Drug use in sports is banned by organizations like the IOC due to health risks and ethical concerns. While some athletes use drugs seeking a competitive advantage, evidence that they enhance performance is limited and conflicting. Over time, governing bodies have expanded lists of prohibited substances and improved testing, but challenges remain around inconsistencies, threshold levels, and detecting new drugs. Further research is needed to fully understand drugs' effects on both performance and health.
In competitive sports, doping is the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors. The term doping is widely used by organizations that regulate sporting competitions. The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical, and therefore prohibited, by most international sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. Furthermore, athletes (or athletic programs) taking explicit measures to evade detection exacerbate the ethical violation with overt deception and cheating.
In competitive sports, doping is the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors. The term doping is widely used by organizations that regulate sporting competitions. The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical, and therefore prohibited, by most international sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. Furthermore, athletes (or athletic programs) taking explicit measures to evade detection exacerbate the ethical violation with overt deception and cheating.
This presentation is aimed at helping people to get a basic overview of the international rules, organisations involved in checking the problem of drug use amongst athletes and the tests and other measures to check athletes.
This presentation is aimed at helping people to get a basic overview of the international rules, organisations involved in checking the problem of drug use amongst athletes and the tests and other measures to check athletes.
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Role of Physiotherapist in Doping Controldrnidhimnd
Doping is the ‘administration of or use by a
competing athlete of any substance foreign to
the body or any physiological substance taken
in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal
route of entry into the body with the sole
purpose of increasing in an artificial and unfair
manner his / her performance in competition.’
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
4. Olympic Movement Anti-Doping
Code - THE OFFENCE OF DOPING
• Doping contravenes the fundamental principles
of Olympism and sports and medical ethics.
• Doping is forbidden.
• Recommending, proposing, authorizing,
condoning or facilitating the use of any
substance or method covered by the definition
of doping or trafficking therein is also
forbidden.
4
5. Olympic Movement Anti-Doping
Code - THE OFFENCE OF DOPING
Doping is:
1. the use of an expedient (substance or
method) which is potentially harmful to
athletes’ health and/or capable of enhancing
their performance, or
2. the presence in the athlete’s body of a
Prohibited Substance or evidence of the use
thereof or evidence of the use of a
Prohibited Method.
5
6. Drugs in Sport
• 1886 - The first recorded death was in 1886
when a cyclist, Linton, died from an overdose
of trimethyl.
• 1904 - The first near death in modern Olympics
where a marathon runner, Thomas Hicks, was
using a mixture of brandy and strychnine.
• Most drugs involved alcohol and strychnine.
Heroin, caffeine and cocaine were also widely
used until heroin and cocaine became available
only on prescription.
6
7. Drugs in Sport
• 1930s - Amphetamines were produced and
quickly became the choice over strychnine.
• 1950s - The Soviet team used male hormones to
increase power and strength and the Americans
developed steroids as a response.
• 1952 - One of the first noticeable doping cases
involving amphetamines which occurred at the
Winter Olympics. Several speed skaters
became ill and needed medical attention.
7
8. Drugs in Sport
• 1960 - At the Olympics, Danish cyclist, Kurt
Jensen, collapsed and died from an
amphetamine overdose.
• 1963 - Pressure started to mount on the IOC.
The Council of Europe set up a Committee on
drugs but couldn't decide on a definition of
doping.
• 1964 -There was a noticeable increase in the
muscular appearance of the athletes at the
Olympics and drug use was suspected.
8
9. Drugs in Sport
• 1967 - The IOC took action after the death of
Tommy Simpson (due to the illegal taking of
amphetamines) in the Tour de France.
• 1968 - The IOC decided on a definition of
doping and developed a banned list of
substances. Testing began at the Olympic
games.
From the Australian Sports Drug Agency (ASDA) 1999
9
10. Drugs in Sport
• International Olympic Committee (IOC)
produced first doping list in 1967
• Compulsory drug testing introduced in 1968
– Winter Olympics - Grenoble
– Summer Olympics - Mexico
• List of prohibited classes of substances and
prohibited methods
– defined by IOC (April 2000)
10
11. WADA World Anti-Doping Code
Prohibited List 2013
Substances and Methods Prohibited at All Times
(In-and-Out-of-Competition)
S0. Non-approved substances
Prohibited Substances
Any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by
S0. Non-Approved Substances
S1. Anabolic agents
any of the subsequent sections of the List and with no
S2. Peptide hormones, growth factors regulatory health
current approval by any governmental and related substances
S3. for human therapeutic use (e.g drugs under preauthorityBeta-2 agonists
S4. Hormone and metabolic modulators
clinical or clinical development or discontinued, designer
S5. Diuretics and other masking agents
drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use) is
Prohibited Methods
prohibited at all times.
