A detailed powerpoint presentation on the current situation in delhi regarding increasing air pollution.

1. Air Pollution in Delhi:
Air Quality Index - Public Awareness Tool
Issues & Challenges – Air Pollution in Delhi
PHD Chamber of Commerce, New Delhi and
GreencIndia Consulting Co. Ltd.
May 6, 2016
J.K. Bassin
Ex. Chief Scientist & Head
CSIR-NEERI Delhi Zonal Lab., New Delhi

2. Earth is completely enveloped in a layer of a gaseous mixture called
the Atmosphere.
The atmosphere is held in place by gravity but moves with relative
ease in complex patterns over the face of the earth.
Although traces of atmospheric gases are found
rotating with the earth as high as 10000 km,
>50% mass of atmosphere lies below 6 km &
~99% below 29 km
a very thin layer when compared to earth’s diameter.
Earth’s Atmosphere

3. Troposphere is the layer in which most living things exist and hence is of
greatest interest from point of view of pollution.
Earth’s atmosphere is not boundless it has definite limits. It also has
limited capacity to cleanse itself.
Rapid industrialization and urbanization has resulted in release of
various pollutants into atmosphere, presuming it to be an endless
reservoir.
Earth’s Atmosphere

4. ..
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Population,
Billion
Year
World Population
World
Population

5. Development is Necessary
The environmental problems of developing countries are
not the side effects of excessive industrialization but
reflect the inadequacy of development.
The rich countries may look upon development as the cause of
environmental destruction, but to us it is one of –
• primary means of improving the environment for living
• providing food, water, sanitation and shelter
• making the deserts green and the mountains habitable.
A higher standard of living must be achieved without alienating
people from their heritage & without despoiling nature of its beauty,
freshness & purity so essential to our lives.
Shrimati Indira Gandhi
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
Stockholm, June 1972

6. INDUSTRY
Developmental
Activity
Technology Management
Gaseous Effluent
Solid Wastes
Liquid Effluent
Development is Necessary
All our developmental activities utilize resources
Conversion efficiencies dictate the extent of wastes generated
Indicators
• Industrialization
• Env’mental Quality
Why wastes bother?
- Assimilative capacity
- Reduced QOL
- EOP Trtmnt expenditure
- Healthcare expenditure
- Reduced water /capita
Resources
Air
Water
Land
Energy
Minerals
Others
SOURCE
(Supportive)
SINK
(Assimilative)
Reduce/Reuse/
Recycle/Recover
SD: More with Less
Goods &
Services for
Better QOL

7. Environmental Consequences of
Development
 Large-scale industrialization has, however, resulted in severe Air
Pollution of Global, Regional,and Local dimensions,
Such as
- Climate Change and Global Warming
- Greenhouse Gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, O3 and Water Vapour
- Ozone Hole (stratospheric O3): CFCs
- Acid rain: NO2, SO2
- Heat Island Effect: Increased Energy Use
Therefore, Sustainable Development is warranted

9. The Major Issue
THEIR IMPORTANCE
- Not Manufactured
- Limited Assimilative Capacity
- Limited Supportive Capacity
Survival of Life on Earth depends on 3 Natural Resources
Air - We can live for ~ 5 minutes without air
25000L (~16 kg) @Breathing rate of 22000/day
Water - We can live for ~ 5 days without water
Normal consumption 2 – 5 kg per day
Food - We can live for ~ 5 weeks without food
Normal consumption 1-2 kg per day
Lead 0.3 mg/L
(300000µg/m3) in
water considered
harmful but only
1.5 µg/m3 in air
is deadly harmful
Air, Water & Food must forever constitute the survival bases of
human and other populations. We will pay for them whatever they
cost in Time, Money and Effort. Without them we die.

10. John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of
Architecture, 1849
Sacrifice, Truth, Power, Beauty, Life, Memory & Obedience
The excerpt is from “The Lamp of Memory”
We borrowed the Earth from our Children

11. The excess concentration of foreign matter in the air
that adversely affects the well-being of the individual or
causes damage to property
Definition of Air Pollution
THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981
Air pollution means the presence in the atmosphere of any air
pollutant.
Air pollutant means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance (including
noise) present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or
tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or
property or environment

12. Air pollution is one of the major problems faced by many urban centers
across the country. Delhi is no exception as it boasts of all the right mix
of sources which can create an unacceptable urban air pollution
scenario.
The tremendous increase in the number of vehicles has contributed
significantly to the increase in combustion of petroleum products.
The vehicular pollution in Delhi has grown from 64% to 72% in the last
decade (1990 – 2000) whereas petrol and diesel consumption have
grown by 400% and 300% respectively in the last two decades.
Other sources such as construction dust, biomass and refuse burning
and other unregulated sources are becoming major inputs in some
areas of high pollution levels.
Air Pollution Scenario in Delhi
Ref: Air Quality Monitoring, Emission Inventory & Source Apportionment Studies for Delhi NEERI, Nagpur

