International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The study measured air pollution levels over two years in residential areas in and around Tirupati, India, a popular pilgrimage site that sees over 1 million visitors monthly.
2) Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respirable particulate matter (PM10) violated national air quality standards, while carbon monoxide levels approached the limit. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides were within standards.
3) Peak pollution occurred in spring and winter. Summer pollution levels exceeded monsoon and winter levels for most pollutants, influenced both by local factors and meteorology. Overall pollutant levels correlated with each other and with meteorological parameters.
This document summarizes the potential health impacts of traffic in Toronto. It finds that traffic is a major source of air pollution in the city, contributing to respiratory and cardiovascular illness. Studies show higher risks for those living near major roads. It recommends estimating the disease burden from traffic pollution and considering health impacts in transportation planning. Reducing traffic through policies like congestion charging can improve air quality and health outcomes.
China relies heavily on its coal industry, which pollutes the air with particulate matter and gases. The city of Linfen, China has extremely high air pollution due to coal burning, with pollution levels over 4 times the healthy level. This pollution contributes to 1.6 million deaths in China annually, especially from lung cancer. Men in Linfen over age 40 have a high risk of lung cancer due to breathing high levels of particulate matter and gases from the coal industry, especially PM2.5.
Urban Air Quality Modelling and Simulation: A Case Study of Kolhapur (M.S.), ...IDES Editor
As a consequence of urbanization a phenomenal
surge has been observed in the vehicular population in India,
giving rise to elevated levels of traffic related pollutants like
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and
particulates in Indian urban centers. These pollutants can
have both acute and chronic effects on human health. Thus
air quality management needs immediate attention. Air
quality models simulate the physical and chemical processes
occurring in the atmosphere to estimate the atmospheric
pollutant concentration. A variety of air quality models are
available ranging from simple empirical models to complex
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models. Air quality
models can be a valuable tool in pollution forecasting, air
quality management, traffic management and urban planning.
This paper evaluates the performance of widely used Danish
Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) under Indian
traffic conditions. Comparison between predicted and observed
concentrations was performed using both quantitative and
statistical methods. OSPM was found to perform exceedingly
well for the prediction of particulates whereas NO2 predictions
were poorly predicted.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
This document discusses air pollution, defining it as the introduction of harmful materials into the atmosphere. It describes primary and secondary pollutants, listing major primary pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulates. Sources of pollution are outlined as anthropogenic such as burning fossil fuels, vehicles, and industry, as well as natural sources like dust and wildfires. The effects of air pollution on human health, materials, and animals are explained. Specific health impacts include respiratory and heart diseases. Solutions proposed include using public transportation, conserving energy, and reducing waste.
1) The study measured air pollution levels over two years in residential areas in and around Tirupati, India, a popular pilgrimage site that sees over 1 million visitors monthly.
2) Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respirable particulate matter (PM10) violated national air quality standards, while carbon monoxide levels approached the limit. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides were within standards.
3) Peak pollution occurred in spring and winter. Summer pollution levels exceeded monsoon and winter levels for most pollutants, influenced both by local factors and meteorology. Overall pollutant levels correlated with each other and with meteorological parameters.
This document summarizes the potential health impacts of traffic in Toronto. It finds that traffic is a major source of air pollution in the city, contributing to respiratory and cardiovascular illness. Studies show higher risks for those living near major roads. It recommends estimating the disease burden from traffic pollution and considering health impacts in transportation planning. Reducing traffic through policies like congestion charging can improve air quality and health outcomes.
China relies heavily on its coal industry, which pollutes the air with particulate matter and gases. The city of Linfen, China has extremely high air pollution due to coal burning, with pollution levels over 4 times the healthy level. This pollution contributes to 1.6 million deaths in China annually, especially from lung cancer. Men in Linfen over age 40 have a high risk of lung cancer due to breathing high levels of particulate matter and gases from the coal industry, especially PM2.5.
Urban Air Quality Modelling and Simulation: A Case Study of Kolhapur (M.S.), ...IDES Editor
As a consequence of urbanization a phenomenal
surge has been observed in the vehicular population in India,
giving rise to elevated levels of traffic related pollutants like
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and
particulates in Indian urban centers. These pollutants can
have both acute and chronic effects on human health. Thus
air quality management needs immediate attention. Air
quality models simulate the physical and chemical processes
occurring in the atmosphere to estimate the atmospheric
pollutant concentration. A variety of air quality models are
available ranging from simple empirical models to complex
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models. Air quality
models can be a valuable tool in pollution forecasting, air
quality management, traffic management and urban planning.
This paper evaluates the performance of widely used Danish
Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) under Indian
traffic conditions. Comparison between predicted and observed
concentrations was performed using both quantitative and
statistical methods. OSPM was found to perform exceedingly
well for the prediction of particulates whereas NO2 predictions
were poorly predicted.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
This document discusses air pollution, defining it as the introduction of harmful materials into the atmosphere. It describes primary and secondary pollutants, listing major primary pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulates. Sources of pollution are outlined as anthropogenic such as burning fossil fuels, vehicles, and industry, as well as natural sources like dust and wildfires. The effects of air pollution on human health, materials, and animals are explained. Specific health impacts include respiratory and heart diseases. Solutions proposed include using public transportation, conserving energy, and reducing waste.
This document summarizes a study on the economic impact of automobile air pollution-linked diseases in Rewa, India. The study surveyed two areas, Sirmour Chauk and a bus stand, and found higher rates of respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and skin diseases at the bus stand, which had higher traffic pollution. The annual health cost was also higher at the bus stand, with total expenditures of 572,244 rupees compared to 509,537 rupees at Sirmour Chauk. The study concludes that traffic from vehicles is a major source of air pollution in Rewa and causes significant health problems and economic costs.
Risk Assessment of Human Health by Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities along...Premier Publishers
In this study, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni) concentrations were determined in soil samples taken from Pilafu, Shiwa, Fadama-rake and Damdrai along Hong major road using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The determined concentrations were used to investigate their influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure path ways. The result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure path ways, Metal species and sample area. The target hazard quotient for all the elements through each exposure path way were observed to be >1, except Zn in ingestion for adults and in dermal for children and also Cu for children in dermal. However, the health index values for adults were observed to be much higher than the children for THQinh and THQdermal. But for THQing the HI values for children were observed to be higher than the adults. While in inhalation exposure path way all the cancer risk index values were observed to be higher in adults than in children except Ni which is higher in children than in adults. The combine effect for each exposure path way shows high possibility of carcinogenic risk by inhalation route. Indicating some concern about the expansion of unregulated settlements along heavy traffic highways.
This document discusses a survey conducted on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town, India. The survey investigated the impacts of emissions from vehicles on four major junctions in the town. Questionnaires found that most people reported health issues like sleeplessness, running nose, eye irritation, asthma, and headaches. Air samples taken at the junctions found high levels of pollutants like NOx, CO, SO2, and SPM, especially during afternoon high-traffic hours. Vehicle emissions were found to be a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas and impact public health. The study aims to assess the health effects of vehicle emissions in Chidambaram and make recommendations to reduce emissions.
IRJET - Air Pollution a Major Threat to the People of Khrew (J&K)IRJET Journal
This document discusses air pollution in Khrew, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that air pollution is a major threat to the people of Khrew, mainly affecting children. The main sources of air pollution are the approximately 6 cement plants in the area, which emit around 100,000 kg of toxic gases per day. This high level of air pollution has led to decreased production of saffron, fruits, and vegetables over time as well as decreased water levels. It is also linked to increased respiratory diseases and deaths among the local population. The document recommends various safety measures that can be taken to reduce air pollution, such as using cleaner fuels, limiting private transport, planting more trees, and locating cement plants further away from
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
The document examines the environmental health effects and air pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires distributed to over 87,000 men across the state's 18 local government areas. The results show high levels of smoking, with the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day ranging from 12 to 30. Over 900 patients were found to have smoking-related diseases like lung cancer, heart attacks, and respiratory illnesses. The study concludes that air pollution from cigarette smoking is a major contributor to health issues in Cross River State.
Air pollution has had devastating health impacts on children in Sri Lanka, especially in urban areas. Emissions from motor vehicles, industries, domestic sources, and waste burning contribute significantly to air pollution. Children are highly exposed to polluted air at home and school, leading to increased rates of respiratory diseases like asthma and visits to hospitals. Reducing emissions from vehicles, industries, and waste burning as well as promoting facemask usage can help mitigate health impacts of air pollution on children.
This document summarizes a study examining the health effects of air pollution from transportation in major Indian cities like Delhi and Hyderabad. The study found that transportation is a major contributor to emissions and air pollution in these cities. Approximately 32% of traffic police in Hyderabad suffer from lung diseases, and many residents have been affected by eye irritation, blurred vision, lung cancer and other diseases due to air pollution. The high levels of smoke emissions from vehicles in Indian cities like Hyderabad have adverse health effects on inhabitants. The study concluded that efforts are needed to reduce vehicle trips, integrate land use and transportation planning, and shift to more efficient modes of transportation to improve air quality and public health.
