triggered a boom in the
number and use of motor vehicles in India. Motor
vehicles are emerging as the largest source of urban
air pollution and are responsible for about 70% of the
air pollution loads in most of the Indian cities. CO is
the dominant among major traffic emitted pollutants
such as respirable suspended particulate matter
(RSPM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic
carbons(VOCs) and ozone (O3) etc. The CO is a
colorless, odorless, poisonous air pollutant. At high
concentrations, CO reduces the amount of oxygen in
the blood, causing heart difficulties in people with
chronic diseases, reduced lung capacity and impaired
mental abilities. Chronic exposure to relatively low
levels of CO may cause persistent headaches,
lightheadedness, depression, confusion, memory loss,
nausea and vomiting [1]. It is unknown whether lowlevel chronic exposure may cause permanent
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neurological damage [2]. Typically, upon removal
from exposure to CO, symptoms usually resolve
themselves, unless there has been an episode of
severe acute poisoning [1]. Chronic CO exposure
might increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis
[3, 4]. Long-term exposures to CO present the
greatest risk to persons with coronary heart disease
and in females who are pregnant [5]. Urban road
traffic has been identified as a major source of air
pollution in urban areas [6] with subsequent adverse
human health effects [7, 8, 9]. Motor vehicles make
significant contribution to the atmospheric pollution
inventory; that contributed over 90% of CO emission
in the urban area [10]. The CO levels have always
been the target of investigation in most monitoring
and modeling studies concerning vehicular pollution
near roadways and major intersections in many cities
[11, 12, 13]. CO is produced due to incomplete fuel
combustion that characterize mobile as opposed to
stationary pollution sources and therefore it can be
used as an indicator for the contribution of traffic to
air pollution [14]. Air quality monitoring studies have
measured elevated concentrations of pollutants
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2. Ghanshyam et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.123-127
emitted directly by motor vehicles near large
roadways relative to overall urban background
concentrations although these studies have been for
short durations [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. These elevated
concentrations generally occur within a few hundred
meters of the road; however, this distance may vary
depending on the traffic patterns, environmental
conditions, topography, and the presence of roadside
structures [20]. This paper presents average hourly
CO concentration variations at various locations of
congested urban roadway intersection.
II.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
This section describes the methodology
adopted in the present study. It includes site
selection, reconnaissance survey, receptor locations
on each approaching roads and CO concentration
monitoring technique CO along with data analysis.
The detail description has been given in subsequent
sections.
2.1 Site Selection
The approaching roads of ITO intersection
(Latitude:300 29/ 35// N & Longitude: 280 25/ 56// E)
have been selected for the monitoring of CO
concentration. The intersection having typical traffic
flow characteristics and natural ventilation conditions
is fully signalized. The approach roads include:
Towards Laxmi Nagar (Surrounded by
Police Headquarters and Institution of Engineers)
-
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Towards India Gate (Surrounded by Andhra
School Building and Institution of Engineers)
At each approach road 2 locations have been selected
(Fig. 1) and CO concentration has been monitored
from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM at each location (Table –
1).
Table -1: Description of sampling locations
Location
Description of locations
No.
1
Andhra School Building side, towards
Minto Road
2
INSA Building side, towards Minto
Road
3
INSA Building side, towards Delhi
Gate
4
Police Headquarters Building side,
towards Delhi Gate
5
Police Headquarters Building side,
towards Laxminagar
6
Institution of Engineers Building side,
towards towards Laxminagar
7
Institution of Engineers Building side,
towards India Gate
8
Andhra School Building side, towards
India Gate
2.2 Reconnaissance Survey
The site characteristics in terms of
approaching roads, their width, median and number
of lanes have been measured. The meteorological
data – wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric
stability, mixing height etc., has been collected from
Indian Meteorological Department. The traffic
volume along with their categories has been collected
from the site during monitoring period. The traffic
volume comprised of: heavy commercial vehicles
(Bus/Trucks), light vehicles, cars, three wheelers
(M3W) and two wheelers (M2W). The numbers of
vehicles have been counted at an hourly basis for all
the categories. Traffic counts have also been taken
from 08:00 hrs 10:00 hrs (morning peak traffic
volume), 12:00 hrs to 13:00 hrs (Afternoon peak
traffic volume) and 18:00 hrs to 20:00 hrs (Evening
peak traffic volume) during course of study. The data
of traffic volume and composition have been cross
verified from the data collected by TRIP, IIT Delhi.
2.3
Fig. 1: Typical layout of an ITO intersection with
various approach roads (not in scale)
-
Towards Minto Road (Surrounded by INSA
Building and Andhra School Building)
Towards Delhi Gate (Surrounded by INSA
Building and Mosque, Police Headquarters)
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CO Monitoring and Data Analysis
CO monitoring at 8 locations of ITO
intersection has been carried out using portable
online CO monitor since March 3, 2011 to May 4,
2011. The monitoring has been continued for three
consecutive days to get the representative data of CO
concentration. The Instrument has been precalibrated and having least count of 0.1 ppm. Since,
the instrument did not have data acquisition
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3. Ghanshyam et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.123-127
system/storage system, the data have been manually
recorded at 3 minute intervals. The average of 20
readings of each hour gives the average hourly
concentration of CO. The CO concentration has been
monitored from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM at each location
of each approaching road continuously for 3 days in a
month. The average hourly CO concentrations data
have been analyzed using MS excel spread sheet to
obtain the CO concentration trends at each approach
road.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The hourly concentration of monitored CO
concentration at all receptors locations clearly shows
the morning peak (9:00 AM to 11:00 AM with
highest CO level at 10:00 AM) and evening peak
(6:00 PM to 8:00 PM with highest CO level at 7:00
PM). This trend has been observed in all the days of
monitoring in the month of March, April and May,
2011 with some variations in values at all locations of
various approach roads forming intersection. This
may be due to occurrence of maximum traffic, their
emissions and dispersive behavior causing built-up of
CO concentration in the microenvironment. The
comparison of monitored average hourly CO
concentration levels showed non compliance with the
prescribed standards (4000 µg/m3 average hourly CO
concentration and 2000 µg/m3 average 8 hourly CO
concentration).
3.1 Temporal CO Concentration Variation at
Minto Road
Fig. 2 shows the temporal CO concentration
variation on approach road towards Minto Road,
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location 1, i.e., towards Andhra School Building side,
the 1 hourly average concentration of CO has been
found to be 4550 µg/m3 at morning peak (9:00 to
10:00 AM) and 4271 µg/m3 at evening peak (6:00 to
7:00 PM). In both the traffic peak hours, 1 hourly
average CO level has been violated the prescribed
standard (4000 µg/m3). The occurrence of higher CO
levels may be due to emissions caused by maximum
traffic on the approaching road and trapping of CO in
the vicinity. In fact, the INSA Building is higher
than the Andhra School Building at other side
making step down type short street canyon. When
wind flow direction approaches from INSA Building
to Andhra School Building, the skimming flow
towards INSA Building takes place, which may cause
shifting of CO. The monitored results show noncompliance of 8 hourly average CO levels at location
2, however, at location 1, it has been found to be
marginally above the permissible level.
3.2 Temporal CO Concentration Variation at
Delhi Gate
Fig. 3 shows the 1 hourly average CO
concentration levels at location 3 and location 4 on
approaching road towards Delhi Gate. The 1 hourly
average CO concentration level has been observed to
be 10649 µg/m3 at morning peak (9:00 to 10:00 AM)
at location 2, which is situated towards INSA
Building. However, at evening peak (6:00 to 7:00
PM) 1 hourly average concentration of CO has been
observed to be 9817 µg/m3. The 1 hourly average CO
levels violated the prescribed permissible standard of
4000 µg/m3. At location 4, i.e., towards Police
Headquarters Building side, the 1 hourly average
concentration of CO has been found to be 5490
µg/m3 at morning peak (9:00 to 10:00 AM) and 5157
µg/m3 at evening peak (6:00 to 7:00 PM). Here also,
1 hourly average CO level has been has been
observed to be above the prescribed permissible
standard (4000 µg/m3). This occurrence of higher
CO levels may be due reason described in section
3.1. Furthermore, the 8 hourly average CO levels at
location 3 and location 4 have been found to be quite
above the permissible level.
