This document summarizes a study that investigated the interaction between DNA and gasoline using cyclic voltammetry (CV). DNA and gasoline were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and subjected to CV analysis. Voltammograms showed differences in the electrochemical response of DNA when mixed with gasoline compared to published responses of pure DNA, indicating distortion of DNA upon interaction with gasoline. The authors believe this novel approach could be developed further to analyze DNA damage from petroleum products and propose it as a new methodology for DNA damage analysis. However, additional experimentation is still needed to fully understand and develop the technique.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PDC Analysis of LLDPE-NR Nanocomposite for Effect of Moisture Absorption IJECEIAES
The properties of insulation have been improved by many research and the ability of nanocomposite material that composes the characteristic of improving electrical performance due to the addition of nanofiller into the based material gets serious attention. Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) measurement that has the ability to assess the condition of HV insulations with the initial periods after a DC step voltage application was favoured compared to other non-destructive monitoring techniques. This paper presents the works on moisture absorption in LLDPE-NR nanocomposite with different amount and percentage of nanofillers. The study of PDC level of the LLDPE-NR compound, filled with different amount of SiO 2 , TiO and MMT nanofiller using Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) measurement technique is the main objective of this research. These results show that sample A1 has the lowest polarization current value and sample B5 has the lowest depolarization current value.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PDC Analysis of LLDPE-NR Nanocomposite for Effect of Moisture Absorption IJECEIAES
The properties of insulation have been improved by many research and the ability of nanocomposite material that composes the characteristic of improving electrical performance due to the addition of nanofiller into the based material gets serious attention. Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) measurement that has the ability to assess the condition of HV insulations with the initial periods after a DC step voltage application was favoured compared to other non-destructive monitoring techniques. This paper presents the works on moisture absorption in LLDPE-NR nanocomposite with different amount and percentage of nanofillers. The study of PDC level of the LLDPE-NR compound, filled with different amount of SiO 2 , TiO and MMT nanofiller using Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) measurement technique is the main objective of this research. These results show that sample A1 has the lowest polarization current value and sample B5 has the lowest depolarization current value.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Current state and Prospects of Materials Science Research - PhdassistancePhD Assistance
Materials is a vast and critical area of expertise and techniques that is an integral cornerstone of contemporary technical societies, not a particular discipline. In this way, materials parallel other broad fields like energy, electronics, and medical science, where each spans several disciplines and is marked by scientific ferment and societal influence. If materials science is conducted on a small, moderate, or large scale, the people’s quality is directly related to the researcher doing it.
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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Incorporated with Tio2 -ZnO NanoparticlesScientific Review SR
We demonstrated an improvement in efficiency of Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) decorated with
zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). A series of
ZnO with different SILAR cycles were synthesized on TiO
2 that has been pre-grown on fluorine tin oxide (FTO)
glass slides. The performance of DSSCs containing ZnO NPs was significantly affected. The photovoltaic (PV)
performance decreased with increasing number of SILAR cycles from two SILAR cycles to four SILAR cycles,
the best performance was achieved using the anodes prepared with two SILAR cycles. The best cell shows a
conversion efficiency (η) of 0.0064 %. The cell exhibits ~ 2.13 improvement over the performance (0.0030 %) of
bare FTO-based device. The related PV performance enhancement mechanism is discussed
Electrocatalytic Evaluation in Methanol Oxidation Process of PtCo Nanoparticl...David Macias Ferrer
The high reactivity of methanol with platinum and the excellent catalytic activity for electro-oxidation of methanol on pure Pt especially at low temperature (below 80°C), makes this metal a suitable anodic electrocatalyst in DMFC [1]. However, it is well known that there is a series of technical problems in DMFC that limit their marketing [2]. While Pt, which is generally supported on activated carbon with large surface area such as Vulcan XC-72, is the best catalyst for the electro-oxidation of methanol, it rapidly becomes poisoned because of the intermediate species formed during the oxidation of methanol, mainly CO, since CO molecules can be chemically adsorbed on the surface of Pt and block the active sites, producing a poor kinetic of anodic methanol oxidation due to CO poisoning and a low electrocatalytic activity of electrocatalysts [3-5]. Although electrocatalysts based on Pt and Pt-Ru alloy have shown a good catalytic activity for electro-oxidation of methanol, another of the limitations in the development of DMFC for commercial applications is the high cost of both noble metals [6-7]. In this study, we report a nanocasting method of low cost to prepare NC using SBA-15 as hard template and purified sugar as carbon precursor; the inclusion of Co as a second metal, in order to reduce the amount of platinum and measure its catalytic activity in methanol oxidation process
