This document describes the modeling and simulation of the transfer function characteristics of an RLC circuit using MATLAB/GUI. It begins with an introduction to RLC circuits and their importance. It then provides theoretical background on transfer functions, series RLC circuits, and step responses. The document proceeds to describe the development of a MATLAB graphical user interface to model and simulate an RLC circuit. It provides examples of simulations using different component values and discusses the results. Validation of the simulator is also presented by comparing results from the GUI simulator to manual calculations. The conclusion is that the GUI simulator allows for easy understanding and analysis of RLC circuit behavior as components values vary.
This paper presents the functions of Series-Loaded Resonant Converter (SLRC). Series Loaded Resonant DC-DC converter is a type of soft-switching topology widely known for providing improved efficiency. Zero voltage switching (ZVS) buck converter is more preferable over hard switched buck converter for low power, high frequency DC-DC conversion applications. Zero Voltage switching techniques will be used to improve the efficiency of current and voltage at the series loaded half-bridge rectifier. The results will be described from PSIM simulation, Programming of MATLAB calculation and hardware testing.
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLABPremier Publishers
Designing a controller for pulse width modulation (PWM) power converters is a real challenge owing to nonlinear and time-variant nature of switching power converters. PID con- trollers based on classical control theory is the simplest controller design approach. Nevertheless, the approach is valid only for linear system and hence the converter has to be linearized. The trial and error method of tuning the controller parameters may not give satisfactory results for advanced converters. Hence a systematic software aided controller design is required. This paper presents a systematic approach for controller design of a dc-dc converter using MATLAB. A simple converter like boost converter is taken as an example to illustrate the approach. Small signal modeling of a boost converter is derived theoretically. This is compared with MATLAB generated small signal model and resultant converter transfer functions. The controller design of the linearised converter is done using MATLAB. Finally, the performance of the controller is verified for line and load variations.
Soft Computing Technique for the Control of Triple-Lift Luo ConverterIJERA Editor
Positive output Luo converters are a series of new DC-DC step-up (boost) converters, which were developed from prototypes using voltage lift technique. These converters perform positive to positive DC-DC voltage increasing conversion with high power density, high efficiency and cheap topology in simple structure. They are different from other existing DC-DC step-up converters with a high output voltage and small ripples. Triple lift LUO circuit is derived from positive output elementary Luo converter by adding the lift circuit three times. Due to the time varying and switching nature of the Luo converters, their dynamic behaviour becomes highly nonlinear. The classical control methods employed to design the controllers for Luo converters depend on the operating point so that it is very difficult to select control parameters because of the presence of parasitic elements, time varying loads and variable supply voltages. Conventional controllers require a good knowledge of the system and accurate tuning in order to obtain the desired performances. A fuzzy logic controller is a soft computing technique which neither requires a precise mathematical model of the system nor complex computations. The performances of the Triple-lift Luo converter with fuzzy logic controller are evaluated under line and load disturbances using Matlab-Simulink based simulation. The results are presented and analyzed.
Carbon nano tube based delay model for high speed energy efficient on chip da...elelijjournal
Speed is a major concern for high density VLSI networks. In this paper the closed form delay model for current mode signalling in VLSI interconnects has been proposed with resistive load termination.RLC interconnect line is modelled using characteristic impedance of transmission line and inductive effect.The inductive effect is dominant at lower technology node is modelled into an equivalent resistance. In this model first order transfer function is designed using finite difference equation, and by applying the boundary conditions at the source and load termination. It has been observed that the dominant pole determines system response and delay in the proposed model. Using CNIA tool (carbon nanotube interconnect analyzer) the interconnect line parameters has been estimated at 45nm technology node. The novel proposed current mode model superiority has been validated for CNT type of material. It superiority factor remains to 66.66% as compared to voltage mode signalling. And current mode dissipates 0.015pJ energy where as VM consume 0.045pJ for a single bit transmission across the interconnect over CNT
material. Secondly the damping factor of a lumped RLC circuit is shown to be a useful figure of merit.
Algorithm for Fault Location and Classification on Parallel Transmission Line...IJECEIAES
This paper proposed a new algorithm for fault location and classification using wavelet based on Clarke’s transformation to obtain the fault current. This novel method of fault current approach is studied by comparing the use of the glide path of the fault voltage. The current alpha and beta (Current Mode) were used to transform the signal using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The fault location was determined by using the Clarke’s transformation, and then turned into a wavelet, which was very precise and thorough. The most accurate was the mother wavelet Db4 which had the fastest time and smallest error detection when compared with the other wavelet mothers. In this study, the Clarke’s transformation is also compared with the Karenbauer’s, which has produced results with similar error percentage. The simulation results using PSCAD / EMTDC software showed that the proposed algorithm could distinguish internal and external faults to get the current signal in the transformation of a signal fault.
This paper presents the functions of Series-Loaded Resonant Converter (SLRC). Series Loaded Resonant DC-DC converter is a type of soft-switching topology widely known for providing improved efficiency. Zero voltage switching (ZVS) buck converter is more preferable over hard switched buck converter for low power, high frequency DC-DC conversion applications. Zero Voltage switching techniques will be used to improve the efficiency of current and voltage at the series loaded half-bridge rectifier. The results will be described from PSIM simulation, Programming of MATLAB calculation and hardware testing.
