This study aims at contributing to the information buildup required for advocating the need for urgent reduction of environmental pollution by exhaust emissions from fossil fuel powered Engines in Nigeria. It was, concluded from the results obtained from the study that carbon monoxide content of the exhaust emissions of agricultural tractors are approximately forty nine(49) times higher than the recommended maximum level of 0.5 % vol CO (v/v) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). FIAT 70-666 contributed the largest content of 2.9 % vol of CO (v/v) while MASSEY FERGUSSON MF 375 contributed the least amount of 1.7 % vol of CO(v/v). Only the engine capacity had significant effect on the carbon monoxide content of the exhaust emissions of the agricultural tractors; the model/make selection did not significantly affect the CO content of their exhaust emissions.
AIr quality and urban mobility challenges, Chandigarh Cse Web
City dialogue on Clean air and sustainable mobility, a half day workshop conducted in Chandigarh in partnership with Chandigarh Administration on 24th May 2013. The presentation shows the CSE findings and citizen perception survey.
Quality air is a scarce resource and Delhi has the worst air quality as per WHO study. Magneto Environmental Grouppe gives some respite by improving indoor air quality through its latest air purification technology.
Emissions of motorized vehicles account for a
cities. Vehicle growth exponentially significantly increases emissions, in addition to
the condition of vehicle feasibility, traffic patterns, city planning that concentrates
offices in the city is the cause of more air po
of air pollutants sourced from motor vehicles namely CO cause
respiratory tract irritation, NOx causes throat vessel reactivity in asthmatics. This
study aims to (1) find out the types of motor
the observation point and find out the types of motor vehicles that contribute the most
emissions (2) estimate CO emissions from motor vehicles (3) estimate NOx emissi
from vehicles motorized (4) estimating SO
testing the regression and correlation of the number of motorized vehicles to
emissions. The method used in this study is observation / observation, observational
data is processed using a calculation formula accordi
Minister of Environment No. 12 of 2010. Then the calculation data is carried out by
correlation and regression tests.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
AIr quality and urban mobility challenges, Chandigarh Cse Web
City dialogue on Clean air and sustainable mobility, a half day workshop conducted in Chandigarh in partnership with Chandigarh Administration on 24th May 2013. The presentation shows the CSE findings and citizen perception survey.
Quality air is a scarce resource and Delhi has the worst air quality as per WHO study. Magneto Environmental Grouppe gives some respite by improving indoor air quality through its latest air purification technology.
Emissions of motorized vehicles account for a
cities. Vehicle growth exponentially significantly increases emissions, in addition to
the condition of vehicle feasibility, traffic patterns, city planning that concentrates
offices in the city is the cause of more air po
of air pollutants sourced from motor vehicles namely CO cause
respiratory tract irritation, NOx causes throat vessel reactivity in asthmatics. This
study aims to (1) find out the types of motor
the observation point and find out the types of motor vehicles that contribute the most
emissions (2) estimate CO emissions from motor vehicles (3) estimate NOx emissi
from vehicles motorized (4) estimating SO
testing the regression and correlation of the number of motorized vehicles to
emissions. The method used in this study is observation / observation, observational
data is processed using a calculation formula accordi
Minister of Environment No. 12 of 2010. Then the calculation data is carried out by
correlation and regression tests.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
Presentation by Vlatka Matkovic at the OpenDataDay event 'Towards Clean Air with Open Data'. The event took place at BeCentral in Brussels on Saturday 3 March 2018.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Emission from Petrol Vehicles in the Koforidua Municipality, GhanaIJERA Editor
Koforidua has seen its fair share in the increase in the number of cars on its roads over the past decade. This has resulted in progressive increase in traffic congestion on the roads and could lead to deterioration in the air quality. Exhaust gas emissions from a total of 104 vehicles were tested with an exhaust gas analyzer. Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO) were measured and compared with EU standards for gasoline vehicles and Auto Data Technical information. A series of algorithms developed using Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet were used to analyze the data collected. Out of the total number of cars tested, 74 and 80 cars passed the HC and CO tests respectively. 10 cars out of the total were rated as good under CO2 test. In total, 69.5% of the cars tested passed the various tests conducted and about 73 cars representing 70.2% of the cars tested were over 10 years and the emission standards for those years were flexible.