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
This document discusses air pollution and its impacts on health. It notes that air pollution is one of the world's leading health risks, causing over 5.5 million premature deaths annually from diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and COPD. In India, major sources of air pollution include coal burning, industry, vehicles, construction, and biomass burning. High levels of particulate matter and ground-level ozone are used to measure and quantify air pollution exposure and related health effects. The document also mentions that data is being collected from 4 hospitals in Dhanbad, India as part of a National Environmental Health Profile study to understand the effects of air pollution.
This document is a thesis written by Sean Mc Garry on the topic of air pollution in the built environment. It examines how particulate matter concentrations vary with height above ground and the surrounding landscape. The document contains an introduction on particulate matter and its health impacts. It then describes the equipment and area of study used, the methodology, results from measurements of particulate matter at different heights and locations, a discussion section, and conclusions. The overall aim is to better understand how particulate matter levels are influenced by vertical location and the building landscape.
This document summarizes air quality and health issues related to air pollution in India. It finds that air quality has degraded significantly due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and increased energy consumption and vehicles. Air pollution levels exceed safety limits in many cities like Delhi and are linked to thousands of premature deaths annually from respiratory and cardiac diseases. Studies show the lung health of Indians is the worst globally and conditions like asthma and COPD are on the rise, especially in children living in highly polluted cities. Indoor air pollution from cooking fuels is also a major health concern for women in India.
The document analyzes heavy metal pollution in street dust samples collected from different functional areas in Beijing, China. It finds that heavy metal concentrations were higher in the street dusts than background soil levels. The Tourism Area had the highest concentrations of several heavy metals compared to other areas. A health risk assessment found that both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from exposure to heavy metals in street dusts were generally low, except for higher carcinogenic risk from chromium exposure for children.
Dust emission has become a major cause of
environmental pollution which has many adverse effects on living
beings and non-living things. Construction industry revolution
and development of Southern Pune has led to an increase in the
demand of building materials manifold. The process of quarrying
for extraction of building materials is responsible for heavy air
pollution. Blasting, handling and transportation of aggregates
emits large quantity of dust particles within Katraj region. Dry
weather condition and high speed wind spreads the dust which
increases the environmental risk. The objective to study the
analysis of impact of dust pollution on environment within the
Katraj region is to assess the potential risks in quantitative and
qualitative manner. The core knowledge of dust concentration,
behavior and complex properties of particulate matter helps to
formulate the methods and policies to exert control on their
emission and distribution.
The natural as well as artificial lakes, the source of ground
water in Southern region of Katraj, are subjected to the
deposition of heavy suspended particulate matter. Through
experimentation, it has been observed that the deposition of such
dust matter in the local atmosphere has led to significant changes
in the physical, chemical and biological parameters relating to
natural resources as it reflects in the alarming deviation of these
parameters from standard values. The present study will create
awareness and save the environment of Katraj from impending
consequences of dust particle emission
This document discusses criteria for setting ambient air quality standards. It outlines several factors that influence decision making for standards, including acceptable health risks, control costs, and scientific judgment. Standards are designed to protect public health from air pollution effects and may establish maximum concentrations. Primary standards protect health, while secondary standards protect welfare. Factors like meteorology, geography, exposure levels, health risks, economics and policies must be considered when setting standards.
ASSESSMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION AMONG LAND USE TYPES IN OBIGBO...IAEME Publication
Air pollution has become a serious issue especially in fast developing urban areas. Particulate matter (PM) inhalation is injurious to man at significant concentration because it can accumulate in the lungs and some of the particulate compositions have been established as carcinogenic. This study assessed the level of particulate matter (PM) mass concentration in selected oil operating areas in Rivers State in Nigeria. Areas around other land use types were considered such as schools (SCH), market (MKT), commercial center (COM), bus stops (BST), residential areas (RES), hospitals (HSP) and vegetation (VEG). PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM7 and PM10 were monitored using a digital read out electronic instrument, Aerocet Model 531. Meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature and humidity) were monitored using Kestrel 3000 portable weather tracker.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AROUND ABU DHABI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT...civej
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and worker health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. Surveys were conducted in residential neighborhoods and workplaces within 25 km of the airport, which experience high aircraft noise, and in control areas further than 25 km from the airport. The results showed that residents in high noise areas had higher rates of noise stress, hypertension, headaches, sleep problems, and hearing issues compared to the control group. However, aircraft noise was not found to negatively impact the health of workers near the airport. The document reviews previous literature on the health effects of aircraft noise pollution and the methodologies used in the study.
- Air pollution causes 6.5 million premature deaths per year, nearly half from outdoor sources. 80% of urban populations are exposed to unsafe air pollution levels according to WHO guidelines.
- Small particulate matter can penetrate deep into lungs and cause health risks like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and cardiac issues. Biological mechanisms on the cellular level also contribute to health risks.
- Numerous studies and growing evidence over decades show relationships between increased air pollution exposure and mortality, hospitalizations, and lost work days. However, absence of evidence is not evidence of absence of health impacts.
AIr quality and urban mobility challenges, Chandigarh Cse Web
City dialogue on Clean air and sustainable mobility, a half day workshop conducted in Chandigarh in partnership with Chandigarh Administration on 24th May 2013. The presentation shows the CSE findings and citizen perception survey.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este decreto reforma la Ley de Licitaciones de Venezuela para aumentar la transparencia en los procesos de selección de contratistas del estado. Se modifican varios artículos para ampliar el alcance de la ley e incorporar nuevos procedimientos como la Licitación Anunciada Internacionalmente. También se agregan secciones sobre el principio de transparencia y la clasificación de oferentes. El objetivo general es regular de manera más estricta los procesos de contratación para asegurar la honestidad, eficiencia y promoción de la competencia.
This document summarizes a study on the economic impact of automobile air pollution-linked diseases in Rewa, India. The study surveyed two areas, Sirmour Chauk and a bus stand, and found higher rates of respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and skin diseases at the bus stand, which had higher traffic pollution. The annual health cost was also higher at the bus stand, with total expenditures of 572,244 rupees compared to 509,537 rupees at Sirmour Chauk. The study concludes that traffic from vehicles is a major source of air pollution in Rewa and causes significant health problems and economic costs.
Risk Assessment of Human Health by Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities along...Premier Publishers
In this study, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni) concentrations were determined in soil samples taken from Pilafu, Shiwa, Fadama-rake and Damdrai along Hong major road using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The determined concentrations were used to investigate their influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure path ways. The result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure path ways, Metal species and sample area. The target hazard quotient for all the elements through each exposure path way were observed to be >1, except Zn in ingestion for adults and in dermal for children and also Cu for children in dermal. However, the health index values for adults were observed to be much higher than the children for THQinh and THQdermal. But for THQing the HI values for children were observed to be higher than the adults. While in inhalation exposure path way all the cancer risk index values were observed to be higher in adults than in children except Ni which is higher in children than in adults. The combine effect for each exposure path way shows high possibility of carcinogenic risk by inhalation route. Indicating some concern about the expansion of unregulated settlements along heavy traffic highways.
This document discusses a survey conducted on the effects of vehicle emissions on human health in Chidambaram town, India. The survey investigated the impacts of emissions from vehicles on four major junctions in the town. Questionnaires found that most people reported health issues like sleeplessness, running nose, eye irritation, asthma, and headaches. Air samples taken at the junctions found high levels of pollutants like NOx, CO, SO2, and SPM, especially during afternoon high-traffic hours. Vehicle emissions were found to be a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas and impact public health. The study aims to assess the health effects of vehicle emissions in Chidambaram and make recommendations to reduce emissions.
IRJET - Air Pollution a Major Threat to the People of Khrew (J&K)IRJET Journal
This document discusses air pollution in Khrew, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that air pollution is a major threat to the people of Khrew, mainly affecting children. The main sources of air pollution are the approximately 6 cement plants in the area, which emit around 100,000 kg of toxic gases per day. This high level of air pollution has led to decreased production of saffron, fruits, and vegetables over time as well as decreased water levels. It is also linked to increased respiratory diseases and deaths among the local population. The document recommends various safety measures that can be taken to reduce air pollution, such as using cleaner fuels, limiting private transport, planting more trees, and locating cement plants further away from
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
The document examines the environmental health effects and air pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires distributed to over 87,000 men across the state's 18 local government areas. The results show high levels of smoking, with the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day ranging from 12 to 30. Over 900 patients were found to have smoking-related diseases like lung cancer, heart attacks, and respiratory illnesses. The study concludes that air pollution from cigarette smoking is a major contributor to health issues in Cross River State.
Air pollution has had devastating health impacts on children in Sri Lanka, especially in urban areas. Emissions from motor vehicles, industries, domestic sources, and waste burning contribute significantly to air pollution. Children are highly exposed to polluted air at home and school, leading to increased rates of respiratory diseases like asthma and visits to hospitals. Reducing emissions from vehicles, industries, and waste burning as well as promoting facemask usage can help mitigate health impacts of air pollution on children.
