Technology and Livelihood Education-REVIEWER_2022.pdf

It is the medium of communication
between designers and clients and
between architects and builders.
a.Drafting
b.Drawing

FOUR COMMON TERMS
• Drawing
• Freehand drawing/sketching
• Mechanical drawing
• Orthographic projection

• Freehand drawing or Sketching – the use of
pencil, paper and eraser only.

• Mechanical drawing – describing the shapes
of objects completely and exactly with the aid
of drawing instruments and by the use of
orthographic projection.

• Technical Drawing – used to show the
material, dimension (Width, Height, Depth)
and shape of a product.

When a designer or an ordinary person
translates his or her design idea with the use
only of paper and pencil, what is the name of
the activity?
a. Architectural delineation
b. Freehand sketching
c. Geometric construction
d. Drafting

With the help of drawing instruments such as
T‐square and triangles one produces quick and
accurate delineations for an intended project.
The process is considered as ____.
a. Drafting
b. Pictorial drawing
c. Graphics
d. Shape and size descriptions

• T square –instrument used in drawing
horizontal lines. It is also used in guiding
triangles when drawing vertical lines.

• Triangle – a three sided ruler which has
typically two equal sides meeting at 900.
• 30 x 60 and
• 45 x 45 degrees.

• Divider - is used to create equal distances,
transfer measurements and spacing points or
lines

• Masking tape - material used for fastening the
drawing paper on the drawing table.

• Erasing Shield - is a useful tool to protect the
rest of the drawing when clearing up
smudges, unnecessary pencil lines and other
erasures.

• Pencil - is made of a much better grade of graphite,
commonly called lead which is used in drawing lines.
(9H, 8H, 7h, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B,
5B, and 6B)

• What is the best instrument to
be used in drawing horizontal
lines?
a. Meter stick c. T-Square
b. Ruler d. Triangle

• horizontal lines – T-Square
• Vertical lines – triangles
• angle or an arc – Protractor
• Sketches – ruler
• Meter stick - height
• Arc and circle – Compass
• Divider – dividing lines
• French curve – curves except circles and arcs
• Scale – reproduce, reduce or enlarge
• Protect rest of drawing, erasing shield

METHODS OF DRAWING LINES
• Orthographic
–Frontal Plane
–Horizontal Plane
–Profile Plane

• Orthographic Drawing– representing the
exact shape of an object into 2 or more views
on planes, generally at right angle or 90
degrees.

METHODS OF DRAWING LINES
• Pictorial
–Isometric
–Perspective
–Oblique
• Cavalier
• Cabinet
• General

• Pictorial drawing – it shows object as it would
appear in a photograph. It shows more than
one side of the object.

• It presents the object in 3 dimensional
• Three axes are needed to perform isometric
drawing, the vertical axis, left 300 axis and
right 300 axis
Isometric Drawing

• The drawing that has equal measure.
• The BOX method is the starting point of
isometric drawings.

• Axonometric Drawing – the object turned so
that three faces are viewed simultaneously
• Oblique Drawing – a pictorial drawing having one
side parallel to the picture plane. It maybe drawn at
any convenient angle.

• Types of Oblique drawing
– Cavalier –the width, depth and height is the true
length or size (Actual representation)
– Cabinet –the depth is reduced to one half. The
front is actual size, while the depth of top and
right side are drawn one half to the actual

• Perspective Drawing – the most realistic,
the object is drawn as it seen by the
naked eye.
• One point drawing (Vanishing Point)
• Two points drawing
VP

A. Bird’s Eye View (becomes narrower)
B. Man’s Eye View (horizontal plane)
C. Worm’s Eye View (becomes bigger)
WORM’S EYE VIEW
BIRD’S EYE VIEW

• In orthographic projection, how
many possible views can be seen in
an object including its unnecessary
views?
a. 3 c. 8
b. 6 d. 9

• A good practice of a good
draftsman is to never letter
without ____.
a. Ruler b. Guidelines
b. Pencil d. Pentel pen

GEMOTRIC FIGURE
1.Line
2.Angles
3.Polygons

LINE
• Set of points
• Types of Lines
– Straight line – shortest distance between
two points
– Parallel line – will never meet
– Perpendicular line – intersecting lines

Kinds of Angles
The simplest way to sort triangles is by their
angle size:
• Acute triangle is one in which all the
angles are acute (less than 90°).
• Obtuse triangle is one in which one of
the angles is obtuse (more than 90°).
• Right triangle is one in which one of the
angles is a right angle (exactly 90°).

Kinds of Angles
Another way to group triangles is by looking at
the lengths of their sides:
• Equilateral triangle is one in which all
three sides have the same length.
• Isoceles triangle is one in which two
sides have the same length.
• Scalene triangle is one in which all three
sides have different lengths

Lettering (Free Hand)
• Lettering is usually done freehand
• Either one of these two styles may be made;
– vertically or inclined.
• Italics is 67.5 degrees

Lettering (Free Hand)
• A good height of lettering for dimension and
notes on a working drawing is 1/8 of an inch.

• For the lettering of subtitles 3/16 of an
inch is recommended.
• All titles should be lettered with capital
letters.
• When only capital letters are used, the
beginning letter of each sentence is
often made higher than the remaining
letters.
• When lower case letters are used,
capitals are used in the beginning letter
at the start of a sentence, and for
proper names,

Lettering (Guidelines)
• [1]Cap line – the uppermost line for uppercase
letters and for ascender.
• [2]Waist line – line between Cap and Base
lines, used to determine the height of the lower
case letters.
• [3]Base line – line where all the letters rest or
stand.
• [4]Drop line – a line for letters with strokes that
extend downward known as descender.

• UPPER CASE – 4 guidelines
• LOWER CASE – 3 guidelines

There are six secrets of lettering namely:
form, proportion, stability, density, spacing.
Identify the sixth secret by completing this
adage; “a good draftsman will never letter
without the use of ____.
a. Line
b. Guidelines
c. Horizontal lines
d. Border lines

Drafting (Kinds of Letters)
• Gothic – all letters are composed of uniform
width elements
ABCDEF abcdef
• Roman – letters have strokes (accented), or made
up of thick and thin elements
ABCDEF abcdef
• Text – elements are made with style C or D
speedball pens. Old English, church text.
ABCDEF abcdef

SERIF is a small line or stroke regularly
attached to the end of a letter

Which Roman
letters does not
contain serif?

Of the many styles of the letters, the most
commonly used are script or Italics, Gothic,
Old English and Roman. Which of them is most
commonly used in college diploma?
a. Roman
b. Script or Italics
c. Old English
d. Gothic

• College Diploma – Old English
• College – Gothic
• TLE Subject – Roman
• Engineer – Roman, Gothic, Italic
• Paper used by Engineers – Tracing
paper

Extended letters of a given height are
more legible while compressed letters are
used when _____.
a. Space is limited
b. Space is wide
c. Space is limitless
d. Space is narrow

PROPORTION OF LETTERS
1. Normal letters
2. Extended letters
3. Compressed letters
4. Lightface
5. Boldface

PROPORTION OF LETTERS
1. Normal letters – used when space is
adequate
2. Extended letters – used when space is wider
3. Compressed letters – used when space is
limited
4. Lightface – with very thin stems
5. Boldface – having heavy stems

If “I” is the narrowest letter and
W is the widest, what is S?
a. Second widest
b. Normal letter
c. Third widest
d. None of the above

• Visible line
• Hidden line
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• Center line
________ __ ________ __ ________
• Dimension line
Fine line Figure Arrowhead

• Leader line
• Break line
• Border line
• Cutting plane line
Cutting plane line

[1]Dimension line - used to indicate the
measurement of objects which are represented by
dark solid lines.
[2]Extension line – fine line used to show clearly
the dimension limits.
[3]Center line – light broken lines used in circles,
sometimes as extension line
[4]Leader line – line leading from a dimension
value, or explanatory note to the feature on the
drawing. An arrowhead is used in pointing end but
not in note end.

