This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
Green synthesis of Nanoparticles using plants utsav dalal
Slide contains basic definition of Plant mediated nanoparticles. This route is environmentally friendly and widely accepted. For better understanding you can contact me.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
Green synthesis of Nanoparticles using plants utsav dalal
Slide contains basic definition of Plant mediated nanoparticles. This route is environmentally friendly and widely accepted. For better understanding you can contact me.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
The main methods of producing nanoparticles are often cost effective and harmful to the environment. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has been proposed as a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative of the previous methods. At present the metal nanoparticle synthesis using plant extracts has become a major focus of researchers.
Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)Sheersha Pramanik 🇮🇳
I have described about the biological processes(other than physical,chemical) for the preparation of Nanoparticles.
do like comment share if you like it.
Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising technologies applied in
all areas of science. Metal nanoparticles produced by nanotechnology have
received global attention due to their extensive applications in the biomedical
and physiochemical
fields. Recently, synthesizing metal nanoparticles using
microorganisms and plants has been extensively studied and has been recog-
nized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting microorganisms as
convenient nanofactories. Here, we explore and detail the potential uses of
various biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis and the application of
those nanoparticles. Furthermore, we highlight recent milestones achieved for
the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by controlling critical parameters,
including the choice of biological source, incubation period, pH, and
temperature.
This presentation includes the information's about nano materials, their toxicity, types, causes of toxicity, mode of entry, toxic effects, different substances of nano materials and their toxicity.
Biological Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles and its impact - a Reviewinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
The main methods of producing nanoparticles are often cost effective and harmful to the environment. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has been proposed as a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative of the previous methods. At present the metal nanoparticle synthesis using plant extracts has become a major focus of researchers.
Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)Sheersha Pramanik 🇮🇳
I have described about the biological processes(other than physical,chemical) for the preparation of Nanoparticles.
do like comment share if you like it.
Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising technologies applied in
all areas of science. Metal nanoparticles produced by nanotechnology have
received global attention due to their extensive applications in the biomedical
and physiochemical
fields. Recently, synthesizing metal nanoparticles using
microorganisms and plants has been extensively studied and has been recog-
nized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting microorganisms as
convenient nanofactories. Here, we explore and detail the potential uses of
various biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis and the application of
those nanoparticles. Furthermore, we highlight recent milestones achieved for
the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by controlling critical parameters,
including the choice of biological source, incubation period, pH, and
temperature.
This presentation includes the information's about nano materials, their toxicity, types, causes of toxicity, mode of entry, toxic effects, different substances of nano materials and their toxicity.
Biological Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles and its impact - a Reviewinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
green synthesis of metal and their oxide nanoparticles-2.pptxmuhammadhaini99
Title: Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach
Abstract:
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the green synthesis of nanoparticles, particularly metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, due to their wide range of applications and the increasing need for sustainable production methods. Green synthesis offers an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical synthesis routes by utilizing natural extracts, biomolecules, or other eco-friendly materials as reducing and stabilizing agents. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of green synthesis methods for the production of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, highlighting their advantages, mechanisms, and applications. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, various green synthesis approaches, including plant-mediated, microbial, and bio-inspired methods, are discussed. The properties and characterization techniques of green-synthesized nanoparticles are also examined, along with their potential applications in catalysis, sensing, drug delivery, and environmental remediation. Overall, this review underscores the importance of green synthesis as a sustainable approach to nanoparticle production and its significant implications for both scientific research and industrial applications.
Keywords: Green synthesis, Metal nanoparticles, Metal oxide nanoparticles, Sustainable production, Catalysis, Sensing, Drug delivery, Environmental remediation.
Introduction
The synthesis of nanoparticles has gained considerable attention in recent years due to their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties, which differ from those of their bulk counterparts. These properties make nanoparticles promising candidates for various applications in fields such as catalysis, electronics, medicine, and environmental remediation. However, traditional methods of nanoparticle synthesis often involve the use of toxic chemicals, high temperatures, and energy-intensive processes, leading to environmental pollution and health hazards. In response to these challenges, there has been a growing interest in developing sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches to nanoparticle synthesis, known as green synthesis.