Small Signal Modelling and Controller Design of Boost Converter using MATLABPremier Publishers
Designing a controller for pulse width modulation (PWM) power converters is a real challenge owing to nonlinear and time-variant nature of switching power converters. PID con- trollers based on classical control theory is the simplest controller design approach. Nevertheless, the approach is valid only for linear system and hence the converter has to be linearized. The trial and error method of tuning the controller parameters may not give satisfactory results for advanced converters. Hence a systematic software aided controller design is required. This paper presents a systematic approach for controller design of a dc-dc converter using MATLAB. A simple converter like boost converter is taken as an example to illustrate the approach. Small signal modeling of a boost converter is derived theoretically. This is compared with MATLAB generated small signal model and resultant converter transfer functions. The controller design of the linearised converter is done using MATLAB. Finally, the performance of the controller is verified for line and load variations.
Soft Computing Technique for the Control of Triple-Lift Luo ConverterIJERA Editor
Positive output Luo converters are a series of new DC-DC step-up (boost) converters, which were developed from prototypes using voltage lift technique. These converters perform positive to positive DC-DC voltage increasing conversion with high power density, high efficiency and cheap topology in simple structure. They are different from other existing DC-DC step-up converters with a high output voltage and small ripples. Triple lift LUO circuit is derived from positive output elementary Luo converter by adding the lift circuit three times. Due to the time varying and switching nature of the Luo converters, their dynamic behaviour becomes highly nonlinear. The classical control methods employed to design the controllers for Luo converters depend on the operating point so that it is very difficult to select control parameters because of the presence of parasitic elements, time varying loads and variable supply voltages. Conventional controllers require a good knowledge of the system and accurate tuning in order to obtain the desired performances. A fuzzy logic controller is a soft computing technique which neither requires a precise mathematical model of the system nor complex computations. The performances of the Triple-lift Luo converter with fuzzy logic controller are evaluated under line and load disturbances using Matlab-Simulink based simulation. The results are presented and analyzed.
Carbon nano tube based delay model for high speed energy efficient on chip da...elelijjournal
Speed is a major concern for high density VLSI networks. In this paper the closed form delay model for current mode signalling in VLSI interconnects has been proposed with resistive load termination.RLC interconnect line is modelled using characteristic impedance of transmission line and inductive effect.The inductive effect is dominant at lower technology node is modelled into an equivalent resistance. In this model first order transfer function is designed using finite difference equation, and by applying the boundary conditions at the source and load termination. It has been observed that the dominant pole determines system response and delay in the proposed model. Using CNIA tool (carbon nanotube interconnect analyzer) the interconnect line parameters has been estimated at 45nm technology node. The novel proposed current mode model superiority has been validated for CNT type of material. It superiority factor remains to 66.66% as compared to voltage mode signalling. And current mode dissipates 0.015pJ energy where as VM consume 0.045pJ for a single bit transmission across the interconnect over CNT
material. Secondly the damping factor of a lumped RLC circuit is shown to be a useful figure of merit.
Algorithm for Fault Location and Classification on Parallel Transmission Line...IJECEIAES
This paper proposed a new algorithm for fault location and classification using wavelet based on Clarke’s transformation to obtain the fault current. This novel method of fault current approach is studied by comparing the use of the glide path of the fault voltage. The current alpha and beta (Current Mode) were used to transform the signal using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The fault location was determined by using the Clarke’s transformation, and then turned into a wavelet, which was very precise and thorough. The most accurate was the mother wavelet Db4 which had the fastest time and smallest error detection when compared with the other wavelet mothers. In this study, the Clarke’s transformation is also compared with the Karenbauer’s, which has produced results with similar error percentage. The simulation results using PSCAD / EMTDC software showed that the proposed algorithm could distinguish internal and external faults to get the current signal in the transformation of a signal fault.
An Approach for Power Flow Analysis of Radial Distribution Networksresearchinventy
This paper provides an easy and effective approach to the load flow solution of Radial distribution networks. As compared to the various methods proposed in the past, this work presents a new technique consisting of load flow solution of the network, facilitated by the identification of all the nodes beyond a particular branch. The proposed method is quite accurate and reliable for the system having any number of nodes. The primary target of this work is to evaluate the results with high precision and convergence.
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensationidescitation
For load compensation a number of control strategies have been developed by
researchers but choice of control strategy is important to cope with the operating condition
of system. In this paper five control strategies viz. instantaneous p-q theory, synchronous
reference frame Method(SRF), Modified SRF Method(MSRF), instantaneous symmetrical
component theory(ISCT) and Average unit power factor theory(AUPFT) are compared for
different two conditions. The performance of the system simulated in Matlab Platform and
evaluated considering the source current total harmonic distortion. The result shows
Modified SRF(id-iq) Method has improved system performance as compared to others.