[5]Long break – a limiting line used to limit the
length of elongated object.
[6]Invisible line - a series of light dash line that
represents parts of a drawing that are not seen.
[7]Border line - is considered as the darkest lines
that surround a drawing usually in rectangular
shape

Types of Section
1. Full section
2. Half section
3. Broken-out section
4. Revolved section
5. Removed or Detailed section

Types of Section
1. Full section – cuts entirely across
2. Half section – symmetrical
3. Broken-out section – partial used when
need exposure
4. Revolved section – show true shape
5. Removed or Detailed section – same as
revolved but not shown on view

KINDS OF GRAPHS
1. Line Graphs
2. Bar Graphs
3. Volume Graphs
4. Pictorial graphs
5. Phantom section or Hidden section

KINDS OF MAPS
Map is used to find directions easily
• Geographic map
• Topographic map
• Relief map
• Contour map

KINDS OF MAPS
1. Map is used to find directions easily
2. Geographic map – shows the boundaries of
countries
3. Topographic map – used to show in some detail
the top view of a section of a country
4. Relief map – shows the relative elevations of the
ground surfaces
5. Contour map – made when contour are given with
elevation

KINDS OF CHARTS
1. Organizational Charts
2. Pie Chart

KINDS OF CHARTS
1. Organizational Charts – useful in
showing the relationships and functions
of different departments
2. Pie Chart – useful in making percentage
comparisons

KINDS OF GRAPHS
1. Line Graphs – usually constructed by placing two sets of
figures in relation to each other
2. Bar Graphs – excellent for comparing quantities, values,
and percentages
3. Volume Graphs – suitable when only two or three items
are to be compared
4. Pictorial graphs – made effectively by using geometric or
pictorial symbols
5. Phantom section or Hidden section – emphasized interior

OVERALL
SEMI-
DETAILED
TWO KIND OF DIMENSION
• Location Dimension – parts, size, shapes
• Detailed Dimension
➢ Overall – width, length, height
➢ Semi-detailed – minor measurements

• What is the recommended height
of lettering for subtitles in
dimension and notes in working
drawing?
a. 1/8 inch c. 3/16 inch
b. 1/16 inch d. 1/4 inch

For beginning drafters the suggested
height of letter to practice first is 6mm
and then shift to a height of _____.
a. 30mm
b. 3mm
c. 1mm
d. 50mm

• H – Hardness
• B – Softness

Grades of Pencil
• Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B (softest)
• Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
• Hard – 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H
(hardest)

Grades of Pencil used for
General Drafting
• HB – for lettering
• 2H – for line work
• 4H – for general

Minimum requirement for drafting
students
• 4H – for repenciling light finished lines
such as center lines, dimension lines, and
visible object line
• F or H – for all lettering and freehand
work
• 6H – for light construction lines in layout
work where accuracy is required
• 2H – for visible object lines

What process is involved when solidity
of an object is shown by gradual
darkening of a particular portion/s?
a. Shadowing
b. Shading
c. Darkening
d. Lighting

•1 inch = 2.54 cm
•1 ft = 12 inches
•1 m = 3 ft
•1 yrd = 3 ft

1 km 1 hm 1 dem 1 m 1 dm 1 cm 1 mm
1000 m 100 m 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 0.01 m 0.001 m

1. 10 dem = _______ m
2. 0.0025 km = _______ cm
3. 75 m = _______ hm
4. 1050 mm = _______ km
5. 6750 hm = _______ dm

1. 10 dem = 100 m
2. 0.0025 km = 250 cm
3. 75 m = 0.75 hm
4. 1050 mm = 0.00105 km
5. 6750 hm = 6,750,000 dm

To convert inches to meters, follow the
conversion table below.
1 inch 0.025 meter
2 inches 0.050 meter
3 inches 0.075 meter
4 inches 0.10 meter

The Egyptians developed picture writing,
which pictures are used to indicate sounds
and symbols that represent sound and
ideas?
A.Graphic
B.Orthos
C.Hieroglyphics
D.Cuneiform

All lines are made in the same general manner
as in sketching. Which is the basic letter in this
group are made up of straight and curved lines
such as B C D G I O P Q R S U
A.N
B.Q
C.U
D.O

Which refers to the foundation stroke
of all letters?
A.O
B.A
C.I
D.W

Which imaginary letter is used to
space between words?
A.Q
B.C
C.G
D.O

Which letter do you draw to indicate
holes and circles when drawing an
object?
A.B
B.O
C.D
D.R

A triangle that has two equal sides
and two equal angles.
a. Obtuse
b. Equilateral
c. Isosceles
d. Scalene

A triangle that has two equal sides
and two equal angles.
a. Obtuse
b. Equilateral
c. Isosceles
d. Scalene
More than 180 degrees less than 360 degrees
Three equal sides
Two equal sides and two equal angles
Two equal side

• Isometric – 3 dimensional, 30 degrees, 30 x 60
degrees
• Orthographic – 3 view, exact shape, actual
observation, planes of projection
• Geometric Construction – accurate shape / angles
/ lines
• Pictorial – can be seen by naked eye
• Perspective – most realistic, visual observation
• Glass box technique – extract
• Architectural delineation – detailed dimension
• Drafting – systematic representation

• Oblique – one side is parallel to another, 45 degrees
• Cavalier – actual or same measurement
• Cabinet reduce to ½
• General – reduce to ¼
• Subtitle – 3/16 inch
• Good height of lettering 1/8
• Dimension line – ¼ (dimensioning)
• Extension line – 1/16 to 1/8 (dimensioning)
• Drafting – systematic representation
• Drawing – international language
• Mechanical – with instruments
• Freehand – paper and pencil

1. When a designer or an ordinary person
translates his or her design idea with the use
only of paper and pencil, what is the name of
the activity?
a. Architectural delineation
b. Freehand sketching
c. Geometric construction
d. Drafting

2. With the help of drawing instruments such as
T‐square and triangles one produces quick and
accurate delineations for an intended project.
The process is considered as ____.
a. Drafting
b. Pictorial drawing
c. Graphics
d. Shape and size descriptions

3. Technical drawing involves the manipulation
of the elements of geometry to make accurate
descriptions of shapes. Which term is referred to
by engineers and drafting professionals all over
the world?
a. Blueprinting reading
b. Geometric construction
c. Line weights
d. Measurement

4. Which is a method of representing the exact
shape and size of an object drawn to scale o ‘set
of planes’ which sometimes are called planes of
projection? It is also known as 3‐ view drawing.
a. Orthographic projection
b. Perspective construction
c. Isometric drawing
d. Fourth dimension