Green synthesis involves the use of natural extracts, biomolecules, or other eco-friendly materials as reducing and stabilizing agents in nanoparticle synthesis. This approach offers several advantages over conventional synthesis methods, including reduced environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and the ability to produce nanoparticles with controlled size, shape, and composition. Among the various types of nanoparticles, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have received significant attention due to their diverse applications and potential for green synthesis. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of green synthesis methods for the production of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, highlighting their
The next years will prove the importance of greensynthesis methods for MNPs and MONPs production because they are not
only easy to execute, fast, and cheap but also less toxic and environmentally ecofriendly. Nanoparticle synthesis using microorganisms
and plants by green synthesis technology is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly. Plants and microorganisms
have established the power to devour and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their neighboring niche. The biological entities are
known to synthesize nanoparticles bothextra and intracellularly. The capability of a living system to utilize its intrinsic organic
chemistry processes in remodeling inorganic metal ions into nanoparticles has opened up an undiscovered area of biochemical analysis.
Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal oxidenanoparticles (MONPs) are used in numerous fields. The new nano-based entities are
being strongly generated and incorporated into everyday personal care products, cosmetics, medicines, drug delivery, and clothing
toimpact industrial and manufacturing sectors, which means that nanomaterials commercialization and nanoassisted device will
continuously grow. They can be prepared by many methods such as green synthesis and the conventional chemical synthesis methods.
The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and
physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost
effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. Greensynthesis includes infinite accession to produce MNPs and
MONPs with demanding properties. The structure–function relationships between nanomaterials and key information for life cycle
evaluation lead to the production of high execution nanoscale materials that are gentle and environmentally friendly. Majority of plants
have features as sustainable and renewable suppliers compared with microbes and enzymes, as they have the ability to pick up almost
75% of the light energy and transform it into chemical energy, contain chemicals like antioxidants and sugars, and play fundamental
roles in the manufacture of nanoparticles. Plants considered the main factory for the green synthesis of MNPs and MONPs, and until
now, different plant species have been used to study this, but the determined conditions should be taken into consideration to execute
this preparation.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Cod Removal Of An Industrial Effluent Using Nan crystalline Ceria Synthesized...IOSRJAC
Nanocrystalline ceria (CeO2) was prepared by solution combustion method using cerium nitrate as oxidizer and citric acid as fuel. The as-formed CeO2 nanopowder was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles were found to be agglomerated, fluffy and porous with a mean crystallite size of about 20 nm. The as-formed ceria nanopowder was used for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of an industrial effluent. The effect of various factors such as pH, dosage of nanopowder, stirring time and sedimentation time was studied. It was found that more than 89% removal of COD could be achieved at a pH of 4, for a catalyst dosage of 0.8g of the nanopowder per liter of the industrial effluent with a sedimentation time of about 80 minutes.
Curcumin extract nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and antimicrobi...Innspub Net
In recent years, synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for different medicinal uses. In the present study, we aimed at the biosynthesis of zinc oxide using a curcumin extract. Although, toxic effects of curcumin derivative and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentration have been studied specifically on animal models besides the antibacterial activity of synthesized curcumin extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to synthesize extract combined zinc oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles and extract were characterized for the particle size distribution, morphology, optical properties and surface charge by using UVvisible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), (TEM) and (SEM). Elemental composition and structural properties were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles and curcumin were irregular shape and had a size distribution in the range of 50–100 nm. The in vitro toxicity effects of zinc oxide and extract showed no toxic effect with different concentration with antibacterial effect.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. WHY GREEN SYNTHESIS?
It removes the complicated protocol.
It can also meet the large-scale production requirement.
Methods using lower and higher plant materials and their products; fungi and sometimes
microorganisms for NPs fabrication are ecofriendly.
Since these materials are easily available and do not require organic solvent as reaction medium, they
are easy to handle and economical.
In major cases the NMs thus synthesized are capped by biomolecules like phenols, tannin, flavonoids
and ascorbate present in the plant materials.
They enhance stability of NPs and also prevent their interaction with atmospheric oxygen. These NMs
are thus not oxidized and can be kept for long period of time without undergoing any change in their
properties.
Green synthetic methods make use of many waste materials like banana peels, lemon rind, dried leaves
of medicinal plants and algae etc. The precursor even in crude form may react with these materials to
produce NPs.
7. 1
2
3
Protocols for nanoparticle synthesis
a) Bottom-up approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles via self-
assembling of various nuclei
b) Top-down approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles via size
reduction
8. Nanoparticles synthesis by flowers and leaves
of plants (Wang et al. 2019)
Parts of plants are thoroughly washed with
the help of tap water and sterilized by
double-distilled water followed by drying at
room temperature.
The dried sample goes to the process of
weighing and crushing.
Afterward, plants extract is mixed with
Milli-Q water as per desired concentration
and boiled with continuous stirring.
