E comet assay
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This document discusses the comet assay, a gel electrophoresis technique used to detect DNA damage at the single-cell level. It was developed in 1984 as a way to measure single and double-strand DNA breaks, base damage, and apoptotic nuclei. The comet assay involves embedding cells in agarose on a microscope slide, lysing them, and running an electric current to pull negatively charged DNA fragments toward the anode. Broken DNA migrates from the nucleus, resembling a comet with a bright head and tail, allowing measurement of DNA damage. The assay is widely used to evaluate genotoxicity of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental contaminants.
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Comet assay
The comet assay, also known as single cell gel electrophoresis, is a sensitive technique for detecting DNA damage in individual cells. It involves lysing cells embedded in agarose on a microscope slide, allowing damaged DNA to migrate towards the anode during electrophoresis. This forms structures resembling comets that are visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The amount of DNA in the comet tail relative to the head indicates the number of DNA breaks, allowing quantification of DNA damage. The comet assay has applications in genotoxicity testing, environmental monitoring, human biomonitoring, nutritional studies, and measuring DNA repair capacity.
Detection of DNA Damage Using Comet Assay Image Analysis
Reactive species such as free radicals are constantly produced in vivo and DNA is the very important target of oxidative stress. Oxidative DNA damage is considered as a predictive biomarker to monitor the risk of development of many diseases. The comet assay is widely used for specifying oxidative DNA damage at a single cell level. The analysis of comet assay output images, however, poses considerable challenges. The comet assay, also known as single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), is a simple, sensitive and reliable method for studying DNA damage caused by physical and chemical agents. So the comet assay is a well-established, simple, versatile, visual, rapid, and sensitive method used extensively to assess DNA damage quantitatively and qualitatively at single cell level. The comet assay is most frequently used to analyze white blood cells or lymphocytes in human bio monitoring studies. So through the analysis of comet assay image we can detect edge of damaged DNA comet isolating it from undamaged DNA.
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Quantifying DNA damage is mandatory to assess potential adverse effects of candidate drugs or molecules or extracts developed in the dermo-cosmetic industry, but also to assess the efficacy of therapeutic approaches with the aim of producing tumor cell genotoxicity in cancer treatment.
The comet assay is a sensitive, well established technique for quantifying DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Compatible with the detection of a wide range of DNA damaging agents, its principle consists in the migration of fragmented DNA in an electrophoresis gel (damaged DNA forming the tail of the comet), while intact DNA moves at a slower rate (head of the comet). The percentage of fragmented DNA in the comet tail is a direct measure of DNA damage.
Comet assay
The comet assay is a sensitive technique to measure DNA damage in individual cells. It detects single and double strand breaks as well as alkali labile sites. During the assay, cells are embedded in agarose on a slide and lysed. The DNA is then treated with alkali which unwinds and relaxes the DNA, exposing breaks. During electrophoresis, broken DNA migrates towards the anode, resembling a comet. The extent of migration is directly related to the amount of DNA damage. The comet assay is useful for genotoxicity testing, environmental monitoring, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.
Geno Toxicity Presented by Subin Joy Koikkara Senior Reserch Guide, A.I.M.S ...
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Commet Assay
The document describes the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet Assay) technique used to detect DNA damage. It discusses in-vivo and in-vitro testing methods. The key steps of the Comet Assay include cell lysis, unwinding and electrophoresis to separate damaged DNA, staining, and analysis of tail length/moment/intensity to quantify damage. The assay is sensitive, versatile, and can detect different types of DNA damage making it a standard genotoxicity testing method.
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Southern blotting is a technique used to identify specific DNA sequences within a mixture. It involves separating DNA fragments via gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, then using a labeled probe to identify the target sequence through hybridization. Key steps include DNA extraction, restriction digestion, electrophoresis, depurination, denaturation, blotting, baking, hybridization, washing, and autoradiography. Southern blotting has applications in identifying viral/bacterial strains, studying mutations, forensic analysis, and mapping genomes. It allows for precise DNA identification.
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Comet assay
The comet assay, also known as single cell gel electrophoresis, is a sensitive technique for detecting DNA damage in individual cells. It involves lysing cells embedded in agarose on a microscope slide, allowing damaged DNA to migrate towards the anode during electrophoresis. This forms structures resembling comets that are visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The amount of DNA in the comet tail relative to the head indicates the number of DNA breaks, allowing quantification of DNA damage. The comet assay has applications in genotoxicity testing, environmental monitoring, human biomonitoring, nutritional studies, and measuring DNA repair capacity.
