Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
this presentation briefly discus about muscle and its related disorder. some myopathies which are common are cover here in an approach to provide basis of the same disease and treatment. this ppt is basically from chapter 32 zakazewski.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
this presentation briefly discus about muscle and its related disorder. some myopathies which are common are cover here in an approach to provide basis of the same disease and treatment. this ppt is basically from chapter 32 zakazewski.
Down syndrome is by far the most common and best known chromosomal disorder in humans and the most common cause of intellectual disability. It is primarily caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (see the image below), which gives rise to multiple systemic complications as part of the syndrome. However, not all defects occur in each patient; there is a wide range of phenotypic variation
CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. Cerebral means having to do with the brain. Palsy means weakness or problems with using the muscles. CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a person's ability to control his or her muscles.
CP-Care curriculum, training course and assessment mechanism (ECVET based)
Website: http://cpcare.eu/en/
This project (CP-CARE - 2016-1-TR01-KA202-035094) has been funded with support from the European Commission. This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) or Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing.
Contents:
1. Need of AST
2. Bacterial Resistance
3. Preperation of test: selection of antibiotic and bacteria
4. Types of tests
5. Process of tests
Interaction between drug API and various excipients used in formulation.Different methods of Interaction between them.Mechanism of interaction between them. Excipient Compatibility Studies. Analytical Techniques for Drug Excipents Compatibility Studies.
Pharmaceutical Validation, its scope and types. Validation Team. validation Master plan. Validation protocols. Elements of Validation. Approaches of Validation. Dosage form Validation along with example of Validation of Tablet Dosage form.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Duchenne's Muscular
Dystrophy
Atul Adhikari
Third Semester, B. Pharm.
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Pokhara University, Dhungepatan,
Lekhnath-12, Kaski , Nepal
2. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Causes
3. Dystrophin
4. Inheritance
5. Symptom
6. Treatment
7. Complications and Treatment
8. Conclusion
9. References
3. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Introduction
•Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic
condition which affects the muscles, causing muscle
weakness and can be inherited.
•It is a serious condition which starts in early childhood.
•It usually effects only boys, although girls may carry the
Duchene gene.
4. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• The muscle weakness is mainly in the 'proximal'
muscles, which are those near the trunk of the body,
around the hips and the shoulders.
• This means that fine movements, such as those using
the hands and fingers, are less affected than
movements like walking.
• It starts in childhood and may be noticed when a child
has difficulty standing up, climbing or running.
4Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
5. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Causes
• The cause is a genetic change.
• Muscles contain a protein (chemical) called
dystrophin, which is necessary for muscles to
function properly.
• People with DMD have a shortage of dystrophin in
their muscles. The lack of dystrophin leads to muscle
fibre damage and a gradual weakening of the
muscles. The shortage of dystrophin is caused by a
faulty gene.
5Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
6. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Dystrophin
• Dystrophin is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a
vital part of a protein complex that connects the
cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding
extracellular matrix through the cell membrane. This
complex is variously known as the costamere or the
dystrophin-associated protein complex.
• Many muscle proteins, such as α-dystrobrevin, syncoilin,
synemin, sarcoglycan, dystroglycan, and sarcospan,
colocalize with dystrophin at the costamere.
• The Dystrophin gene is the longest human gene known on
DNA level,
6Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
7. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
7Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
8. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Inheritance
• DMD is inherited in a pattern called 'X-linked inheritance
• Boys have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome; girls
have two X chromosomes.
• The DMD gene is 'carried' by women, but does not usually
cause problems in girls or women
• This is because of there being two X chromosomes in women:
one X chromosome has the 'faulty' DMD gene, and the other X
chromosome has a normal gene, which compensates for the
faulty one.
9. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• Boys with the DMD gene do not have a second X
chromosome and so they cannot compensate for the
faulty gene. Therefore, boys with the DMD gene
always have symptoms of the disease
9Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
10. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
10Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
11. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• For a woman who carries the DMD gene, there is a 1
in 2 chance that her sons will have DMD, and a 1 in 2
chance that her daughters will carry the gene.
11Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
12. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Symptoms
• The muscle weakness is not noticeable at birth, even
though the child is born with the gene which causes
it.
• The weakness develops gradually. It usually shows up
in early childhood.
• Symptoms are mild at first, but increase as the child
gets older.
12Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
13. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• The symptoms usually start around age 1-3 years.
Parents may notice:
• Difficulty with walking, running, jumping and
climbing stairs. Walking may look different with a
'waddling' type of walk. The boy may be late in
starting to walk (although many children without
DMD also walk late).