5. Which technique in pictorial drawing appears
like 3‐dimensional but the lines are exactly 30
degrees from the horizontal part of the object?
a. Isometric drawing
b. Cabinet drawing
c. Oblique drawing
d. Perspective drawing

6. As far as the appearance of the drawing is
concerned, it is the most important part for the
usefulness of the drawing it can be ruined if it
done carelessly. Which is referred to?
a. Painting
b. Lettering
c. Etching
d. Calligraphy

7. There are six secrets of lettering namely:
form, proportion, stability, density, spacing.
Identify the sixth secret by completing this
adage; “a good draftsman will never letter
without the use of ____.
a. Line
b. Guidelines
c. Horizontal lines
d. Border lines

8. Five guidelines are accepted in the drafting
field. Which of them are laid‐out to touch the
capital letter C aside from the base line?
a. Base line
b. Cap line
c. Drop line
d. Waist line

9. Which of these are positioned to limit letter g
aside from the waist line?
a. Cap line
b. Drop line
c. Waist line
d. Base line

10. Of the many styles of the letters, the most
commonly used are script or Italics, Gothic, Old
English and Roman. Which of them is most
commonly used in college diploma?
a. Roman
b. Script or Italics
c. Old English
d. Gothic

11. Extended letters of a given height are more
legible while compressed letters are used when
_____.
a. Space is limited
b. Space is wide
c. Space is limitless
d. Space is narrow

12. For beginning drafters the suggested height
of letter to practice first is 6mm and then shift to
a height of
a. 30mm
b. 3mm
c. 1mm
d. 50mm

13. In the field of drafting, each line has a
specific meaning. This is to establish a uniform
way when interpreting complex blueprints of
objects and other mega projects. These lines are
called ____.
a. Alphabet of lines
b. Alphanumeric of line
c. Language of lines
d. Lines of sight

14. A drawing teacher on a local high school was
discussing a feature on which the surface
appears to have been imaginary cut along the
cutting plane line. Which line is she going to
apply to the surface where the cutting plane cut
through?
a. Center line
b. Dimension line
c. Section line
d. Invisible line

15. A group of students is experimenting on
views in orthographic projection. They extract
first the front view of a sample object using a
transparent material as discussed by their
teacher. What technique are they using?
a. Glass box technique
b. Onion skin technique
c. Japanese paper technique
d. Polycarbonate technique

Carpentry is the term commonly
referring to technology and science of
cutting, fitting, and assembling
related materials in the construction
of boats, bridges and piers, or any
other structure made from
construction materials.

Woods are by-product of trees
which are used for carpentry projects.
Woodworkingis the skill of
making items from wood, and
includes cabinet making, wood
carving, joinery, carpentry, and
woodturning.

TYPES OF WOODS
1. Lumber
–Woods that came from trees, either
softwood or hardwood.
• Softwood – called as conifers
• Hardwood – comes from broad leafed
(deciduous) trees

2. Yard lumber
–Prepared lumber for variety of uses.
• Select grade – lumber of good
appearance that can take different
finishes such as stain, paint, and enamel.
• Common grade – suitable for rough
carpentry. It is not of finishing quality (eg.
Coco Lumber)

3. Manufactured wood
–Also called man-made wood, this
are timber sheets which are
produced by gluing wood layers
or wood fibers together.
• Wood veneer – thin slices of wood
• Plywood – a sheet material from thin
layers or "plies" of wood veneer

PARTS OF A WOOD
• Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is
made up of accumulated dead cells.
• Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close
to the bark
• Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the
inner part of the wood and the bark.
• Bark – outermost layer of the wood

• Growth rings – are visible as
concentric circles. They represent layers of
cells produced by vascular.
• Vascular rays - constitute the
horizontal system of secondary tissues; this
horizontal system acts in the translocation
and storage of food and water.

LUMBER DEFECTS
• Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the
wood along the grain like small crack or split

• Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has
been exposed when the log is cut.

• Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains
resinous materials. (usually attracts ants)

• Stain – discoloration of the wood surface

• Shake – separation between the annual growth rings.

•Wood warping is
deformity in wood occurring when
the moisture content of different
parts of a piece of wood changes
unevenly.

The standard size of a common
plywood is
a. 4 x 6 feet
b. 4 x 8 feet
c. 6 x 8 feet
d. 6 x 10 feet

Board Foot
(unit measurement of lumber)
• (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
• Example:
– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per board
feet.
✓ 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
✓ (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
✓56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
✓Php 616.00

A carpenter bought 7 pieces of
2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is 35.00
per board foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,980.00
b. 1,940.00
c. 1,950.00
d. 1,960.00

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
2 x 4 x 12 =

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
2 x 4 x 12 = 96

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 =

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs =

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd ft.

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
56 bd ft. x Php 35.00 =

Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
56 bd ft. x Php 35.00 = Php 1,960.00

Find the total number of board feet of
six pieces of lumber with a dimension
of 2" x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.

six pieces of 2" x 4" x 12’
2 x 4 x 12 = 96
96/12 = 8 bd ft.

Five (5) pieces of a 1” x 1” x 8” lumber
is how many board feet?
A. 35
B. 45
C. 30
D. 40

Five pieces of 1” x 1” x 8”
1 x 1 x 8 = 8

A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many
board feet?
A. Six feet
B. Eight feet
C. Two feet
D. Ten feet

2” x 3” x 12”
2 x 3 x 12 = 72

2” x 3” x 12”
2 x 3 x 12 = 72
72/12 = 6

A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many
board feet?
A. Six board feet
B. Eight board feet
C. Two board feet
D. Ten board feet

QUALITY OF WOOD
• S2S – planed or smooth on two sides
• S4S – planed or smooth on four sides
• S3S – board has been surfaced S2S first, then
one edge is ripped straight
• Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes
exact dimension in T, W, L.
• Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually
lessened in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch

A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth
c. Dressed
d. Worked

is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth – grade of lumber that is ready for
finishing
c. Dressed
d. Worked

is ____.
a. Rough
finishing
c. Dressed – has been put through planning
machine which gives fine surface
d. Worked

is ____.
a. Rough
finishing
c. Dressed – has been put through planning
machine which gives fine surface
d. Worked – has been dressed and matched,
ship lapped, or patterned

WOOD PREPARATION
• Seasoning the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
– Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in
open air
– Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven to
dry wood
– Treated – Use of Chemical compound before
seasoning

• approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture are:
20 % for softwood
6-12 % for hardwood

WOOD JOINTS
Joineryis the process of putting
the work together.

Miter joint
Butt joint
Lap joint
Rabbet joint

• Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to
the surface or edge of other piece.

• Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45
degrees and joined forming right angle.

• Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and
chairs. (“Kaltas”)

• Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest
joint used for quality chairs, tables and
benches. (Force Fitting)

• Dado - is a groove that runs on board and
receives the end or edge of the second board.
(“TnG”)

• Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for
making frames to hold glass in constructing
drawers and other cabinetwork.

• MITER JOINT – picture frame
• LAP or BUTT JOINT – tables
and chairs
• MORTISE and TENON – chairs,
table and benches

COMMON TOOLS
•Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled
in a fixed casing and retracts automatically by
spring.

Try Square - is use for testing the squareness
of two surfaces. Woodworking tool used to
mark a line at 90 degrees to the edge of the
wood or finding "square".

Marking Gauge - it is used in laying out and
marking the thickness and width of stock.

Sliding T Bevel - this tool can be set to lay out
any angle.

Scratch awl is used to lay out positions for
drilling and boring holes.

Dividers are used for dividing space equally,
transferring measurements and scribing arcs
and circles.

HOLDING TOOLS
Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces,
edge to edge and for clamping parts together
when assembling projects.

Bench Vise is used for holding a work of piece
to allow work to be performed in it.

Brace – it is used for holding auger bits,
fastener bits and other tools with rectangular
shape shanks.

Back Saw – making wood joint.
Coping Saw – plywood
Crosscut Saw – across the grain
Hack Saw – cut metal
Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and circle
shape in wood.
Long crosscut Saw – large and round lumber
Rip Saw – along the grain
Fret Saw – deep accurate cut
Jigsaw – power tool, circular shape

CUTTING TOOLS
Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large
and round timber.

Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the
grain.

Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across
the grain. The shape of the teeth is similar to
knife blades.

Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate
work both on the bench and the vise.

Hack saw – is used to cut metal.

Coping saw – used in cutting irregular
shapes.

Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in
a wood.

Fretsaw – is a bow saw used for intricate
cutting work which often incorporates tight
curves

Dovetail saw – small backsaw used to cut
dovetails.

Jigsaws – are best used for cutting shapes
and curves in wood with its narrow blade

Chainsaw – is a portable gasoline-, electric-,
or battery-powered saw that cuts with a set of
teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along
a guide bar.

Boring Tools
Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in
woods.

Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and
other tools with rectangular shape shanks.

Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box
wood handle. It is used in boring holes with
small diameter.

DRIVING TOOLS
Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling
nails.

Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in
driving chisels with wooden handles.

Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at
the back of the hammer. It is used in metal
work

Pin Hammer – very lightweight hammer which
is used for very fine work

Cross Pein Hammer – It is used in metal
work, stone work, blacksmithing or
woodworking

SMOOTHENING TOOLS
Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or
width of a piece of wood and for smoothing
surfaces

Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and
concave edges

Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting
edge and carving of woods.

Sandpaper – used to remove material from
surfaces, either to make them smoother

Scraper – is tool made of steel. It is used to
produce a very smooth surface.

Wood Fillers - this are used to eliminate deep cuts
and holes in your finished project, so that surface
can be made even and smooth.

FINISHING TOOLS
Enamel paint – used on copper, metal surfaces,
glass, wood, plastic, and even walls. It is resistant
to moisture, and it's perfect for surfaces that
need to be washed multiple times.

Opaque Wood Finish – a premium quality, low
maintenance, alkyd resin based wood finish for
interior and exterior use.

Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from
different color of woods such as walnut,
mahogany and natural color.

Shellac - a finishing material came from gums
substance of insects.

Varnish - a finishing material when applied produces
high glossy finish to a project. It came in different
forms, from gum, linseed oil, resin, turpentine and or
chemical drier.

WOODWORKING METHODS
• Planning
– Drawing and designing
– Identify bill of materials (canvassing)
– List procedures
– List tools and materials
• Cutting – size and shapes
• Assembling – constructing
• Sanding and Finishing – smooth finish

DESIGN A PRODUCT
Designing processes to follow;
1. Clarify the purpose, condition and place of use.
2. Draw a conceptual picture.
3. List the materials needed.
4. List the tools and equipment to be used in
processing.
5. Prepare technical drawings and parts drawings.
6. Make prototype if possible.

Wood Floor System
1. Girder – principal beam extending from wall to
wall.
2. Floor joist – placed on the girders where the
floor boards are fastened
3. Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation
4. Header – Short transverse joist that supports
the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
5. Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an end
portion of header.
6. Flooring – tongue and groove board which is
most common of wood flooring materials.

Shed or Lean-to-
Roof
Simplest form of
roof consisting of
one single slope.

Gable or Pitch Roof
Most common type
and economical
form of roof

Hip Roof
Common form
used in modern
houses

Hip and Valley
Roof
Combination of hip
roof and an
intersecting gable
roof forming T or L
shaped building.

Pyramid Roof
Modification of
hip roof

Gambrel Roof
Modification of
the gable roof
with each side
having two
slopes

Dome
Hemispherical
form of roof

Butterfly Roof
• Otherwise known as an
inverted pitch roof.
• Provides the added
benefit of allowing larger
walls and windows to a
structure, with an easily
managed way of
harvesting rainwater
through the middle
channel in the roof.

Curved Roof
• help to reduce
resistance to wind, but
are mainly chosen due
to the stunning aesthetic
look they can add to a
building

Dormers
• contain a window that
projects vertically from a
traditional pitched roof
• most popular in loft
conversions
• providing an easy way of
expanding the space and
natural light in the
converted loft room

Flat Roof
• a slight pitch to allow
water to run-off and
drain
• most commonly used for
industrial and
commercial buildings
such as offices and
warehouses

M-shaped Roof
• double-pitched roof;
essentially a double
gable
• Central guttering runs
between the two pitches
to stop any snow or rain
building up in the winter
season

Parapet Roof
• addition of a parapet
makes a flat roof far
safer, providing a small
barrier that provides
additional security to
reduce the likelihood of
anyone standing the
roof falling over the
edge.

Truss
– series of triangles used to distribute load and
stiffen the structure spacing
1. Girts – the structural member that supports the
rafters or truss of a building.
2. Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite
sides of roof.
3. Purlins – the structural member placed on top of
the rafter or top chord of a truss that support the
roofing materials.

Common Parts of a Stair
Rise Height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Riser Vertical face of stair step.
Run Horizontal distance from the first to last riser of stair flight.
Landing Horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
Well Place occupied by flight of stairs
Well Hole Opening in the floor at the top of the flight of stairs.
Stair
Headroom
Clear vertical height measured from nosing of a stair tread to
any overhead construction.
Tread Horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
Step Stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.
Winders Steps not parallel with each other

What computational formula is used
to compute for the measurement of
wood in board feet?
A. (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
B. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
C. (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
D. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12

How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he
purchase 14 pieces of 2x2x10 of
lumber and the prices per board foot
is Php 12.50?
A. Php 41.66
B. Php 583.33
C. Php 46.66
D. Php 653.33

Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33
3.33 Bd.ft x 14 pcs x Php12.50
46.66 Bd.ft x Php 12.50
= Php 583.33

What kind of joint in carpentry is
illustrated below?
A. Mortise & Tenon
B. Dovetail
C. Milter joint
D. Dado

What kind of Lumber defect is shown
below?
A. Split
B. Shake
C. Pitch Pocket
D. Stain

This is a finishing material came from
gums substance of insects.
A. Wood Stain
B. Shellac
C. Varnish
D. Paint

1. The term commonly referring to
technology and science of cutting, fitting,
and assembling related materials in the
construction is called?
a. Wood working
b. Construction
c. Masonry
d. Carpentry

2. In cutting with the saw what part of the
body is used as guide?
a. Hand
b. Finger
c. Feet
d. Thumb

3. When working with piece of materials as
in sawing, boring, filing and planning,
always use?
a. Clamps
b. Tie
c. Vise
d. Guide

4. In laying out and marking the thickness
and width of stock, the best tool to use is
a. Pencil
b. Ruler
c. Marking gauge
d. All of the above

5. This tool is used in checking the
squareness of the corners of a surface.
a. Try square
b. Steel Framing square
c. Sliding T bevel
d. All of the above