the presentation is all about Delhi air pollution
it include:
1. history of pollution
2. causes
3. some of the numerical example to show pollution situation initiative taken by the government to control the measures
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
Air Pollution: A New Approach on Global WarmingIJLT EMAS
In a move to curb pollution from the coal- based
power sector. The Union Ministry of Environment ,Forest and
Climate change(MOEF&CC) had announced new emission
limits for power stations ,both existing and upcoming. The
enhanced pace of developmental activities after industrial
revolution i.e. 18th century and rapid urbanization have resulted
in stress on natural resources and quality of life. Pollution is now
a common place term that our ears are attuned to. We hear
about the various forms of pollution and read about it through
the mass media. Air pollution is one such form that refers to the
contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside. A
physical, biological or chemical alteration to the air in the
atmosphere can be termed as pollution. Thus air pollutants are
substances emitted into the air from an anthropogenic, biogenic,
or geogenic source, that is either not part of natural atmosphere
or is present in higher concentrations than the natural
atmosphere, and may cause a short term or long term adverse
effect. It occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters into
the atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants, animals and
humans to survive as the air becomes dirty. A WHO report
released in May 2014 showed that most of Indian cities are death
traps due to very high air pollution levels. The urban air quality
database of WHO, covering 1600 cities across 91 countries
showed that Indian cities are among those with highest levels of
(Particulate Matter) PM 10 and PM 2.5 and less. Black carbon is
also a kind of particulate matter, responsible for global warming.
ASSESSMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION AMONG LAND USE TYPES IN OBIGBO...IAEME Publication
Air pollution has become a serious issue especially in fast developing urban areas. Particulate matter (PM) inhalation is injurious to man at significant concentration because it can accumulate in the lungs and some of the particulate compositions have been established as carcinogenic. This study assessed the level of particulate matter (PM) mass concentration in selected oil operating areas in Rivers State in Nigeria. Areas around other land use types were considered such as schools (SCH), market (MKT), commercial center (COM), bus stops (BST), residential areas (RES), hospitals (HSP) and vegetation (VEG). PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM7 and PM10 were monitored using a digital read out electronic instrument, Aerocet Model 531. Meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature and humidity) were monitored using Kestrel 3000 portable weather tracker.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Presentation by Vlatka Matkovic at the OpenDataDay event 'Towards Clean Air with Open Data'. The event took place at BeCentral in Brussels on Saturday 3 March 2018.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Emission from Petrol Vehicles in the Koforidua Municipality, GhanaIJERA Editor
Koforidua has seen its fair share in the increase in the number of cars on its roads over the past decade. This has resulted in progressive increase in traffic congestion on the roads and could lead to deterioration in the air quality. Exhaust gas emissions from a total of 104 vehicles were tested with an exhaust gas analyzer. Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO) were measured and compared with EU standards for gasoline vehicles and Auto Data Technical information. A series of algorithms developed using Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet were used to analyze the data collected. Out of the total number of cars tested, 74 and 80 cars passed the HC and CO tests respectively. 10 cars out of the total were rated as good under CO2 test. In total, 69.5% of the cars tested passed the various tests conducted and about 73 cars representing 70.2% of the cars tested were over 10 years and the emission standards for those years were flexible.
the presentation is all about Delhi air pollution
it include:
1. history of pollution
2. causes
3. some of the numerical example to show pollution situation initiative taken by the government to control the measures
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
Air Pollution: A New Approach on Global WarmingIJLT EMAS
In a move to curb pollution from the coal- based
power sector. The Union Ministry of Environment ,Forest and
Climate change(MOEF&CC) had announced new emission
limits for power stations ,both existing and upcoming. The
enhanced pace of developmental activities after industrial
revolution i.e. 18th century and rapid urbanization have resulted
in stress on natural resources and quality of life. Pollution is now
a common place term that our ears are attuned to. We hear
about the various forms of pollution and read about it through
the mass media. Air pollution is one such form that refers to the
contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside. A
physical, biological or chemical alteration to the air in the
atmosphere can be termed as pollution. Thus air pollutants are
substances emitted into the air from an anthropogenic, biogenic,
or geogenic source, that is either not part of natural atmosphere
or is present in higher concentrations than the natural
atmosphere, and may cause a short term or long term adverse
effect. It occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters into
the atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants, animals and
humans to survive as the air becomes dirty. A WHO report
released in May 2014 showed that most of Indian cities are death
traps due to very high air pollution levels. The urban air quality
database of WHO, covering 1600 cities across 91 countries
showed that Indian cities are among those with highest levels of
(Particulate Matter) PM 10 and PM 2.5 and less. Black carbon is
also a kind of particulate matter, responsible for global warming.
ASSESSMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION AMONG LAND USE TYPES IN OBIGBO...IAEME Publication
Air pollution has become a serious issue especially in fast developing urban areas. Particulate matter (PM) inhalation is injurious to man at significant concentration because it can accumulate in the lungs and some of the particulate compositions have been established as carcinogenic. This study assessed the level of particulate matter (PM) mass concentration in selected oil operating areas in Rivers State in Nigeria. Areas around other land use types were considered such as schools (SCH), market (MKT), commercial center (COM), bus stops (BST), residential areas (RES), hospitals (HSP) and vegetation (VEG). PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM7 and PM10 were monitored using a digital read out electronic instrument, Aerocet Model 531. Meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature and humidity) were monitored using Kestrel 3000 portable weather tracker.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Computational Modelling of CO2 Gas Emissions for Three Wheel Vehi...IJRES Journal
Quest for a greener environment and energy conservation has led a number of research studies to increase fuel economy and reduce emissions in developmental design of vehicles.This study illustrates how a vehicular body shape affects fuel consumption and gas emission. Solid models for two different tricycles were done and simulated using Solid works flow xpress, Mathematical models were applied to compare the rate of fuel consumption and gas emission between the simulated models. The result shows thatNASENI TC1 consumes less fuel and invariably emits less CO2 when compared with RFM 1.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
THE INFLUENCE OF CETANE NUMBER AND OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE PERFORMANCE AND EMIS...IAEME Publication
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol are attractive renewable energy
sources, as ethanol has a high content of oxygen. However, for this particular study,
direct blending of conventional diesel, WPPO, ethanol and 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)
was attempted. The purpose was, firstly, to improve the combustion, ignition quality,
performance and emission characteristics of the WPPO blends. Secondly, EHN has the
potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX and PM. Thirdly, ethanol
improves viscosity and miscibility of biodiesel blends, besides increasing the oxygen
content of WPPO. Five mixing ratios were used in the following order,
50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10 and
90/WPPO5/E5 for conventional diesel (CD), WPPO and ethanol and respectively.
However, for EHN the mixing ratio was determined by the total quantity of blended fuel
and put at 0.01 %. Complete miscibility was observed with no phase separation allowed
from the blended mixtures throughout the experiment. Performance and emission
characteristics of a stationary single cylinder water-cooled diesel power generator
were evaluated. The results obtained were compared carefully to ASTM standards and
discussed using tables and graph figure curves. The conclusion was that ethanol and
EHN can be used in diesel engine power generators as an alternative fuel to help
improve cetane numbers and to increase the oxygen content without or with
modification with WPPO blends. This is due to the densities 792 kg/m3
, 963 kg/m3
, 825
kg/m3 for WPPO, ethanol and EHN respectively, which are close to CD fuel at 845
kg/m3
. The addition of EHN, reduced emissions and improved engine performance so
that it equalled that of CD fuel
Outdoor air pollution kills more than 3.5 million people across the world every year, and causes health problems, from asthma to heart disease, for many more. This is costing OECD societies plus China and India an estimated USD 3.5 trillion a year in terms of the value of lives lost and ill health, and the trend is rising. But how much of the cost of those deaths and health problems is due to pollution from cars, trucks and motorcycles on our roads? Initial evidence suggests that in OECD countries, road transport is likely responsible for about half the USD 1.7 trillion total.
Based on extensive new epidemiological evidence since the 2010 Global Burden of Disease study, and OECD estimates of the Value of Statistical Life, The Cost of Air Pollution provides evidence that the health impacts of air pollution are about four times greater than previously estimated and the economic costs much higher than previously thought.
These Highlights outline the key messages in the report.
A look at how automotive emissions legislation and the drive for energy sustainability are impacting the refining industry.
