Air pollution by the metallurgical units, as the other stressors, can modify the optical and fluorescence properties of leaf plants either directly or indirectly. Therefore stress effects on plants are detectable via changed on fluorescence signature of leaves. Air pollution could induce decrease of chlorophyll (Chl) content as well as significant decline of photosynthetic activity. The chlorophyll florescence as a nondestructive method for the in vivo analysis of plants allow to study the photosynthetic light processes and quantum conversion to detect stress effect on the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. Metallurgical factory in Elbasan that release chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere is considered a source of air pollution. Some plant species grown in area near the factory were studied to evaluate the efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus in pollution conditions via chlorophyll fluorescence imaging during induction kinetics. Different fluorescence ratios which describe the photosynthetic light processes and the potential and effective quantum yields of Photosystem II were considered too. Chlorophyll fluorescence images were measured using the FluorCam 700MF imaging system (Photon Systems Instrument) as a technique that offers the possibility to study the distribution and patchiness of fluorescence signatures over the whole leaf area. Chl fluorescence images were measured on the leaves of spontaneous plants grown in sites with different level of steel plant air pollution assessed on base of different distances and different directions from the source of the pollution. Contamination effect reflected on photosynthetic activity of leaves was very high particularly on plants located nearer the metallurgical units.
This document analyzes the influence of stress on plants by measuring changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging was used to measure fluorescence parameters in poplar leaves grown in areas with different levels of air pollution from a metallurgical complex. Leaves from more polluted areas had higher variability in fluorescence parameters compared to less polluted areas. Images showed differences in fluorescence distribution across leaves from different areas, with more irregularities in leaves from highly polluted areas close to the complex. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence provides information about effects of pollution stress on the photosynthetic apparatus of plants.
SERS of insecticides and fungicides assisted by Au and Ag nanostructures prod...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the use of laser techniques for preparation of advanced Au and Ag nanostructures on SiO2 (001) substrates to be applied to high-resolution analyses, namely, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analyses. The optical and morphological properties of the nanostructures are compared with those of the PLD thin films. The activity is tested of the structures fabricated as substrates for SERS covered by small quantities (usually applied in agricultural medicine) of the Aktara 25 BG (thiamethoxam) insecticide and the Dithane DG (mancozeb) fungicide. To the best of our knowledge, Raman spectra of Aktara 25 BG are presented for the first time. The study has a direct bearing on the human health and food quality by way of assisting the detection of small amounts or residue of harmful pollutants.
Enginneered nanoparticles and microbial activity- Dinesh et al (2012)Raghavan Dinesh
This presentation is based on our review paper ‘Engineered nanoparticles in the soil and their potential implications to microbial activity’, Geoderma, 2012, 173-174, 19-27 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.12.018)
This document discusses novel scintillator materials based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for radiation detection applications. MOFs offer advantages over existing scintillators like liquid organics by being non-toxic and non-flammable solids. The document describes the synthesis and characterization of stilbene-based MOF scintillators with different structures exhibiting variable fluorescence lifetimes and ion beam induced luminescence spectra. Preliminary results on one MOF's light yield, timing properties, and particle discrimination capabilities are comparable to commercial scintillators. Further studies of exciton transport mechanisms in MOF scintillators could provide insights to improve detection performance.
Eco-Friendly Methods for Preparation of Metal Metal Oxide NanoparticlesManal El-Sheikh
Nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods including gas, liquid, and solid phase processes as well as mechanical size reduction. Surface modifications are often applied to nanoparticles to passivate, stabilize, functionalize, or promote assembly. Nanoparticles find applications in areas like agriculture, healthcare, and electronics when assembled in one, two, or three dimensions on a substrate. Biosynthesis using plant extracts, microorganisms, or biodegradable polymers provides an environmentally friendly alternative for producing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. These nanoparticles show potential for developing antibacterial, smart, conductive, solar, and repellent textiles when integrated into fabrics.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities of using molecular simulation to model carbon capture in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). It describes how molecular simulation can provide insights into gas adsorption behaviors but faces challenges in accurately modeling adsorption involving open metal sites in MOFs and adsorption-induced structural changes. The document outlines approaches like combining molecular simulation with quantum mechanics to improve predictions of gas capture in flexible or metal-containing MOFs, and gives examples of integrating simulation results into process models.
This document describes the preparation and characterization of Fe3+-doped ZnO nanoparticles for use in decolorizing the azo dye Acid Red 14. Fe3+-doped ZnO was prepared using an ultrasound-assisted impregnation method, doping ZnO with 2 wt% Fe(III) over 1 hour of sonication. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, particle size analysis, BET surface area, FE-SEM, and VSM showed the Fe3+ ions were successfully doped into the ZnO lattice without changing its wurtzite crystal structure. Decolorization experiments using the Fe-doped ZnO showed it had higher reaction rates than pure ZnO for decolorizing Ac
Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry for rare isotopes of the light...Alexander Bolshakov
Laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS) involves measuring isotope-resolved molecular emission. Measurements of several key isotopes (hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine) in laser ablation plumes were demonstrated. Requirements for spectral resolution of the optical detection system could be significantly relaxed when the isotopic ratio was determined using chemometric regression models. Multiple applications of LAMIS are anticipated in the nuclear power industry, medical diagnostics and therapies, forensics, carbon sequestration, and agronomy studies.
This document analyzes the influence of stress on plants by measuring changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging was used to measure fluorescence parameters in poplar leaves grown in areas with different levels of air pollution from a metallurgical complex. Leaves from more polluted areas had higher variability in fluorescence parameters compared to less polluted areas. Images showed differences in fluorescence distribution across leaves from different areas, with more irregularities in leaves from highly polluted areas close to the complex. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence provides information about effects of pollution stress on the photosynthetic apparatus of plants.
SERS of insecticides and fungicides assisted by Au and Ag nanostructures prod...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the use of laser techniques for preparation of advanced Au and Ag nanostructures on SiO2 (001) substrates to be applied to high-resolution analyses, namely, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analyses. The optical and morphological properties of the nanostructures are compared with those of the PLD thin films. The activity is tested of the structures fabricated as substrates for SERS covered by small quantities (usually applied in agricultural medicine) of the Aktara 25 BG (thiamethoxam) insecticide and the Dithane DG (mancozeb) fungicide. To the best of our knowledge, Raman spectra of Aktara 25 BG are presented for the first time. The study has a direct bearing on the human health and food quality by way of assisting the detection of small amounts or residue of harmful pollutants.
Enginneered nanoparticles and microbial activity- Dinesh et al (2012)Raghavan Dinesh
This presentation is based on our review paper ‘Engineered nanoparticles in the soil and their potential implications to microbial activity’, Geoderma, 2012, 173-174, 19-27 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.12.018)
This document discusses novel scintillator materials based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for radiation detection applications. MOFs offer advantages over existing scintillators like liquid organics by being non-toxic and non-flammable solids. The document describes the synthesis and characterization of stilbene-based MOF scintillators with different structures exhibiting variable fluorescence lifetimes and ion beam induced luminescence spectra. Preliminary results on one MOF's light yield, timing properties, and particle discrimination capabilities are comparable to commercial scintillators. Further studies of exciton transport mechanisms in MOF scintillators could provide insights to improve detection performance.
Eco-Friendly Methods for Preparation of Metal Metal Oxide NanoparticlesManal El-Sheikh
Nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods including gas, liquid, and solid phase processes as well as mechanical size reduction. Surface modifications are often applied to nanoparticles to passivate, stabilize, functionalize, or promote assembly. Nanoparticles find applications in areas like agriculture, healthcare, and electronics when assembled in one, two, or three dimensions on a substrate. Biosynthesis using plant extracts, microorganisms, or biodegradable polymers provides an environmentally friendly alternative for producing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. These nanoparticles show potential for developing antibacterial, smart, conductive, solar, and repellent textiles when integrated into fabrics.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities of using molecular simulation to model carbon capture in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). It describes how molecular simulation can provide insights into gas adsorption behaviors but faces challenges in accurately modeling adsorption involving open metal sites in MOFs and adsorption-induced structural changes. The document outlines approaches like combining molecular simulation with quantum mechanics to improve predictions of gas capture in flexible or metal-containing MOFs, and gives examples of integrating simulation results into process models.
This document describes the preparation and characterization of Fe3+-doped ZnO nanoparticles for use in decolorizing the azo dye Acid Red 14. Fe3+-doped ZnO was prepared using an ultrasound-assisted impregnation method, doping ZnO with 2 wt% Fe(III) over 1 hour of sonication. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, particle size analysis, BET surface area, FE-SEM, and VSM showed the Fe3+ ions were successfully doped into the ZnO lattice without changing its wurtzite crystal structure. Decolorization experiments using the Fe-doped ZnO showed it had higher reaction rates than pure ZnO for decolorizing Ac
Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry for rare isotopes of the light...Alexander Bolshakov
Laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS) involves measuring isotope-resolved molecular emission. Measurements of several key isotopes (hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine) in laser ablation plumes were demonstrated. Requirements for spectral resolution of the optical detection system could be significantly relaxed when the isotopic ratio was determined using chemometric regression models. Multiple applications of LAMIS are anticipated in the nuclear power industry, medical diagnostics and therapies, forensics, carbon sequestration, and agronomy studies.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
1) The document describes the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.
2) The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
3) UV-Visible spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 289.9 nm confirming the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. TEM images showed the particles were hexagonal and spherical in shape with an average size of 20 nm.
Estimation of soil hazard quotient of some identified heavy metals from an ab...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from an abandoned waste disposal site in Aba, Nigeria that had been reclaimed for commercial use. Heavy metal concentrations of chromium, cobalt, copper, zinc, and lead were measured in 20 soil samples using an Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. The results found heavy metal concentrations that far exceeded international standards and natural background levels, indicating significant pollution from disposed waste. All identified heavy metals had hazard quotients much greater than 1, suggesting health risks to people using the site. The study recommends remediation like adjusting soil pH and drainage to reduce heavy metal toxicity and make the area safer for human use.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
This document discusses field desorption mass spectrometry. It provides background on field desorption, comparing it to field ionization. Field desorption involves applying a sample solution to an emitter, which is then placed in an ion source. It is well-suited for analyzing non-volatile or thermally fragile compounds like polymers, peptides, and inorganic salts. The document reviews experimental techniques in field desorption mass spectrometry and provides examples of its applications in areas like polymer analysis, pharmaceuticals, and fossil fuel research.
Effect of Solvents on Size and Morphologies Of sno Nanoparticles via Chemical...Editor IJCATR
Stannous oxide (SnO) is an important functional material which contributes to a wide range of applications. In present
study, the SnO nanoparticles were synthesized using different solvents by chemical co-precipitation method. Different morphologies
of SnO nanoparticles have been obtained by different solvents. The size of SnO nanoparticles was estimated by powder X-ray
diffraction (PXRD) pattern and revealed that SnO crystallizes into tetragonal rutile phase. The chemical structural information of the
synthesized nanoparticles was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The prominent UV emission peak was
observed at 358 nm in the luminance spectra, studied by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The composition of the product SnO
nanoparticles could be determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the binding energies of O 1s and Sn 3d3/2 have been
found which are centered at 530 and 495 eV, respectively.
This document summarizes the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using papaya leaf extract. The objectives are to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD, and to synthesize them through a green pathway using papaya leaf extract. Zinc acetate and ammonium carbonate solutions were added dropwise to the extract to form a precipitate, which was filtered, dried, and calcined. XRD characterized the crystalline size as 19.22 nm, while UV-Vis determined the band gap energy to be 3.3406 eV.
Assembly of dye sensitized solar cell using the stem and grainAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells using extracts from the stem and grains of sorghum bicolor as sensitizers. Red anthocyanins were extracted from the stem (Sample A) and grains (Sample B) using cold extraction with methanol. Both samples were used to sensitize TiO2 in solar cells. Outdoor measurements found Sample B had higher efficiency than Sample A, likely due to constituent differences. Both samples successfully converted visible light to electricity, demonstrating the potential of natural dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells for renewable energy applications.