13. Garbage burning. (ref: TOI 24.04.16)

14. Diesel generator sets are very common in household as well as for
commercial purposes due to perennial power shortage, more
pronounced in summer
Slums use wood, kerosene, biomass, refuse for cooking. Biomass
burning for heating is very high during winter months
The city has mix of many types of industries starting from SSI to large
industries such as power plants. Industrial use of fuel is mixed and
many of them operate in non-conforming zones
Air Pollution Scenario in Delhi
Ref: Air Quality Monitoring, Emission Inventory & Source Apportionment Studies for Delhi
NEERI, Nagpur

15. Pollutant
Concentration in Ambient Air
Indl, Resi, Rural
& other Areas
Ecologically
Sensitive Area
Annual 24 hr Annual 24 hr
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), µg/m3 50 80 20 80
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), µg/m3 40 80 30 80
Particulate Matter (Size < 10µm) PM10, µg/m3 60 100 60 100
Particulate Matter (Size < 2.5µm) PM2.5, µg/m3 40 60 40 60
Ozone (O3) , µg/m3 100 180 100 180
Lead (Pb) , µg/m3 0.50 1.0 0.50 1.0
Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m3 02 04 02 04
Ammonia (NH3), µg/m3 100 400 100 400
Benzene (C6H6), µg/m3 05 - 05 -
Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP) Particulate only, ng/m3 01 - 01 -
Arsenic (As), ng/m3 06 - 06 -
Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 20 - 20 -
NAAQS-2009

16. RSPM Concentration
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
IND 167 185 212 216 237 204 224 263 274 257
COM 184 200 190 189 167 167 149 185 278 316 374
RES 130 168 169 164 154 143 159 131 183 193 257
S-I 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
S-R 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
2000-2010 Air Pollution Trends in Delhi

17. 2000-2010 Air Pollution Trends in Delhi

18. 2000-2010 Air Pollution Trends in Delhi

19. Air Pollution – Monitoring & Action
Ambient air quality is monitored at 593 locations in 249 cities, towns and industrial
areas across the country by CPCB in association with SPCBs & PCC for SO2, NO2,
and PM10 under National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
Govt. has taken several measures to mitigate air pollution which include:
 Notification of NAAQS-2009, envisaging 12 pollutants
 Regulations / statutes including stringent source specific standards for industries to
address the rising levels of air pollution in the country
 Setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality
 Execution of SA studies in select cities & formulation of action plans for AQ in cities
 Implementation of BS-IV norms in 63 select cities & BS-III norms in rest of the country
 Cleaner fuel like CNG, LPG etc.; promotion of public transport network including Metro
 Creation of infrastructure for industrial pollution control incorporating cleaner production
processes, setting up of common pollution control facilities
 National Air Quality Index was launched in April, 2015
 Short-term and long-term plans have been formulated to mitigate pollution in Delhi
Ref: Statement referred to in reply to Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 109 due for reply on 28.07.2015 regarding National Ambient
Air Quality Standards' by KUMARI SUSHMITA DEV and SHRI RAJESH RANJAN, Hon'ble Members of Parliament

21. CBCP told the principal bench of the NGT, “… There is no data to
suggest that the odd-even scheme has any impact on the decrease
in vehicular pollution… the fluctuations in PM 10 and PM 2.5 is due
to weather and change in wind patterns”
http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/cpcb-to-ngt-odd-even-ii-not-reducing-vehicular-pollution-
2764708/#sthash.btSIVfCb.dpuf
Odd-even not a solution to Delhi pollution, says AIIMS
doctor
http://www.thestatesman.com/news/latest-headlines/odd-even-not-a-solution-to-delhi-pollution-says-
aiims-doctor/138947.html#EBWR0CjJokvEcgdS.99
Odd-even is judged by ‘editors in AC rooms’
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/oddeven-is-judged-by-editors-in-ac-
rooms/article8534813.ece
Is Odd-Even Scheme a Solution?
Contribution of vehicles to PM2.5 concentration is 20% (IITK)

22. About National Air Quality Index
 AQI is a tool for effective communication of air quality status to
people in terms, which are easy to understand –
an index for reporting daily air quality
 AQI tells how clean or polluted air is, and what associated health
effects might be a concern
 AQI transforms complex air quality data of various pollutants into
a single number (index value), nomenclature and colour
 AQI focuses on health effects one may experience within a few
hours or days after breathing polluted air