Both recent - and upcoming - legislation on automobile emissions has become the major change agent within this environmental arena. As with all legislation, regulation around emissions levels the playing field for all stakeholders in the automotive industry, effectively ensuring a competitive business climate. All participants must adjust their operations to comply with the latest regulations, leaving no-one at a competitive disadvantage.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Carbon monoxide Content of Exhaust Emissions from Agricultural Tractor Engines: A Case Study of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-4, Issue-8, Aug-2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.4.8.7 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 622
Carbon monoxide Content of Exhaust Emissions
from Agricultural Tractor Engines: A Case Study
of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
AdewunmiTaiwo*1, Tawakalitu BolaOnifade2
*1Department of Agricultural Engineering, LadokeAkintola University of Technology, PMB 4000,Ogbomoso, Oyo State,
Nigeria.
ataiwo@lautech.edu.ng
2Department of Agricultural Engineering, LadokeAkintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Abstract— This study aims at contributing to the
information buildup required for advocating the need for
urgent reduction of environmental pollution by exhaust
emissions from fossil fuel powered Engines in Nigeria. It
was, concluded from the results obtained from the study
that carbon monoxide content of the exhaust emissions of
agricultural tractorsare approximately forty nine(49) times
higher than the recommended maximum level of 0.5 % vol
CO (v/v) by the US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). FIAT 70-666 contributed the largest content of 2.9
% vol of CO (v/v) while MASSEY FERGUSSON MF 375
contributed the least amount of 1.7 % vol of CO(v/v). Only
the engine capacity had significant effect on the carbon
monoxide content of the exhaust emissions of the
agricultural tractors; the model/make selection did not
significantly affect the CO content of their exhaust
emissions.
Keywords— Carbon monoxide, Exhaust emissions, diesel
engines, air pollution,agricultural tractors.
I. INTRODUCTION
Air-pollution is basically the presence of foreign substances
in air in excessive concentration which adversely affects the
well-being of man, animal as well as their surroundings.
Whenever the delicate balance among the air components is
upset, air is said to be polluted. Apart from natural air
pollution phenomenon such as volcanic eruption, increased
human activities producing harmful gases from motor
vehicles, aircrafts, vessels and power stations,etc have been
implicated for the sudden upsurge in air-pollution within the
past few decades (EPA, 2014).According to EPA, (2012),
air-pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of
health conditions including respiratory infections, heart
disease, and stroke and lung cancer. Children below the age
of five years living in developing countries have been
identified as the most vulnerable population in terms of total
deaths attributable to air-pollution (WHO, 2008).
The introduction of fossil fuel burning auto motives into our
modern lifestyle has had a huge impact on our environment,
albeit our health conditions.So serious is this that fossil fuel
combustion, especially as it occurs in auto motives, has
been identified as the largest contributor to air-pollution in
the world (Walling, 2014). A smoky automotive is that
which emits visible smoke from its exhaust pipe for a
continuous period of more than 10 seconds. In other words
an automotive is not classified as smoky if its visible
exhaust emissions consists of condensed water vapour
which are often seen when the engine has just been started,
particularly on cold days (Taysavang, 2014).
The so called smoke is actually an agglomeration of solid
particles which are by-product of incomplete combustion
which can significantly increase the quantity of certain toxic
chemicals discharged by auto motives into the atmosphere
(Yao, et al., (2011). These chemicals can cause mild to
severe irritation to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Some of
them can also be absorbed directly into the body through
the skin causing immediate deterioration in general health
condition.The extent of these detrimental effects on human
health is related to the length of time for which an
individual is exposed to automotive emissions, the
concentration of the toxic chemicals in the fumes breathed
and numerous other factors such as age and health (EPA,
2012).
Approximately 5 to 10 % of the exhaust gases from an
average automobile or truck engine constitutes carbon
monoxide. The amount produced by different engines and at
different times by the same engine varies considerably.
Generally, it tends to be less whenever the engine is
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operating efficiently (Wjst, et al., 1993).A substantial
proportion of diesel engine emissions causing
environmental problems are produced by heavy duty work
machinery such as agricultural tractors, forestry and
construction machines (Hansson et al., 2001). The Exhaust
emissions from these machines have serious negative
impacts on human health and the environment. In order to
reduce these emissions, experts in environmental protection
organizations have developed and introduced standards
which are being tightened continuously (Larson and
Hansson, 2011). Unfortunately most of these standards are
often concerned with existing vehicles despite the fact that
vehicles older than 10 years are mostly responsible for 25-
40% of all exhaust emissions from off-road machines
(Beaton, et al., 1995).
Carbon monoxide which is a colourless, odourless and
poisonous gas that can be further burned to form carbon
monoxide (CO2) is produced in any combustion process
whenever there is a deficiency of oxygen. In most fossil fuel
burning automotive engines, some of the fuel will not go
through complete combustion process get burned whenever
there is a deficiency of oxygen in oxygen supplied to the
combustion chamber. These unburned fuel end up as
pollutants in the exhaust fumes discharged fromthe engines
(Qamar, 2008). Exposures at the rate of 100 parts per
million (ppm) or greater could be very dangerous to human
health if not fatal (Prockop and Chichkova, 2007). Causes
of excessive carbon monoxide production in automotives
include, but not limited to, leaky injectors, high fuel
pressure, improper closed loop control, dirty air filter, etc.It
is a chemical asphyxiant because it prevents sufficient
oxygen from reaching the tissues of the body- a condition
which can cause death quickly (HEI, 1995).Under this
condition, it combines permanently with the haemoglobin in
the bloodstreamcausing a decrease in the amount of oxygen
that can be delivered to the tissues during respiration thus
resulting in dizziness, loss of consciousness and, in some
cases, outright death (Wjst et.al, 1993). The affinity
between haemoglobin and carbon monoxide is
approximately 230 times stronger than the affinity between
haemoglobin and oxygen so haemoglobin easily binds to
carbon monoxide in preference to oxygen (Bateman, 2003).
The aim of this study was to contribute to the information
buildup required for advocating the need for urgent
reduction of environmental pollution by exhaust emissions
from fossil fuel powered Engines in Nigeria. The specific
objectives were to: (1) determine whether or not the carbon
monoxide content of the exhaust emissions of the sampled
tractors were higher than the maximum level recommended
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (2)
determine which make and model in the sampled tractors
had the highest and lowest carbon monoxide content in its
exhaust emissions (3) determine whether or not the engine
capacities and model selection significantly affected the
carbon monoxide content of exhaust emissions of sampled
agricultural tractor engines.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study area, Ogbomoso is located in Southwestern
Nigeria between latitude 8o 06’ 70’’ N and 8o 06’ 98.7” N
and between longitude 4o 14’ 28.2” E and 4o 14’ 56.9” E.
Although Ogbomoso consists of five local government
areas, the metropolis consists of only two (Ogbomoso North
and Ogbomoso South local government areas). It is also a
major transit point between the South Western and Northern
States of Nigeria; this makes untold number of heavy duty
road transport tractors attached to loaded trailers to pass
through the metropolis on daily basis. This makes the entire
area vulnerable to air pollution as a result of the exhaust
fumes of these vehicles.
In this study, twenty (20) agricultural tractors operating
around and within Ogbomoso metropolis were randomly
selected for exhaust emission test with the use of a Model
G1424 GunsonGastester which is a Digital Exhaust Carbon
monoxide Analyzer with Pulse Pump. The Gastester is an
exhaust gas analyzer that works on the “Hot Wire” or
“Thermal Conductivity” principle. According to this
principle, the thermal conductivity of exhaust gas varies in
proportion to the amount of carbon monoxide present. The
display is calibrated in volume percent carbon monoxide
(CO %). It is equipped with a calibration control which is
used to set the reading of the display to show 2.0 % at the
start of the tests, before the probe is inserted into the
exhaust pipe. This calibrated position represents what the
instrument would register when the probe is in the air; it is
coincidental that air should measure the same as exhaust gas
with 2% CO. When the probe is subsequently inserted into
the exhaust pipe, the display of the instrument may increase
or fall from the calibrated condition. Two core cables with
alligator clips are provided for connecting the gas tester to
the 12V car battery. The exhaust probe is a metal pipe
which was inserted into the exhaust pipe and retained in
position by the metal springs which pressed against the
interior wall of the exhaust pipe. When in use, the
transparent rubber pipe connected to the exhaust probe was
made to slope down continuously to the Pulse Pump/Water
Trap so that water that may run down could be
automatically expelled from the drain pipe.
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The 20 agricultural tractors consist of 2 makes and 3 models
(Massey Fergusson MF 375, FIAT 666 and FIAT 70-666).
The engine of the tractors were run and allowed to be
thoroughly warm before the tests began. It was not enough
to leave the tractors warm while they were parked; they
were taken out for a drive and the tests did not commence
until water temperature, exhaust system and engine were
running at normal operating temperature. In addition to
making sure that the tractor engines were thoroughly warm,
they were parked in a convenient position in the open air,
with the handbrake applied. Extra care were taken to make
sure that the instrument was never placed directly in the
exhaust stream because the reference cell required clean air
for accurate readings.
In order to obtain uniform database of warmed up tractors,
data were collected from tractors entering the tractor
stations and that have been running for at least 10-15
minutes in both the two local government areas visited in
Ogbomoso metropolis because vehicles with cold engines
emit much higher CO levels(Jaffe and Herndon, 1995). It
was here that carefully designed questionnaires with
appropriate questions were distributed among each of the
drivers selected for the survey as survey instruments.
The questionnaires were later collected and decoded after
which relevant engine parameters consisting of engine
capacity and tractor makes and models were compiled and
used to carry out analysis of variance in a Completely
Randomized Design Experiment with the results presented
as shown in Tables 1 and 2.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average carbon monoxide content of the exhaust
emissions of the sampled agricultural tractors in this study
is 2.445 % vol of CO (v/v) with FIAT 70-666 contributing
the largest content of 2.9 % vol of CO (v/v) while
MASSEY FERGUSSON MF 375 contributed the least
amount of 1.7 % vol of CO (v/v).
The average was 49 times higher than the maximum level
recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO)
and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Effect of Engine Capacity on Carbon monoxide Content
of Exhaust Emissions from the Tractors Studied
The results in the ANOVA table in Table 1, shows that the
capacity of the diesel engines installed on the Agricultural
tractors did not significantly affect the carbon monoxide
content of their exhaust emissions. This implies that
bringing high capacity tractors to Ogbomoso albeit, Nigeria,
in large numbers is not going to have any deleterious effect
on the heath of the populace. This is good news for the
potential agricultural production system of the country as
higher capacity implies higher power input which, in turn,
implies higher yield and subsequently higher income for the
farmers.
Table.1: ANOVA Table for the Carbon monoxide Content of
Exhaust Emissions from Two Different Engine Capacities of
Twenty Agricultural Tractors Operating within Ogbomoso
and Environs, % Vol of CO (v/v)
Source
of
variation
d.f. Sum of
squares
Mean
square
F Fcritical
F0.05(1,18)
Engine
capacity
1 0.69 0.69 4.31 4.41
Error 18 2.08 0.16
Total 19 2.77
Effect of Model Selection on Carbon monoxide Content
of Exhaust Emissions from the Tractors Studied
The results in the ANOVA table in Table 2 shows that the
level of carbon monoxide content of the exhaust emissions
from the diesel engines installed on the tractors in this study
was significantly affected by their model selection.
This result implies that bringing tractors into Nigeria
without paying attention to the models brought in by the
authorities concerned portends a great danger to the health
of not only the farmers but the entirely populace in the
country. A remarkable amount of effort should be made by
governments at various level in the country to emphasize
the need for carrying out rigorous tests on each tractor
model brought into the country with a view to issue out
clearance certificate by the environmental protection
agency.
Table.2: ANOVA Table for the Carbon monoxide Content of
Exhaust Emissions from Three Different Models of Twenty
Agricultural Tractors Operating within Ogbomoso and
Environs, % Vol of CO (v/v)
Source
of
variation
d.f. Sum of
squares
Mean
square
F Fcritical
F0.05(2,17)
Tractor
models
2 0.8775 0.43875 3.96 3.59
Error 17 1.882 0.11071
Total 19
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The carbon monoxide content of the exhaust emissions of
some agricultural tractors imported into Nigeria were
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studied under using Ogbomoso as a case study and the
following major conclusions were drawn:
1. The carbon monoxide content of the sample
tractors were higher than the maximum
recommended level by the by both the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the
World Health Organization (WHO).
2. Fiat 666 had the largest carbon monoxide content
in its exhaust fume out of the makes and models of
sampled agricultural tractors.
3. While the engine capacity of the agricultural
tractors did not have any significant effect on the
carbon monoxide content of their exhaust
emissions, the model selection significantly
affected their exhaust emissions.
4. This result implies that bringing tractors into
Nigeria without paying attention to the models
brought in by the authorities concerned portends a
great danger to the health of not only the farmers
but the entirely populace in the country.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their sincere
appreciation to the members of the Ogbomoso Tractor
Owners Association for allowing them the use of their
tractors for exhaust data collection. The cooperation of the
chairman of the association, his tractor operators and, in
fact, his entire team are immensely appreciated for the
support and cooperation accorded our students, who played
the role of research assistants, while carrying out the field
experiments for this study.
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