• When you pick the child up, you may feel as if he
'slips through your hands', due to looseness of the
muscles around the shoulder.
• The calf muscles may look bulky, although they are
not strong.
13Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
14. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• As he gets older, the child may use his hands to help
him get up, looking as if he is 'climbing up his legs'.
This is called 'Gower's sign'.
• Some boys with DMD also have a learning difficulty.
Usually this is not severe.
• Sometimes, a delay in development may be the first
sign of DMD. The child's speech development may
also be delayed.
14Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
15. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
15Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
16. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Diagnosis
• Diagnosis may be suspected because of the child's
symptoms .
• When looking for signs of DMD, it is important to watch
the child running and getting up from the floor - the
muscle weakness is more noticeable during these
activities.
16Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
17. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• The first step in making the diagnosis is a blood test.
This tests for creatine kinase.
• Children with DMD always have a very high level of
creatine kinase (about 10-100 times normal).
• If the creatine kinase level is high, further tests are
needed to see whether this is due to DMD or to some
other condition.
• The next step in diagnosing DMD involves either a
muscle biopsy and/or genetic tests:
17Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
18. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• A muscle biopsy involves taking a small sample of a
muscle, under local anaesthetic. The sample is
examined under a microscope using special
techniques to look at the muscle fibres and the
dystrophin protein.
• Genetic tests are done using a blood sample. The
DNA in the blood is tested to look at the dystrophin
gene. This test can diagnose most cases of DMD.
18Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
19. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Treatment
• There is no cure for DMD at present. However,
treatments can help according to complications
observed.
• support may be needed for the legs and ankles and
wheelchairs for late stages.
• Treatment with medication called 'corticosteroids'
(or 'steroids') can help to maintain the child's muscle
strength such as prednisolone or deflazacort.
19Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
20. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• Child will need regular check-ups. This may involve
different specialists, for example, heart and lung
checks, orthopaedic care for bones and joints,
physiotherapists, and dieticians.
20Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
21. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Complications of Duchenne's muscular
dystrophy and treatment
• Anesthetics
People with DMD need extra care if they have a
general anesthetic. Certain anesthetic medicines can
cause a harmful reaction for people who have DMD.
Also, extra care for the chest and breathing is needed.
21Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
22. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• Osteoporosis
• People with DMD may develop osteoporosis
(thinning of the bones).
• This is due to lack of mobility and also to steroid
treatment.
• A good intake of vitamin D and calcium helps keep
bones strong. These can be obtained from certain
foods or from vitamin supplements, and by action of
sunshine on the skin (which makes natural vitamin
D).
22Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
23. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• Joint and spinal complications
• Muscle weakness can result in some joints becoming
tight - this is called a 'contracture'. This can be treated
using orthotic devices (splints or casts).
• Curvature of the spine (scoliosis) can occur due to
muscle weakness. The scoliosis can cause discomfort
and is not helpful for posture and breathing.
Treatments which can help are a spinal brace, or
surgery to the spine.
23Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
24. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• Nutrition and digestion
• Some children with DMD are prone to being
overweight, especially if taking steroid treatment.
Teenagers and adults with DMD may be underweight,
due to loss of muscle bulk. Dietary advice can be
helpful in these situations.
• Constipation can be a symptom for anyone who is not
mobile. This can be treated with laxatives and a high
fiber diet.
24Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
25. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• In the later stages of DMD , people with DMD may have
difficulty with chewing and swallowing food. They may
need a careful assessment and nutritional advice or
supplements. If the problem is severe, then a 'gastrostomy'
(a feeding tube into the stomach) may be needed.
• Chest and breathing complications
• the breathing muscles weaken, causing shallow breathing
and a less effective cough mechanism. This can lead to chest
infections, because mucus and bacteria are not cleared so
easily from the chest.
25Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
26. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• getting medical advice early and taking antibiotics where
needed. Also, you will be offered immunization with
influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, to help prevent
chest infections. Physiotherapy can help to clear mucus
from the chest.
• Cardiac (heart) complications
• Teenagers and adults with DMD may develop a heart
problem called cardiomyopathy, which means weakness of
the heart muscle
• Cardiomyopathy can be helped by medication.
26Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
27. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Conclusion
• DMD is a very serious condition in which the muscle
weakness increases gradually over the years,
complications eventually develop and it shorten life.
• The breathing or heart problems usually become
more serious for older teenagers or people in their
twenties and is major cause of death.
• At present, average life expectancy for people with
DMD is 27 years
27Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
28. Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
THANK YOUU
AND
HAVE A GOOD DAY
28Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy