Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
storm water
rain water harvesting
shoratge of water
advantages
road surface run off
open drains
plans
drawing
pictures
storm water program
design consideration
Sewer appurtenances are the various accessories on the sewage system and are explained. also types of manhole and their classifications are explained along with sewer vent , storm water regulator, inverted siphon etc.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
storm water
rain water harvesting
shoratge of water
advantages
road surface run off
open drains
plans
drawing
pictures
storm water program
design consideration
Sewer appurtenances are the various accessories on the sewage system and are explained. also types of manhole and their classifications are explained along with sewer vent , storm water regulator, inverted siphon etc.
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
This presentation covered Diversion head work topic. Details topics selection of the suitable site for the
diversion headwork- different parts of
diversion headwork- Causes of failure of
structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s
theory- Design of concrete sloping glacis weir covered.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. INDEX
• Surface drains
• Classification of drains
• Types of sewer
• Sewer section
• Materials for sewer
• Sewer apprantunces
• Laying of sewer line
• Testing of sewer lines
• Location & function of sewer lines
• Maintenance of sewer
• Non silting& scouring velocity
• Bio-gas plant
• Ventilation of sewer
3. SURFACE DRAINS
Surface drainage refers to the
removal of surface water by
development of the slope of the land
utilizing systems of drains to carry
away the surplus water.
Used for conveying water from
kitchen,bathroom,washing
places,roads,courtyard,roofs,open
ground etc.
This drains collect sullage water only
and discharge to public sewer
Cleaning required after short
intervals
4. Drains Section
• It should develop self cleaning velocity with minimum dry flow
• It should have sufficient free board
• It should be easy in construction
• It should be structurally safe and stable
• It should be such that it can be cleaned easily
5. The following sections are adopted for the
construction of surface drains
• Rectangular section
• Semi-circular section
• U-shaped section
• V-shaped section
7. RECTANGULAR SECTION
• Used for large discharge
• Not used for small discharge
• Constructed by laying plain cement concrete bed
• Due to difficulty in cleaning, this section is not commonly used.
•
9. SEMI-CIRCULAR SECTION
• Used for small drains
• Half round glazed stone-ware pipe is used for its construction
• If the discharge in this section decreases, the self-cleaning velocity will not develop and deposits will settle down in the
bottom and will cause obstruction
• Semi-circular drains are not suitable for large discharges, because in such cases they will occupy more spaceon to the flow
of sewage.
11. U-Section
• In semi-circular section if the sides are raised, it becomes u-section. It is used at such places where discharge is more and
cannot be taken by a semi-circular drain.
• Half stone ware pipe is laid in the bottom and over it masonry work is done
12. V-SECTION DRAIN
• This section gives self-cleansing velocity even for very small discharge
• n the invert one-fourth to one-fourth stoneware pipe or concrete block is laid and the sides are constructed with brick or
flag stones and are plastered. It is easy to clean this type of section.
13. TYPES OF SEWER
• MAIN TRUNK SEWER
• BRANCH SEWER
• LATERAL SEWER
• SEPARATE SEWER
• STROM WATER DRAINS
• COMBINED SEWER
• HOUSE SEWER
• DEPRESSED SEWER
• INTERCEPTING SEWER
• OUTFALL SEWER
• RELIEF OR OVERFLOW SEWER
14. TYPES OF SEWER
• MAIN TRUNK SEWER
• This sewer receives sewage from may branches
• BRANCH SEWER
• This sewer receives sewer from smaller area, usually from laterals and discharge into main sewer called branch sewer
• LATERAL SEWER
• Sewage collected directly from house
• SEPARATE SEWER
• Which collects two different waste i.e. sanitary waste and industrial waste
• STROM WATER DRAINS
• Which carries only storm water (rain water)
• COMBINED SEWER
• Which carry waste of sanitary waste and storm water
• HOUSE SEWER
• Carries sewage from building to street sewer
15. TYPES OF SEWER
• DEPRESSED SEWER
• Sewer constructed lower than adjacent section to overcome obstacle
• INTERCEPTING SEWER
• Sewer is usually a large sewer, flowing parallel to natural drainage.