Detection of DNA Damage Using Comet Assay Image Analysis
Reactive species such as free radicals are constantly produced in vivo and DNA is the very important target of oxidative stress. Oxidative DNA damage is considered as a predictive biomarker to monitor the risk of development of many diseases. The comet assay is widely used for specifying oxidative DNA damage at a single cell level. The analysis of comet assay output images, however, poses considerable challenges. The comet assay, also known as single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), is a simple, sensitive and reliable method for studying DNA damage caused by physical and chemical agents. So the comet assay is a well-established, simple, versatile, visual, rapid, and sensitive method used extensively to assess DNA damage quantitatively and qualitatively at single cell level. The comet assay is most frequently used to analyze white blood cells or lymphocytes in human bio monitoring studies. So through the analysis of comet assay image we can detect edge of damaged DNA comet isolating it from undamaged DNA.
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Quantifying DNA damage is mandatory to assess potential adverse effects of candidate drugs or molecules or extracts developed in the dermo-cosmetic industry, but also to assess the efficacy of therapeutic approaches with the aim of producing tumor cell genotoxicity in cancer treatment.
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Comet assay
The comet assay is a sensitive technique to measure DNA damage in individual cells. It detects single and double strand breaks as well as alkali labile sites. During the assay, cells are embedded in agarose on a slide and lysed. The DNA is then treated with alkali which unwinds and relaxes the DNA, exposing breaks. During electrophoresis, broken DNA migrates towards the anode, resembling a comet. The extent of migration is directly related to the amount of DNA damage. The comet assay is useful for genotoxicity testing, environmental monitoring, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.
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Commet Assay
The document describes the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet Assay) technique used to detect DNA damage. It discusses in-vivo and in-vitro testing methods. The key steps of the Comet Assay include cell lysis, unwinding and electrophoresis to separate damaged DNA, staining, and analysis of tail length/moment/intensity to quantify damage. The assay is sensitive, versatile, and can detect different types of DNA damage making it a standard genotoxicity testing method.
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Southern blotting is a technique used to identify specific DNA sequences within a mixture. It involves separating DNA fragments via gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, then using a labeled probe to identify the target sequence through hybridization. Key steps include DNA extraction, restriction digestion, electrophoresis, depurination, denaturation, blotting, baking, hybridization, washing, and autoradiography. Southern blotting has applications in identifying viral/bacterial strains, studying mutations, forensic analysis, and mapping genomes. It allows for precise DNA identification.
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FOOD ADULTERATION.pptx
Food adulteration is the practice of adding harmful or cheap substances to food to increase profits. It is common in developing countries and reduces the nutritional value of food. Some common adulterants include stones in grains, chemicals to ripen fruit, and mixing decomposed and good produce. Adulterated food can cause health issues like malnutrition and organ damage. Governments and health organizations promote awareness of adulteration and encourage people to check for signs of tampering with their food.
AMF.pptx
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a group of root-obligate biotrophs that form symbiotic relationships with about 80% of plants. They act as natural biofertilizers by providing host plants with water, nutrients, and pathogen protection in exchange for photosynthetic products. AMF constitute a type of beneficial fungus that colonizes plant roots and increases absorption of phosphorus and other nutrients from soil, supporting plant growth and increasing crop yields. They function as biofertilizers in this way.
TRANSLATION.pptx
Protein synthesis involves the translation of mRNA sequences into amino acid chains. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER catalyze this process using three binding sites to join amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. Amino acids are activated and attached to specific tRNAs before delivery to the ribosome by elongation factors. Initiation, elongation through peptide bond formation, and termination result in the full protein chain.
TCA CYCLE (KREBS).pptx
The document summarizes the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle. It describes the cycle as a series of reactions that occur in mitochondria resulting in the oxidation of acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, hydrogen atoms, and high-energy electron carriers. The cycle contains 8 enzyme-mediated steps that ultimately generate 3 NADH molecules, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP, and 2 CO2 per turn of the cycle. The cycle plays a key role in aerobic respiration by generating electron carriers that feed into the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
Structure of amino acids.pptx
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins, as well as some modified and non-protein amino acids. Amino acids contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain that differs between each type. They can be classified based on properties of their side chains, such as being polar, nonpolar, or aromatic. Nutritionists also classify amino acids as either essential or non-essential depending on whether humans can synthesize them.
