in this presentation about the dope testing for athletics who do doping and play game and win because of doping and sport physiotherapist who know about the methods and rule and regulation as well penalty for doping and precaution also

1. DOPE TESTING NISHITA PATEL
FYMPT

2. OUTLINE
 WHAT IS DOPING ?
 WHY ATHLETES TAKE DRUG ?
 WHAT IS WADA OR NADA ?
 PROHIBITED METHODS
 NON INTENTIONAL DOPING
 DRUG TESTING
 ROLE OF THE TEAM CLINICIAN

3. WHAT IS DOPEING ?
 The International Olympic Committee’s ( IOC ) definition of Doping is defined as the presence of
prohibited substances or methods to unfairly improve sporting performance and to gain an
advantage over competitors.

4. WHY ATHLETES TAKE DRUG ?
 Direct or indirect pressure from coaches , parents , government authorities
 Lack of awareness
 Ignorance about drugs
 Drugs, a must for Winning.
 Fame & fortune.
 To cope with stress and injuries.

5. WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY(WADA)
 Established in 1999
 HQ – Montreal, Canada
 192 countries and more than 570
sporting organizations have signed
up with WADA.
 Motto-Play True

6. NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING AGENCY (NADA)
NADA is formed by the Union Government under
the societies Registration Act. NADA includes scientists
and representatives from the Indian Olympic Association (IOA).

7. PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE
IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION
 S1. Anabolic Agents
 S2. Hormone related substance
 S3 Beta – 2 agonists
 S4 Agents with anti- estrogenic activity
 S5. Diuretics and Masking Agents
IN COMPETITION ONLY
 S6. Stimulants
 S7. Narcotics
 S8 Cannabinoids
 S9. Glucocorticoids
IN PARTICULAR SPORTS
 P1 Alcohol
 P2 Beta- blockers

8. PERMITTED SUBSTANCE
 Antibiotics
 Antidepressants
 Antidiarrheals
 Antihistamines
 Antihypertensives
 Antinauseants
 Aspirin
 NSAIDs
 Sleeping tablets
 Eye medications
 Oral contraceptives
 Skin creams and ointments

9. PROHIBITED METHODS
 M1 - ENHANCEMENT OF OXYGEN TRANSFER
1) blood doping
2) artificial oxygen carriers
 M2 – CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION
 M3 – GENE DOPING

10. M 1 - ENHANCEMENT OF OXYGEN TRANSFER
1) BLOOD DOPING
Pre-Donation Evaluation
•Blood Collection:
•1)Autologous
•2) Homologous
Blood Storage
Reinfusion
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a natural
hormone produced by the kidneys that
stimulates the production of red blood
cells in the bone marrow. Synthetic forms
of EPO are also available and can be
administered via injection for medical
purposes.

11. aim of this procedure is to increase the red blood cell mass
therefore increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Improved endurance
Side-effects Allergic reactions may occur
increased risk of blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B and C and HIV.
increase the blood viscosity significantly and this may lead to some serious health risks due to sludging of
blood, particularly in the cerebral circulation

12. 2) ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN CARRIERS
 blood substitutes
 aim to provide oxygen-carrying capacity similar to that of natural blood.
Haemoglobin-Based Oxygen
(HBOCs)
Perfluorocarbon-Based Oxygen
Carriers (PFCs)
HBOCs are semisynthetic systems that
utilize natural Hb as the oxygen-
carrying component
type of artificial blood substitute
made from molecules of hemoglobin
It can readily release oxygen into the
tissues and its effect on exercise
performance, showed increased
oxygen uptake
a group of synthetic compounds
similar to hydrocarbons to which
fluorine atoms have been added
It has very small particles, 0.2 μm in
diameter, which can deliver oxygen to
the tissues through very small blood
vessels. They are capable of physically
dissolving large amounts of oxygen in
plasma
A high partial pressure gradient is
required to dissolve a large quantity