Dielectric properties of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and Ni2+ added glycine sodium sulfate (GSS) single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. All the six crystals grown exhibit normal dielectric behavior and are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C, NLO active and mechanically soft. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the dielectric parameters. The low dielectric constant values observed for pure GSS indicate that GSS is not only a promising NLO material but also a low dielectric constant value dielectric material. Keywords: Activation energy, Crystal growth, Dielectric crystal, Electrical properties, X-ray diffraction
The Effect of Plasma-Treated Boron Nitride on Partial Discharge Characteristi...IJECEIAES
Power supply reliability is a key factor in a country economic stability. It is contributed by the reliable power distributor via transmission lines, overhead or underground cables. However, the power cables and accessories are always exposed to pre-breakdown phenomena known as partial discharges (PD) which commonly occur in microvoids, defects or protrusions inside the insulation.To improve the performance of the cable insulation against PD, nanofillers are added into the insulating materials. However, to achieve superior performance of PD resistance, the nanofillers must be homogeneously dispersed into the polymer matrices withtightly bonded interfacial zones. Therefore, this could be achieved by employing method of surface functionalization by using cold atmospheric plasma to strengthen the filler/polymer interfaces. In view of foregoing, this study investigated the effects of surface treated boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles in Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on the PD characteristics by following CIGRE Method II at 7 kVrmsapplied voltage. The phase resolved PD characteristics were performed. The results revealed that by treating the nanofillers with cold plasma, the PD resistance of LDPE were highly achieved compared with the untreated BN nanofillers.
Nanocomposite shows considerable applications in different fields because of larger surface area, and greater aspect ratio, with fascinating properties. Being environmentally friendly, applications of nanocomposites offer new technology and business opportunities for several sectors, such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and biotechnology industries.
Effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma needle on DNAiosrjce
Non-thermal argon plasma needle at atmospheric pressure was constructed. The experimental setup
was based on a simple and low cost electric components that generate a sufficiently high electric field at the
electrodes to ionize various gases which flow at atmospheric pressure. A high AC power supply was used with
1.1Kv and 19.57KHz. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has much potential for medical applications.
The atmospheric pressure plasma needle contains almost equal amounts of positive and negative charges. In
this research we focused on the possible biomedical application of the atmospheric pressure plasma needle,
where we used plasma ignited in Argon (Ar) gas flow to cause strand breaks in DNA. However, the mechanism
by which plasma destroys DNA is not yet understood. In this study we investigated the effects of exposure time
and distance between the plasma source and the DNA sample. In this study we found that plasma does indeed
alter DNA. We came to this conclusion through qualitative interpretations using a standard gel electrophoresis
technique on DNA samples treated with the atmospheric pressure plasma needle.
Statistical analysis of electrodeposited in2 s3 films techconnect conferenceArkansas State University
In2S3 has received attention as an alternative to CdS as the buffer layer in heterojunction solar cells. Although having a bandgap of 2.0 eV relative to 2.5 eV for CdS, the lower toxicity and environmental impact of indium relative to cadmium, and significant photosensitivity, compel ongoing research [1]. Indium sulfide thin films were deposited onto molybdenum-coated glass (SiO2) substrates by electrodeposition from organic baths (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). The Taguchi method was used to optimize the deposition paramters so as to minimize non-uniformity, cracks, and improper stoichiometry. The measured performance characteristics (molar ratio (In:S) and crack density) for all of the In2S3 films were calculated to analyze the effect of each deposition factor (deposition voltage, deposition temperature, composition of solution, and deposition time) involved in the electrodeposition process by calculating the sensitivity (signal to noise, S/N, ratios).