6. A handsaw which is designed in cutting
woods along the grain. It has a chisel like
teeth that form the saw kerfs by cutting
the ends of the fibers.
a. Hack saw
b. Rip saw
c. Back saw
d. Crosscut saw

7. What do you call the measuring
instrument used by workers which is reeled
in housing and retracts automatically by a
spring?
a. Zigzag rule
b. Push steel rule
c. Steel rule
d. Ruler

8. The beauty and neatness of a product in
woodworking depend mostly on the skills
of the worker. What other attribute will
follow?
a. Tools and Equipment used
b. Correct Layout
c. Accuracy of measurement
d. All of the above

9. Woods that comes from trees that have
needle like leaves which remain evergreen
throughout the year.
a. Soft wood
b. Hard wood
c. Lumber
d. Yard lumber

10. It is a buy product of lumber which is
made of large thin layers or sheets of
woods called plies.
a. Plyboard
b. Good lumber
c. Plywood
d. Hard lumber

11. Wood shrinks when it dries and swells
when it absorbs water. What should be the
approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture?
a. 20%
b. 6-12%
c. 15%
d. 5-10%

12. Which direction of wood fiber will
provide the highest level of bending
strength?
a. Parallel to fiber direction
b. Along the fiber direction
c. Across the fiber direction
d. Diagonal the fiber direction

13. In sawing soft and thin wood, what
angle of the saw is recommended?
a. 15-30 degrees
b. 45-60 degrees
c. 30-45 degrees
d. 30-60 degrees

14. The process of drying the lumber to
remove its saps and make ready for use is
called
a. Drying
b. Treating
c. Seasoning
d. Preparing

15. It is the operation performed in the
preparation of wood for commercial
purposes.
a. Seasoning
b. Sawing
c. Lumbering
d. Logging

•Masonry is the art of building
with stone, bricks, concrete blocks
or similar materials.
• It is the building of structures from
individual units laid in and bound
together by mortar.

• Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of
mixing sand, cement, gravel and water.
• Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water
used for binding stones, bricks, etc. or for
plastering.
• Grout – mixture of cement and water
• Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings
and hardened to produce smooth surface.
• Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with
water to form a hard stone-like substance.

Classification of Masonry Tools
• Roughing up – tools used in the
process of preparing, arranging,
forming, laying and shaping of bricks,
masonry blocks and stones
• Surface finishing – tools used to
produce smooth finish

Masonry (Roughing Up Tools)
• Plumb bob is used in guiding the vertical
position in laying bricks

• Water and Tube Level – use to establish
level marks in laying out masonry works

• Crandall – tool with pointed steel pikes used
for dressing concrete.

• Brick Hammer – used for dressing and
cutting bricks, stone or concrete

• Axe-Hammer – used in two diﬀerent ways.
– axeto serve as a chisel
– hammer for driving nails and other rough work in
masonry

• Bolster – tool similar with chisel including
its services

• Star Drill – boring or drilling holes on hard
surface such as rock, stone, or concrete.

• Wrecking bar – used in demolition work and
in pulling-oﬀ large nails. Also known as crowbar

• Float – tool with handle at the back usually
made of wood, a tool used to finish a concrete
surface by making it smooth
Masonry (Surface Finishing Tools)
• Trowel – flat tool used for applying,
spreading and shaping plaster or mortar to
produce smooth finish.

• Common ﬂoat
Types of Float

1.Common float – used for smoothing or for
producing textured surfaces on cement or plaster.
2.Bull float – a tool used to smooth freshly placed
concrete.
3.Devil or Nail float – roughen the surface of plaster
to provide a key for the next coat.
4.Carpet float – produce a fine grained texture in sand
finishes.
5.Angle float – used for finishing corners and for
plastering.

• Ordinary Trowel
Types of Trowel

1.Ordinary trowel – same with ordinary ﬂoat
but with a steel blade.
2.Pointing trowel –used in pointing, removing,
or laying mortar in masonry joints.
3.Brick trowel –with an oﬀset blade used to
pick-up or spread mortar.
4.Buttering trowel –used to spread mortar on
bricks and tiles before it is laid.

5. Edger trowel – used on the edges of fresh
concrete or plaster to form a rounded corner.
6. Margin trowel – its sides has a box-like
appearance especially used for working corner
angles

• Miscellaneous Masonry Tools – simple
tools but are considered worthy of notice
since they accomplish an important task in
making the rigorous work involved in masonry
simpler
Masonry (Tools)

• Spade – tool used for digging straight-edged
holes or trenches, slicing and lifting sod
Masonry (Miscellaneous)

• G.I. Pail – used as vessel in handling
especially in transferring concrete mix, mortar,
or plaster from the mixing board

• Wheelbarrow– carrying loads in building-
work

• Mixing Board – usually made of wood or
concrete used for mixing concrete in the
absence of a concrete mixer

• Mason’s or Mortar Box –– a shallow
box, used to contain mortar or plaster to make
it easily accessible to the mason

• Measuring box – a box, made of board or
plywood with handle, used for measuring
sand, gravel, etc. prior to mixing

• Plastic or Nylon string – used for
marking and guiding the block laying, tile
laying, etc. to produce a uniform and straight
course.

• Jointer – used in forming seals in brick,
block, or stone

• Brick Tongs – tools used in carrying
numbers of brick at once.

Masonry (Common Materials)
• CHB – is the most widely used masonry
material for construction works.

Types of Concrete
Hollow Blocks

• Stretcher – Laid with their length parallel to
the face of the wall

• Corner – are placed at corners, or at the
ends of windows and door openings.

• Double Corner / Pier / Pillar – most often
used to build pillars or piers, it is designed so that
both ends could be left visible

• Bull Nose – same as corner blocks in their
use and structure, except that they have
rounded edges

• Jamb – provide space for the casing
members of a window and are often used
specifically in double-hung windows

• Partition – similar to concrete pillar blocks
except that they are taller and wide

• Solid Top – good for creating walls that provide
protection against the elements, such as strong
winds

• Bricks – are manufactured from clay and
other materials processed into workable
consistency and molded to standard sizes.

• STRETCHER BOND – longer face of the
brick as seen in the elevation.

• HEADER BOND – shorter face of the brick
as seen in the elevation.

• ENGLISH BOND – alternate courses consist
of headers and stretchers.

• FLEMISH BOND – Alternate courses start
with stretcher and header.
• To break the vertical joints queen closers are
required, if a course starts with header.
• Every header is centrally supported on the
stretcher below it.
• Flemish bonds may be further classified as;
a. Double Flemish Bond
b. Single Flemish Bond

• Rubble stone – irregular stones with good
face for wall surface.

• Ashlars – carefully worked and joined stone
blocks laid in parallel horizontal courses.

• Aggregates - the
material that is bound
together into a
conglomerated mass
by cement and water
to form concrete,
mortar or plaster.
– Fine – sand
– Coarse – crushed rocks,
gravel .

