The document defines key terms related to stimulus and response, including receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, synapses, and effectors. It also describes the components of a reflex arc, including how a pain withdrawal reflex is mediated by the spinal cord's grey matter. Specifically, injury stimulates pain receptors, starting an action potential in sensory neurons that relays to relay neurons in the spinal cord which coordinate the motor neuron response of muscle contraction or relaxation through the effector to remove the body from the painful stimulus. Finally, it provides two examples of how animal responses have evolved through natural selection in blackcap bird migration patterns and butterfly mate preferences.