New Approaches for Harmonic Reduction Using Cascaded H-Bridge and Level Modulesijiert bestjournal
This paper analyzes and compares two approaches for dc to ac power conversion i.e. inverter . First method uses cascaded H - Bridge Inverter and second uses new Multi - level Scheme having Level Modules and H - Bridge. The simulation is done in MATLAB Software. Also the hardware can be done by taking the AC supply from the mains and converts it into DC suppl y by using rectifier. MOSFET can be used for switching purpose. The Total Harmon ic Distortion in output load voltage,produced by both the approaches is compared. It is shown that THD produced in second scheme is better up to a certain stages of the first scheme. The Total Harmonic Distortion produced in output load voltage when casca ded H - Bridge is used is 12.64% while t he Total Harmonic Distortion produced in output load voltage when Level Modules and H - Bridge are used is 7.94%.
Accurate Symbolic Steady State Modeling of Buck ConverterIJECEIAES
Steady state analysis is fundamental to any electric and electronic circuit design. Buck converter is one of most popular power electronics circuit and has been analyzed in various situations. Although the behavior of buck converters can be understood approximately by the well-known state space averaging method, little is known in the sense of detailed behavior or exact solution to equations. In this paper a steady state analysis of buck converter is proposed which allows the exact calculation of steady state response. Our exact solution is expressed as a Fourier series. Our result is compared with numerical calculation to be verified. Our method copes with more complicated problems such as describing average power and root-mean-square power that are most critical issues in power electronics circuit.
Asymmetrical Nine-level Inverter Topology with Reduce Power Semicondutor DevicesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper a new single-phase multilevel inverter topology is presented. Proposed topology is
capable of producing nine-level output voltage with reduce device counts. It can be achieved by arranging
available switches and dc sources in a fashion such that the maximum combination of addition and
subtraction of the input dc sources can be obtained. To verify the viability of the proposed topology, the
circuit model is developed and simulated in Matlab-Simulink software. Experimental testing results of the
proposed nine-level inverter topology, developed in the laboratory, are presented. A low frequency
switching strategy is employed in this work. The results show that the proposed topology is capable to
produce a nine-level output voltage, capable in handling inductive load and yields acceptable harmonic
distortion content.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF STANDBY AND ACTIVE ENERGY FOR SUB-THRESHOLD CIRC...VLSICS Design
Increased downscaling of CMOS circuits with respect to feature size and threshold voltage has a result of dramatically increasing in leakage current. So, leakage power reduction is an important design issue for active and standby modes as long as the technology scaling increased. In this paper, a simultaneous active and standby energy optimization methodology is proposed for 22 nm sub-threshold CMOS circuits. In the first phase, we investigate the dual threshold voltage design for active energy per cycle minimization. A
slack based genetic algorithm is proposed to find the optimal reverse body bias assignment to set of noncritical
paths gates to ensure low active energy per cycle with the maximum allowable frequency at the optimal supply voltage. The second phase, determine the optimal reverse body bias that can be applied to all gates for standby power optimization at the optimal supply voltage determined from the first phase.
Therefore, there exist two sets of gates and two reverse body bias values for each set. The reverse body bias is switched between these two values in response to the mode of operation. Experimental results are obtained for some ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits such as 74L85, 74283, ALU74181, and 16 bit RCA. The optimized circuits show significant energy saving ranged (from 14.5% to 42.28%) and standby power
saving ranged (from 62.8% to 67%)
Nasal Parameters of Ibibio and Yakurr Ethnic Groups of South South NigeriaIOSR Journals
The study involved 400 subjects, 200 each of the two ethnic groups(100 males and 100 females). The age range was 18-35years. Subjects with facial deformities or surgeries that involved the nasal region were excluded from the study. Subjects that have both parents and grandparents of each ethnic group and who have lived in that environment for at least the first 18years of their lifetime were selected for the study. The nasal length and width were measured using spreading calipers and nasal indices deducted from these measurements. Test for significance was done using the students’ t-test. Results showed the nasal indices of the Ibibio males and females to be 86.58±1.20 and 81.75±1.14 respectively and for the Yakurr males and females, it was 77.76±0.82 and 102.27±1.13 respectively. There was significant ethnic and gender differences in all the nasal parameters (nasal length, nasal width and nasal indices) at p<0.05. From the nasal indices the nose type of the Ibibio males is platyrrhine while that of the Ibibio females is mesorrhine, the Yakurr males also have mesorrhine nose type while the Yakurr females have platyrrhine nose type. With this result, nasal parameters could be a useful tool in gender and ethnic differentiation between the Ibibio and Yakurr ethnic groups.