• Mortar
– Workable paste which hardens to bind building
blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry
units
– Use to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them
• Grout
– Used as a filler for the joints between tiles once the
tile you are installing has been sbetween tiles et

Types of Mortar
• K – historic preservation
• M – highest strength, for stone
• S – medium strength, for walls
• O – general strength, for semi soft stones
• N – low strength, for sandstone and
brownstone

Types of Cement
• Ordinary Portland Cement
– (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
– used for general construction and is widely
used all over the world
• Portland Pozzolana Cement
– (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
– used for constructions susceptible in water
exposure

Masonry Terms
• Plasticity – molded without segregation
• Consistency – degree of wetness or slump
• Center – Start laying ceramic tiles
• Left – Start laying concrete hollow blocks
• Admixture – Process added to the batch
immediately before or during its mixing

• Stirrups – the structural reinforcing member
• Forms – structure that holds the poured
concrete
• 7 days – concrete shall be maintained above
10 °C temperature
• Curing – Process of hardening of concrete
• Stretcher – Bricks longer side is exposed to
view
• Header – Bricks shorter side is exposed to
view

CHB lay per bag of Cement
CHB Size No. of Pieces
4” x 8” x 16” 55 to 60 pcs
6” x 8” x 16” 30 to 36 pcs
8” x 8” x 16” 25 to 30 pcs

1 square meter = 12.5 pcs concrete
hollow blocks
10 sq. m. = _____ CHB

1 square meter = 12.5 pcs concrete
hollow blocks
10 sq. m. = _____ CHB
10 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 125 pcs CHB

You have a 3 meters by 5 meters room,
how many hollow blocks do you need?
3 m x 5 m = _______ CHB

3 m x 5 m = _______ CHB
3 m x 5 m = 15 sq. m

3 m x 5 m = _______ CHB
3 m x 5 m = 15 sq. m
15 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 187.5 pcs CHB

How may CHB is needed for 15 meters
by 20 meters fence?

How may CHB is needed for 15 meters
by 20 meters fence?
15 m x 20 m = _______ CHB
15 m x 20 m = 100 sq. m
100 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 1,250 pcs CHB

Masonry (Strength of Concrete)
• Correct proportion of the ingredients
• Quality of the materials
• Proper methods of mixing
• Proper placement or depositing of the concrete
inside the form
• Adequate protection during the period of curing
• Finding the Quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel
• It will depend on the kind of mixture (AA, A, B or C)
• Find the volume

CLASS CEMENT SAND GRAVEL
HAND
MIXING
AA 1 1.5 3
½ kg water
+ 1 kg
cement + 2
kg sand +
2.5 to 3 kg
gravel
A 1 2 4
B 1 2.5 5
C 1 3 6

Class Purpose
AA Specialized Extra Strength
A
For beams, slabs, columns, all members
subjected to bending
B
For member not reinforced for bending
stress
C For footing (not under water)

Class Purpose
AA
1:1 ½:3
mix concrete for column and
slab
A
1:2:4
mix concrete for a slab in the
ground
C
1:3:6
mix concrete for hollow block
filler

Points should be know before estimating:
Density of Cement: 1440 kg/m3
Density of Sand: 1450-1500 kg/m3
Density of Gravel: 1450-1500 kg/m3
Water-Cement ratio: 0.45

1 Bag of Cement: 50 kg
0.0347 cu m3
1.226 CFT
1 cu m3 : 28.8 bags of cement

Volume Concrete;
• VC = L x W x H
Formula to get the cubic meter (m3);
• Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
• Sand = [ ( S / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
• Gravel = [ ( G / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]

• If the volume of the project to be
concreted is 0.80 m3 and the class of
mixing proportion that will be used is
Class B, how many kilos of cement
will be needed?

Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5

Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg

Density of Cement: 1440 kg/m3
Density of Sand: 1450-1500 kg/m3
Density of Gravel: 1450-1500 kg/m3
Water-Cement ratio: 0.45 m3

= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg

= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg

= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg

= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= 0.0936 x 1440 kg

= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= 0.0936 x 1440 kg
= 134.78 kg

= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= 0.0936 x 1440 kg
= 134.78 kg or 2.695 bags of cement

Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] / 0.0347
= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] / 0.0347
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] / 0.0347
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] / 0.0347
= 0.0936 / 0.0347
= 2.697 bags of cement

Class C, how many kilos of cement
will be needed?

Mixing Proportion = Class C / 1:3:6
= [ (1 / (1+3+6)) x 0.50 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/10) x 0.50 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.1 m3 x 0.50 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= 0.05 x 1440 kg
= 72 kg or 1.44 bags of cement

Class A, how many cubic meters of
sand are needed?

Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4

Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]

Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 0.20 ]

Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 0.20 ]
= [ ( 2 / 7 ) x 0.20 ]

Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 0.20 ]
= [ ( 2 / 7 ) x 0.20 ]
= 0.286 x 0.20

Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 0.20 ]
= [ ( 2 / 7 ) x 0.20 ]
= 0.286 x 0.20
= 0.057 cu m3

• How many cubic meters of sand are
needed for a proposed concrete
pavement whose width and length
are 2m x 2m. The thickness is 20cm
using Class B mixing proportion.

Volume Concrete = 2m x 2m x 20cm
VC = L x W x H
Covert 20 cm to m
1 cm = 0.10 m
20 cm x 0.10 m
0.2 m
VC = 2m x 2m x 0.2m = 0.8 m3

Sand = [ ( 2.5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2.5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]
= [ ( 2.5 / 8.5 ) x 0.80 ]
= 0.294 x 0.80
= 0.235 cu m3

• How many cubic meters of gravel are
needed for a proposed concrete
pavement whose width and length
are 2m x 2m. The thickness is 20cm
using Class B mixing proportion.

Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]

Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]

Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]
= [ ( 5 / 8.5 ) x 0.80 ]

Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]
= [ ( 5 / 8.5 ) x 0.80 ]
= 0.588 x 0.80

Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]
= [ ( 5 / 8.5 ) x 0.80 ]
= 0.588 x 0.80
= 0.470 cu m3

Class AA, how many cubic meters of
gravel are needed?

Mixing Proportion = Class AA / 1:1.5:3
Gravel = [ ( G / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 3 / ( 1 + 1.5 + 3 )) x 0.40 ]
= [ ( 3 / 5.5 ) x 0.40 ]
= 0.545 x 0.40
= 0.218 cu m3

Class A, how many liters of water is
needed?

Water = [(Cement in cubic x 0.45) x 1000 L]

= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 1000 L ]

= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 1000 L ]
= [ ( 1/7 ) x 1000 L ]

= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 1000 L ]
= [ ( 1/7 ) x 1000 L ]
= 0.143 x 1000 L

= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 1000 L ]
= [ ( 1/7 ) x 1000 L ]
= 0.143 x 1000 L
= 143 L

Class C, how many liters of water is
needed?

Mixing Proportion = Class C / 1:3:6
= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 3 + 6 )) x 1000 L ]
= [ ( 1/10 ) x 1000 L ]
= 0.1 x 1000 L
= 100 L

• Tile – A thin stone unit of uniform size usually
less than 3/4″ thick. A tile is a manufactured
piece of hard-wearing material such as
ceramic , stone , metal, or even glass .

• Ceramic tile is a less expensive
material used in tile setting.

Type of Ceramic Tiles
• Glazed Tiles
–with smooth
shiny surface

Type of Ceramic Tiles
• Unglazed
Tiles
–usually not
shiny and
with porous
surface

• Vinyl tile is inexpensive, easy to install,
and easy to maintain. These tiles are
waterproof and very durable.

• Quarry Tile – has a rough surface, so
that it is perfect for flooring because it
provides a good grip.