• OUTFALL SEWER
• Final outlet discharge sewer
• RELIEF OR OVERFLOW SEWER
• This sewer meant to carry excess discharge from existing sewer known as relief sewer
18. FACTORS AFFECTING MATERIALS OF
SEWER
• Cost
• Durability
• Weight
• Hydraulic efficiency
• Resistance to abrasion
• Resistance to corrosion
• Strength
• Imperviousness
19. SEWER JOINT
IDEAL CONDITION OF SEWER JOINT
(i) It should be easy to construct
(ii) It should be cheap and economical.
(iii) It should be flexible in nature so that it is not damaged due to slight settlements of the sewer line
(iv) It should be capable of resisting the effects of acidic, alkaline actions of the sewage.
(v) It should be non-absorbant and durable.
(vi) It should be water tight so that infiltration of ground water and exfiltrating of sewage are prevented.
20. SEWER JOINT
TYPES OF SEWER JOINT
1. BELL AND SPIGOT JOINT
2. COLLAR JOINT
3. SIMPLEX JOINT
4. FLEXIBLE OR BITUMINOUS JOINT
5. MECHANICAL JOINT
6. OPEN JOINT
21. SIMPLEX JOINT
It is called as ring-tie coupling
Similar to collar joint
It consists of pipe sleeve or coupling of asbestos cement and two rubber ring which are pressed between the pipe ends and
sleeve is called as simplex joint
24. MANHOLE
A manhole or inspection chamber is unit constructed underground to provide access the utilities like a sewer system
,drainage system etc.
Hence with the help of a manhole ,underground utilities are inspected modified cleaned and maintained.
TYPES OF MANHOLE
SHALLOW MANHOLE
NORMAL MANHOLE
DEEP MANHOLE
25. TYPES OF MANHOLE
SHALLOW MAN HOLE :
Size of manhole :0.7 – 0.9 depth
Constructed at starting of sewer
When there is no traffic
Covered with light cover at top called inspection chamber
NORMAL MANHOLE :
Size : 1.5 in depth
Shape : square or rectangular
Covered with heavy cover at top
26. TYPES OF MANHOLE
Deep manhole
Deep manholes are those which are deeper than 1.5 m.
The size of such manhole larger at bottom, which is reduced at the top to reduce the size of manhole cover.
The reduction is size is achieved by providing an offset of R.C.C
Steps are also provided on one vertical wall of the manhole to enable the -workers to go up-to the bottom.
Such a manhole is provided with a heavy cover at top, with suitable C.I Frame.
27. DROP MANHOLE
1. When it is uneconomical or impracticable to arrange the connection with 60 cm of invert of the sewer and
manhole, then vertical shaft is constructed outside the manhole chamber through which the sewage of branch
sewer is allowed to enter the manhole.
2. Such a manholes which drop the level of invert of the incoming sewer by providing a vertical shaft are called
drop manhole.
3. The main purpose of drop manhole is to avoid the splashing of sewage on the man work.
28. USES OF MANHOLE
I. For the inspection of Sewer line. Cleaning and maintenance of sewer line.
II. To join sewer lines at different elevations and coming from different directions.
III. To change the direction of sewer line.
IV. If manhole covers are perforated, the manholes may allow the escape of undesirable gases produced in the sewer line,
thus providing ventilation of sewer line.
V. The manholes facilitate the laying of sewer lines in convenient lengths.
VI. The construction of drop man holes in excessive sloping ground reduces the quantityof excavation,
29. LAYING OF SEWER LINE
1. Setting out
2. Alignment & gradient
3. Excavation of trenches ,timbering and de-watering
4. Laying and jointing
5. Hydraulic testing of pipe
6. Backfilling of trenches
30. TESTING OF SEWER LINES
1. TEST FOR STRAIGHTNESS AND OBSTRUCTION
2. WATER TEST
3. SMOKE TEST
4. AIRTEST