This document summarizes a study examining the health effects of air pollution from transportation in major Indian cities like Delhi and Hyderabad. The study found that transportation is a major contributor to emissions and air pollution in these cities. Approximately 32% of traffic police in Hyderabad suffer from lung diseases, and many residents have been affected by eye irritation, blurred vision, lung cancer and other diseases due to air pollution. The high levels of smoke emissions from vehicles in Indian cities like Hyderabad have adverse health effects on inhabitants. The study concluded that efforts are needed to reduce vehicle trips, integrate land use and transportation planning, and shift to more efficient modes of transportation to improve air quality and public health.
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
This document discusses air pollution and its impacts on health. It notes that air pollution is one of the world's leading health risks, causing over 5.5 million premature deaths annually from diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and COPD. In India, major sources of air pollution include coal burning, industry, vehicles, construction, and biomass burning. High levels of particulate matter and ground-level ozone are used to measure and quantify air pollution exposure and related health effects. The document also mentions that data is being collected from 4 hospitals in Dhanbad, India as part of a National Environmental Health Profile study to understand the effects of air pollution.
This document is a thesis written by Sean Mc Garry on the topic of air pollution in the built environment. It examines how particulate matter concentrations vary with height above ground and the surrounding landscape. The document contains an introduction on particulate matter and its health impacts. It then describes the equipment and area of study used, the methodology, results from measurements of particulate matter at different heights and locations, a discussion section, and conclusions. The overall aim is to better understand how particulate matter levels are influenced by vertical location and the building landscape.
This document summarizes air quality and health issues related to air pollution in India. It finds that air quality has degraded significantly due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and increased energy consumption and vehicles. Air pollution levels exceed safety limits in many cities like Delhi and are linked to thousands of premature deaths annually from respiratory and cardiac diseases. Studies show the lung health of Indians is the worst globally and conditions like asthma and COPD are on the rise, especially in children living in highly polluted cities. Indoor air pollution from cooking fuels is also a major health concern for women in India.
The document analyzes heavy metal pollution in street dust samples collected from different functional areas in Beijing, China. It finds that heavy metal concentrations were higher in the street dusts than background soil levels. The Tourism Area had the highest concentrations of several heavy metals compared to other areas. A health risk assessment found that both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from exposure to heavy metals in street dusts were generally low, except for higher carcinogenic risk from chromium exposure for children.
Dust emission has become a major cause of
environmental pollution which has many adverse effects on living
beings and non-living things. Construction industry revolution
and development of Southern Pune has led to an increase in the
demand of building materials manifold. The process of quarrying
for extraction of building materials is responsible for heavy air
pollution. Blasting, handling and transportation of aggregates
emits large quantity of dust particles within Katraj region. Dry
weather condition and high speed wind spreads the dust which
increases the environmental risk. The objective to study the
analysis of impact of dust pollution on environment within the
Katraj region is to assess the potential risks in quantitative and
qualitative manner. The core knowledge of dust concentration,
behavior and complex properties of particulate matter helps to
formulate the methods and policies to exert control on their
emission and distribution.
The natural as well as artificial lakes, the source of ground
water in Southern region of Katraj, are subjected to the
deposition of heavy suspended particulate matter. Through
experimentation, it has been observed that the deposition of such
dust matter in the local atmosphere has led to significant changes
in the physical, chemical and biological parameters relating to
natural resources as it reflects in the alarming deviation of these
parameters from standard values. The present study will create
awareness and save the environment of Katraj from impending
consequences of dust particle emission
This document discusses criteria for setting ambient air quality standards. It outlines several factors that influence decision making for standards, including acceptable health risks, control costs, and scientific judgment. Standards are designed to protect public health from air pollution effects and may establish maximum concentrations. Primary standards protect health, while secondary standards protect welfare. Factors like meteorology, geography, exposure levels, health risks, economics and policies must be considered when setting standards.
ASSESSMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION AMONG LAND USE TYPES IN OBIGBO...IAEME Publication
Air pollution has become a serious issue especially in fast developing urban areas. Particulate matter (PM) inhalation is injurious to man at significant concentration because it can accumulate in the lungs and some of the particulate compositions have been established as carcinogenic. This study assessed the level of particulate matter (PM) mass concentration in selected oil operating areas in Rivers State in Nigeria. Areas around other land use types were considered such as schools (SCH), market (MKT), commercial center (COM), bus stops (BST), residential areas (RES), hospitals (HSP) and vegetation (VEG). PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM7 and PM10 were monitored using a digital read out electronic instrument, Aerocet Model 531. Meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature and humidity) were monitored using Kestrel 3000 portable weather tracker.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AROUND ABU DHABI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT...civej
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and worker health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. Surveys were conducted in residential neighborhoods and workplaces within 25 km of the airport, which experience high aircraft noise, and in control areas further than 25 km from the airport. The results showed that residents in high noise areas had higher rates of noise stress, hypertension, headaches, sleep problems, and hearing issues compared to the control group. However, aircraft noise was not found to negatively impact the health of workers near the airport. The document reviews previous literature on the health effects of aircraft noise pollution and the methodologies used in the study.
- Air pollution causes 6.5 million premature deaths per year, nearly half from outdoor sources. 80% of urban populations are exposed to unsafe air pollution levels according to WHO guidelines.
- Small particulate matter can penetrate deep into lungs and cause health risks like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and cardiac issues. Biological mechanisms on the cellular level also contribute to health risks.
- Numerous studies and growing evidence over decades show relationships between increased air pollution exposure and mortality, hospitalizations, and lost work days. However, absence of evidence is not evidence of absence of health impacts.
AIr quality and urban mobility challenges, Chandigarh Cse Web
City dialogue on Clean air and sustainable mobility, a half day workshop conducted in Chandigarh in partnership with Chandigarh Administration on 24th May 2013. The presentation shows the CSE findings and citizen perception survey.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este decreto reforma la Ley de Licitaciones de Venezuela para aumentar la transparencia en los procesos de selección de contratistas del estado. Se modifican varios artículos para ampliar el alcance de la ley e incorporar nuevos procedimientos como la Licitación Anunciada Internacionalmente. También se agregan secciones sobre el principio de transparencia y la clasificación de oferentes. El objetivo general es regular de manera más estricta los procesos de contratación para asegurar la honestidad, eficiencia y promoción de la competencia.
El documento resume los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio (ODM) 2, 3 y 7 en Marruecos. Resalta los avances en educación primaria y alfabetización, aunque persiste brechas de género. También destaca los esfuerzos para promover la igualdad de género en educación y empleo, a pesar de que las mujeres siguen subrepresentadas en puestos de liderazgo. Finalmente, reconoce la rica biodiversidad de Marruecos pero su medio ambiente amenazado por la contaminación y la pé
1) A pregação da prosperidade é enganosa e mortífera porque atrai as pessoas a Cristo prometendo riqueza, ao invés de renúncia e discipulado, e porque o desejo de riqueza faz as pessoas caírem em tentação e perdição.
2) Os pregadores não devem desenvolver filosofias ministeriais que tornem difícil para as pessoas entrarem no céu ou que aticiem desejos suicidas de riqueza e sofrimento.
3) As filosofias ministeriais também não devem encorajar a vulnerabilidade à
Un grupo de amigos discutió la naturaleza de la amistad, con cada uno ofreciendo una metáfora: un atleta comparó a un amigo con una vara de equilibrio, un médico con una venda y un ungüento, y un botánico con una vid que cubre las asperezas de la vida.
Presentación divulgativa sobre Smart Cities desde el punto de vista tecnológico realizada en Zaragoza en la sesión Tech me out! del Pint of Science 2015.
WNC´2013 WeTheBioCloud National Congress: “We are all bioneers”.
2ª Jornada Nacional de Conocimiento Abierto Bioinspirado e Inteligencia Colectiva
Madrid | 11-12 Abril 2013
Lugar: Matadero Madrid
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Inscripciones
A través de la página entradas http://zincshower.com/web/entradas/
Los miembros de la Asociación KNOWDLE podrán adquirir entradas al evento ZINCSHOWER con un 50% de descuento sobre el precio de taquilla: zincknowdle. (En la entrada se verificará la filiación).
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La Inteligencia Artificial en general, y la Inteligencia Colectiva en particular, pueden ayudarnos a salir de la profunda crisis en la que estamos sumidos. ¿Cómo? Minimizando el impacto de eventos diversos a través de su predicción y prevención. Pero para conseguirlo se hace necesario desarrollar un sistema de ayuda a la toma de decisiones, personal y colectivo, que nos permita alcanzar los objetivos establecidos. Éste es el gran reto de nuestro tiempo. Es el gran reto de la Economía del Conocimiento y sus primeros ejemplos reales y aplicados a las empresas reales.
En estas II Jornadas Nacionales de Conocimiento Abierto Bioinspirado e Inteligencia Colectiva Aplicada a la Empresa cambiamos el formato: #ZINCSHOWER y #KNOWDLE se alían para ofrecer un verdadero formato innovador y damos lugar #WETHEBIOCLOUD. Un modelo de fusión: innovación, creatividad, investigación y emprendimiento. Se abordarán diversos sistemas colaborativos complejos basados en el conocimiento abierto bioinspirado, la inteligencia colectiva y en modelos de sabiduría para una economía basada en el conocimiento sostenible.