The obtained solution is then filtered with
Whatman filter paper, and the part in which
there is a clear solution was useful for
sample (plant extract).
9. Detailed scheme of bio-derived
fabrication/green synthesis of
nanoparticles using lower/higher plant
materials and their products; fungus and
microorganisms
10. Flowchart for synthetic route, characterization and applications of green synthesis of palladium and
platinum nanoparticles from plant’s extract. [Siddiqi and Husen (2016)]
11. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plants extract and AgNO3, its characterization and applicants in
various biomedical fields.
12. Synthetic route of gold nanoparticles by bio-reduction and stabilization of chemical moieties
present in the biogenic complexes.
13. Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Catharanthus roseus methanolic leaf extract and
palladium ion
14. Synthesis of Pd
nanoparticles by black
tea leaves (Camellia
sinensis) extract, its
catalytic activity in
Suzuki coupling reaction,
and reduction of 4-
nitrophenol.
15. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using plants, microorganisms, and others
17. Mechanism for the formation of CuONPs
Authors have argued that the precursor CuSO4
reacts with hydroxyl anion OH-, generated by the
ionization of water molecules and eventually
reduced by phytochemicals present in the seed
extract.
It must be clarified at this stage that:
(a) It is universally known that water is not
ionized until acidified water is electrolyzed.
(b) Cu (OH)2 can be formed only if NaOH or
requisite amount of NH4OH is added to a
copper salt as shown adjacent.
18. However, CuSO4 remains ionized in aqueous
medium or it may form hexaaquo copper
complex, [Cu(H2O)6].
Free Cu2+ ion is then reduced by protein or
polyphenol available in the black bean
extract.
19.
20. Applications of green synthesized nanoparticles in environmental and
biomedical fields
21. Applications of palladium and platinum nanoparticles in chemistry, biology, and
material science fields
22. Recent studies (during 2018–19) on plant-mediated synthesis of Cu-NPs, their morphology, and various applications
23.
24. Sustainable synthesis of cobalt and cobalt oxide nanoparticles and their catalytic and
biomedical applications
25. Silk Biomedical Applications
Tissue Engineering
Drug Delivery Systems
Biomedical Implants
Diagnostic Medical Devices
Silk Intrinsic Properties
Biocompatibility
Controllable Biodegradability
Excellent Mechanical Properties
26. Two approaches used to functionalize silk with
nanomaterials:
(1) Post-functionalization methods
(2) Feeding silkworms with modified diets containing
nanomaterials.
27. Feeding silkworm with Nanomaterials: A Greener Approach
In recent years, several attempts have been made to produce silk fibers with improved properties and new
functionalities by feeding silkworms with modified diets containing nanomaterials.
Nanomaterials possess unique physical, chemical, and biological properties and when combined with silk
can expand its applicability for biomedical applications.
Feeding silkworms with modified diets containing nanomaterials is a greener method of producing
functionalized silk fibers when compared to the alternative post-functionalization methods that include
multistep procedures and toxic chemicals.
The main advantages of using this greener method are related to the reduced usage of resources such as
water, energy, and additional chemicals to spin functional silk fibers, the maintenance of intrinsic silk
properties, the stability of the added new functionalities, and the possibility of large-scale production.
Feeding silkworms with different nanomaterials such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide
nanoparticles, and quantum dots has led to the production of silk fibers with improved properties (e.g.,
mechanical and thermal) and/or new functionalities (e.g., magnetical and luminescence).
However, nanomaterials concentration, dimensions, and solubility were shown to influence their uptake by
silkworms as well as silk fiber properties.
28. Feeding silkworms with modified diets containing nanomaterials, a green strategy to produce multifunctional
SFs:
(A) Silkworms are fed with nanomaterials sprayed in mulberry leaf or mixed in mulberry powder diet.
(B) Ingested nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, quantum dots) are mixed in the silk
glands of the larvae and incorporated in the SFs, which acquire improved properties and new
functionalities
29. Bacterial synthesized metal and metal salt nanoparticles in
biomedical applications
The green route synthesis exploits diverse reducing and stabilizing agents from
bacterial resources for the successful synthesis of metal nanoparticles.
Bacteria have the unique potential of intra- or extracellular production of inorganic
materials. Bacteria also produce nanoscale dimension of secondary product with
varied morphology. Due to the unique and versatile characteristics of microbial
resistance to most toxic heavy metals, there are great advantages associated with the
production of several metal nanoparticles.
From cell biology study reveals that, the resistance is mainly due to the chemical
detoxification and energy-dependent ion efflux of the cell by functional membrane
proteins as either ATPase or chemiosmoticcations or proton anti-transporters.
