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anatomyofletterscossutta
anatomy
of letters
Renée Cossutta
the baseline
is the invisible line
on which the base
of each letter rests
the x-height
is the height of
the lower case x
in a particular font.
It is measured
from the baseline
x
the ascender rises,
or ascends, above
the x-height
d
the descender reaches
below the baseline
g
the bowl
is the closed rounded form
on some lower-case letters
b
the counter
is the interior space
within a closed letter
the serif
is the finish of a stroke
on a serif typeface.
The serif
may well be the end
of the brushstroke used
to paint
ancient roman lettering
which was then inciseddn
the stem
is the main vertical stroke
of the letter
l
the shoulder
is at the parting
of the lobe from
the stem
of the letter
h
Id
cap-height
is the height of the
capital, or upper-case
letter in a font.
Typically the cap-height
is not as tall
as the ascender.
the terminal
is the finishing stroke on
certain letters
fa
PX
upper case
or capital letters.
When type was individual
pieces of metal,
all of the letters
of a font and a size
were kept in drawers,
called cases.
The capital letters
were kept in the case
above the lower case type,
hence their name.
dn
letterspacing:
the space between
and within pairs
of letters should be
visually equal.
It is not a measurable
amount of space,
it is visual volume.
fi
ligatures
are individual characters
constructed from
two or three characters
that do not
work well together otherwise.
The most common are:
fi, fl, ffi, ff, ffl.
The human foot
has 26 bones,
and the roman alphabet
has many parts and terms.
the end is just
the beginning

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1.letterAnatomy