The document discusses the green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using turmeric powder. Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by adding cerium nitrate to an extract of turmeric powder boiled in water. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized through techniques such as XRD, PSA, SEM, TEM, and TG/DTA to determine properties like average crystallite size, particle size, morphology, structure and thermal stability. Key applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles include use in fuel cells, removing pollutants from diesel emissions, and glass polishing.
This study synthesized HKUST-1 metal organic framework nanoparticles using a sonochemical method for enhanced gas adsorption performance. Sonochemical synthesis produced HKUST-1 particles in the range of 30-60 nm with high surface area of 1797 m2/g. Testing showed the nanoparticles reduced CO2 concentration in a gas stream by 28.65% over 72 minutes. The nanoparticles were also incorporated into electrospun nanofibers to create MOF-loaded fiber membranes for gas adsorption applications.
Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticle Using Moringa Oleifera Leaf ExtractIRJET Journal
This document describes the green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles using a leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. Specifically:
- TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via a one-pot green synthesis method involving the reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide in an ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves at 50°C for 4 hours.
- Characterization of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles found them to be of the anatase phase with a mean crystalline size of 12.22 nm. Band gap analysis determined the nanoparticles had a band gap of 3.9 eV.
- The green synthesis method produced TiO2 nanoparticles using a simple, cost-effective and non-toxic approach compared to traditional
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Green nanotechnology & its application in biomedical researchRunjhunDutta
This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
Diffusion Dynamics of Metal Ions Uptake at the CarboxylatedEpichlorohydrin Re...IJERA Editor
Investigation into the diffusion dynamics of Mn2+ , Fe2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake from aqueous solution by chemically modified red onion skin extract was carried out. The polyhydroxylic extract of red onion skin was utilized in the synthesis of carboxylated-epichlorohydrin red onion skin extract resin (CERR). The fourier transform infrared spectra of red onion skin extract and CERR exhibited variations in bond interactions which was ascribed to the structural modification of the extract to yield CERR. Predictions of the mechanism of diffusion dynamics were carried out by applying the data resolved from the fractional attainment of equilibrium at varied times into the Vermeulen diffusion models within the temperature range of 29 to 70°C. The predominance of film diffusion mechanism was established from the smaller values of its diffusion coefficients as compared to those of particle diffusion. The film diffusion coefficient values were lowest at 29°C, indicating the most probable temperature condition for optimum exchange result with the CERR. Deductions from utilizing the Arrhenius type temperature dependence equation gave negative values of activation energy (-7.223 kJ/mol for Mn2+ , -6.898 kJ/mol for Fe2+ and -13.957 kJ/mol for Pb2+ ions); which suggests that increase in temperature from 29 to 70°C, lowered the rate of the exchange reaction.
This presentation discusses green synthesis of nanoparticles using biological methods. It notes that physical and chemical synthesis methods can be time consuming, require high temperatures/pressures, and use toxic chemicals. Green synthesis utilizes natural reducing, capping and stabilizing agents from plants and microorganisms to synthesize nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements. Specific methods discussed include using plant extracts like aloe vera to synthesize gold nanoparticles and citrus peels to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The mechanisms of plant-mediated green synthesis and an example using phlomis leaf extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles are also summarized.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and it's ApplicationsManish Dash
The document discusses the green synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles. It begins by outlining the need for advanced disinfectant nanomaterials to prevent disease outbreaks caused by overpopulation and poor sanitation. It then describes how silver nanoparticles are a promising material for developing antimicrobial products due to their high antimicrobial activity. The document goes on to detail a green synthesis method for producing silver nanoparticles using the extract of Bougainvillea plant bracts, and characterizes the nanoparticles. It finds that the synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrate effective antimicrobial properties against bacteria as well as antifouling effects.
Silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of datura metelUsman Arshad
This research article describes the green synthesis and characterization of zero-valent silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of the Datura metel plant. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an extract of D. metel leaves. Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM showed the particles were predominantly between 50-100 nm in size. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated the silver nanoparticles had inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal strains. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach for producing silver nanoparticles.
This document describes a study that used satellite measurements from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) onboard the Suomi NPP satellite to directly measure atmospheric isoprene on a global scale. The authors developed an algorithm to retrieve isoprene column abundances from CrIS spectral measurements. They applied this algorithm over the Amazon region, a major isoprene source, and found the results were consistent with model predictions and in-situ measurements, demonstrating the feasibility of direct global satellite measurements of isoprene. Combining these measurements with formaldehyde observations could help constrain atmospheric oxidation over isoprene source regions.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
1) The document describes the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.
2) The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
3) UV-Visible spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 289.9 nm confirming the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. TEM images showed the particles were hexagonal and spherical in shape with an average size of 20 nm.
Estimation of soil hazard quotient of some identified heavy metals from an ab...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from an abandoned waste disposal site in Aba, Nigeria that had been reclaimed for commercial use. Heavy metal concentrations of chromium, cobalt, copper, zinc, and lead were measured in 20 soil samples using an Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. The results found heavy metal concentrations that far exceeded international standards and natural background levels, indicating significant pollution from disposed waste. All identified heavy metals had hazard quotients much greater than 1, suggesting health risks to people using the site. The study recommends remediation like adjusting soil pH and drainage to reduce heavy metal toxicity and make the area safer for human use.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
This document discusses field desorption mass spectrometry. It provides background on field desorption, comparing it to field ionization. Field desorption involves applying a sample solution to an emitter, which is then placed in an ion source. It is well-suited for analyzing non-volatile or thermally fragile compounds like polymers, peptides, and inorganic salts. The document reviews experimental techniques in field desorption mass spectrometry and provides examples of its applications in areas like polymer analysis, pharmaceuticals, and fossil fuel research.
Effect of Solvents on Size and Morphologies Of sno Nanoparticles via Chemical...Editor IJCATR
Stannous oxide (SnO) is an important functional material which contributes to a wide range of applications. In present
study, the SnO nanoparticles were synthesized using different solvents by chemical co-precipitation method. Different morphologies
of SnO nanoparticles have been obtained by different solvents. The size of SnO nanoparticles was estimated by powder X-ray
diffraction (PXRD) pattern and revealed that SnO crystallizes into tetragonal rutile phase. The chemical structural information of the
synthesized nanoparticles was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The prominent UV emission peak was
observed at 358 nm in the luminance spectra, studied by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The composition of the product SnO
nanoparticles could be determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the binding energies of O 1s and Sn 3d3/2 have been
found which are centered at 530 and 495 eV, respectively.