Effects of Eccentric Strength Training’s Time on Daily Plasma Testosterone Le...IOSR Journals
This study aims to evaluate the effects of the eccentric physical training’s time on daily plasma concentrations of testosterone among sedentary athletes. Sixty male athletes, with homogeneous age, size and weight were selected for the study during three months. They were subjects to a strength training of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee. After they were divided in two groups of thirty subjects and then had physical training either in the morning between 6 and 7, or in the evening, between 16 and 17. The dosage of testosterone on each athlete was performed before and after submission to an eccentric physical program at the antecubital vein in a restful sitting. Our results have shown that eccentric physical training induces the increase of this steroid hormone in the two groups of athletes and the training in the evening promotes better its production. Our results also showed that the rate of this androgen drop significantly during the day in both groups of athletes trained in the morning or in the evening as well as their respective controls. However, the decline was even more pronounced for subjects trained in the morning
An Approach for Power Flow Analysis of Radial Distribution Networksresearchinventy
This paper provides an easy and effective approach to the load flow solution of Radial distribution networks. As compared to the various methods proposed in the past, this work presents a new technique consisting of load flow solution of the network, facilitated by the identification of all the nodes beyond a particular branch. The proposed method is quite accurate and reliable for the system having any number of nodes. The primary target of this work is to evaluate the results with high precision and convergence.
Comparison of Control Strategies of DSTATACOM for Non-linear Load Compensationidescitation
For load compensation a number of control strategies have been developed by
researchers but choice of control strategy is important to cope with the operating condition
of system. In this paper five control strategies viz. instantaneous p-q theory, synchronous
reference frame Method(SRF), Modified SRF Method(MSRF), instantaneous symmetrical
component theory(ISCT) and Average unit power factor theory(AUPFT) are compared for
different two conditions. The performance of the system simulated in Matlab Platform and
evaluated considering the source current total harmonic distortion. The result shows
Modified SRF(id-iq) Method has improved system performance as compared to others.
New Approaches for Harmonic Reduction Using Cascaded H-Bridge and Level Modulesijiert bestjournal
This paper analyzes and compares two approaches for dc to ac power conversion i.e. inverter . First method uses cascaded H - Bridge Inverter and second uses new Multi - level Scheme having Level Modules and H - Bridge. The simulation is done in MATLAB Software. Also the hardware can be done by taking the AC supply from the mains and converts it into DC suppl y by using rectifier. MOSFET can be used for switching purpose. The Total Harmon ic Distortion in output load voltage,produced by both the approaches is compared. It is shown that THD produced in second scheme is better up to a certain stages of the first scheme. The Total Harmonic Distortion produced in output load voltage when casca ded H - Bridge is used is 12.64% while t he Total Harmonic Distortion produced in output load voltage when Level Modules and H - Bridge are used is 7.94%.
Accurate Symbolic Steady State Modeling of Buck ConverterIJECEIAES
Steady state analysis is fundamental to any electric and electronic circuit design. Buck converter is one of most popular power electronics circuit and has been analyzed in various situations. Although the behavior of buck converters can be understood approximately by the well-known state space averaging method, little is known in the sense of detailed behavior or exact solution to equations. In this paper a steady state analysis of buck converter is proposed which allows the exact calculation of steady state response. Our exact solution is expressed as a Fourier series. Our result is compared with numerical calculation to be verified. Our method copes with more complicated problems such as describing average power and root-mean-square power that are most critical issues in power electronics circuit.
Asymmetrical Nine-level Inverter Topology with Reduce Power Semicondutor DevicesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper a new single-phase multilevel inverter topology is presented. Proposed topology is
capable of producing nine-level output voltage with reduce device counts. It can be achieved by arranging
available switches and dc sources in a fashion such that the maximum combination of addition and
subtraction of the input dc sources can be obtained. To verify the viability of the proposed topology, the
circuit model is developed and simulated in Matlab-Simulink software. Experimental testing results of the
proposed nine-level inverter topology, developed in the laboratory, are presented. A low frequency
switching strategy is employed in this work. The results show that the proposed topology is capable to
produce a nine-level output voltage, capable in handling inductive load and yields acceptable harmonic
distortion content.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF STANDBY AND ACTIVE ENERGY FOR SUB-THRESHOLD CIRC...VLSICS Design
Increased downscaling of CMOS circuits with respect to feature size and threshold voltage has a result of dramatically increasing in leakage current. So, leakage power reduction is an important design issue for active and standby modes as long as the technology scaling increased. In this paper, a simultaneous active and standby energy optimization methodology is proposed for 22 nm sub-threshold CMOS circuits. In the first phase, we investigate the dual threshold voltage design for active energy per cycle minimization. A
slack based genetic algorithm is proposed to find the optimal reverse body bias assignment to set of noncritical
paths gates to ensure low active energy per cycle with the maximum allowable frequency at the optimal supply voltage. The second phase, determine the optimal reverse body bias that can be applied to all gates for standby power optimization at the optimal supply voltage determined from the first phase.
Therefore, there exist two sets of gates and two reverse body bias values for each set. The reverse body bias is switched between these two values in response to the mode of operation. Experimental results are obtained for some ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits such as 74L85, 74283, ALU74181, and 16 bit RCA. The optimized circuits show significant energy saving ranged (from 14.5% to 42.28%) and standby power
saving ranged (from 62.8% to 67%)
Nasal Parameters of Ibibio and Yakurr Ethnic Groups of South South NigeriaIOSR Journals
The study involved 400 subjects, 200 each of the two ethnic groups(100 males and 100 females). The age range was 18-35years. Subjects with facial deformities or surgeries that involved the nasal region were excluded from the study. Subjects that have both parents and grandparents of each ethnic group and who have lived in that environment for at least the first 18years of their lifetime were selected for the study. The nasal length and width were measured using spreading calipers and nasal indices deducted from these measurements. Test for significance was done using the students’ t-test. Results showed the nasal indices of the Ibibio males and females to be 86.58±1.20 and 81.75±1.14 respectively and for the Yakurr males and females, it was 77.76±0.82 and 102.27±1.13 respectively. There was significant ethnic and gender differences in all the nasal parameters (nasal length, nasal width and nasal indices) at p<0.05. From the nasal indices the nose type of the Ibibio males is platyrrhine while that of the Ibibio females is mesorrhine, the Yakurr males also have mesorrhine nose type while the Yakurr females have platyrrhine nose type. With this result, nasal parameters could be a useful tool in gender and ethnic differentiation between the Ibibio and Yakurr ethnic groups.
Effects of Eccentric Strength Training’s Time on Daily Plasma Testosterone Le...IOSR Journals
This study aims to evaluate the effects of the eccentric physical training’s time on daily plasma concentrations of testosterone among sedentary athletes. Sixty male athletes, with homogeneous age, size and weight were selected for the study during three months. They were subjects to a strength training of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee. After they were divided in two groups of thirty subjects and then had physical training either in the morning between 6 and 7, or in the evening, between 16 and 17. The dosage of testosterone on each athlete was performed before and after submission to an eccentric physical program at the antecubital vein in a restful sitting. Our results have shown that eccentric physical training induces the increase of this steroid hormone in the two groups of athletes and the training in the evening promotes better its production. Our results also showed that the rate of this androgen drop significantly during the day in both groups of athletes trained in the morning or in the evening as well as their respective controls. However, the decline was even more pronounced for subjects trained in the morning
Documentaries use for the design of learning activitiesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Documentaries used in the training field constitute the rich sources of information. They have the
advantage to associate the elements of knowledge with events which request the episodic memory of the
learner.Thus, these documentaries increase the probability of retention of knowledge they convey. However, the
logical sequence of knowledge does not guarantee an efficient construction which can be mobilized in situations
of action. In this paper, we seek how to benefit from the potential of these documentaries to promote the
construction and mobilization of knowledge by the learner in an elearning platform. Particularly, we propose a
method allowing segmenting the contents of a documentary to design learning activities. Based on a case study
related to the field of mechatronics, we begin by segmenting the content of a documentary in terms of elements
of knowledge (facts, concepts, procedures, and rules) then we connect with each of these problems they seek to
find answers. We reorganize learning activities to promote the acquisition and mobilization of knowledge by the
learner. We conclude by proposing a pedagogical scenario to implement these activities in elearning platform.
Keywords: LMS, IMS-LD, Documentary, Design, Elearning
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transient response of shunt s...Editor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Due to increasing complexity, space and cost of communication network, the Electric Power Network has been considered a great option for the solution of all problems. Power line communications (PLC) term stands for the technologies for the data communication over the electrical power supply network. Existing power system is not designed for having data transfer. In this paper we have developed a simulation model of power-line for low voltage distribution network in home. Impulse response of the channel is generated in order to characterize the behavior of power line channel for high speed data communication purpose. To represent Multi-branch network mathematically, ABCD matrix parameters are used. Load mismatching is experimented on three parameters multiple loading, multi branch and different cable length and analysis is presented of its effect on impulse response. All the simulation work has been done using MATLAB.
State-space averaged modeling and transfer function derivation of DC-DC boost...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents dynamic analysis of a boost type DC-DC converter for high-brightness LED (HBLED) driving applications. The steady state operation in presence of all system parasitics has been discussed for continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging, energy conservation principle and standard linearization are used to derive ac small signal control to inductor current open-loop transfer function of the converter. The derived transfer function can be further used in designing a robust feed-back control network for the system. In the end frequency and transient responses of the derived transfer function are obtained for a given set of component values, hence to provide a useful guide for control design engineers.
Small Signal Modelling of a Buck Converter using State Space Averaging for Ma...paperpublications3
Abstract: Nowadays, step-down power converters such as buck scheme are widely employed in a variety of applications such as power supplies, spacecraft power systems, hybrid vehicles and power supplies in particle accelerators. This paper presents a comprehensive small-signal model for the DC-DC buck converter operated under Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) for a magnetic load. Initially, the buck converter is modeled using state-space average model and dynamic equations, depicting the converter, are derived. The proposed model can be used to design powerful, precise and robust closed loop controller that can satisfy stability and performance conditions of the DC-DC buck regulator. This model can be used in any DC-DC converter (Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost) by modifying the converter mathematical equations.
This chapter provides complete solution of of first, Second order differential equations of series & parallel R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits, bu using different methods.
Analytical Delay Model for Distributed On-Chip RLCG Global Interconnects for ...IDES Editor
Fast delay estimation methods, as compared to
simulation techniques, are needed for incremental
performance-driven layout synthesis. On-chip inductive and
conductive effects are becoming predominant in deep
submicron (DSM) interconnects due to increasing clock
speeds; circuit complexity and interconnect lengths.