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
INVESTIGATION ON HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES USING MICHELSON INTERFEROMETRYAmaldev J
Our work isto study the heat transfer properties of Nano fluid using Michelson Interferometry without disturbing the thermal flow field.Experiment consists of making a Nanofluid(ZnO)with water as base fluid,which is kept in a test cell and when laser beam passes through it fringes are formed on a screen.Byanalyzing these fringes we can determine its heat transfer characterstics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Current state and Prospects of Materials Science Research - PhdassistancePhD Assistance
Materials is a vast and critical area of expertise and techniques that is an integral cornerstone of contemporary technical societies, not a particular discipline. In this way, materials parallel other broad fields like energy, electronics, and medical science, where each spans several disciplines and is marked by scientific ferment and societal influence. If materials science is conducted on a small, moderate, or large scale, the people’s quality is directly related to the researcher doing it.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/3rjX9nS
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Incorporated with Tio2 -ZnO NanoparticlesScientific Review SR
We demonstrated an improvement in efficiency of Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) decorated with
zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). A series of
ZnO with different SILAR cycles were synthesized on TiO
2 that has been pre-grown on fluorine tin oxide (FTO)
glass slides. The performance of DSSCs containing ZnO NPs was significantly affected. The photovoltaic (PV)
performance decreased with increasing number of SILAR cycles from two SILAR cycles to four SILAR cycles,
the best performance was achieved using the anodes prepared with two SILAR cycles. The best cell shows a
conversion efficiency (η) of 0.0064 %. The cell exhibits ~ 2.13 improvement over the performance (0.0030 %) of
bare FTO-based device. The related PV performance enhancement mechanism is discussed
Electrocatalytic Evaluation in Methanol Oxidation Process of PtCo Nanoparticl...David Macias Ferrer
The high reactivity of methanol with platinum and the excellent catalytic activity for electro-oxidation of methanol on pure Pt especially at low temperature (below 80°C), makes this metal a suitable anodic electrocatalyst in DMFC [1]. However, it is well known that there is a series of technical problems in DMFC that limit their marketing [2]. While Pt, which is generally supported on activated carbon with large surface area such as Vulcan XC-72, is the best catalyst for the electro-oxidation of methanol, it rapidly becomes poisoned because of the intermediate species formed during the oxidation of methanol, mainly CO, since CO molecules can be chemically adsorbed on the surface of Pt and block the active sites, producing a poor kinetic of anodic methanol oxidation due to CO poisoning and a low electrocatalytic activity of electrocatalysts [3-5]. Although electrocatalysts based on Pt and Pt-Ru alloy have shown a good catalytic activity for electro-oxidation of methanol, another of the limitations in the development of DMFC for commercial applications is the high cost of both noble metals [6-7]. In this study, we report a nanocasting method of low cost to prepare NC using SBA-15 as hard template and purified sugar as carbon precursor; the inclusion of Co as a second metal, in order to reduce the amount of platinum and measure its catalytic activity in methanol oxidation process
Dielectric properties of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and Ni2+ added glycine sodium sulfate (GSS) single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. All the six crystals grown exhibit normal dielectric behavior and are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C, NLO active and mechanically soft. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the dielectric parameters. The low dielectric constant values observed for pure GSS indicate that GSS is not only a promising NLO material but also a low dielectric constant value dielectric material. Keywords: Activation energy, Crystal growth, Dielectric crystal, Electrical properties, X-ray diffraction
The Effect of Plasma-Treated Boron Nitride on Partial Discharge Characteristi...IJECEIAES
Power supply reliability is a key factor in a country economic stability. It is contributed by the reliable power distributor via transmission lines, overhead or underground cables. However, the power cables and accessories are always exposed to pre-breakdown phenomena known as partial discharges (PD) which commonly occur in microvoids, defects or protrusions inside the insulation.To improve the performance of the cable insulation against PD, nanofillers are added into the insulating materials. However, to achieve superior performance of PD resistance, the nanofillers must be homogeneously dispersed into the polymer matrices withtightly bonded interfacial zones. Therefore, this could be achieved by employing method of surface functionalization by using cold atmospheric plasma to strengthen the filler/polymer interfaces. In view of foregoing, this study investigated the effects of surface treated boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles in Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on the PD characteristics by following CIGRE Method II at 7 kVrmsapplied voltage. The phase resolved PD characteristics were performed. The results revealed that by treating the nanofillers with cold plasma, the PD resistance of LDPE were highly achieved compared with the untreated BN nanofillers.