M1. Manipulation of blood and blood components
M2. Chemical and physical manipulation
M3. Gene doping
11
13. Prohibited Substances
• S1. Anabolic agents
– 1. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
• a. Exogenous AAS
eg..nandrolone, 19-norandrostenedione, oxandrolone,
stanozolol, and other substances with a similar chemical
structure or similar biological effect(s)
• b. Endogenous AAS
eg. androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA),
dihydrotestosterone, testosterone
– 2. Other Anabolic Agents
• eg. clenbuterol
13
14. Prohibited Substances
• S2. Peptide hormones, growth factors and related
substances
– Includes
1.erythropoiesis-stimulating agents [eg.erythropoietin (EPO)]
2.chorionic gonadotrophins and luteinizing hormone (LH) (males only)
3.corticotrophins (ACTH, tetracosactide)
4.growth hormone (hGH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)…….
and other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effect
• S3. Beta-2 agonists
– All are prohibited except salbutamol (max 1600ug over 24h),
formoterol (max delivered dose 54ug over 24 h) and salmeterol
by inhalation
14
15. Drugs and Sport
• May of these drugs are illegal in both the eyes of the
law and sport governing bodies
• Potentially serious medical risks
– drugs are often taken at very high doses, considerably more
than is recommended
– drug dependency
• Many of the drugs are expensive
• Many are bought on the black market
– risk of drugs being mixed with other products
– not purchasing the intended drug
15
16. Drugs and Sport - Why?
• Person
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
desire to be successful
lack of confidence
dissatisfaction with performance and progress
belief that others are using drugs
think they can get away with it
influenced by others
psychological dependence
lack of knowledge about side effects
16
17. Drugs and Sport - Why?
• Environment
–
–
–
–
–
–
culture of the sport
friends or other athletes using drugs
pressure to win (eg. from coach, friends, media)
influence of role models
financial reward
prestige and fame
• Pressure can appear from many directions
– from self, coach, peers, family, spectators/crowd,
media, administrators/promoters, social, financial
and material rewards, national/political/ideological
17
18. Drugs in Sport
• Do they work?
– difficult to assess
• difficult to recreate competitive situation in lab
• fractions of a second or millimetres in length
-difficult to detect significant changes in laboratory
experiments
• most evidence anecdotal
• placebo effect
• environmental conditions
– effects may vary between individuals
• males vs females
• age of athlete
18
19. Drugs in Sport
• Do they work?
– requirements of different sports will vary
• American footballer vs weightlifter
• sprinter vs marathon runner
– needs controlled scientific studies
• limited number available
• conflicting results
• ethical problems
– doses
19
20. Problems with drug testing
• Inconsistencies between countries
– out of competition testing
– length of ban
• Inconsistencies between sports federations
–
–
–
–
rules for testing
sanctions
status of doping agents
threshold levels
20
21. Difficulties with Testing
• Endogenous substances
–
–
–
–
–
what concentration is normal?
testosterone
human growth hormone (hGH)
erythropoietin (EPO)
athletes v general population
• Normal dietary intake
– if people normally eat it can it be banned?
• caffeine, creatine
– does diet/exercise influence endogenous levels
21
22. Testing
• Methods of testing
– urine, blood
• Blood testing issues
–
–
–
–
legal
ethical
procedural
medical
• Need for improved
–
–
–
–
rules?,
education
research
co-operation
between
• governments
• sports federations
• governing bodies
22
23. Summary
• Use of drugs in sport banned by IOC,
International and National Sport Federations/
Governing Bodies
• Drugs are potentially harmful to health and are
considered to be ethically wrong
• Scientific evidence to support suggested
beneficial performance effects of drugs is limited
• Further study required to assess both the
suggested beneficial effects and the potential
harmful effects
23