Inductance causes noise in the signal waveforms, which can
adversely affect the performance of the circuit and signal
integrity. Elmore delay-based estimation methods, although
efficient, fails to accurately estimate the delay for RLCG
interconnect lines. This paper presents an analytical delay
model, based on first and second moments of RLCG
interconnection lines, that considers the effect of inductance
and conductance for the estimation of delay in interconnection
lines. Simulation results justify the efficacy of the proposed
delay modelling approach.
Effect of Passive Damping on the Performance of Buck Converter for Magnet Loadpaperpublications3
Abstract: A DC to DC converter is a lossless dc transformer that supply regulated output voltage under varying load and input voltage condition and also the converter parameter values changes with time and physical quantity like temperature etc. This paper presents the design and simulation of an open loop buck converter for magnet load using Simulink and Sim Power System library of MATLAB.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
E017122733
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 17, Issue 1, Ver. II (Jan – Feb. 2015), PP 27-33
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17122733 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
Modeling Of Transfer Function Characteristic of Rlc-Circuit
1
B. O. Omijeh and 2
s.K.Ogboukebe
1,2
Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigerian
Abstract: The performances of a transfer function characteristic of RLC-circuit is investigated and modeled in
this paper. The ever increasing demand for electronics has led to the continuous search for the most readily
available means of providing better performance of the system. The method of analyzing RLC circuit is never
constant and since the resistor (R), inductor (L), and the capacitor (C) are use in every electronic system, a
proper understanding of system is necessary to know what happen to system when any of parameter is alter. The
design methodology employed in this work involves: the modeling of the equation of the RLC circuit, developing
appropriate algorithms to imitate the real life behavior of an RLC circuit, Appling matlab codes in the m-file
and carrying out analysis of the designed RLC circuit in the Matlab GUI. Result obtained showed good proper
behavior of the system when the input parameters were varied.
Keywords: RLC-circuit, matlab, gui, transfer function
I. Introduction
RLC circuits in the past and present have been source of error and inaccuracy in many major
applications causing poor performance of electrical product and prototype. Recent researches in regard to this
aspect seen to provide opportunities in improving the RLC circuit simulation for advancement in technology, it
have been analyze in several way, that is separately as resistance (R), inductance (L) and capacitance(C) and
also have been analyze together as RLC circuit, making it more confusing to study independently by student,
without an instructor and the display of it’s transfer function characteristics in the time domain or frequency
domain so that one can control the system in order to achieve the desire output.
The transfer function is an important factor to consider in the design of any system because with the
help of the transfer function one can describes the behavior of the output as a function of the input frequency.
Therefore it's easy for us to control the system to achieve the output we wanted. It helps us decide the output of
the system for every inputs, and to decide if the system is stable or not, to finds out the resonance frequencies of
the system, to optimize the system and to determine system behavior with all possible inputs. In other hand,
modeling is the process of producing a model, that is a representation of the construction and working of
propose system or existing it help in evaluation of the system.
The analysis of this component always pose a problem where wrong analysis result to poor
performance of the system after long time and capital have been lavish on the design, or doubling of a
component not necessary in the design due to uncertainty when analyzing leading to increase in cost. The big
question is how can these be avoided or minimized? In this work, a much dimensional solution is proposed by
developing a GUI in matlab/guide.
The objective of this paper is to develop and model a transfer function characteristics of an RLC
circuits in which one could be able to select capacitor, inductor and resistor used in design process in accordance
to the required specification, running analysis with easy having no difficulty in calculation of the parameters and
to ensue adequate safety and good performance of electrical circuit design and prototype. The first step is the
modeling of the equation of the RLC circuit. The second step is the designing of the RLC circuit model using
the equation using matlab/Guide. The final step is carrying out analysis of the designed RLC circuit.
Jaradat (2006) carried out analysis on RLC circuit using Matlab, maxima and Pspice, the analysis was
carried out on four circuits namely; DC, AC, Transient, and Frequency Response. The purpose of the analysis
was to enable users understand the behavior of RLC circuit under varying component values. The result obtain
were good though the GUI of the application lacked some input features.
Mathwork (2007) presented ‘Analyzing the Response of an RLC Circuit’. It shows how to use the
Control System Toolbox functions to analyze the time and frequency responses of common RLC circuits as a
function of their physical parameters, analyzing circuit configurations such as low-pass and high-pass RLC
networks. The work was limited to the fact that it cannot analyze angular resonance, phase margin and also
damping factor.
in their project work at the university of Port Harcourt, presented ‘modeling and simulation of transfer
function characteristics of RLC circuit’ as an advancement of modeling and simulation of transfer function
characteristic of an RLC circuit, model with simulink parameter and simulation enhancer, presented in graphical
user interface (GUI), For better understanding and accuracy of electrical product or prototype ( Karris, 2003).