Nanocomposite shows considerable applications in different fields because of larger surface area, and greater aspect ratio, with fascinating properties. Being environmentally friendly, applications of nanocomposites offer new technology and business opportunities for several sectors, such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and biotechnology industries.
Effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma needle on DNAiosrjce
Non-thermal argon plasma needle at atmospheric pressure was constructed. The experimental setup
was based on a simple and low cost electric components that generate a sufficiently high electric field at the
electrodes to ionize various gases which flow at atmospheric pressure. A high AC power supply was used with
1.1Kv and 19.57KHz. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has much potential for medical applications.
The atmospheric pressure plasma needle contains almost equal amounts of positive and negative charges. In
this research we focused on the possible biomedical application of the atmospheric pressure plasma needle,
where we used plasma ignited in Argon (Ar) gas flow to cause strand breaks in DNA. However, the mechanism
by which plasma destroys DNA is not yet understood. In this study we investigated the effects of exposure time
and distance between the plasma source and the DNA sample. In this study we found that plasma does indeed
alter DNA. We came to this conclusion through qualitative interpretations using a standard gel electrophoresis
technique on DNA samples treated with the atmospheric pressure plasma needle.
Statistical analysis of electrodeposited in2 s3 films techconnect conferenceArkansas State University
In2S3 has received attention as an alternative to CdS as the buffer layer in heterojunction solar cells. Although having a bandgap of 2.0 eV relative to 2.5 eV for CdS, the lower toxicity and environmental impact of indium relative to cadmium, and significant photosensitivity, compel ongoing research [1]. Indium sulfide thin films were deposited onto molybdenum-coated glass (SiO2) substrates by electrodeposition from organic baths (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). The Taguchi method was used to optimize the deposition paramters so as to minimize non-uniformity, cracks, and improper stoichiometry. The measured performance characteristics (molar ratio (In:S) and crack density) for all of the In2S3 films were calculated to analyze the effect of each deposition factor (deposition voltage, deposition temperature, composition of solution, and deposition time) involved in the electrodeposition process by calculating the sensitivity (signal to noise, S/N, ratios).
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
INVESTIGATION ON HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES USING MICHELSON INTERFEROMETRYAmaldev J
Our work isto study the heat transfer properties of Nano fluid using Michelson Interferometry without disturbing the thermal flow field.Experiment consists of making a Nanofluid(ZnO)with water as base fluid,which is kept in a test cell and when laser beam passes through it fringes are formed on a screen.Byanalyzing these fringes we can determine its heat transfer characterstics.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Comparative study on ammonia sensing properties of sno2 nanocomposites fabric...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ABSTRACT- The study was conducted to assess DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients put on radiotherapy, medical workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations and control group of normal healthy individuals. The blood samples were collected from 20 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Government Rajindra hospital, Patiala, 16 medical workers from Radiology and Radiotherapy department of Government Rajindra hospital, Mata Kaushalya hospital, T.B. hospital, Patiala and 10 normal healthy individuals from Punjabi University, Patiala, India. The DNA damage was evaluated by using alkaline COMET assay, the damage was assessed from two COMET parameters i.e. mean COMET tail length and frequency of cells showing migration. It was found that all the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy as well as the medical workers, who were occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations for variable period of time showed DNA damage, whereas none of the control subjects showed any damage. The comparison of DNA damage between the cancer patients and medical workers revealed highly significant differences. On the basis of results obtained, it could be said that the exposure to acute high doses of radiations cause greater DNA damage in comparison to chronic low doses of radiations.