O documento apresenta o projeto eTwinning, que permite a colaboração online entre escolas europeias. Descreve o que é o eTwinning, como navegar pelo portal e criar um registo, o espaço do professor e onde se desenvolvem os projetos, mostrando também um exemplo de projeto. Fornece ainda links relevantes.
O documento discute a estrutura e hierarquia das normas jurídicas brasileiras, começando pela Constituição Federal e incluindo leis, decretos, jurisprudência e atos administrativos. Também explica a organização dos três poderes no Brasil - Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário - nos âmbitos federal, estadual e municipal.
Apartamento com 2 quartos e suíte, lavabo e varanda gourmet com opções de layout e acabamento. Localizado em Niterói a 800 metros da Praia de Icaraí. Contato: Camargo Corrêa Niterói no telefone (21) 3073-3201 / 7857-9292.
This document summarizes research on improving real-time exploration of massive 3D models using light field displays. The research focuses on advanced rendering technologies for massive models on light field displays in joint work with other researchers. The technologies enable interactive rendering of potentially infinite static surface and volume models. Challenges include driving light field displays, representing image data from volumes, surfaces and video, and evaluating user performance and interaction. Contributions include various papers on direct volume rendering, medical visualization, view-dependent exploration of volumes, and natural exploration of surfaces on light field displays.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Urban Air Quality Modelling and Simulation: A Case Study of Kolhapur (M.S.), ...IDES Editor
As a consequence of urbanization a phenomenal
surge has been observed in the vehicular population in India,
giving rise to elevated levels of traffic related pollutants like
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and
particulates in Indian urban centers. These pollutants can
have both acute and chronic effects on human health. Thus
air quality management needs immediate attention. Air
quality models simulate the physical and chemical processes
occurring in the atmosphere to estimate the atmospheric
pollutant concentration. A variety of air quality models are
available ranging from simple empirical models to complex
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models. Air quality
models can be a valuable tool in pollution forecasting, air
quality management, traffic management and urban planning.
This paper evaluates the performance of widely used Danish
Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) under Indian
traffic conditions. Comparison between predicted and observed
concentrations was performed using both quantitative and
statistical methods. OSPM was found to perform exceedingly
well for the prediction of particulates whereas NO2 predictions
were poorly predicted.
Monitoring of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutant in Aurangabad CityIOSRJMCE
Concentration of gaseous pollutant and particulate matter are the major cause of respiratory disease and deaths. The dust pollution is serious matter almost in all cities of Maharashtra. This paper deals with the results of ambient monitoring of Aurangabad city for particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The sulphur dioxide concentration is measured by Modified West and Geake Method whereas nitrogen dioxide is measured by Modified Jacob and Hochheiser method. The results shows a very high concentration of particulate matter, however sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were within the permissible limits.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using ornamental plants to improve air quality in cities. It discusses the importance of air quality to human and plant health, sources and types of air pollution, effects of air pollution on people and plants, and criteria for selecting plant species well-suited for controlling urban air pollution. It provides examples of research assessing how urban trees and greenery remove air pollutants. The document concludes that strategic planting of indigenous, pollution-tolerant species can help clean the air and create healthier urban environments.
Air Pollution In Punjab With Special Reference To Mandi Gobindgarh And Surrou...Scott Faria
1. The document analyzes air pollution in Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India and surrounding rural areas.
2. Mandi Gobindgarh has many industries that produce high levels of air pollution, especially particulate matter, making it one of the most polluted towns in India.
3. The study aims to measure air pollution levels, identify sources of pollution, examine health impacts on the population, evaluate control measures, and find solutions to reduce pollution and effects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The document discusses air quality related issues and the causes and effects of air pollution. It provides background on key topics like what is air pollution, common air pollutants, and air quality indices. It then examines global issues like the haze problems in Southeast Asia countries. Local issues in Malaysia are also discussed such as the 2013 haze episode and its health and economic impacts. Studies on the health risks of air pollution in Klang Valley and CO2 emissions in Malaysia are summarized. The document concludes that both global and local factors contribute to air pollution, which affects health, education, and economies.
IRJET- Analytical Evaluation of Vehicular Air Pollutants at Urban Arterial Ro...IRJET Journal
This study analytically evaluates vehicular air pollution at urban arterial roads in Rajkot City, India. Traffic and air pollution data were collected over 24 hours at two intersections. Models were developed to predict levels of CO and CO2 based on vehicle composition. The models were validated using statistical tests and found to be acceptable. While concentrations of pollutants like SO2, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded national standards, the study was limited in scope. Future work could expand the analysis to other pollutants at additional locations and develop models using other software.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT VS EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH; A CASE STUD...koketso Kanekane
This document discusses the relationship between economic development and air pollution in Botswana. It outlines various sources of air pollution in the country, including industries, fossil fuel combustion, vehicles, and agriculture. In particular, mining operations like the BCL Mine in Selebi Phikwe are highlighted as major polluters. While economic growth is needed, unchecked industrialization has caused air quality problems and negative health effects. The document argues that environmental protection and economic development must be balanced to ensure sustainable development and a clean environment for the future. The study aims to evaluate air pollution impacts, provide policy recommendations, and help Botswana implement international agreements to mitigate pollution.
Study and Analysis of Air Pollution Quality in Lucknow CityIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study of air pollution in Lucknow City, India. Air quality was measured at 9 locations in April-May 2022, including residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Levels of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sound were found to exceed national standards. Vehicle emissions, industry, construction, waste burning, and other factors are contributing to increased air pollution in the growing city. Regular monitoring is needed to understand pollution sources and implement effective reduction strategies to address Lucknow's air quality problems.
Case studies in improving urban air qualityngocjos
IGU study finds that the switch to natural gas helps mega-cities dramatically improve air quality and reduce emissions of GHG and air pollutants – enhancing and saving lives. On the sidelines of the COP21 negotiations in Paris the IGU has released a major study that highlights the interconnection that exists between reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing emissions of other air pollutants. It presents case studies of efforts in four cities — New York, Istanbul, Toronto, and Beijing — that have tackled or are tackling the issue of improving urban air quality and where gas has featured as the main contributor to their efforts. These cities can provide lessons for other cities seeking to reduce the potentially severe health consequences of urban air pollution.
The document discusses air pollution in Bangladesh. It states that Bangladesh has the 4th worst air quality out of 92 countries according to the WHO. Air pollution kills an estimated 15,000 Bangladeshis each year. In rural areas, brick kilns and cooking stoves are major polluters, while in cities industrial emissions and vehicles are primary sources of pollution. Common air pollutants in Bangladesh include particulate matter from traffic jams and industrial emissions. Air pollution causes many health and environmental issues for Bangladeshis. Efforts are needed to control air pollution in the country.
Air Pollution Prediction via Differential Evolution Strategies with Random Fo...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a hybrid machine learning technique combining differential evolution and random forest methods to predict air pollution levels. It analyzes data on various pollutants from two cities in India - Delhi and Patna. The proposed approach is experimentally validated to achieve better performance compared to independent classifiers and multi-label classifiers in terms of accuracy, area under the curve, success index and correlation. Differential evolution is used to initialize population and optimize candidate solutions. Random forest creates an ensemble of decision trees to make predictions. The hybrid method is tested on predicting carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and benzene levels using data from a monitoring station in Delhi.
A Review Article on "Environmental Impact Assessment" (Eia)IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of various studies that have assessed the environmental impacts of highway projects using environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It summarizes nine research papers/reports that used EIAs to evaluate the effects of highways on air and water quality, noise levels, and other environmental factors. The studies found that highway construction and use can increase air and water pollution as well as noise levels. However, EIAs help identify these impacts so they can be mitigated. The document emphasizes the importance of thorough EIAs and monitoring both during and after projects to understand environmental effects.
Particulate matter, air quality and climateYahsé Challa
This document reviews recent developments in particulate matter (PM) or atmospheric aerosol science and its connections to environmental policy issues. It summarizes that while PM has significant impacts on human health and climate, uncertainties remain regarding the relative importance of different PM components and sources. Reducing emissions of black carbon and ammonia could help mitigate some PM impacts cost-effectively. However, a prioritized plan to address the full range of PM effects is still needed due to gaps in understanding processes like global climate impacts and the response of PM precursors to future changes. The review advocates an integrated approach to air quality and climate policy given the evidence of PM's importance to both issues.
ABSTRACT- Transportation-related pollutants are one of the largest contributors to unhealthy air quality. Delhi, the capital of India, is one of the most significant polluted urban areas in the world. Given the high traffic volume combined with heterogeneous traffic composition ranging from non-motorized vehicles to two-and-three wheelers, to cars, buses and trucks; it is pivotal to understand whether the commuter can associate the everyday symptoms of sickness to the level of pollution caused by the various modes of transport. In this study a survey was conducted to assess the effects of air pollutants on commuters using public and private transportation. The findings of the study revealed that commuters face health problems like headache, fatigue/drowsiness, nasal congestion, eye irritation, nose irritation, sneezing, skin irritation, respiratory problems and throat irritation. Maximum commuters also opined that cancer and respiratory morbidity are the major long term health effects of transport-related air pollution.