2. Modeling of transfer function characteristic of rlc-circuit
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17122733 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
II. Theoretical Background
THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT AND STEP RESPONSE: Series RLC circuits are classed as second-
order circuits because they contain two energy storage elements, an inductance L and a capacitance C. Consider
the RLC circuit Fig.1.
Fig. 1: series RLC circuit (http://www.electronics-tutorials)
Transfer Function Of Rlc Circuit:
A series circuit containing R, L, and C is in resonance when the current in the circuit is in phase with
the total voltage across the circuit. Depending on the particular values of R, L, and C, resonance occurs at one
distinct frequency. Because of its distinct frequency characteristics, the series resonant circuit is one of the most
important frequency selective circuits.
An important consideration when designing an RLC circuit is the non ideal nature of the reactive
components. Real capacitors closely approximate perfect capacitors so we may neglect the parallel resistance
associated with D. Real inductors, however, have a small series resistance which is shown in the circuit diagram
as r. This cannot normally be neglected since the Q of real inductors is not infinitely large.
The transfer function for this network, Vout / Vin, which we will call F is, by inspection:
This equation is approximate since r is itself a function of frequency. However, the approximation is
fairly good and measured transfer functions do not differ much from it for reasonable ranges of frequency. F
has both a phase and a magnitude as a function of frequency. Since the circuit is a series resonant circuit, at
resonance, the inductive and capacitive reactances have equal values but opposite signs so the imaginary term in
the denominator goes to zero and the value of F just becomes R / r + R.
The graph below shows a series of plots of the transfer function for a series RLC circuit where the
inductance had a value of 1.0 mH, the capacitor was 25.3 uF and the series resistor across the output, R, was 1.0
ohm. The three curves are for inductors with three different Q values: 100, 10 and 1. As you can see, the
highest Q circuit had the least loss and the narrowest pass band. The pass band is defined as the difference, in
Hz, between the two frequencies at which the F is down 3 dB from its peak value. The lowest value of Q
resulted in the greatest loss and the broadest pass band.
There is an approximate linear relation between circuit Q and bandwidth which is:
Q = o /
Where is the bandwidth between -3 dB points as previously described.
Fig.2:series of plots of the transfer function for a series RLC circuit
3. Modeling of transfer function characteristic of rlc-circuit
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17122733 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
Note that the overall Q Fig.2 of the circuit must also take into account the value of R, the output series
resistance, since it is part of the circuit. That is, for the circuit as a whole, the total resistance is r+R, not just r.
So:
Circuit Q = L / (r+R)
At resonance, XL. = XC, and the resonant frequency is determined using the values of L and C (Omijeh, 2009):
fr= 1 / 2 LC)1/2
Also the step response is obtained by the sudden application of a dc source. Consider the series RLC
circuit shown in Fig. 3. Applying KVL around the loop for t>0,
Fig.3 step voltage apply to series rlc circuit (Alexander and Sadiku 4th
edition)
But 1.1
The solution to Eq. (1.1) has two components: the transient vs(t) response and the steady-state response
vss(t); that is,
V(t) = vs(t) + vss(t) 1.2
The transient response vs(t) is the component of the total response that dies out with time. Therefore, the
transient response vs(t) for the overdamped, underdamped, and critically damped cases are(Alexander, 2004):
Fig.4 plots the responses for the three cases. From this figure, we observe that the critically damped response
approaches the step input of 24 V the fastest.
Fig.4 for the three degree of damping ((Alexander and Sadiku 4th
edition))
4. Modeling of transfer function characteristic of rlc-circuit
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17122733 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
III. Guide Model For The Rlc Circuit
The model was developed using Matlab (Steven, 2003)
Fig.5: RLC simulator graphical user interface in the process of development
Fig.5 is the RLC graphical user interface of which the parameters of the resistor (R), inductor (L) and
capacitor(C) of their various units can be imputed at a click or drag of each position buttons and the
performance of that parameter at the instance is display in the axes in the process of development.
Fig.6 is the model for the rlc circuit which shows the various waves forms:
Fig.6 The RLC circuit simulator
IV. Result And Discussion
The figure above shows the system is overdamped, the wave form of the output voltage, current, gain
and the phase angle, it can be seen that at the value display above R=80M, L=10nH and C=500nF. The voltage
increases from 0-20v without oscillating before it remain constant that is at high value of resistor the system is
overdamped, while the current increase from 0-.2A and decrease to a constant value. In the case of the gain at
those value display the gain increase to a maximum value at a low frequency, remain constant as the frequency
increase then decreases at a high frequency. The phase starts at 0o
and decrease to -1500
at high frequency. Let
us take a look at the gain which is the wave of the transfer function verse the frequency phase angle voltage and
current, what happen when each parameter is varied. Tables 1, 2, 3,4 show various input parameters for
validation the performance efficiency of the developed simulator.
Case1: Table 1: Input Information
Series RLC
Electric resistance 5hms
Magnetic inductance 100H ( henries)
Electric capacitance 220µf (microfarads)
Fig.7 shows the waveform of the input parameter.
5. Modeling of transfer function characteristic of rlc-circuit
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17122733 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
Fig.7: waveform of the input parameter
Table 2: Result Fom The Input Above
Angular resonance frequency 67.42rad/s
Phase margin .973466o
Damping factor 0.037081
Oscillation quality underdamped
From the input parameter to the output up to figure 7, it can be observe that the system is underdamped
which confirm to that in section 2, the Figure also shows the approximate and actual amplitude of the bode plot.
Note that the actual plot depends on the damping factor as well as the corner frequency. It is also observe that
gain start at a high level for low frequency and remain constant for some range of frequency before decreasing
which shows that the system is stable, while the phase angle at low frequency start at 0o
before decreasing to -
120o
. With the help of the transfer function we are able to analysis the circuit in order to achieve a better output
or maximum gain and to know when the system is stable.
Case 2; Table 3: Input Information
Series RLC
Electric resistance 5mΩ (ohms)
Magnetic inductance 10H (microhenries)
Electric capacitance 10f (microfarads)
Frequency 60 Hz (hertz)
Table 4: Result From The Input Of Table1.3
Angular resonance frequency 100000rad/s (radians per second)
Phase margin 58.1676(degree)
Damping factor 2.5
Oscillation quality Overdamped
Fig.8: the gain and the phase characteristic on the left side and pulse representation of current on the
right side
6. Modeling of transfer function characteristic of rlc-circuit
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17122733 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Fig.9: the current and the voltage sine wave characteristic on the left side and current and voltage
triangle wave represented on the right side
From the input parameter to the output up to the figure above it can be observe that the system is a pure
DC i.e. the system dose not oscillate which means only a DC source can be use at resonance since L=C and at
this point frequency (f=0) is equal to zero, overshoot of the peak transient wave form is not detected. It is also
observe that gain start at a high level for low frequency and remain constant for some range of frequency before
decreasing while the phase angle at low frequency start at 0o
before decreasing to -30o
and at this point the
voltage is practically in phase with the current. It can now be seen that without the transfer function the analysis
of the gain and the phase of a system can not be done accurately, i.e. its stability, gain and phase in an industry.
So the transfer function helps us to analysis the circuit in order to achieve a better understanding of how the gain
and the phase behave at different value of parameter.
Validation of the simulator using
The GUI model also help in accurate evaluation as will be show with different value.
Given a series RLC circuit with the value use above wee the input is step input that is:
R= 5ohms, L =1h, C =220uF, ut =1
Quality factor (Q):
Damping factor ( ):
Phase Margin
.973466o
The formular for manual calculations are shown in Table 5.
7. Modeling of transfer function characteristic of rlc-circuit
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17122733 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Table 5: The Formula For Computing Manually The Analysis Of The Above Input.
The result from the above calculation of input parameter is the same as that which is obtains from the
graphical user interface (GUI) simulator. Show in table 6 below.
Table 6: Result Comparism Of The Simulator And Formula Application From Input Parameter
Graphical user interface
(GUI) simulator
Formula Application
Angular resonance frequency 67.42.rad/s
Rad/s
Phase margin .97346(degree) .973466o
Damping factor 0.037081
Oscillation quality Underdamped Underdamped
V. Conclusion
The component resistance (R), inductance(L) and capacitance(C) are available in every electronic
either integrated or not and are use in bandpass filter, bandstop filter, highpass filter and lowpass filter also in
application such as variable tuned circuit, voltage multiplier, pulse discharge and oscillators. Due to this wild
range of application the performance of this component as an RLC circuit have to be understood before use.
This is done at ease by simply inputting the parameter in to the graphical user interface (GUI) simulator as
carried out in this work. This work shows the graphical user interface (GUI) simulator which display the transfer
characteristic of rlc circuit where the behavior of the parameters can be study and understand as it vary. This
simulator also helps us to know when the system is stable in order to achieve a better performance and accuracy
in electrical design and to avoid waist of resources and also to make learning more visible to student. The
methodology used in this work, if fully implemented, will not only reduce the cost of design but will also
reduce the cost of maintenance, making it economical and affordable.
References
[1]. Alexander. C. K. and M. O. Sadiku, fundamental of Electric circuits, 4th Edition, Yrok: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
[2]. Attia, J. O(1990) Electronic and Circuit Analysis using Matlab, Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999
[3]. Circuit Analysis I with MATLABApplications, ISBN 978−0−9709511−2−0
[4]. Karris, S.T (2003): Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications, HTTP:// www.orchardpublication.com
[5]. Matlab (2009): Overview of the MATLAB Environment. Matlab Getting Stated Guide, the Mathwork, Inc
[6]. Mathwork, Inc.(2009):MATLAB 7.9, Mathwork Inc. Natic, MA.
[7]. Omijeh,B.O, 2009 : Circuit Analysis and Simulation with Matlab and Tina Application, Joint Heirs publication, Benin City.
[8]. Steven T.K (2003): Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Applications, HTTP:// www.orchardpublication.com
wo = Resonance Angular frequency
R = Electric resistance
L = Magnetic inductance
C = Electric Capacitance
F = frequency
Q = Quality Factor
= Damping factor
= Phase Margin