Key-words- Single cell gel electrophoresis, Micronuclei, Thermoluminescent dosimeter, Aberration
A novel label-free cocaine assay based on aptamer-wrapped single-walled carbo...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes a selective and sensitive biosensor based on the dissolution and aggregation of aptamer wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes. We report on the direct detection of aptamer–cocaine interactions, namely between a DNA aptamer and cocaine molecules based on near-infrared absorption at λ807.
Materials and Methods:
First a DNA aptamer recognizing cocaine was non-covalently immobilized on the surface of single walled carbon nanotubes and consequently dissolution of SWNTs was occurred. Vis-NIR absorption (A807nm) of dispersed, soluble aptamer-SWNTs hybrid, before and after incubation with cocaine was measured using a CECIL9000 spectrophotometer.
Results:
This carbon nanotube setup enabled the reliable monitoring of the interaction of cocaine with its cognate aptamer by aggregation of SWNTs in the presence of cocaine.
Disscusion:
This assay system provides a mean for the label-free, concentration-dependent, and selective detection of cocaine with an observed detection limit of 49.5 nM.
Synthesis of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs buckypaper using triton x 100. and compar...Awad Albalwi
In this study buckypaper of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNT have been synthesised using filtration of carbon nanotubes dispersed in 1% TritonX 100 as solvents. Dispersions were generated by pulse sonication of each single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) , Double wall carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) and Multi wall carbon nanotubes in TritonX solvent. Fist, sonication times were investigated for these CNTs to determine the optimum conditions for generating stable dispersions of carbon nanotubes. It was found that optimal dispersions could be generated using Trion X-100 solvent with all these carbon nanotube by using 30minute periods of pulse sonication. The Three buckypapers of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs were produced by filtering dispersions of carbon nanotubes which had undergone 30 minutes of pulse sonication in TritonX100. Conductivity and measurements of the three buckypaper (SWNT,DWNT&MWNT) samples yielded average values of 14.24 , 23 and 19 Scm-1 respectively. Mechanical measurements were determined successfully . Homogeneity in the produced buckypapers were investigated confirming by scanning electron microscopy .
Synthesis of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs buckypaper using triton x 100. and compar...
Gc2511111116
1. D.N.T.Kumar, Jun Liu,Tao Dan, Qufu Wei / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1111-1116
Suggestion of Cyclic Voltammetry based Electrochemical DNA
analysis of DNA-Petrol interaction-novel approach in DNA
damage analysis
D.N.T.Kumar **1,2,Jun Liu3,Tao Dan1,Qufu Wei**1
1
Laboratory for Nano-textiles,
1
Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles,Graduate School of Textiles&Clothing,
Ministry of Education,Jiangnan University,Wuxi,214122,Jiangsu Province,P.R.China.
2
School of Chemical and Material Science Engineering(SCME)
2
SCME,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,Jiangsu Province,P.R.China.
3
Key Laboratory of Industrial Bio-technology,School of Bio-technology
Jiangnan University,Wuxi,214122,Jiangsu Province,P.R.China.
Abstract
In our current research work,we the exposed individuals presented a greater amount
investigated the DNA interaction with Petrol,to of damage at the DNA level as well as at the
obtain a better understanding of the DNA chromosomal level than the individuals from the
response when subjected to Cyclic Voltammetry control populations (P< 0.001). Thus, it can be
in gasoline medium. determined that populations that are exposed to
We believe,the current work provides a basis to hydrocarbons are susceptible to developing genetic
develop this methodology further,to explain the damage. Therefore, risk groups can be determined in
DNA damage in humans,when exposed to certain zones where the oil impact has been
petroleum products. This is a preliminary step in greater”.[1]
this direction and one of the pioneering efforts to “DNA is recognized as a nano-biomaterial, not as a
study the electro-chemical response of the DNA- pure biological material, in the research field of
Gasoline analyte, using CV technique. Since the nanotechnology. In the past scientific works, the
CV technique is well established in the academia characteristics of DNA including facile synthesis by
and in the industry,we experimented with this the solid-phase method, self-assembly, electro-
idea and expect that there will be further conductivity, information elements, amplification,
development in this aspect. switching, molecular recognition, and catalytic
Keywords: Cyclic Voltammetry functions, were appropriately applied. Multiple
(CV)/DNA/Gasoline/ Electrochemical properties of functions of DNA could be used simultaneously, and
DNA/DNA damage. activated independently, by molecular switching.