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES.pptx
Prokaryotes regulate gene expression through several mechanisms. Operons allow for coordinated expression of multiple genes. Regulation occurs via induction when an inducer stimulates transcription, or repression when a corepressor inhibits transcription. Other mechanisms include positive control, catabolite repression, and attenuation based on translation rates of the transcript. These regulatory mechanisms allow prokaryotes to efficiently obtain or conserve energy depending on nutrient availability.
PROPERTIES OF AMINOACIDS.pptx
Amino acids are colorless, crystalline solids that have high melting points above 200 degrees Celsius. They are soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohols. Amino acids are optically active and can form peptide bonds between their amino and carboxyl groups. They have zwitterionic and amphoteric properties due to possessing both amine and carboxylic acid functional groups. Common tests to identify amino acids include the ninhydrin, xanthoproteic, and reactions with reagents like nitrous acid or Sanger's reagent. The 20 standard amino acids are essential for building proteins and sustaining human health through roles like hormone production, muscle structure, and organ function.
POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS.pptx
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) refer to any alterations made to proteins after their initial synthesis, such as modification of amino acid side chains. PTMs influence protein structure, stability, activity, and more. Common PTMs include phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, and hydroxylation. PTMs are important for proper protein folding, conferring stability, and regulating protein activity and function. They increase proteome diversity and complexity.
POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODOFICATION.pptx
The document summarizes post-transcriptional modifications of RNA in eukaryotes. It describes how the primary transcript (hnRNA) undergoes processing to form mature mRNA through the addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail and splicing of introns. The 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail protect the mRNA from degradation. Splicing involves removing introns and joining exons, facilitated by interactions with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and other proteins to form the spliceosome complex. This results in mRNA containing only the coding exons that can then be translated into protein.
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY.pptx
The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. It occurs mainly in the cytoplasm of liver and red blood cells. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the pathway and undergoes oxidative and non-oxidative reactions. The oxidative reactions produce NADPH, while the non-oxidative reactions produce pentoses and glycolytic intermediates. The overall reaction generates NADPH, CO2, and pentoses from glucose, with NADPH used for lipid and nucleotide biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.pptx
The document discusses oxidative phosphorylation, which is the final step in cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria. It involves an electron transport chain where electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 through a series of redox reactions. This powers the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. ATP synthase then uses this proton gradient to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, in a process known as chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain releases energy gradually to power this coupled synthesis of ATP.
PROKAYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Transcription in prokaryotes involves RNA polymerase copying a portion of the DNA genome into RNA. It occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins with RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA to form a closed complex, then an open complex. Elongation entails RNA polymerase continuing to synthesize RNA down the DNA template. Termination can occur via either rho-independent or rho-dependent mechanisms, stopping further RNA production.
EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase enzymes transcribing DNA into RNA. It occurs within the nucleus and involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation is more complex in eukaryotes and involves recruitment of transcription factors to promoter regions. Elongation utilizes RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA using DNA as a template. Termination does not rely on stem-loop structures as in prokaryotes. The primary transcript then undergoes processing before becoming a mature, functional RNA molecule.
Rna
This document discusses the key differences between RNA and DNA. It notes that RNA contains ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose, contains uracil rather than thymine, and is typically single-stranded. It describes the three main types of RNA - rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA - and their functions in protein synthesis, with rRNA in ribosomes, tRNA transferring amino acids, and mRNA carrying DNA's genetic code to the cytoplasm. The document provides details on the structure and role of each RNA type.
Dna
DNA carries genetic instructions in all living things. It is a double-stranded molecule shaped like a twisted ladder. Each strand has a backbone made of sugar and phosphate, with nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) forming rungs between the strands via hydrogen bonding. The structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick. DNA is found in the cell nucleus and mitochondria, where it stores and transmits hereditary information from parents to offspring that directs protein synthesis and cell functions.
