This document provides an overview of basic drafting and lettering techniques. It discusses drafting as a method of communication between designers, architects, and engineers. It describes freehand sketching using only a pencil and paper, and mechanical drawing using precision instruments. It also explains orthographic projection for representing objects. The document then covers the different types of letters, including Roman, Gothic, Italic, Script, and Text. It concludes by outlining the horizontal guidelines used in lettering, such as the cap line, waist line, base line, and drop line.

1. BASIC
DRAFTING

2. Drafting – is the primary method of communication between designers
and clients, architects and builders, engineers and production
personnel and between advertisers and customers.
Freehand drawing or Sketching – is a graphic language with the use of a pencil, eraser
and paper only.
Mechanical drawing – are used express the graphic language with the aid of precision
drawing instruments like T-square, triangles(45x90, 30x60), compass, drawing pencil,
technical pen and etc.
Orthographic projection – is the method of representing the exact shape of an object
into two or more views on planes generally at right angles or 90 degrees to each other
by extending perpendicular from the object to the plane.

3. Lettering is a fundamental part of drawing. It is closely related to design.
Types of Lettering
1. Roman letters – thick and thin elements.
2. Gothic letters – uniform width elements.
3. Italic letters – slanting forms.
4. Script letters – cursive, fancy and elegant.
5. Text letters – fancy style of letters.
Proportion of letters
1. Normal letters – used when space is adequate.
2. Extended letters – used when space is wider.
3. Compressed letters or Condensed letters – used when space is limited.
4. Lightface – with very thin stems.
5. Boldface – having heavy stems.

4. Horizontal Guidelines in Lettering
1. Cap line – the uppermost horizontal guide line drawn for uppercase
letters and stroke of letters that extends up which is known as the Ascender.
2. Waist line– a horizontal guideline drawn between the cap line and base
lines used to determine the general height of lower case letters.
3. Base line– a horizontal guide line where all the letters rest or stand.
4. Drop line – a horizontal guideline drawn for letters with strokes that
extend down known as Descender.

5. Thank you