KEY WORDS: Air pollution, Commuters, Health effects, Pollutants, Transport, Urban area
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, classification, and impacts on human health and the environment. It provides the following key points:
- Air pollution kills an estimated 7 million people worldwide each year. Many cities in India, including Delhi, are among the most polluted in the world.
- Both natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes as well as anthropogenic sources like vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and biomass burning contribute to air pollution.
- Major air pollutants are particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. Exposure can cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
- National standards have been established in India to monitor six criteria pollut
This study investigated spatial patterns of air pollution in an industrial estate in Lagos, Nigeria. Seven sampling sites were selected to measure levels of particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4), and noise. Statistical analysis using principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed two main sources of air pollution: traffic emissions contributed most to NO2 levels, while fossil fuel combustion and industrial sources contributed most to SO2, CO, and H2S levels. The levels of SO2, NO2, and PM10 exceeded national standards at some sites, indicating traffic and industrial pollution are problems. Appropriate vehicle emission controls
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transportation systems have significant environmental impacts. Road transportation is a major contributor to issues like climate change, air pollution, noise pollution, and land consumption. It accounts for a large portion of emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. These emissions negatively impact air quality, acid rain, smog, and climate change. Scientists and engineers are working on developing more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation solutions, but current systems continue to pose threats to the environment through direct, indirect, and cumulative effects.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
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Aa04605173182
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Analysis Of Highway Air Pollution
T.SUBRAMANI1
S.ARUTSELVAN 2
S.K.GANESAN3
1
Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions
University, Salem, India.
2,
PG Student of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College,
Vinayaka Missions University, Salem,
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions
University, Salem,
ABSTRACT
The traffic is growing at rapid rate in urban areas of India and the management of traffic operations on the
limited road network of the cities has become a gigantic task to the concerned authorities. Despite the concerted
efforts of concerned authorities aimed at augmenting road infrastructure, traffic congestion is continuing to
increase leading to environmental degradation. Eventually, a major study was commissioned by the
Government of India to quantify urban travel by road and associated air pollutants coming from automobile
exhausts in eight cities namely, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kanpur and Agra.
The main objective was to make an accurate assessment of total number of vehicles and develop database and
techniques to estimate road traffic and pollution loads in each city. This paper describes operating
characteristics of traffic and quantification of traffic and air pollution loads (base and horizon year) on major
road network of Chennai city. Comparatively urbanization is moderate in India. This is because the major
contributor to the Indian economy is agriculture and it is rural based. As per the Census of India 2001, the urban
population of India is around 28 percent of the total population. This proportion of urban population has grown
from ten percent in 1901 to twenty eight percent in 2001. The disturbing aspect of the urbanization trends in
India is the skewed distribution of the urban population. Nearly seventy percent of the urban population is
located in Class-I cities (i.e. population of 100 Thousand and above). Further, 38 percent of the total urban
population is located in metropolitan cities (i.e. population of 1 million and above) numbering about thirty-five.
This heavy concentration of population in a few centers has resulted in the expansion of cities in density as well
as area.
KEYWORDS: Cauvery Irrigation System, cropping intensity, Hydrologic analysis, Irrigation systems in
Tamilnadu .crop yield.
I. INTRODUCTION
Transport is a vital part of modern life. The
freedom to travel short and long distances opens the
horizons for personal development and professional
activities, increases the options for leisure and
holidays, and allows better contact and understanding
between people. The economic development of entire
regions depends on the easy access to people and
goods ensured by contemporary transport technology.
Owing to its flexibility, road transport is a major
transport mode, and cars are objects of desire and
pride in many societies.
Unfortunately, these positive aspects are closely
associated with the hazards to the environment and
human health caused by transport, particularly road
transport. One of the leading concerns is the adverse
effect on health of air pollution emitted by transport.
Research in recent decades consistently indicates that
outdoor air pollution harms health, and the evidence
points to air pollution that stems from transport as an
important contributor.
The present trend towards increasing transport
volume, and the associated risk of harm to air quality
and health, threaten the policy objective of many
countries, also stated by the European Union (EU) in
its 6th Environment Action Programme: to achieve
pollution levels that do not give rise to harmful
effects on human health and the environment
(European Commission, 2001). A multitude of air
contaminants of varying toxicity comes from road
transport.
These contaminants originate from the tailpipes
of vehicles with internal combustion engines, from
other vehicle components (such as brake and clutch
linings and pads, tyres and fuel tanks), and from road-
surface wear and treatment materials. Road traffic can
be labelled the most important source for some
pollutants of great concern, such as nitrogen oxides,
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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benzene and carbon monoxide. Until recently, leaded
petrol was an important contributor to exposing the
population to lead.
Recently, emissions of particulate matter (PM)
have attracted much attention, owing mainly to
epidemiological fi ndings that suggest that it is a
major risk to human health. Besides the pollution
sources already mentioned, PM is also formed in the
atmosphere, as a secondary pollutant from gases such
as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).
The pattern of population exposure depends on
both pollution levels and population activities. Both
the short-term pattern and long-term average of
exposure, along with individual susceptibility, lead to
adverse effects on health, which may occur either
immediately or years later. Understanding the
complex chain of events – from transport demand and
traffic activities to emissions, ambient air quality,
exposure and effects – requires information from a
variety of scientific disciplines, often involving
research on complex relationships.
As road transport is one of the sectors showing
most rapid growth, and it is particularly important to
pay proper attention to the pollution problems of
vehicle exhaust gases. These emissions include some
that are known to be toxic when absorbed into the
body at high concentrations.
Increasing amounts of potentially harmful gases
and particles are being emitted into the atmosphere on
a global scale, resulting in damage to human health
and the environment. It is damaging the resources
needed for the long-term development of the planet.
Hence, it is needed to develop echo friendly systems
by controlling the exhausts that causes harm to
environment.
II. NEED FOR THE STUDY
Evaluation of air quality levels due to road
traffic has been found to be difficult, because the
emission and dispersion of pollutants depends on
many factors like traffic volume, traffic speed and
composition of traffic, wind speed, the atmospheric
conditions, the acceleration and deceleration of
vehicles etc. This study is an attempt to model the air
pollutants as a function of traffic and roadway
parameters.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are:
To determine the ambient air pollution due to
CO, HC, NOX, SO2 and SPM at selected
locations through field studies.
To compare the measured carbon monoxide
concentration values with those predicted
using the CALINE 4 model.
To study the statistical relationship between
the predicted and observed values of carbon
monoxide concentrations.
IV. DEFINITION OF AIR POLLUTION
Various authorities defined air pollution in
different ways. According to the Bureau of Indian
standards (BIS) (IS-4167, 1966) air pollution is the
“Presence in ambient atmospheres of substances
generally resulting from the activity of man, in
sufficient concentration, present for a sufficient time
and under circumstances such as to interfere with
comfort, health or welfare of persons or with
reasonable use or enjoyment of property.”
Thus, if the concentration of any substance or
element in air is more than a certain volume, it may
affect man and his property, directly or indirectly and
may be termed as air pollution.
4.1 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
A significant source of urban air pollution is the
combustion of fuels by vehicle engines. Petrol and
diesel-engined motor vehicles emit a wide variety of
pollutants, principally carbon monoxide (CO), oxides
of nitrogen (NOX), volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and particulates (SPM), which have an
increasing impact on urban air quality.
Classification I
Usually they are divided into two categories of
primary sources and secondary sources.
a. Primary Sources:
Primary sources also called as natural sources.
Natural process such as forest fires, decaying
vegetation dust storms, and volcanic eruptions result
in air pollution.
Primary pollutants are those that are emitted
directly from the sources. Pollutants included under
this category are particulate matter such as ash,
smoke, dust, fumes, mist and spray; Inorganic gases
such as sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitric
oxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and
hydrocarbons.
b. Secondary Sources:
Secondary sources also called as anthropogenic
sources. Anthropogenic sources cover a wide
spectrum of types. Table 1.1 includes a list of major
anthrogenic air pollution sources, and their
characteristic emissions.
Basically these are formed from chemical and
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. The
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reaction mechanisms and various steps involved in
the process are influenced by many factors such as
concentration of reactants, the amount of moisture
present in the atmosphere, meteorological forces and
local topography.
Classification II
Based on pattern of entry of pollutants in to the
atmosphere they are classified into point source, line
source, and area/volume source.
a. Line Sources:
Line sources reflect the contribution of mobile
sources of pollutants. The predominant line sources
are road traffic, although aircraft, shipping and
railways can in certain circumstances represent
significant line sources.
b. Point Sources:
Point sources are composed of industrial sources,
the processes of which are regulated by the
Environment Agency and local authorities
respectively.
c. Area Sources:
Other Sources, which may singly have
relatively small contribution, still warrant inclusion
because collectively they are significant. Such
sources include emissions from domestic central
heating or contributions from smaller roads.