The bacterial mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has more importance in
commercial application due its extracellular conversion of soluble toxic inorganic
ions to nontoxic nano-clusters.
30. Possible mechanism involve in the synthesis of nanoparticles by bacterial reductase enzymes and extracellular
proteins
32. Possible mechanism on active role of electron shuttle quinones [redox mediators] in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles
33. Schematic illustration of mechanistic aspects for antibacterial influences of the produced NPs.
bacterial influences of the produced NPs.
34.
35.
36.
37. Cobalt oxide NPs synthesized using polymorphic bacterial templates.
Electron microscopic images and the prepared nanostructured materials.
The bacterial templates could be efficiently eliminated by calcination while retaining the original shape and size.
38.
39.
40. (a) Production of lignin NPs and lignin NPs/PVA composite film.
[ZP: Zeta-potential value, PDI: polydispersity index]
41. (b) Suggested mechanism for UV-shielding and antioxidant activity by applying lignin NPs as the functional additive.
44. Synthesis of nanomaterials
via plants, bacteria & wood
Principle of green synthesis
Advantages of green
synthesis over conventional
methods
SUMMARY
Biomedical Applications of
nanomaterials generated
through green
nanotechnology
45. Let’s join hand for a green future.
The need of today is to foster development but not at the cost of mankind.
Thus, there is an urgent need to promote green nanotechnology for human and
environmental sustainability. The development and commercialization of
viable green nanotechnologies is difficult and require concerted effort from the
researchers, government and other stakeholders. The development of this
environmentally friendly technology can go a long way in accelerating human
welfare.
Green nanotechnology refers to the application of green chemistry and green engineering principles to nanotechnology to evolve methods, materials and techniques for diverse applications like generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products. Green nanotechnology aims to not only contribute nanoproducts that provide solutions to environmental challenges, but also to produce nanomaterials without deteriorating the environment or human health. Green nanotechnology is likely to result in manufacturing processes that are more environmentally friendly and more energy efficient.There are two key aspects to green nanotechnology.(i) Involves nano products that provide solutions to environmental challenges, and(ii) Involves producing nanomaterials and products containing nanomaterials with a view toward minimizing harm to human health or the environment.
Green nanotechnology aims to develop sustainable environmentally-sustainable manufacturing processes and solutions to address burning issues like contamination of aquatic bodies, energy shortages and other areas of environmental concern. Green nanotechnology ‘sustains’ the fourth goal of the National Nanotechnology Initiative i.e. ‘supporting the responsible development of nanotechnology’ by following existing principles of green chemistry and green engineering. It enables nanotechnology to develop in a more responsible and sustainable manner by minimization or elimination of harmful materials used in the synthesis of nanomaterials or by using the products of nanotechnology to regulate these pollutants in the environment. Green nanotechnology is a sustainable approach to nanotechnology from design to production and product use to disposal or recycling. Thus, the eco friendly approach of green nanotechnology limits the risk of producing nanomaterials and minimizes the production of toxic intermediates and end-products. Green nanotechnology also aims to make current manufacturing processes for non-nano materials and products more environmentally friendly.
Conditions for the green synthesis of nanoparticles
Selection of green or environment-friendly solvent
Good reducing agent
Harmless material for stabilization
Synthetic routes for the synthesis of nanoparticles
Physical
Chemical
Biosynthetic routes
Generally, the chemical methods used are too expensive and incorporate the uses of hazardous and toxic chemicals answerable for various risks to the environment (Nath and Banerjee 2013).
The biosynthetic route is a safe, biocompatible, environment-friendly green approach to synthesize nanoparticles using plants and microorganisms for biomedical applications (Razavi et al. 2015).This synthesis can be carried out with fungi, algae, bacteria, and plants, etc. Some parts of plants such as leaves, fruits, roots, stem, seeds have been used for the synthesis of various nanoparticles due to the presence of phytochemicals in its extract which acts like stabilization and reducing agent (Narayanan and Sakthivel 2011).
Silk is a natural protein material spun into fibers through the metamorphosis of silk-producing arthropods such as silkworms. For a long time, humans have been using silk and exploiting its properties for different applications. Textile fabrics and surgical suture materials are two of its oldest and most well-known applications. For more than a decade, silk has been used in the biomedical field, namely, for tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, bioimaging, biomedical implants, and medical devices. Silk produced by the Bombyx mori (B. mori) silkworm is the most commonly used silk worldwide. During its life cycle, the B. mori silkworm passes through four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult moth. Silkworms are only fed during their larval stage. Although their main source of food is fresh mulberry leaves, they can also consume artificial diets based on powdered mulberry leaves. Throughout the larval stage, the silkworm molts its skin four times to grow. The larval life is thus divided into five different instars. The fifth instar is the longest, where the larvae show maximum food consumption and higher growth. At the end of this stage, the silkworm starts spinning a cocoon, which is composed of 600−1500 m of fiber. B. mori silk fibers (SFs) are mainly composed of two proteins: fibroin (70%−80%) and sericin (20%−30%).3 The fibroin structure has two main configurations: silk I and silk II. Silk I is characterized by random-coil and α-helix structures and silk II by a β-sheet structure. The β-sheet structure (about 55%) provides strength and stiffness to silk, whereas the random-coil and α-helix structures contribute to its extensibility and toughness. Sericin is a glue-like protein that holds the fibroin fibers together during cocoon formation. For biomedical applications, sericin is often removed from the core SFs, due to its toxicity, by a degumming process using sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The obtained SFs can be used directly or further dissolved in solvents like lithium bromide (LiBr) to obtain a regenerated silk fibroin aqueous solution which can be processed into multiple forms such as hydrogels, films, micro/ nanospheres, 3D printed structures, scaffolds, fibers, or sponges. Silk fibroin presents excellent mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and controllable biodegradability, making it appealing in the biomedical field. Although silk fibroin manufacturing can be easily scaled up, has small batch-to-batch variation, and is a time-saving process, the longterm storage of concentrated silk fibroin aqueous solution can be a problem in terms of stability. Moreover, it can be difficult to control its structure and molecular weight, especially after functionalization
Silk is a natural protein material spun into fibers through the metamorphosis of silk-producing arthropods such as silkworms. For a long time, humans have been using silk and exploiting its properties for different applications. Textile fabrics and surgical suture materials are two of its oldest and most well-known applications. For more than a decade, silk has been used in the biomedical field, namely, for tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, bioimaging, biomedical implants, and medical devices. Silk produced by the Bombyx mori (B. mori) silkworm is the most commonly used silk worldwide. During its life cycle, the B. mori silkworm passes through four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult moth. Silkworms are only fed during their larval stage. Although their main source of food is fresh mulberry leaves, they can also consume artificial diets based on powdered mulberry leaves. Throughout the larval stage, the silkworm molts its skin four times to grow. The larval life is thus divided into five different instars. The fifth instar is the longest, where the larvae show maximum food consumption and higher growth. At the end of this stage, the silkworm starts spinning a cocoon, which is composed of 600−1500 m of fiber. B. mori silk fibers (SFs) are mainly composed of two proteins: fibroin (70%−80%) and sericin (20%−30%).3 The fibroin structure has two main configurations: silk I and silk II. Silk I is characterized by random-coil and α-helix structures and silk II by a β-sheet structure. The β-sheet structure (about 55%) provides strength and stiffness to silk, whereas the random-coil and α-helix structures contribute to its extensibility and toughness. Sericin is a glue-like protein that holds the fibroin fibers together during cocoon formation. For biomedical applications, sericin is often removed from the core SFs, due to its toxicity, by a degumming process using sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The obtained SFs can be used directly or further dissolved in solvents like lithium bromide (LiBr) to obtain a regenerated silk fibroin aqueous solution which can be processed into multiple forms such as hydrogels, films, micro/ nanospheres, 3D printed structures, scaffolds, fibers, or sponges. Silk fibroin presents excellent mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and controllable biodegradability, making it appealing in the biomedical field. Although silk fibroin manufacturing can be easily scaled up, has small batch-to-batch variation, and is a time-saving process, the longterm storage of concentrated silk fibroin aqueous solution can be a problem in terms of stability. Moreover, it can be difficult to control its structure and molecular weight, especially after functionalization
Design strategy for the plant-inspired catechol-chemistry-based self-adhesive, tough, and antibacterial NPs-P-PAA hydrogel.
Formation of radicals by the redox reaction between silver-lignin NPs and ammonium persulfate (APS), stimulating the gelation of the hydrogelunder an ambient environment.
Quinone-catechol reversible reaction maintains dynamic balance.
Scheme of molecular structure of plant-inspired adhesive and tough hydrogel.
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) spectra for quinone radical detection.
TEM micrograph demonstrates the core-shell structure of silver-lignin NPs.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrograph demonstrates the silver-lignin NPs structure.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph demonstrates the microfibril structures in the hydrogel. P, pectin; PAA, polyacrylic acid