This document summarizes the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using papaya leaf extract. The objectives are to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD, and to synthesize them through a green pathway using papaya leaf extract. Zinc acetate and ammonium carbonate solutions were added dropwise to the extract to form a precipitate, which was filtered, dried, and calcined. XRD characterized the crystalline size as 19.22 nm, while UV-Vis determined the band gap energy to be 3.3406 eV.
Assembly of dye sensitized solar cell using the stem and grainAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells using extracts from the stem and grains of sorghum bicolor as sensitizers. Red anthocyanins were extracted from the stem (Sample A) and grains (Sample B) using cold extraction with methanol. Both samples were used to sensitize TiO2 in solar cells. Outdoor measurements found Sample B had higher efficiency than Sample A, likely due to constituent differences. Both samples successfully converted visible light to electricity, demonstrating the potential of natural dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells for renewable energy applications.
The document discusses the green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using turmeric powder. Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by adding cerium nitrate to an extract of turmeric powder boiled in water. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized through techniques such as XRD, PSA, SEM, TEM, and TG/DTA to determine properties like average crystallite size, particle size, morphology, structure and thermal stability. Key applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles include use in fuel cells, removing pollutants from diesel emissions, and glass polishing.
This study synthesized HKUST-1 metal organic framework nanoparticles using a sonochemical method for enhanced gas adsorption performance. Sonochemical synthesis produced HKUST-1 particles in the range of 30-60 nm with high surface area of 1797 m2/g. Testing showed the nanoparticles reduced CO2 concentration in a gas stream by 28.65% over 72 minutes. The nanoparticles were also incorporated into electrospun nanofibers to create MOF-loaded fiber membranes for gas adsorption applications.
Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticle Using Moringa Oleifera Leaf ExtractIRJET Journal
This document describes the green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles using a leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. Specifically:
- TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via a one-pot green synthesis method involving the reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide in an ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves at 50°C for 4 hours.
- Characterization of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles found them to be of the anatase phase with a mean crystalline size of 12.22 nm. Band gap analysis determined the nanoparticles had a band gap of 3.9 eV.
- The green synthesis method produced TiO2 nanoparticles using a simple, cost-effective and non-toxic approach compared to traditional
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Green nanotechnology & its application in biomedical researchRunjhunDutta
This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
Diffusion Dynamics of Metal Ions Uptake at the CarboxylatedEpichlorohydrin Re...IJERA Editor
Investigation into the diffusion dynamics of Mn2+ , Fe2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake from aqueous solution by chemically modified red onion skin extract was carried out. The polyhydroxylic extract of red onion skin was utilized in the synthesis of carboxylated-epichlorohydrin red onion skin extract resin (CERR). The fourier transform infrared spectra of red onion skin extract and CERR exhibited variations in bond interactions which was ascribed to the structural modification of the extract to yield CERR. Predictions of the mechanism of diffusion dynamics were carried out by applying the data resolved from the fractional attainment of equilibrium at varied times into the Vermeulen diffusion models within the temperature range of 29 to 70°C. The predominance of film diffusion mechanism was established from the smaller values of its diffusion coefficients as compared to those of particle diffusion. The film diffusion coefficient values were lowest at 29°C, indicating the most probable temperature condition for optimum exchange result with the CERR. Deductions from utilizing the Arrhenius type temperature dependence equation gave negative values of activation energy (-7.223 kJ/mol for Mn2+ , -6.898 kJ/mol for Fe2+ and -13.957 kJ/mol for Pb2+ ions); which suggests that increase in temperature from 29 to 70°C, lowered the rate of the exchange reaction.
This presentation discusses green synthesis of nanoparticles using biological methods. It notes that physical and chemical synthesis methods can be time consuming, require high temperatures/pressures, and use toxic chemicals. Green synthesis utilizes natural reducing, capping and stabilizing agents from plants and microorganisms to synthesize nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements. Specific methods discussed include using plant extracts like aloe vera to synthesize gold nanoparticles and citrus peels to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The mechanisms of plant-mediated green synthesis and an example using phlomis leaf extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles are also summarized.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and it's ApplicationsManish Dash
The document discusses the green synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles. It begins by outlining the need for advanced disinfectant nanomaterials to prevent disease outbreaks caused by overpopulation and poor sanitation. It then describes how silver nanoparticles are a promising material for developing antimicrobial products due to their high antimicrobial activity. The document goes on to detail a green synthesis method for producing silver nanoparticles using the extract of Bougainvillea plant bracts, and characterizes the nanoparticles. It finds that the synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrate effective antimicrobial properties against bacteria as well as antifouling effects.
Silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of datura metelUsman Arshad
This research article describes the green synthesis and characterization of zero-valent silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of the Datura metel plant. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an extract of D. metel leaves. Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM showed the particles were predominantly between 50-100 nm in size. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated the silver nanoparticles had inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal strains. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach for producing silver nanoparticles.
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2) Total carbonaceous aerosols accounted for 64.9%
Characterization of cobalt oxide and calcium aluminumShujaul Mulk Khan
The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging
from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The
cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.
Adverse influence of radio frequency background on trembling aspen seedlings ...growfasthelix
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This document summarizes a study that estimated solar UV-B radiation levels at Visakhapatnam, India from 2005-2013 using a regression model incorporating satellite-measured column ozone levels and solar zenith angle. The model was developed using earlier UV-B measurements and ozone data from 1989-1993. Analysis found seasonal variations in ozone but no significant long-term trends in estimated UV-B levels. The study concluded the data could help assess biological effects of UV-B radiation at this location over time.