Sources of Auto Emissions
Emissions from automobiles are broadly classified
into three categories
a. Exhaust emissions:
A significant proportion of the hydrocarbons
come from the fuel tank, the carburetor and the
crankcase, but the exhaust gases are the major source
of pollutants. In addition to these air-borne pollutants
there is a quantity of dust produced from the gradual
wearing away of the rubber tyres, brake linings, and
clutch plates of the vehicle.
Except for lead, which is confined to petrol, petrol
engines and diesel engines produce similar materials
in their exhausts, although the relative proportions are
very different. The emission rates also vary
considerably with the operating mode; i.e., idling,
accelerating, cruising, or decelerating.
b. Crank case emissions:
About 20% of total HC occurs through blow by
gases from crank case emissions. Emissions of HC
from crank case of automobiles can be largely
eliminated by the positive crank case ventilation
(PCV) system. This system recycles crank case
ventilation air and blow by gases to the engine intake
instead of venting them to the atmosphere.
c. Evaporative emissions:
These emissions contain only hydrocarbons.
These are due to evaporation from fuel tank and
carburetor. It contributes to about 15% of total
hydrocarbons. Evaporative emissions can be
eliminated by storing fuel vaporous in crankcase,
which absorbs HC for recycling to the engine.
4.2 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Pollutants and Their Health Effects
Petrol and diesel engined motor vehicles emit a
wide variety of pollutants, principally carbon
monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter
(PM10), which have an increasing impact on urban air
quality.
a. Sulphur dioxide:
The most important oxide emitted by pollution
sources is sulphur dioxide (SO2). Sulphur dioxide is a
colourless gas with a characteristic, sharp, pungent
odour. It is an acidic gas which combines with water
vapour in the atmosphere to produce acid rain. These
gases are formed when fossil fuels containing sulphur
are burned.
Health Effects:
Even moderate concentrations may result in a fall
in lung function in asthmatics. Tightness in the chest
and coughing occur at high levels, and lung function
of asthmatics may be impaired to the extent that
medical help is required. Sulphur dioxide pollution is
considered more harmful when particulate and other
pollution concentrations are high.
b. Carbon monoxide:
It constitutes the single largest pollutant in the
urban atmosphere. CO is colourless, odourless, and
tasteless and has a boiling point of -1920
C. It is a
toxic gas, which is emitted into the atmosphere as a
result of combustion processes, and is also formed by
the oxidation of hydrocarbons and other organic
compounds. It has a strong affinity towards the
hemoglobin of the bloodstream and is a dangerous
asphyxiates.
Health Effects:
This gas prevents the normal transport of oxygen
by the blood. This can lead to a significant reduction
in the supply of oxygen to the heart, particularly in
people suffering from heart disease.
c. Oxides of Nitrogen:
Nitrogen oxides are formed during high
temperature combustion processes from the oxidation
of nitrogen in the air or fuel. The principal source of
nitrogen oxides - nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), collectively known as NOx is road
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traffic. NO and NO2 concentrations are therefore
greatest in urban areas where traffic is heaviest. Other
important sources are power stations, heating plants
and industrial processes.
Health Effects:
Nitrogen dioxide can irritate the lungs and lower
resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza.
It is continued or frequent exposure to concentrations
that are typically much higher than those normally
found in the ambient air may cause increased
incidence of acute respiratory illness in children.
d. Hydrocarbons:
The gaseous and volatile liquid hydrocarbons are
of particular interest as air pollutants. Hydrocarbons
can be saturated or unsaturated, branched or straight-
chain, or can have a ring structure. The hydrocarbons
in the air by themselves alone cause no harmful
effects. They are of concern because the
hydrocarbons undergo chemical reactions in the
presence of sunlight and nitrogen oxides forming
photochemical oxidants of which the predominant
one is ozone.
e. Lead:
Particulate lead in air results from activities such
as fossil fuel combustion (including vehicles), metal
processing industries and waste incineration. As
tetraethyl lead, it has been used for many years as an
additive in petrol; most airborne emissions of lead in
Europe therefore originate from petrol-engine motor
vehicles. With the increasing use of unleaded petrol,
however, emissions and concentrations in air have
declined steadily in recent years.
Health Effects:
Even small amounts of lead can be harmful,
especially to infants and young children. Exposure
has also been linked to impaired mental function,
visual-motor performance and neurological damage
in children, and memory and attention span.
f. Particulate Matter:
In general the term „particulate‟ refers to all
atmospheric substances that are not gases. They can
be suspended droplets or solid particles or mixtures of
the two. Airborne particulate matter varies widely in
its physical and chemical composition, source and
particle size.
Particulates may be classified as Dust, Smoke,
Fumes, Mist, Fog, and Aerosol. PM10 particles (the
fraction of particulates in air of very small size (<10
µm)) are of major current concern, as they are small
enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and so
potentially pose significant health risks. The principal
source of airborne PM10 matter in European cities is
road traffic emissions, particularly from diesel
vehicles.
Health effects:
Fine particles can be carried deep into the lungs
where they can cause inflammation and a worsening
of the condition of people with heart and lung
diseases. In addition, they may carry surface-
absorbed carcinogenic compounds into the lungs.
g. Ozone:
Ground-level ozone (O3), unlike other pollutants
mentioned, is not emitted directly into the
atmosphere, but is a secondary pollutant produced by
reaction between nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
hydrocarbons and sunlight. Ozone levels are not as
high in urban areas (where high levels of NO are
emitted from vehicles) as in rural areas.
Sunlight provides the energy to initiate ozone
formation; consequently, high levels of ozone are
generally observed during hot, still sunny,
summertime weather.
Health effects:
Ozone irritates the airways of the lungs,
increasing the symptoms of those suffering from
asthma and lung diseases.
h. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
VOCs are released in vehicle exhaust gases
either as unburned fuels or as combustion products,
and are also emitted by the evaporation of solvents
and motor fuels.
Benzene is a VOC, which is a minor constituent
of petrol. The main sources of benzene in the
atmosphere in Europe are the distribution and
combustion of petrol. Of these, combustion by petrol
vehicles is the single biggest source (70% of total
emissions). 1,3-butadiene, like benzene, is a VOC
emitted into the atmosphere principally from fuel
combustion of petrol and diesel vehicles.
Health Effects:
Possible chronic health effects include cancer,
central nervous system disorders, liver and kidney
damage, reproductive disorders, and birth defects.
i. Toxic Organic Micro pollutants:
TOMPs (Toxic Organic Micropollutants) are
produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels.
They comprise a complex range of chemicals, some
of which, although they are emitted in very small
quantities, are highly toxic or carcinogenic.
Compounds in this category include
PAHs (PolyAromatic Hydrocarbons)
PCBs (PolyChlorinated Biphenyls)
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Dioxins
Furants
Health Effects:
TOMPS can cause a wide range of effects, from
cancer to reduced immunity to nervous system
disorders and interfere with child development.
Global Effects of Air Pollution
a. Acid Rain:
Precipitation is normally acid, theoretically when
PH is around 5.5 to 5.6, due to the carbon dioxide in
the air as well as the nitrogen and sulphur oxides
produced in nature. Rain, snow, or dusts can be made
more acid by excessive anthropogenic sources of
oxides. There are lots of negative impacts on aquatic
systems due to Acid rains. The rain can injure plants
if it is sufficiently acidic. The destruction by acid
rains is not confined only to plants, lakes and forests.
It corrodes building, monuments and metals. It causes
serious effects on human health since it contaminates
the drinking water.
b. Effect of Air Pollution on Vegetation:
Normal air contains a myriad of gaseous and
particulate components. In addition to the principle
components nitrogen, oxygen and carbon monoxide,
the air contains an array of chemicals that can be
considered as air pollutants. Air pollution has an
adverse effect on plants. Industrial pollution,
particularly from smelters, causes destruction of
vegetation. Pollutants from road vehicles also have an
adverse impact on air pollution. Necrosis, Chlorosis,
Abscission, Epinasty, suppressed growth etc are the
effects on plants due to pollutants.
C. Economic Effects of Air Pollution:
Air pollution damage to property is a very
important economic aspect of pollution. Air pollution
damage to property covers a wide range-corrosion of
metals, soiling and eroding of building surfaces,
fading of dyed materials, rubber cracking, spoiling or
destruction of vegetation, effects on animals, as well
as interference with production and services.
Deposition of this acid on the metal parts,
building parts of building roofs, eaves, and other
metal equipment result in a considerable loss from
atmospheric corrosion in most urban communities
V. AIR POLLUTION MONITORING
Sampling and measurement of air pollutants is
generally known as air quality monitoring. Air quality
monitoring is an integral component of any pollution
control programme. Air quality measurement is
generally carried out in two different situations. One
is ambient air quality measurement, where the
pollutant levels in the ambient atmosphere are
measured. The second type of measurement generally
deals with the pollutants emitted from a source.