13. M2 – CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION

14. M3 – GENE DOPING
 Gene doping is a term used to describe the use of gene therapy techniques to enhance
athletic performance
 manipulating an athlete's genes to improve physical abilities, such as strength,
endurance, or muscle growth. It's important to emphasize that gene doping is both
unethical and dangerous
 two distinct approaches used in genetic manipulation

15. Viral Vectors: CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
Viral vectors are modified viruses that are
used to introduce specific genetic material
into target cells. Commonly used viral
vectors include retroviruses, lentiviruses,
adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses
CRISPR-Cas9 technology utilizes a system
derived from the bacterial immune system.
The process begins by designing a guide
RNA (gRNA) that matches the target DNA
sequence.
RNA is combined with the Cas9 protein to
create a CRISPR-Cas9 complex. This
complex is then introduced into the target
cells.
Cas9 protein to the specific target DNA
sequence within the genome. Cas9 acts as
molecular scissors, cutting the DNA at the
targeted location.
cell's natural DNA repair mechanisms come
into play. These mechanisms can result in
gene knockout (disabling the gene), gene
replacement, or the introduction of specific
genetic changes.

16. NON – INTENTIONAL DOPING IN SPORT
 Non-intentional doping in the context of sports refers to situations where athletes inadvertently or
unintentionally violate anti-doping regulations by testing positive for prohibited substances, despite not
having the intention to gain a competitive advantage through doping. This can happen for various
reasons, including contamination of supplements, the use of medications for legitimate medical
purposes, environmental exposure, The goal of addressing non-intentional doping is to protect athletes
who are genuinely not trying to cheat but might accidentally expose themselves to prohibited
substances

17. Strict Liability
Dietary
Supplement
Certification
Therapeutic Use
Exemptions
Anti-Doping
Education
Risk
Management

18. DRUG TESTING
 Selection = Any time
including while injury or post operative
 Notification = In person
at any time (in or out competition )
by telephone (out of competition )
by writing notice (out of competition )
 Presenting for a drug testing = The drug control official recodes
the athletes detail on notification form which is kept as record.

19. in the presence of the chaperone the athlete may :
1. receiving necessary medical attention
2. attend victory ceremony
3. fulfil media commitment
4. compete in further events
5. warm – down
6. eat or drink ( during competition events selected drinks are provided and they only consume these
fluid until after testing is completed

20.  Sample collection = types of samples are urine, blood, saliva, and hair. But they require to
provide urine sample
direct view they not allow to observe the actual collection of sample
a minimum of 80 ml of urine is required for competition and 60 ml for out of competition
Athletes will ask to select a sample collection kit which consist two bottle label A or B

21.  Splitting , sealing and labelling of the sample = ask to pour measured amount of urine into
both bottles , athlete will seal the bottles with self – sealing , one – use only , lids provides and
the sample code number of kit will be identified and recoded
 Checking pH and concentration of sample = drug control official will check the pH and specific gravity
if pH is < 5 or > 9 or urine has specific gravity < 1.010 , second specimen is required if the second one
is also outside of range than test will still proceed

22.  Final paperwork = At this stage the competitor provides the medical declaration
which is extremely important the competitor asked to list all medication taken ,
this list should include all vitamins ,amino-acids , and other supplements .
 It is vitally important that the list will be completed accurately as all substance
taken in that period are likely to show up in the laboratory test and the
representative and drug control officer checks all written information if satisfied ,
sign the form and the competitor is given the copy.

23.  Initially only A sample is analysed and if it is positive it informed to the drug testing agency , and if the B
sample is also positive relevant sporting organization are informed .
 It is responsibility of relevant sporting organization to determine what penalty or section are to be
applied .
 WADA has designed penalties to which most sporting bodies now adhere.

24. ROLE OF THE TEAM CLINICIAN
 Extremely important role to play in the prevention and management of doping problems
 Primary goal is educate the team member
1. Know prohibited list
2. Prescription of drug
3. Drug testing protocol
4. Travel

25. REFERENCE
 PETER BRUKNER AND KARIM KHAN CLINICAL SPORTS MEDICINE 3 rd. Ed .
 www. wada–ama .org