23. About National Air Quality Index
 Six AQI categories: Good Satisfactory Moderate
Poor Very-Poor Severe
 Category is decided based on ambient concentration of air pollutants
and their likely health impacts (known as health breakpoints)
 AQ sub-index and health breakpoints are evolved for eight pollutants
(PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term
(upto 24-hours) NAAQS are prescribed
 Based on the measured ambient concentrations of a pollutant, sub-
index is calculated. The worst sub-index determines the overall AQI

24.  Sub-indices for individual pollutants are calculated using 24-hourly
average concentration value (8-hourly in case of CO and O3) and
health breakpoint concentration range
 The worst sub-index is the AQI for that location
 Overall AQI is calculated if
 data are available for minimum three pollutants – one
necessarily be either PM2.5 or PM10
 minimum of 16 hours’ data is available
else, data are considered insufficient for calculating AQI
 Sub-indices for monitored pollutants are calculated and
disseminated, even if data are inadequate for determining AQI
How is AQI calculated

25.  Web-based system is designed to provide AQI on real time basis
 An automated system that captures data from CAMS without
human intervention, and displays AQI based on 24-hrly running
average values
(e.g. AQI at 6am on a day will incorporate data from 6am on previous day
to the current day)
 For manual monitoring stations, an AQI calculator is developed
wherein data can be fed manually to get AQI value
How is AQI calculated

26. AQI Associated Health Impact
Good (0–50) Minimal Impact
Satisfactory
(51–100)
Minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people
Moderate
(101–200)
Breathing discomfort to the people with lung disease such as
asthma and discomfort to people with heart disease, children and
older adults
Poor
(201–300)
Breathing discomfort to people on prolonged exposure and
discomfort to people with heart disease
Very Poor
(301–400)
Respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. Effect
may be more pronounced in people with lung and heart disease
Severe
(401-500)
Respiratory effects even on healthy people & serious health
impacts on people with lung / heart disease. Health impacts may
be experienced even during light physical activity
Air Quality Index & Health Impacts

27. Air Quality Index Categories
AQI Descriptor Color SO2 NO2 PM2.5 PM10 CO O3 NH3 Pb
50 Good Green 40 40 30 50 1 50 200 0.5
100 Satisfactory L.Green 80 80 60 100 2 100 400 1
200 Moderate Yellow 380 180 90 250 10 200 800 2
300 Poor Ochre 800 280 150 350 17 265 1200 3
400 Very Poor Red 1600 400 250 430 34 748 1800 3.5
500 Severe Brown 3200 550 400 800 70 1200 3000 4

28. Air Quality Index - VFG & BPs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Air
Quality
Index
Concentration, microgram/cubic meter
SO2 – Sulphur dioxide

29. Air Quality Index - VFG & BPs
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Air
Quality
Index
Concentration, microgram/cubic meter
NO2 – Nitrogen dioxide

30. Air Quality Index - VFG & BPs
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Air
Quality
Index
Concentration, microgram/cubic meter
PM2.5 – Fine Particulate Matter (2.5 micron)

31. Air Quality Index - VFG & BPs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
Air
Quality
Index
Concentration, microgram/cubic meter
PM10 – Particulate Matter (10 micron)

32. Air Quality Index - VFG & BPs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Air
Quality
Index
Concentration, mg/cubic meter (8-hrly average)
CO – Carbon monoxide

33. Air Quality Index - VFG & BPs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Air
Quality
Index
Concentration, microgram/cubic meter (8-hrly average)
O3 - Ozone

34. Air Quality Index - VFG & BPs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Air
Quality
Index
Concentration, microgram/cubic meter
NH3 - Ammonia

35. Air Quality Index - VFG & BPs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Air
Quality
Index
Concentration, microgram/cubic meter
Pb - Lead

38. http://cpcb.nic.in/AQI_new_2.php
Online AQI at Select Monitoring Sites

39. Online AQI at Select Monitoring Sites

40. Online AQI at Select Monitoring Sites

41. AQI should be viewed as a tool to enhance public awareness and
public involvement in efforts to improve air quality.
People can contribute by -
 Maintaining vehicles properly (e.g. get PUC checks, replace car air
filter, maintain right tire pressure)
 Following lane discipline & speed limits
 Avoiding prolonged idling & turning off engines at red traffic signals
In addition to above, during severe or very poor AQI, people should -
 Minimise travel
 Avoid using private vehicles and instead use public transport, bikes
or walk, and carpool
 Use smaller vehicles (e.g. avoid SUVs)
Public Awareness & Involvement

42. Air Quality Data sites – CPCB & DPCC
https://urbairindia-cpcb.in/
http://www.dpccairdata.com/dpccairdata/display/index.php
http://164.100.43.188/cpcbnew/movie.html
http://www.cpcb.gov.in/cpcbpa/
http://aqicn.org/city/

43. Air Quality Monitoring & Source
Apportionment Studies, Delhi
2004-2007
OBJECTIVES
 To measure baseline air pollutants
and air toxics levels in different parts
of Delhi, including "hot spots" on
kerbside
 To inventorise various air pollutants
for emission inventory and
projection analysis
 To conduct source apportionment
studies for Particulate Matter (PM 10
& PM2.5)
 To delineate Urban Air Quality
Management Plan
DELIVERABLES
• Spatial & Temporal analysis of different air quality
parameters along with corresponding emission rates of
pertinent sources (obtained through emission inventory)
after quantification of contribution (temporal and spatial
profiling) of pollutants emitted from different sectors
(transport, industrial, commercial, residential, etc).
• % share in emissions, of each source category at different
receptors. (e.g. types of vehicles (2/3 wheelers, passenger
cars, light duty vehicles, multi-utility vehicles, buses and
trucks), each category of fuel (Gasoline, CNG/LPG and
Diesel), sub-categorization in terms of vehicle technology
within the aforesaid category, age of the vehicle and impact
of inspection & maintenance practices, pre Euro-I, etc.)
• Development of different impact scenarios based on
projected growth trends in emissions in the next 5 years for
various source categories.
STUDY FRAMEWORK

44. Ambient & Kerbside Air
Quality Monitoring
Criteria
Pollutants
Specific
Pollutants
Source Apportionment
Receptor
Modeling
Emission
Inventory
CMB
Factor Analysis
SPM, PM10 /
RPM, PM2.5,
SO2, NOx
CO, O3
NMHC, HC,
VOCs,
Aldehydes,
PAH
20 days continuous at 4 sites
simultaneously
As per the monitoring schedule
Major
Industries
Domestic
& other
Sources/
Activities
Different
Categories
viz., Fuel type,
Age, Vehicle
Technology
Database on criteria &
specific pollutants
Point
Sources
Area
Sources
Line
Sources
Quantification of emission loads
from Point, Area & Line Sources
within the receptors impact zone
Percentage contribution to
air quality by different
types of sources
Projections on Air Quality Improvement under Different Emission
Scenarios / Management Options through Modelling (ISCST3)
Major Components
Chemical
Speciation

45. Location of Monitoring Stations
NAAQM - NEERI (11-
13)
IOCL ( 1-
10)
CPCB (14-20)
Started since June 2004
12
13
11
SSI
Ref
P Pura
ISBT
Rd 56
L Garden
Dhaula Kuan
LONI
Ashram
14
18
17
16
19
15
20
Hauz Khas

47. Instrumental Facilities installed in each Porta-cabin in the field.
OC/EC Analyser installed in the Lab.
3 Season monitoring
20 days continuous
3 sites simultaneously
Ref. site with every set of 3 sites
Monitoring local met. at each site
Stress on PM10 ; Limited PM2.5
CPCB SOPs to be adhered
Built-in checks for QA/QC
Continuous (24hr) power supply
Salient Features of
Common Methodology

48. Average Concentration of Particulate & Gaseous Pollutant at Ten Sites
SALIENT FINDINGS
• RSPM range: 200-500 μg/m3, does not meet Std. at most sites.
• SO2 meet standards at all locations.
• NOx exceeds Std. at few places wherever vehicular activities are intense.
• Seasonal variation indicates that values are higher in Winter & PM than in
Summer.

50. Prominence of Sources of PM10

51.  Despite long history of development, community air
pollution must be looked upon as a problem of the
future
 Only few largest population concentrations of present
day are occasionally using their air supplies faster than
natural processes can replenish them.
 Such overuse must be expected to occur with
increasing frequency as populations increase, since per
capita demand for air cannot decline.
 Air resource was almost infinitely large in relation to
daily withdrawal and use, so its pollution caused
discomfort and illness only in areas immediately
adjacent to sources.
Air Pollution as a Problem of the Future

52.  Due to population increase, a time must come when
human occupation of the medium will threaten the
quality of the total air resource.
 Residues of nuclear weapon testing and huge
outpourings of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion have
already demonstrated the extent to which human
activity can affect total gaseous milieu.
 Monetary cost of maintaining acceptable air quality can
be expected to rise in exponential relationship to
number of people & associated activities.
 Emergence of air pollution as a regional or global
phenomenon has already had significant impacts on
governmental and administrative procedures.
Air Pollution as a Problem of the Future

53. Water is already bottled and
sold at premium.
Take care, lest the
apprehension comes true

54. THANKS