Therefore, the combinations of functional sequences
I. Introduction of DNA can produce unique materials. It is obvious
“Currently, it is known that several that the DNA molecule is one of the most promising
chemical agents used or generated by the oil functional nano-materials.
industry are classified as mutagens and/or
carcinogens. Among these we have gasoline, diesel, However, the application of DNA molecules is still
butane gas, styrene, benzene, chloroform, and under study because of the big gap that exists
others. Studies have verified that these chemicals between theory and practice. We eagerly anticipate a
have effects in fertility (abortions, sterility); produce „coming out‟ of DNA due to breakthroughs in nano-
various upheavals, such as dizziness, nausea, biotechnology.In our current paper we are not going
muscular pain; and produce chromosomal damage at into the details of DNA as there is plenty of
the DNA level, which in the long or medium run, literature available already”.[2]
can develop into cancer and leukemia. The genetic
damage in exposed individuals was measured by “Gasoline is a complex mixture of over 500
means of the comet test, chromosomal alterations hydrocarbons that may have between 5 to 12
test, and the study of the CYP 1A1 and MSH2 carbons. Smaller amounts of alkane cyclic and
genes. These methods were applied to determine the aromatic compounds are present. Virtually no
genotoxicity of hydrocarbons and their residue in alkenes or alkynes are present in gasoline. Gasoline
human beings. When conducting these tests on the is most often produced by the fractional distillation
blood samples of individuals exposed to of crude oil. The crude oil is separated into fractions
hydrocarbons (workers of oil companies) and of a according to different boiling points of
control population of the area of study and Quito, it hydrocarbons of varying chain lengths. This
was found that, in effect, fractional distillation process yields approximately
25% of straight-run gasoline from each barrel of
1111 | P a g e
2. D.N.T.Kumar, Jun Liu,Tao Dan, Qufu Wei / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1111-1116
crude oil”[4-11]. reversibility of a reaction. CV can also be used to
determine the electron stoichiometry of a system,
Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) is an electrochemical the diffusion coefficient of an analyte, and the
technique which measures the current that develops formal reduction potential, which can be used as an
in an electrochemical cell under conditions where identification tool. In addition, because
voltage is in excess of that predicted by the Nernst concentration is proportional to current in a
equation. CV is performed by cycling the potential reversible, nernstian system, concentration of an
of a working electrode, and measuring the resulting unknown solution can be determined by generating
current. A CV system consists of an electrolysis cell, a calibration curve of current vs. concentration.[7]
a potentiostat, a current-to-voltage converter, and a
data acquisition system. The electrolysis cell
consists of a working electrode, counter electrode,
reference electrode, and electrolytic solution. The
working electrode‟s potential is varied linearly with
time, while the reference electrode maintains a
constant potential. The counter electrode conducts
electricity from the signal source to the working
electrode.[3-5,7]
The purpose of the electrolytic solution is to provide
ions to the electrodes during oxidation and
reduction. A potentiostat is an electronic device
which uses a dc power source to produce a potential
which can be maintained and accurately determined,
while allowing small currents to be drawn into the
system without changing the voltage. The current-
to-voltage converter measures the resulting current,
and the data acquisition system produces the
resulting voltammogram.[16-18] Cyclic
Voltammetry can be used to study qualitative Figure 1: typical excitation signal of a CV
information about electrochemical processes under instrument
various conditions, such as the presence of
intermediates in oxidation-reduction reactions, the
Figure 2: typical cyclic voltammogam for comparision with our DNA electro-chemical response.