Fig. 2: CO concentration distribution at either side of
the road towards Minto Road
which is surrounded by INSA Building at one side
and Andhra School Building at other side. The 1
hourly average concentration of CO has been
observed to be 11238 µg/m3 at morning peak (9:00 to
10:00 AM) at location 2, which is situated towards
INSA Building. However, at evening peak (6:00 to
7:00 PM) 1 hourly average concentration of CO has
been observed to be 10554 µg/m3. In both the traffic
peak hours, 1 hourly average CO level has been
violated the prescribed standard (4000 µg/m3). At
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Fig. 3: CO concentration distribution at either side of
the road towards Delhi Gate
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4. Ghanshyam et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.123-127
3.3
Temporal CO Concentration Variation at
Laxmi Nagar
The trend of temporal variation of 1 hourly
average CO concentration levels at location 5 and
location 6 on approaching road towards Laxmi Nagar
has been shown in Fig. 4. The 1 hourly average CO
concentration level has been found to be 6619 µg/m3
at morning peak (9:00 to 10:00 AM) at location 5,
which is situated towards Police Headquarters
Building. However, at evening peak (6:00 to 7:00
PM) 1 hourly average concentration of CO has been
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concentration of CO has been found to be 3938
µg/m3 at morning peak (9:00 to 10:00 AM) and 4216
µg/m3 at evening peak (6:00 to 7:00 PM). In both the
traffic peak hours, 1 hourly average CO level has
been violated the prescribed permissible standard of
4000 µg/m3. The monitored results show noncompliance of 8 hourly average CO levels at location
7 (5149 µg/m3) and location 8 (2457 µg/m3),
however, at location 8, it has been found to be
marginally above the permissible level. In fact, the
Andhra School Building and the Institution of
Engineers building both have almost equal levels and
far away providing proper ventilation to the road.
Fig. 4: CO concentration distribution at either side of
the road towards Laxmi Nagar
observed to be 6213 µg/m3. The 1 hourly average CO
levels violated the prescribed permissible standard of
4000 µg/m3. At location 6, i.e., towards Institution of
Engineers Building, the 1 hourly average
concentration of CO has been found to be 1756
µg/m3 at morning peak (9:00 to 10:00 AM) and 3309
µg/m3 at evening peak (6:00 to 7:00 PM). The 1
hourly average CO level has been has been observed
to be below the prescribed permissible standard
(4000 µg/m3). This occurrence of lower CO levels
may be due to proper ventilation causing more
dispersion resulting dilution of CO levels.
Furthermore, the 8 hourly average CO levels at
location 5 (3678 µg/m3) has been found to be quite
above the permissible standard (2000), however, at
location 6 (1657 µg/m3), it has been found to be
below the permissible level.
3.4 Temporal CO Concentration Variation at
India Gate
Fig. 5 shows the temporal variation of 1
hourly average CO concentration levels on approach
road towards India Gate, which is surrounded by the
Andhra School Building at one side and the
Institution of Engineers building at other side. The 1
hourly average concentration of CO has been
observed to be quite higher, 9604 µg/m3 (9:00 to
10:00 AM) and 7195 µg/m3 at evening peak (7:00 to
8:00 PM) towards Institution of Engineers Building
side (location 7). At location 8, i.e., towards Andhra
School Building side, the 1 hourly average
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Fig. 5: CO concentration distribution at either side of
the road towards India Gate
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
The average hourly concentration of
monitored CO concentration at all receptors locations
shows two peak CO concentration values (i.e., the
morning peak and evening peak) throughout the
monitoring programme (March to May, 2011). The
comparison of monitored values of average 1 hourly
CO concentration levels as well as 8 hourly average
concentration levels of CO showed non compliance
with the prescribed standards (4000 µg/m3 average
hourly and 2000 µg/m3 average 8 hourly CO
concentration). The temporal CO concentration at
various approach roads making roadway intersection
shows non-uniform. The highest CO concentration
has been observed to be towards high rise building
and vice-versa. The least CO concentration has been
observed towards either low rise building or open
area. This may be due to faster dispersion of CO
causing dilution. The CO concentration variability at
various approaches roads concluded the shifting and
built up of pollutant towards high rise building
irrespective of traffic volume.
V.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the
technical support in terms of CO monitor provided by
Mr Qutebha M. Thanoon, Research Scholar,
University School of Chemical Technology, Guru
Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India.
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5. Ghanshyam et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 3), January 2014, pp.123-127
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