• Glass Tiles made from thin pieces of
glass with translucent glaze fired onto the
back of each tile

Type of Glass Tiles
• Mounted
Glass Tile
usually, pre-
mounted on mesh
backing

Type of Glass Tiles
• Unmounted
Glass Tile
Tiles that are
stained glass,
usually without
mesh backing

• Ceramic – used as bathroom wall and kitchen
floor surfaces
• Glazed Ceramic – kitchen
• Unglazed Ceramic – ideal for wet areas and
outdoor applications, bathroom, pool
• Quarry Tile – flooring
• Granite stone – kitchen design tiling
• Glass tiles – walls, bathrooms, in window
details, or for decoration.

Tiles per square meter
TILE SIZE (METRIC) TILE SIZE (ENGLISH) NUMBER OF TILES
20x20 8x8 25 pcs
20x25 8x10 20 pcs
30x30 12x12 11 pcs
33x33 13x13 9.25 pcs
40x40 16x16 6.25 pcs
50x50 18x18 4 pcs
60x60 24x24 2.7 pcs

Your mother want to change the tiles
in your kitchen sink, so she asked you
to buy all the needed materials. The
size of tiles are 8”x8”, and the area of
your sink is 6 sq. meters. How many
tiles will be needed?

Size of tiles: 8”x8”
Area: 6 sq. meter

Area: 6 sq. meter
8”x8” = 25 pcs

Area: 6 sq. meter
8”x8” = 25 pcs
6 sq. m x 25 pcs = 150 pcs

Zeth would like to use a 12”x12” tiles
for his bathroom that is 5 meters long
and 2 meters wide. How many tiles
does he need to buy?

Size of tiles: 12x12 inches
Area: 5m x 2m
How many tiles?

Area: 5m x 2m
12”x12” = 11 pcs

Area: 5m x 2m
12”x12” = 11 pcs
5m x 2m = 10 sq. m

Area: 5m x 2m
12”x12” = 11 pcs
5m x 2m = 10 sq. m
10 sq. m x 11 pcs = 187.5 pcs

1. This refers to as a bonding agent that reacts
to water and with the right amount of
proportion hardens and cures to form a hard
stone like substance.
a. Aggregates
b. Cement
c. Stones
d. Concrete

2. There are many types of bonding agent used
for construction projects, how many types of
bonding agents or cement available.
a. 2
b. 13
c. 14
d. 1

3. Concrete mixing proportions are divided in
how many classes?
a. 4
b. 3
c. 14
d. 13

4. It is a timeframe used to transform mortar
into concrete
a. Drying Period
b. Curing Period
c. Waiting Period
d. Drying Time

5. Aggregates are divided into two types, Fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates, what are the
most basic coarse aggregates used in a
construction project?
a. Pebbles
b. Gravel
c. Sand
d. Boulders

6. There are many types of cement used for
masonry construction, how many common
types of cement is used for general concrete
projects?
a. 2
b. 13
c. 14
d. 1

7. What is the right mixing proportion class is
used for columns and beams which is subject to
weight and bending stress.
a. Class AA
b. Class A
c. Class B
d. Class C

8. To get the volume of the concrete needed for
estimating the amount of CEMENT, SAND and
GRAVEL, what will be the solution or formula in
CUBIC METER?
a. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length - Width - Height
b. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length / Width / Height
c. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length +X Width +
Height
d. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length X Width X
Height

9. What is the right mixing proportion class used
for footing or foundation not under water?
a. Class AA
b. Class A
c. Class B
d. Class C

10. This is considered to be the most common
concrete material used for building general
construction.
a. Bricks
b. CHB
c. Ashlars
d. Rubble Stones

11. The abbreviation CHB stands for what
meaning?
a. Concrete Heavy Block
b. Construction Hollow Block
c. Concrete Hollow Block
d. Consolidated Hollow Block

12. What is the international standard nominal
size of a CHB.
a. 8 x 16
b. 7.5 x 15.5
c. 7 x 15
d. 8.5 x 16.5

13. This material is considered to be the first
construction material used by early civilization
which is made of clay and straw which is durable
in heat and fire.
a. Bricks
b. CHB
c. Ashlars
d. Rubble Stones

14. The density of cement in kilogram per cubic
meter is.
a. 1,440 kg/ m3
b. 140 kg/ m3
c. 1,550 kg/ m3
d. 154 kg/ m3

15. What element is added to the bonding agent
that reacts and hardens forming it to a hard
stone like substance?
a. Air
b. Cement
c. Water
d. Stones

Plumbing refers to the system as well as
the material fixtures and the apparatus
used inside a building for supplying water,
removing the used water with other liquid
and water-borne wastes as well as the
connected ventilating system.

Plumbing (Tools and Materials)
• Pipe wrench – used in turning soft iron pipes
and fittings with rounded surface.

• Wrench – is used to tighten or loosen
hexagonal fittings.

• Yoke vise – used in holding pipes for cutting
and threading.

• Vise grip – used in holding pipes for cutting
and threading.

• Pipe Threader – tools used in making teeth
on pipes

• Pipe Reamer – fluted conical tool for
beveling or removing burrs from pipe ends.

• Tube cutter – or pipe cutter used for thinner
pipes and tubes.

• Hacksaw – a fine tooth saw with blade held
under tension in a frame, used for cutting
metals or plastics.

Pipe is a tubular section or hollow
cylinder, used mainly to convey substances
which can flow — liquids and gases,
slurries, powders and masses of small
solids

• Copper
• Stainless steel tube
• Galvanized Iron Pipe (G.I)
• Cast Iron Pipe and Fittings
• Concrete Pipes
• Plastic

Plumbing (Types of Pipe)
• PVC PIPE - refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride Plastic
material. This is the most common pipe for
plumbing system.

PVC-U is the most
common PVC type for
pipes and fittings
PVC-O is typically
used for pressure pipes
for drinking water

C-PVC is typically
used for pipes and
fittings for hot and
cold water
PVC-HI is a material
of choice for natural
gas networks

• PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic
material intended for long span water system
installation.

• CI PIPE - is a heavy metal made of casting on
molds to make fixtures. such as sink, tubs and
lavatories, covered with a porcelain enamel
coating.

• GI PIPE - is a galvanized iron pipe which is
better fitted for plumbing installation than
steel pipe. It is constructed of rough iron,
dipped in molten zinc and maybe identified by
its dull grayish color

In which type of pipes does potable water
travel?
A. Galvanized pipes
B. ABC pipes
C. PVC pipes ( orange )
D. Cast iron pipes

In which type of pipes does portable water
travel?
A. Galvanized pipes
B. ABC pipes
C. PVC pipes ( orange )
D. Cast iron pipes

• Standard length of a PVC pipe 10 ft.
• Standard length of a G.I. pipe – 6 ft.
• Standard length of a PVC pipe – 3.0 m

If you want to estimate the number of PVC pipes
needed from your house to main supply, what is
the standard length of PVC pipes that you are
going to use?
A. 3 meters
B. 20 meters
C. 6 feet
D. 20 feet

How many PVC pipes can be installed in a 7.50
meter distance?
A. 3.5 pcs.
B. 3 pcs.
C. 2.5 pcs
D. 2 pcs

• SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually
used externally.

TEFLON TAPE -is specifically used for
attachment threaded pipe on fittings.

ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an
adhesive material used by a plumber when
working with ABS pipes.

Plumbing (Basic Terms)
• Fixture – any of the fixed plumbing items in a
household such as lavatories, showers, bath tubs,
etc.
• Fittings – are piece of apparatus, equipment or
furnishing used for pipe installations.
• Drainage – includes all piping within the public or
private premises that conveys sewage, rainwater
and other liquid wastes.
• Vent pipe – facilitate ventilation to avoid siphonage
or backflow of the water seal.

Plumbing (Fittings)
P-trap – a device designed to seal a liquid or
prevent the back passage of air without
affecting the flow of the sewage through it.

Bushing - fittings that can be inserted into one
pipe and allow you to screw another (smaller
pipe) pipe into it.

Coupling – a fitting device used to connect two
shafts together at their ends.

Union – like coupling, except it is designed to
allow quick and convenient disconnection of
pipes for maintenance. “Union Patente”

Plug – cap end, designed to insert into the end
of tube to end the flow of water.

Cap – similar to plug, it covers the end of a
pipe.

Elbows – ¼ bend, 45 degrees and 90 degrees,
to change direction

Nipple – a short pipe with small opening which
provides way for liquid to pass through the pipe.
It has a male thread on each end and is used for
extension from fitting.

Reducer – used to connect smaller pipe from a
larger pipe.

Tee Fitting – used to combine the flow from
two inlets

Wye Fitting – used to connect horizontally to
vertical planes.

A plumber wants to cut pipes, what holding is
needed?
A. Pipe wrench
B. Yoke vise
C. Pipe threader
D. Vise grip

The following are examples of plumbing fixtures
EXCEPT _______.
A. urinals
B. shower
C. drainage
D. water closet

All plumbing fixtures must have P-trap
EXCEPT____.
A. bath tub
B. Sink
C. water closet
D. lavatory

If the end of a PVC pipe is fitted with a male
adopter, what fitting will be used to stop the
flow of the
water?
A. Plug
B. Cap
C. Coupling
D. Elbow

Plumbing (Valves)
Gate valve – it is used to permit or prevent the
flow of water.

Globe valve – used for regulating flow or
pressures as well as complete shutoff of flow

Check valve – basically a one-way valve, in
which the flow can run freely one way, but if the
flow turns the valve will close to protect the
piping, other valves, pumps etc.

Angle valve – used to prevent or control the
flow of a liquid in a pipe and this is the reason
for it is sometimes called simply as stop valve.

Flush valve – device
located at the
bottom of the tank
for flushing water
closets.

Float valve – controls the level by opening and
closing a valve in response to the changing
levels

Valves
• Control flow of water through pipes
• Types of valves
–Gate > allows maximum flow of water
–Globe > slow down flow of water
–Check > prevent backflow of water
–Angle > control water supply in lavatory,
sink, tub
–Float > control water supply inside tank

Trap
• prevent the back passage of air
• Plumbing Code on Traps
“ Every trap shall be self-
cleaning trap for bath tubs,
lavatories, sink and other similar
fixtures”

If your water system has leak, where can you
shut off the flow of water?
A. Angle Valve
B. Check Valve
C. Globe Valve
D. Gate Valve

A plumber wants to install a liquid seal trap to
prevent sewer gases from entering the building?
What fittings will he use?
A. Pump
B. Backflow preventer
C. Trap
D. Union

Plumbing ventilation means to ______.
A. give pressure differential in the public
sewer
B. maintain seal traps
C. discourage corrosion in the drainage piping
D. carry sewer gases out and relieve pressure
of the drainage system

Rainwater from the roof down to the ground
passes through what pipe?
A. Vent
B. Gutter
C. Conductor
D. Down spout

Every trap for bath tubs, lavatories, sink, and
other similar fixture shall be_____.
A. self-cleaning
B. fix
C. tight
D. self-regulating

Water Supply System
• Consist of;
–water service pipe
–water distributing pipes and
–necessary connecting pipes

HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY
• House Service – pipe connection from
public water main to any source of water
supply
• Riser – extends upward from one floor
to next
• Branches – horizontal pipes that serves
faucets or fixtures

Plumbing (RA 1378)
• Plumbing is the art and science of
installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus
to convey and supply water in buildings and to
dispose and discharge waste water in a safe,
orderly, healthy and sanitary way.

Plumbing (RA 1378)
• Plumbing designs and installations are
governed by a set of rules prescribed by the
National Plumbing Code.
• Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the
"Plumbing Law".

Plumbing (Purpose of the Code)
• Establish standards that will protect the health
of the community. Faulty plumbing is a serious
health hazard.
• With the increasing standardization of
equipment and materials, plumbing codes in
different areas of the country are tending
more and more toward uniformity,.

Plumbing (The Septic Tank)
• Septic Tank – is the receptacle or vault used to
collect organic waste discharge from the
house sewer.
• An ideal size of septic tank is 1.3 cu.m, for 6
family members
• A very large tank is not advisable because the
bacterial activities would be retarded.

Plumbing (The Septic Tank)
• Bacteriological Processes
• Sedimentation process - decomposition in the
upper portion of the tank (with the scum)
• Anaerobic decomposition –decomposition of
the sludge at the bottom of the tank.

• Sludge – a semi-liquid substance
accumulated at the bottom of the
septic tank.
• Scum – a floating substance at
the septic tank.

• The minimum distance required
between the septic tank and
residence is ten feet (10’)
• The minimum distance required
between the well and septic tank is
seventy-five feet (75’)

Types of Sewage Disposal System
• Cesspool
– Hole in ground w/ stones and bricks.
– Allow contaminated sewage to leach into under surface of
ground
• Privy
– Concrete vault with wooden shelter for collecting raw sewage
• Septic Tank
– Vault used to collect organic waste from house drain
• Public Sewer Line
– Conveys raw sewage from buildings and houses to disposal
system

TYPES OF WASTE
• Solid waste – discharge from water closet
(toilet)
• Liquid waste – from sink, lavatories etc.
TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPING
• Soil Pipe – waste from water closet
• Waste Pipe – waste from various fixtures
other than water closet

Cleanoutbe installed in the pipe system to facilitate
troubleshooting in case of stoppage of flow

• Not less than 3” or 75mm diameter, no less than 2 m above
the roof if the roof is used other than protection from the
elements of weather.
• The ideal position of horizontal pipe, were those installed at
2% slope. 2 cm per 1 meter length, a 3 meters pipe will have
inclination of 3x2=6 cm.

The Plumbing Law is also known as?
A. RA 7077
B. RA 6442
C. RA 1387
D. RA 1378

Plumbing material that is used to connect
smaller pipe from a larger pipe.
A. Tee
B. Union
C. Reducer
D. Elbow

Which is true toxic substance?
A. Bedpan washer and sterilizer drain
B. Not hazardous to human health
C. A fixture drain for a laboratory
D. Hazardous to human health

A compartment that receives solid or liquid
waste, located below the gravity system is called
_________.
A. Interceptor
B. Trap
C. Sump
D. Septic

What do you call those flexible water proof
ribbons for covering threaded pipes joints to
prevent leakage?
A. Tape
B. Teflon tape
C. Masking tape
D. Rubber bond

If you install a soil pipe, what is the standard
pitch or slope?
A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 5%
D. 10%

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