This document summarizes the fundamentals of nonlinear optical materials. It discusses how nonlinear optical materials play a major role in nonlinear optics and their impact on information technology and applications. Nonlinear optical effects can be represented by Maxwell's equations, with the total polarization consisting of a linear and nonlinear component. Second-order effects like second harmonic generation depend on the material's nonlinear susceptibility χ(2) and require the material to be non-centrosymmetric. Third-order effects dominate in centrosymmetric materials and include third harmonic generation and the optical Kerr effect. Parametric processes also allow frequency conversion through phase matching of waves. Nonlinear optical materials are crucial for applications like optical switching and communication.
Investigation of the Effects of Fullerene addition and Plasma Exposure on Opt...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Biotechnological approaches for the mitigation of air pollutionAnkita Singh
This document presents an overview of biotechnological approaches for mitigating air pollution. It discusses various air pollutants and their sources, effects on health and the environment. It then describes several biotechnological tools for pollution control, including biofilters, biotrickling filters and bioscrubbers which use microorganisms to degrade air pollutants. It also discusses some equipment used to measure particulate matter in air such as dustfall deposit gauges, nephelometers, and TEOM and highlights their advantages and limitations. The document concludes by listing some references on this topic.
Carbonaceous fullerene containing mineral shungite andAlexander Decker
This document discusses a mathematical model of the interaction between two natural minerals, shungite and zeolite, with water. Shungite is a carbon-containing mineral found in Russia, while zeolite is an aluminosilicate mineral found in Bulgaria. The minerals were treated with water and their energy spectra were analyzed using non-equilibrium and differential-equilibrium methods. Both shungite and zeolite were found to restructure the hydrogen bond energy between water molecules, increasing local maxima in the differential non-equilibrium spectra. The document proposes uses for these minerals in water treatment and purification due to their adsorption, catalytic, and bactericidal properties.
Natural ageing of stabilized and unustabilized ldpe films used as greenhouses...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This article focuses on the study of both stabilized and unstabilized low-density polyethylene films aged under natural weathering in the middle of Morocco (Sidi Kacem city). The study was undertaken on three samples for each LDPE films: a new sample taken as reference; another exposed to outdoor weathering for one year; and a sample exposed for two years.
The outdoor exposure effects were followed by analysis of the total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). This technique provides information on the main chemical functions and evaluates the internal causes of natural ageing of our samples. The infrared spectra show the formation of hydroperoxides -O-OH, carbonyls >C=O, aliphatic esters R-(CO)-O-R, ether R-O-R, vinyl C=C, vinylidene >C=CH2 and trans-vinylene RHC=CRH in the amorphous regions. These compounds lead to initiate the mechanism of photo-oxidation of the unstabilized LDPE samples. Therefore, the increase in the formation of oxidation products into the aged samples (LDPEUS) indicates an accelerated degradation of these latter on climatic factors (UV, O2, humidity, rain ...). The UV stabilizer (free radicals scavengers) added to the formulation of LDPE films can delay the attack of the amorphous phase and prevent the formation of compounds that can cause and accelerate photo-oxidation. The results obtained by the infrared have been confirmed by observing the morphology of the samples with scanning electron microscopy technology (SEM).
Keywords: LDPE, Photo-oxidation, Natural ageing, UV stabilizer, ATR-FTIR, SEM
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo utilizar o Método dos Mínimos Quadrados (MMQ) para analisar através do coeficiente de determinação (R2), qual modelo que melhor se ajusta ao comportamento do conjunto de dados da concentração de HCFC-142b em partes por trilhão entre os anos de 1992 a 2018. Ademais, pretende-se fazer estimativas de concentrações futuras entre 5 e 10 períodos em cada um dos modelos de ajuste.
This document discusses the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles. It begins with an introduction to nanoparticles and their size-dependent properties. It then reviews literature on the various applications of nanoparticles in biomedical, environmental, and industrial fields. Specifically, it discusses how ZnO nanoparticles have shown antibacterial effects against various microorganisms. The document concludes by outlining several references used in the literature review.
This document discusses the isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil in Basra, Iraq and its ability to biosorb heavy metals like cadmium and lead. B. thuringiensis showed resistance to high concentrations of lead and cadmium. Experiments examined the effect of metal concentration and contact time on biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis were used to identify functional groups on the bacterial surface. The bacterium was able to effectively biosorb cadmium and lead from solutions, demonstrating its potential for remediating environments contaminated with heavy metals.
FT IR and FT RAMAN SPECTRA of 4 Chloro 2 Methyl Benzonitrileijtsrd
FT IR spectrum of 4 chloro 2 methyl benzonitrile in the region 400 4000 cm 1 has been recorded in KBr pellet technique with a Bruker IFS 66 Fourier transform spectrometer. FT Raman spectrum in powder form has been recorded in the region 50 4000 cm on a Bruker IFS 66 optical bench with an FRA 106 Raman module attachment interfaced to a microcomputer. Geometry and vibrational wavenumbers were calculated using ab initio calculations with HF method. The results were compared with experimental values. The observed FT IR and FT Raman vibrational frequencies were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wavenumbers in the expected range and the error obtained was, in general, very low. Using PEDs, the contributions were determined for different modes to each wave number. From the PED, it is apparent that the frequency corresponding to C=N stretching contains 88 contribution from the C=N stretching force constant and it mixes with C CN stretching mode to the extent of 12 . Virendra Kumar Sharma "FT-IR and FT RAMAN SPECTRA of 4-Chloro 2 Methyl Benzonitrile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49470.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/49470/ftir-and-ft-raman-spectra-of-4chloro-2-methyl-benzonitrile/virendra-kumar-sharma
Prediction of Soil Total Nitrogen Content Using Spectraradiometer and GIS in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that used visible near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectroscopy and geographic information systems-kriging (GIS-Kriging) to predict total nitrogen content in soil samples from two locations in southern Iraq. Soil samples were collected and their total nitrogen content was measured using chemical analysis. The samples were then scanned using a spectroradiometer to obtain VNIR reflectance spectra. Partial least squares regression models showed strong correlations between reflectance in wavelength bands 500-600 nm and 800-1000 nm and total nitrogen content, with R2 values over 0.84 for calibration and validation sets. GIS-Kriging models performed poorly for prediction with Q2 values around 0.
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Activity Imaging Photosynthetic Of Populus X Canadensis Moench Plants In Air Pollution
1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491
Volume 3, Issue 8 (March 2014) PP: 35-40
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 35
Activity Imaging Photosynthetic Of Populus X Canadensis Moench Plants
In Air Pollution
Eriola (Zhuri) Hida1
, Veledin Çako2
, Fatbardha Babani3
, Theodhor Karaja4
,
1
University “AleksanderMoisiu”, Durres, Albania,
2
Department of Physics, University „Ismail Qemali‟,Vlora, Albania,
3,4
Biotechnology Department, Physics Department, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania,
Abstract: Air pollution by the metallurgical units, as the other stressors, can modify the optical and
fluorescence properties of leaf plants either directly or indirectly. Therefore stress effects on plants are
detectable via changed on fluorescence signature of leaves. Air pollution could induce decrease of chlorophyll
(Chl) content as well as significant decline of photosynthetic activity. The chlorophyll florescence as a
nondestructive method for the in vivo analysis of plants allow to study the photosynthetic light processes and
quantum conversion to detect stress effect on the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. Metallurgical factory
in Elbasan that release chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere is considered a source of air pollution.
Some plant species grown in area near the factory were studied to evaluate the efficiency of photosynthetic
apparatus in pollution conditions via chlorophyll fluorescence imaging during induction kinetics. Different
fluorescence ratios which describe the photosynthetic light processes and the potential and effective quantum
yields of Photosystem II were considered too. Chlorophyll fluorescence images were measured using the
FluorCam 700MF imaging system (Photon Systems Instrument) as a technique that offers the possibility to
study the distribution and patchiness of fluorescence signatures over the whole leaf area. Chl fluorescence
images were measured on the leaves of spontaneous plants grown in sites with different level of steel plant air
pollution assessed on base of different distances and different directions from the source of the pollution.
Contamination effect reflected on photosynthetic activity of leaves was very high particularly on plants located
nearer the metallurgical units.
Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, spontaneous plant, induction kinetics,
photosynthetic apparatus.
I. Introduction
Metallurgical complex of Elbasan is the largest place in the country with a treatment capacity of 800
thousand tons/year of iron-nickel producing an estimated 44.8 tons of toxic dust/year with minor changes from
the original technology installed in 1976 (Shallari et al., 1998). The contaminants emitted from this complex
impact on the environment causing many problems. Smelters, whose emissions contain toxic gases and dusts
rich in heavy metals like Pb, Cu, Zn Cr, Ni and Cd, caused particularly these effects. The soils around
metallurgical complex are contaminated by heavy metals such as cadmium, nickel, chromium, lead and copper
as consequence of the industrial activity (Shallari et al., 1998, Sallaku et al., 1999). Air pollutions as toxic gases
and dusts negatively affect plants by changing stomata conductance or blocking leaf stomata and prevent plant
respiration, reducing photosynthesis rates, increasing leaf temperature, reducing leaf and plant growth, causing
leaf injury as necrosis and chlorosis or speckle of brown spots. Acid rain (a product of air pollution) and soil
contamination severely affect trees and plants as well. However, two or more pollutants acting together can have
a synergistic effect, producing damage at lower concentrations than if they were acting separately (Colls, 2002).
Plants grown in the area of the Metallurgical complex of Elbasan are repeatedly exposed to various
stressors especially to air pollution gases (sulfide, dioxide etc), highly reactive oxygen species (O3, OH, H2O2)
and dusts (Shallari et al., 1998, Sallaku et al., 1999). These stressors can affect the photosynthetic performance
of leaves either directly or indirectly modifying their optical and fluorescence properties. The chlorophyll (Chl)
fluorescence signatures of plants as a rapid, nondestructive diagnostic method allow to investigate the
photosynthetic light processes and quantum conversion in plants (Lichtenthaler and Miehe, 1997; Govindjee.
2004; Krause and Weis, 1991; Lichtentaler and Babani, 2004; Schreiber, 1986). Recently, image analysis of the
Chl fluorescence signal offers the possibility to study distribution and patchiness of fluorescence signatures over
the whole leaf area. These techniques were developed as useful tool for determining the photosynthetic
performance of plants as well as to detect and quantify early stress damage in plants. Imaging of Chl
fluorescence during induction kinetics correctly screens the emission heterogeneity reflecting localized biotic or
abiotic stress or heterogeneous metabolism (Buschmann and Lichtenthaler 1998, Lichtenthaler and Babani
2000; Lichtenthaler et al., 2000, Lichtenthaler and Babani 2004, Lichtenthaleret al., 2007, Nebdal et al. 2000,
Schreiber 2004).
2. Activity Imaging Photosynthetic Of Populus X Canadensis Moench Plants In Air Pollution
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 36
Various parameters and ratios of the Chl fluorescence determined from the induction kinetics (Kautsky
effect) can be used as indicators of the functional state or stress damage of the photosynthetic apparatus and
photosynthetic electron transport (Babani and Lichtenthaler, 1996; Buschmann and Lichtenthaler, 1998;
Govindjee 2004; Photon Systems Instruments, 2011). The objective of the presented work is the evaluation of
damage by Metallurgical complex on spontaneous plants (Populus deltoides Marsh. x Populus nigra L.) grown
in sites with different level of air pollution characterizing the photosynthetic performance by chlorophyll
fluorescence imaging.
II. Material And Methods Plant Material
Endemic-spontaneous plant Populus x canadensis Moench (Populus deltoides Marsh. x Populus nigra
L.) grown in different steel plant pollution conditions were analyzed. Study areas were chosen in three locations:
Site 1 - Bradashesh area, near Elbasan (in a distance of 2km from source of pollution), Site 2 - Petresh area (in a
distance of 14km from source of pollution) and Site 3 - Dajti area, as control characterized by optimal
physiological conditions. Six leaves of Poplar from six different branches grown in conditions of every selected
site were analyzed.
III. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of induction kinetics
Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence induction kinetics was measured using the FluorCam 700MF kinetics
imaging system constructed by Photon Systems Instrument (Photon Systems Instruments, 2011). Chl
fluorescence images and induction kinetics were measured on pre-darkened leaves (30 min) using the FluorCam
quenching protocol. The images of the measured Chl fluorescence intensity were obtained on false colour,
whereby black is the lowest (zero) and red the highest fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence emission is
induced by two sets of 325 super-bright orange light emitting diodes (LED’s) (wavelength 605nm) that provide
excitation flashes or a continuous actinic irradiance controlled by defined protocol. Fluorescence images are
captured by a CCD camera at 12-bit resolution in 512x512 pixels of CCD chip. The size of an analyzed object is
up to 1313 cm.
Chlorophyll fluorescence images of parameters during induction kinetics as F0 and F0’ (minimum
fluorescence in the dark and in the light-adapted states), Fm and Fm’ (maximum fluorescence in the dark and in
the light-adapted states), Fp (initial fluorescence increase caused by the actinic light exposure) and Fs, (steady-
state fluorescence in actinic light exposure) were recorded during induction kinetics. Images of various Chl
fluorescence ratios obtained by pixel to pixel arithmetic operations performed by FluorCam software were:
maximum quantum yields of Photosystem II Fv/Fm and Fm/Fo, effective quantum yields of Photosystem II
Fv'/Fm‘ and Fm’/Fo’, fluorescence decline ratio in steady-state which assess plant vitality Rfd=(Fp-Fs)/Fs
where Fv=Fm-Fo and Fv’=Fm’-Fo’.
IV. Results
4.1 Image Fluorescence parameters
Image fluorescence parameters measured during induction kinetics (Tab. 1) represent the mean values of
six different leaves. Whereby, the values of each parameter of every leaf calculated by FluoCam software,
indicate the mean of the fluorescence signals of all pixels over the leaf area. The mean values of image
fluorescence parameters demonstrate the differences between leaves grown in different conditions. The
observed rising of the values of standard deviations from optimal growth conditions to pollution conditions can
be illustrated the increase of the variability through the leaves as the effect to steel plant pollution exposure.
4.2 Chlorophyll fluorescence images
Images at the maximum fluorescence of chlorophyll in the dark state Fm displayed at the same
pseudoscale clearly show changes of the values of this parameter and the distributions of fluorescence signature
related to the heterogeneity over leaf area between leaves grown in different conditions (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
Fluorescence images at Fm of leaves grown in plan steel air pollution conditions (Site 1 - Bradashesh, Site 2 -
Petresh) demonstrate a different distribution of the fluorescence signature over the leaf area as compare to the
leaves grown in optimal conditions (Site 3 - Dajt). Screening of the fluorescence emission over the leaf area
confirm the increase of the gradients and local irregularities especially in the leaves grown in Site 1, where the
level of pollution is higher related to the nearer distance from the metallurgical complex. Even on leaves grown
in Site 2 (on October) can be detected local areas with a very low fluorescence signal that shown the high
reduction of photosynthetic pigments.
4.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence ratios
The fluorescence ratios that allow to estimate maximum quantum yield of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm,
Fm/Fo) and effective quantum yield of Photosystem II (Fv'/Fm‘and Fm’/Fo’) indicate a decrease of these ratios
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from optimal growth conditions at Site 3 (Dajt area - control) to stress-pollution conditions at Site 1 (Bradashesh
area, 2km) and at Site 2 (Ibe-Berzhit area) (Tab. 2). The values of these ratios show a higher decrease in the
leaves grown in Site 1 than in Site 2. These observed differences demonstrate a decline of the maximum and
effective quantum yields of Photosystem II as the result of exposure of leaves to steel plant pollution conditions.
The reduction of quantum yields seems to be related to the level of pollution, being higher at nearer distance
from the metallurgical complex where the level of pollution is higher. The values of Chl decline ratios Rfd
represent a higher mean values to leaves grown in the optimal conditions (Site 3 - mean values 2.66 and 2.12
respectively on August and October) comparing to two other pollution growth conditions in areas near the
metallurgical unit (Site 1 - mean values 2.02 and 1.9, Site 2 - mean values 1.74 and 0.94 respectively on August
and October) (Tab. 2). The observed rise of the values of standard deviations from optimal growth conditions to
pollution conditions can be illustrate the increase of the variability through the leaves as the effect to steel plant
pollution exposure. The values of Rfd ratios that assess plant vitality estimate the reduction of photosynthetic
performance of plants grown in pollution conditions, that can be considered higher in the plant grown at the
areas nearer the metallurgical complex (Site 1, Site 2) (Fig. 3).
4.4 Chlorophyll fluorescence decline ratio images - Rfd images
Images of the fluorescence decline ratio Rfd of a green leaf grown in optimal conditions at Site 3 in Dajt
area - control show almost no irregularities and a uniform distribution of the values of this ratios over the leaf
area (Fig. 4, Fig. 5). The values of Rfd ratios as plant vitality indicator demonstrated that these green leaves can
be characterized by a high photosynthetic activity, as reflect by the mean values of the ratios 2.66 and 2.12
respectively on August and October (Tab. 2). The distribution of the Rfd indices over the leaf area display an
increase of the gradients and local irregularities of the leaves grown in plan steel air pollution growth conditions,
Site 1- Bradashesh area, 2km, Site 2- Ibe-Berzhit area, 36km, in comparison of leaves grown in optimal
conditions (Dajti area) especially in the leaves grown in Site 1, where the level of pollution is higher related to
the nearer distance from the metallurgical complex. Very low Rfd signal identified at local areas on leaves
grown in Site 2 on October show the high reduction of photosynthetic performance as damage of the
photosynthetic apparatus and photosynthetic electron transport.
The distribution of the Rfd values over the leaf area as well as the values of the ratios exhibit a lower
activity of photosynthetic apparatus of the leaves grown in plan steel air pollution growth conditions, Site 1-
Bradashesh area, 2km, Site 2- Ibe-Berzhit area, 36km, in comparison of leaves grown in optimal conditions
(Dajti area). The decline of activity of photosynthetic apparatus seems to be related to the distance of the source
of pollution (Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Tab. 2).
V. Conclusions
Fluorescence images measured during induction kinetics, values of the fluorescence parameters and
distribution of the fluorescence signal and the Rfd values over the leaf area in the leaves of spontaneous
plant Populus x canadensis Moench grown in optimal conditions (Dajti area - site 3) exhibited a high
photosynthetic activity as is demonstrated by the values of fluorescence ratios which evaluate the plant
vitality and maximum quantum yield of photosynthetic apparatus: Rfd=2.66, 2.16; Fm/Fo=4.37, 4.24
respectively on August and October.
Activity of photosynthetic apparatus of leaves of Populus x canadensis Moench grown in plant steel air
pollution conditions in Site 2 at Ibe-Berzhit area in a distance of 36km from source of pollution was
generally lower than activity of plants grown in optimal conditions as is expressed by a non uniform
distribution and increase of irregularities of the fluorescence signal at Fm and Rfd ratios over the leaf area
as well as by the values of the fluorescence ratios: Rfd=2.02, 1.9; Fm/Fo=4.51, 4.13 respectively on
August and October.
Activity of photosynthetic apparatus of leaves of Populus x canadensis Moench grown in plant steel air
pollution conditions in Site 1, Elbasan area at Bradashesh in a distance of 2km from source of pollution,
demonstrate a higher reduction of the activity of photosynthetic apparatus compare to other areas as is
expressed by the lowest values of fluorescence decline ratio (Rfd=1.74, 0.94 and Fm/Fo=3.58, 3.11
respectively on August and October) and the increased of non-uniformity distribution and heterogeneity
of signal of fluorescence and plant vitality index over the leaf area.
Based on images of the analyzed chlorophyll fluorescence signatures during induction kinetics and fluorescence
ratios, increased of non-uniformity distribution and heterogeneity of signal over the leaf area and the values of
fluorescence parameters at certain state during induction kinetics could be demonstrated that the decline of
photosynthetic apparatus activity in pollution conditions is related to the level of pollution indicated by the
distance of the source of pollution, metallurgical complex of Elbasan. Consequently, contamination effect
reflected on decline of photosynthetic activity of leaves could be particularly very high on plants grown in
locations nearer the metallurgical units.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully extend our acknowledgements to the Biotechnology Department of the Natural Sciences
Faculty, UT, where the experimental work was performed. We wish to thank especially technical staff Eremira
Misiri, for qualified assisting during all preparatory work and necessary fluorimetric measurements.
References
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Figures and Table
Induced fluorescence image parameters of leaves of Poplar grown in area of plan steel air pollution
conditions (Site 1- Bradashesh, 2km, Site 2- Ibe-Berzhit, 36km) and optimal conditions (Site 3- Dajt, control) on
August and October (mean of six leaves).
Table 1
Populus x canadensis
Moench
Site 1
(2km)
Site 2
(14km)
Site 3
(control)
Site 1
(2km)
Site 2
(36km)
Site 3
(control)
Image Fluorescence
parameters
August October
Fo
mean 104.4 109.1 128.8 105.6 101.8 101.7
std 5.92 3.78 3.64 3.43 5.23 2.95
Fm
mean 472.6 309.9 563.4 456.6 317.2 432.7
std 59.01 14.07 17.02 36.55 32.65 15.06
Fo'
mean 139.2 118.4 124.9 143.3 145.2 136.0
std 2.92 2.64 4.04 5.55 3.61 2.34
Fm'
mean 196.6 147.6 180.0 209.4 191.5 182.0
std 12.26 6.02 9.35 9.17 5.79 6.55
0 600 0 700 0 700
Site 1 Site 3Site 2
Figure 1
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Images at the maximum fluorescence in the dark Fm of a leaf grown in plan steel air pollution conditions (Site 1
- Bradashesh, 2km, Site 2 - Petresh, 14km) and optimal conditions (Site 3 – Dajt, control) on August.
0 600 0 700 0 700
Site 1 Site 3Site 2
Figure 2
Images at the maximum fluorescence in the dark Fm of a leaf grown in plan steel air pollution conditions (Site
1- Bradashesh, 2km, Site 2- Petresh, 14km) and optimal conditions (Site 3 – Dajt, control) on October.
Image fluorescence ratios of Poplar leaves grown in area of plan steel air pollution conditions (Site 1-
Bradashesh, 2km, Site 2- Petresh, 14km) and optimal conditions (Site 3- Dajt, control) on August and October
(mean of six leaves).
Table 2
Populus x canadensis
Moench
Site 1
(2km)
Site 2
(36km)
Site 3
(control)
Site 1
(2km)
Site 2
(36km)
Site 3
(control)
Image Fluorescence
ratios
August October
Fm/Fo
mean 2.85 4.51 4.37 3.11 4.13 4.25
std 0.14 0.14 0.08 0.20 0.20 0.06
Fv/Fm
mean 0.65 0.78 0.77 0.68 0.76 0.77
std 0.01 0.02 0.008 0.02 0.02 0.00
Fm'/Fo'
mean 1.25 1.41 1.44 1.32 1.41 1.34
std 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.03
Fv'/Fm'
mean 0.20 0.29 0.31 0.24 0.29 0.25
std 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02
Rfd
mean 1.74 2.02 2.66 0.94 1.9 2.12
std 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.23 0.15 0.12
Figure 3
Fluorescence decline ratio Rfd of leaves of Poplar grown in area of plan steel air pollution conditions (Site 1-
Bradashesh, 2km, Site 2- Petresh, 14km) and optimal conditions (Site 3- Dajt, control) on August and October
(mean of six leaves).
0 3
Site 1 Site 3Site 2
Figure 4
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The fluorescence decline ratio image Rfd of leaves grown in plan steel air pollution conditions (Site 1-
Bradashesh, 2km, Site 2- Petresh, 14km) and optimal conditions (Site 3- Dajt, control) on August (pseudoscale
0 - 3).
0 3
Site 1 Site 3Site 2
Figure 5
The fluorescence decline ratio image Rfd of leaves grown in plan steel air pollution conditions (Site 1-
Bradashesh, 2km, Site 2- Petresh, 14km) and optimal conditions (Site 3- Dajt, control) on October (pseudoscale
0 - 3).