Genome organization of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
1. Prokaryotic genetic material is usually a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. Eukaryotic genetic material is contained within the nucleus in the form of linear chromosomes composed of DNA and proteins.
2. Chromosomes contain genes and vary in number between species. Eukaryotic chromosomes are packaged with histone proteins into chromatin and can exist in condensed or uncondensed states.
3. Genetic material exists in different structural and functional states between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monomer units present. Monosaccharides include simple sugars like glucose and fructose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond, examples being sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides and include starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Carbohydrates serve important functions as energy sources, structural components of cells and organisms, and precursors for other biomolecules.
Classification of microorganisms
This document classifies and describes different types of microorganisms including viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and algae. It provides information on their size, structure, habits, nutrition, and methods of reproduction. Viruses are the smallest and can only replicate inside host cells. Protozoa are unicellular organisms that live in bodies of living things and damp environments. Bacteria come in various shapes and sizes from 0.2 to 10 micrometers and reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular, feed by absorbing nutrients, and reproduce sexually or asexually. Algae are mostly aquatic, photosynthetic, and range in size from 1 micro
Fluoresence microscope
The fluorescence microscope uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study organic or inorganic substances. It works by illuminating a specimen with specific excitation wavelengths that are absorbed by fluorophores, causing them to emit light of longer wavelengths. Key parts include light sources, excitation and emission filters, and a dichroic mirror. Fluorescence microscopy is widely used in biology for applications like imaging cell structures, viability studies, and viewing genetic material. It has advantages like sensitivity and the ability to track multiple molecules simultaneously, but limitations include photobleaching and phototoxicity over long exposures.
Microbial flora of soil
This document discusses the microbial flora of soil. It defines soil microflora as microorganisms that contribute to the biological properties of soil, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. The five major groups interact and form a soil food web, with bacteria and fungi serving important roles in decomposition. Physical and chemical factors like pH and nutrients influence the growth and activity of soil microflora. The microflora are then classified and examples are given of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and their functions in the soil ecosystem.
More from SuganyaPaulraj (20)
Recently uploaded
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Leaf Initiation, Growth and Differentiation.pdf
Leaf initiation, growth and differentiation, genetic control of leaf development.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits: A Revolutionary
Breakthrough in Sustainable Energy Science
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Recently uploaded (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
E comet assay
- 1. DR. P. SUGANYA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SRI KALISWARI COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) SIVAKASI E- COMETE ASSAY
- 2. INTRODUCTION (SINGLE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS) Assay was developed – ostling & Johansson in 1984 Later revised by Singh et al in 1988 This assay based on the gel electrophoresis That can be measure DNA damage in individual eukaryotic cells It’s versatile, relatively simple to perform and sensitive.
- 3. Make to use –its ability to measure –single strand breaks, detection of DNA double strand breaks links, base damage & apoptic nuclei The limit of sensitivity is approximately – strand as per diploid mammalian cell. DNA damage and its repair in single cell suspensions prepared from yeast, protozoa, plants, invertebrates and animals also be studied using this assay.
- 4. Originally developed to measure – variation in DNA damage and repair capacity within a population of mammalian cells 1. Applications of the comet assay 2. Popular assay to DNA damage
- 5. REVIEW OF THIS TECHNIQUE E- comet assay is gel electrophoresis method To visualize & measure DNA strands breaks in individual cell microscopy. Cells are embedded in agarose on a microscope – immersed in a lysis solution & then exposed to an electric field to attrate- ve charged fragments of a towards the anode. After the electrophoresis- DNA – stained- using fluorescence dyes – viewed using a fluorescence microscope
- 6. Broken DNA migrates- nucleus- in the electric field- & then preparation – then resembles a “comet” – brightly- fluorescent head (the nucleus) & a “tail” (fragmented DNA) The relative size of the tail is an index of DNA damage The comet assay – measure – single, double strands breaks- damage to DNA bases, DNA inter strand cross- link & apoptotic fragments.
- 7. Comet assay can be used to evaluate- genotoxicity- many test chemicals, pharmaceuticals & nanoparticles, consumer products, medical devices, environmental alaminantets, complex mixture, impurities. ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism & Excretion) Comet – used to detect – DNA – DNA cross- linkage- useful – early predicting – mechanism of
- 8. aneuploidy induction – even a cytostatic to cytotoxic doses