5.1 PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Particulate pollutants in the atmosphere are
grouped generally into those that settle out to the
force of gravity and those that remain suspended as
aerosols. Settle able pollutants are particles of size
greater than 10µm diameter. These can be collected
using sedimentation techniques. Suspended pollutants
are smaller when compared to settle able pollutants.
More sophisticated techniques like filtration,
impingement, electrostatic and thermal precipitation
are used.
Sedimentation (Dust fall jar)
The simplest device used for sampling particles
larger than 10µm in diameter is the dust fall jar
collector. A typical collector consists of a plastic jar
of about 20 to 35cm height and 10 to 15 cm diameter
at the base with a slight inward tapering of the walls
from top to bottom.
High-volume Filtration (the High-volume
Sampler)
The high volume filtration method is popular for
measurement of the mass concentration of suspended
particulate smaller than 10µm. In this method, a
high-speed blower sucks a known volume of air
through a fine filter and the increase in weight due to
the trapped particles is measured.
VI. AIR POLLUTION MODELING
TECHNIQUES AND SOFTWARE
6.1GENERAL
Road transport is the major source of air
pollution in urban areas. It is necessary to quantify
emission levels as accurately as possible, with
appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions.
Estimation of emissions from road vehicles is usually
calculated through emission factors dependent of
mean speed. The modeling of air pollution produced
by traffic activity has been widely used to develop
emission inventories, in the urban areas (Zachariadas
e al 1997; Barth et al 1996).
Microscale (characteristic lengths below 1km);
in general air flow is very complex at this scale, as it
depends strongly on the detailed surface
characteristics (i.e. form of the buildings, their
orientation with regard to the wind direction etc.).
Although thermal effects may contribute to the
generation of these flows, they are mainly determined
by hydrodynamic effects (e.g. flow channeling,
roughness effects) which have to be described in an
appropriate simulation model.
Mesoscale (characteristic lengths between 1 and
1000 km); the flow configuration in the mesoscale
depends both on hydrodynamic effects (e.g. flow
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channeling, roughness effects) and in homogeneities
of the energy balance mainly due to the spatial
variation of area characteristics (e.g. land use,
vegetation, water), but also a consequence of terrain
orientation and slope. From the air pollution point of
view , thermal effects are the most interesting, as they
are of particular importance at times of a weak
synoptic forcing, i.e. bad ventilation conditions.
As a minimum requirement, mesoscale
meteorological models should be capable of
simulating local circulation systems, as for instance
sea and land breezes. Mesoscale atmospheric
processes affect primarily local-to-regional scale
dispersion phenomena, for which urban studies are
the most important examples. The description of such
phenomena requires, even for practical applications,
the utilization of fairly complex modeling tools.
6.2 DETERMINISTIC MODELS
Deterministic models are also called as process-
oriented models. Deterministic air pollution models
incorporate descriptions of several physical and
chemical phenomena in the atmosphere: starting with
emissions, atmospheric advection and dispersion,
chemical transformation and deposition.
The Gaussian Plume Model
Gaussian models have been developed by
Pasquill (Pasquill 1961) and Gifford (Gifford 1961).
Gaussian plume dispersion model designed to predict
ground-level concentrations (glcs) due to emissions
from one or more sources. Sources may be modelled
as point, area or volume sources. The model is
generally used in an area of up to a few hundreds of
square kilometers around the sources.
Long-term evaluation can be obtained by using
the so-called climatological versions of the Gaussian
models. In these climatological applications each
concentration computed by using the traditional
Gaussian expression weighted by the frequency of
occurrence of its corresponding meteorological
conditions. Short-term Gaussian models are ALHOA,
CDM, BLP, CRSTER, DIMULA, HIWAY, ISC,
MPTER, PAL, PLUVUEII, and TUPOS etc. In
particular CDM, DIMULA and ISC allow long-term
simulations.
This model has the following assumptions.
1. Continuous emission from the source or
emission times equal to or greater than travel
times to the downwind location under
consideration, so that the diffusion in the
direction of transport may be neglected.
2. The material diffused is a stable gas or aerosol
(less than 20μm diameter) which remains
suspended in the air over long periods of time.
3. The equation of continuity
0
Q u du dz
is fulfilled, that is, none of the material is
removed from the plume as it moves down
wind and there is complete reflection at the
ground.
4. The mean wind direction specifies the x-axis
and a mean wind speed representative of the
diffusing layer is chosen.
5. Except where specifically mentioned the
plume constituents are distributed normally in
both the crosswind and vertical directions.
6. Standard deviations (σ) used to quantify plume
spread are consistent with averaging time of
the concentration estimate.
The concentration of a pollutant at a point (x, y, z)
generated by a source at a height H can be estimated
using the expression.
2 2 2
1 1 1
( , , ) exp exp exp
2
2 22
x y
z zy
Q
x y z
u y H Hz z
where χ= pollutant concentration
(x,y,z) = coordinates of the receptor point
H= height of emission
u= wind speed
Q= the emission rate
σy,σz= standard deviation of plume concentration
distribution across the horizontal and vertical
dimensions of the plume at the downwind distance x.
6.3 STATISTICAL MODELS
Statistical models are valuable tools in estimating
present air quality by means of interpolation and
extrapolation of measuring data. These are based on
semi-empirical statistical relationships between
available data and measurements.
Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is a particular type of
multiple time-series analysis in which, for example,
meteorological measurements are statistically related
to air quality concentration. It is a statistical
technique for quantifying the relationship between
variables. Linear regression models are easily applied
and interpreted.
They require, however, a number of statistical
preconditions to be fulfilled, like statistically
independent observations and linear relationships. In
most atmospheric situations this is not given and
therefore the applicability of simple linear regression
models is often very limited or the forecasting
performance is quite poor. In simple regression
analysis, there is one dependent variable to forecast
and one independent variable.
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More complicated relationships between
variables can be readily modeled. For example,
several independent variables can be incorporated
into the analysis or curvilinear relationships can be
handled. Forecasting accuracy heavily depends on the
accuracy of the estimates for the independent
variable. A consistent relationship between the
variables is assumed when making forecasts.
6.4 HIGHWAY POLLUTION MODELING
SOFTWARE
6.4.1 Dispersion Modeling Software
A Dispersion Model is a tool used to predict the
concentration of a contaminant at a receptor resulting
from point, area or volume exhaust sources.
Dispersion models use mathematical algorithms that
simplify atmospheric dispersion and dilution
phenomena. The dispersion modeling is used to
predict the concentration of pollutant. These are
useful to predict the ambient air quality.
CALINE 4 Model
CALINE4 (Caltrans, 1989) is a dispersion model
that predicts carbon monoxide (CO) impacts near
roadways. Its main purpose is to help planners to
protect public health from the adverse effects of
excessive CO exposure. It calculates quantities of
pollutants in the air at specified receptors from
information on the type and strength of sources of
pollutants and information on weather conditions.
The CALINE-4 model allows roadways to be
broken into multiple links that can vary in traffic
volume, emission rates, height, width, etc. The
screening form of the CALINE-4 model calculates
the local hourly–averaged contribution of nearby
roads to the total concentration.
Traffic parameters: Traffic volume (hourly
and peak), traffic composition (two
wheelers, three wheelers, cars, buses, goods
vehicle etc.), type of the fuel used by each
category of vehicles, fuel quality, average
speed of the vehicles.
Meteorological parameters: Wind speed, Wind
direction, stability class, mixing height
Emission parameters: Expressed in grams
/distance travelled. It is different for
different categories of vehicles and is a
function of type of the vehicle, fuel used,
average speed of the vehicle and engine
condition etc.
Road geometry: Road width, median width,
length and orientation of the road, number
and length of each links
Type of the terrain: Urban or rural, flat or
hilly
Background concentration of pollutants
Receptor location
The suggested study methodology is presented in
figure 5.1 in the of flow chart form
Fig no 4.1 Suggested Methodology for Air
Pollution Modeling
VII. PROFILE DETAILS
7.1 STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTICS
Chennai is the capital city of the State of Tamil
Nadu located on the southeastern coast of the
country. Chennai Metropolitan Development
Authority (CMDA) is vested with the responsibility
of regulating the developments and accomplishing the
planning in the desired direction. The economic base
of the Chennai city is a mixed one with small-scale
industries and commercial activities distributed over
the space of the city.
7.2 TRAFFIC STUDIES
In the foregoing section, study area
characteristics have been described. To estimate the
loads of pollutants it is necessary to estimate the
vehicle kilometres travelled on road network of the
city. In order to accomplish these estimates, traffic
studies have been carried out extensively on the road
network of Chennai.
The traffic studies were designed and conducted
not only to quantify the traffic load by vehicle type
and fuel type on the road network of Chennai but also
to assess the vintage and other characteristics of the
vehicles and their pollution levels. The appropriate
studies and their methodology are briefly described in
the succeeding sections.(Fig.7.1)
Fig No.7.1: Road Network of Chennai
Metropolitan Area
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7.2MID BLOCK TRAFFIC COUNTS
A total of twenty-one mid block sections and six
outer cordons points were selected (as indicated in
Figure 1) to conduct classified traffic volume counts.