1112 | P a g e
3. D.N.T.Kumar, Jun Liu,Tao Dan, Qufu Wei / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1111-1116
II. Experimentation Methodology and * Please make a note: We are not explaining the
Materials CV technique/s because we assume most of the
The materials needed for this experiment readers are very familiar with this technique. Those
are DNA( just general purpose no specific who are not familiar are advised to visit one of the
sequencing) and Petrol.DNA and Petrol are added in references explaining the basics and simple
1:1 ratio and gently stirred to mix them laboratory practices.
properly.Here in this current
experiment,dsDNA(double strand DNA) was The nucleic acids bases are electroactive species.
used,then the interaction of DNA with petrol was Chemical changes in these bases as well as
studied using Cyclic Voltammetry technique to conformational changes of DNA are expected to
probe the response of DNA in Petrol. modify its electrochemical behavior. Adenine (A)
Glassy carbon electrodes (3.0 mm dia.) purchased and cytosine (C) sites, which are involved in
from Bioanalytical Systems (BAS, West Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding, are reduced on
Lafayette, USA) were cleaned mechanically by mercury electrodes. The oxidation site in Guanine
polishing with wet 0.3 and 0.05 µm alumina slurry (G), which is oxidized on graphite electrodes, is not
(Alpha and Gamma Micropolish; Buehler, Lake part of the hydrogen bonds. In addition, nucleic
Bluff, USA) on microcloth pad (BAS) and by acids are surface-active macro-molecules and this
sonicating in water (30 sec.). property of DNA molecule makes it suitable for
adsorptive preconcentration, e.g. concentration on
Then the electrodes were dipped in 0.5 M sulphuric an active surface. This process enhances its
acid solution and sweeping the potential between – electrochemical behavior which can thus be used as
300 mV and +1400 mV (versus a Ag/AgCl reference a tool for analyzing its conformational properties
electrode) with scan rate of 100 mV/s.[14-19] and its chemical modification.[5-19]
Figure 1: CV Voltammogram of DNA-Fuel mixture -First Run.
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4. D.N.T.Kumar, Jun Liu,Tao Dan, Qufu Wei / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1111-1116
Figure 1 explains the electrochemical response of is still in the preliminary stages of research and
the DNA-gasoline solution development and need additional in-depth
DNA interacts with gasoline and the distortion in experimentation to evolve a theory to understand
its electrochemical response is clearly observed. the DNA damage analysis in gasoline as the
To confirm further we experimented further and medium.We believe it is possible and feasible to
covered second and third runs using our Gamry CV extend the current CV based analysis of DNA
instrument and also include figures depicting damage to say Crude Oil etc
second and third runs. However this investigation
Figure 2 : CV Voltammogram of DNA-Fuel interaction -Second Run
Figure 2. explains the DNA-Gasoline interaction
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5. D.N.T.Kumar, Jun Liu,Tao Dan, Qufu Wei / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1111-1116
Figure 3: CV Voltammogram of DNA-Fuel interaction -Third Run
III. Conclusion and Future perspectives IV. Acknowledgments
To conclude the findings,we experimented We,sincerely thank all the
here with DNA-Gasoline mixture and subjected the members,involved in making this paper a
mixture to CV analysis and recorded the DNA possibility. Further,we thank
responses as Voltammograms in the above Jiangnan University,China, for their research
mentioned figures. This technique is very support and for providing conducive research
promising to perform DNA damage analysis in the environment. We finally thank the authors,of some
presence of petroleum products. Petroleum of the published papers,who willingly gave us
products are carcinogenic to DNA and damaging in permissions to reproduce some materials,from their
nature.It is worth expanding the research further. research papers and also encouraged us to write
this paper. We declare further that,we have no
The Electro-chemical responses of the DNA under competing financial interests in the method
current/voltage conditions were depicted. presented in this paper. All correspondence
The voltammogram/s responses are comparable,to regarding this short communication should be
the already published electro-chemical properties addressed to :
of the pure DNA available in the scientific
literature. The difference in the DNA response
when mixed with gasoline is thus clearly
observable. Also this provides a scope or
methodology to develop DNA based electro-
chemical sensors,to detect impurities in the
petroleum products.
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6. D.N.T.Kumar, Jun Liu,Tao Dan, Qufu Wei / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1111-1116
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