Appropriate proformae were designed to record the
number of vehicles moving across the count point
during a given time.
7.3 INTERSECTION TURNING VOLUME
COUNTS
A total number of ten intersections (as indicated
in Figure 1) were selected for conducting traffic
counts. Out of this, 12-hour (i.e. 8.00 am to 8.00 pm)
turning volume count was done at seven intersections
and at the remaining three intersections; survey was
conducted for 24 hours.
On the basis of the factors evolved for mid-
blocks, the intersection traffic flows have been
expanded to 24 hours. A summary of daily traffic
volume at selected intersections is presented in Table
2. The composition of traffic by different vehicle
types shown in this table illustrates that the two
wheelers contributes the major share of about 50
percent followed by cars which amounts to about 15
percent.
7.4OUTER CORDON SURVEYS
A total of six outer cordon points were selected
(as already shown in Figure 1) around the city for
conducting 24-hour classified traffic volume counts
along with roadside Origin - Destination (OD)
studies. The main purpose of this study was to assess
the quantum of the vehicles entering and leaving the
city on normal working days.
7.5 FUEL STATION SURVEY
A total of eighteen fuel stations and two goods
terminals within the city were selected to conduct
interviews of the owners/drivers of the vehicles
visiting the fuel stations/goods terminals. Care was
exercised to locate the survey stations across the
space of Chennai city so as to obtain the
representative sample of the vehicles plying on the
city road network.
7.6SPOT SPEED MEASUREMENTS
The quality of traffic flow is judged on the basis
of journey speed and running speed of the vehicles.
The pollutants in the exhaust will increase with speed
changes and the vintage of the vehicles. With a view
to understand the quality of flow, spot speed
measurements have been made at a few of the
selected mid-block locations.
7.7 AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS
With a view to make indicative assessment for
the quality of air and its direct relation with traffic,
hourly / 4-hourly / 8-hourly air pollution
concentrations (of CO, NO2, SO2, SPM, RSPM and
THC) has been measured along with the road traffic
measurements for every 15 minutes during the survey
period. It was observed that there is a fair amount of
correlation between the hourly traffic flows and
respective hourly concentrations of CO and HC only
in the case of sites located within the city.
7.8 TRAFFIC LOADS ON ROAD NETWORK
To validate the vehicle - kilometers traveled,
comparison has been made by estimating the vehicle -
kilometers travelled on the basis of responses
obtained from the driver interviews at the fuel
stations and vehicles in use. The estimates of vehicle
kilometers traveled as obtained from both the sources
are presented. and the following can be inferred from
this Fig No 7.2
Fig No 7.2 Vehicle-Kilometres Estimated from
Roadside Counts and Fuel Stations
It can be seen that the two wheelers (54%)
contributing major part to the total traffic followed by
cars (20%), autos (17%) and goods vehicles (5%).
The buses and taxis are contributing each only about
2% of the total amount of travel.
Though the major road network constitutes only
about 12 percent in total length, it carries more than
70% of total traffic volume. This situation clearly
warrants for effecting improvements to the major
road network so as to achieve smoother and
congestion free movement of the traffic.
7.9 ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
LOADS
For working out the quantity of criteria pollutants
(i.e. CO, NOx, HC and PM), an interactive computer
program was written in C++ language and input files
regarding the quantum of travel and the share of
different types of vehicles and their vintage (refer
Figure 3) along with appropriate / corresponding
emission and deterioration factors (refer Appendix-I)
were separately created and used in the computations.
Thus, the method used to estimate the air pollution
loads is given below:
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where, Et is the total estimated emission of each
pollutant (expressed as g/day or tons/day), Vehj is the
number of vehicles of type j, Dj is the distance
travelled by vehicle type j and ei is the emission
factor of vehicle type i (expressed as g/km). The
estimated pollution loads using the above method (i.e.
given in Eq. 1) as per the category of travel (i.e. inter-
city and intra-city) in the city is presented.
7.10 IMPACT OF BYE PASSABLE TRAFFIC
ON AIR POLLUTION LOADS
The travel made on city roads by the vehicles
coming from outside the city is quite significant in
the case of bigger cities like Chennai. Moreover,
there is a general feeling that the vehicles coming
from outside pollute significantly and they should be
bye passed. In this study, the quantum of the intercity
traffic touching and passing through the city of
Chennai has been estimated. Table 8 gives the
volume of traffic as per vehicle type, intercity
(entering and leaving) and passing through the city of
Chennai. In order to estimate the impact of bye
passable traffic on the air pollution loads, the Origin -
Destination data (refer Section 4.3) collected from
different cordon points was used to find out the
mode-wise bye passable traffic and their respective
vehicle kilometers.
7.11ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE POLLUTION
LOADS
For the assessment of the future travel demand, it
becomes necessary to project the travel demand and
the corresponding vehicle - kilometers travelled by
each class of vehicles by conventionally accepted
techniques of travel demand projections [TRB
(1978), Oppenheim, N., (1995)]. The approach
adopted to project the travel demand is as shown in
Figure 6. It involves two steps:
I. Projection of passenger trips and their modal
split; and then the vehicle – kilometers travelled by
different modes (considering percentage share of trips
by Private Cars, Two Wheelers, Buses and Rail).
II. Projection of the vehicle population of
commercial vehicles for the future and estimating the
vehicle - kilometers travelled (in the case of
Autos/Taxis and Goods vehicles) by them.
VIII. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Air pollution is becoming a major environmental
problem. Even though various sources of air pollution
are there, among them vehicular exhausts are
becoming major contributors for the air pollution. In
urban areas air pollution is produced largely by motor
vehicles.
Transport‟s contribution to urban air pollution is
a serious and growing issue because:
Transport or mobile sources contribute the
majority of most pollutants in urban areas,
particularly when viewed in terms of human
exposure.
Transport contributes the vast majority of
increases in levels of urban air pollution, and
The rapidly increasing vehicular traffic is a
major contributor to air pollution. Among the
vehicular exhausts, Particulate Matter,
Carbon Monoxide, Oxides of sulphur are the
main culprits for causing health and
environmental hazards.
Air pollutants cause adverse health effects if they
are present in the air in sufficient concentrations and
for a sufficient length of time. Atmospheric pollutants
can cause a range of effects on human health and the
environment, with the severity of effects often related
to the duration of exposure and concentration of the
pollutant.
These include:
Nuisance effects (e.g. decreased visibility,
odour)
Acute toxic effects (e.g. eye irritations,
increased susceptibility to infection)
Chromic health effects (e.g. mutagenic and
carcinogenic actions) and
Environmental effects (e.g. material soiling,
vegetation damage, corrosion)
The dispersion modeling is used to predict the
concentration of pollutant. These are useful to predict
the ambient air quality. For the implementation of
effective air pollution control measures, effective
pollution quantification is necessary.
The estimated vehicle - kilometer (which is
around 25 million) is expected to register a steep
increase and touch a figure of 35 million vehicle
kilometers by 2010. However, the capacity of roads
cannot be easily expanded because of physical
constraints imposed by built-up area on either side of
the carriageway. Besides this, roadside
encroachments are another serious problem in the city
as they hinder smooth flow of traffic.
The study has revealed that though the major
road network in the city is limited in length, it carries
as much as 70 percent of the total traffic loads in the
city of Chennai. The base year (i.e. 2002) estimated
daily pollution loads of CO, NOx, HC and PM from
vehicles is observed to be 177.00 t, 27.29 t, 95.64 t
and 7.29t respectively.
Hence, the impact of improvement in engine
technology and fuel quality have been explored in
this paper by estimating the pollution loads under
both BAU and policy options of vehicle technology
and fuel quality using the projected vehicle -
kilometers of 2010 for Chennai. It can be inferred
from this analysis that even if the BAU were allowed
to continue till 2010, the pollution loads due to traffic
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would be marginally lesser than the base year for all
the criteria pollutants except NOx.
This is attributable to higher proportion of
vehicles of cleaner technologies which are expected
to replace the older vehicles in future. To achieve
maximum efficiency in traffic operations, it is
proposed to develop the major arterial road network
of the city as express route system having grade
separators and signal free environment as shown in
Figure 7. Moreover, the following Traffic System
Management (TSM) strategies can be attempted to
discourage the use of private automobiles
Levying of parking charges at the destination
(office / shopping) end
Road Pricing in central areas and heavily
trafficked routes
Prohibiting the entry of particular type of
vehicles during the part or whole of the day
Exclusive bus-lanes and bus ways
It is suggested that the recommended options of
Auto Fuel Policy should be strictly adhered along
with more stringent Inspection and Maintenance
(I&M) norms in the city. Further, it is imperative to
explore the usage of alternate fuels such as CNG (as
being practiced in Delhi) for public transport vehicles
and intermediate Para-transit (i.e. autos and taxis)
modes so as to achieve further improvement in air
quality of Chennai,. The above-indicated steps are
mainly suggestive and needs more detailed technical
studies and investigations before embarking on
implementation.
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