Drafting is used as a medium of communication between designers, clients, architects and builders. There are four common terms used in drafting: drawing, freehand drawing/sketching, mechanical drawing, and orthographic projection. Mechanical drawing uses drawing instruments and orthographic projection to describe object shapes completely and exactly. Drafting instruments include a T-square for horizontal lines, triangles for vertical lines, a divider for equal distances, and a French curve for curved lines. Lettering guidelines like cap, waist, base and drop lines are used for consistency in letter height and placement.

1. DRAFTING

2. It is the medium of communication
between designers and clients and
between architects and builders.
a.Drafting
b.Drawing

3. FOUR COMMON TERMS
• Drawing
• Freehand drawing/sketching
• Mechanical drawing
• Orthographic projection

4. • Freehand drawing or Sketching – the use of
pencil, paper and eraser only.

5. • Mechanical drawing – describing the shapes
of objects completely and exactly with the aid
of drawing instruments and by the use of
orthographic projection.

6. • Technical Drawing – used to show the
material, dimension (Width, Height, Depth)
and shape of a product.

7. It is the medium of communication
between designers and clients and
between architects and builders.
a.Drafting
b.Drawing

8. When a designer or an ordinary person
translates his or her design idea with the use
only of paper and pencil, what is the name of
the activity?
a. Architectural delineation
b. Freehand sketching
c. Geometric construction
d. Drafting

9. When a designer or an ordinary person
translates his or her design idea with the use
only of paper and pencil, what is the name of
the activity?
a. Architectural delineation
b. Freehand sketching
c. Geometric construction
d. Drafting

10. With the help of drawing instruments such as
T‐square and triangles one produces quick and
accurate delineations for an intended project.
The process is considered as ____.
a. Drafting
b. Pictorial drawing
c. Graphics
d. Shape and size descriptions

11. With the help of drawing instruments such as
T‐square and triangles one produces quick and
accurate delineations for an intended project.
The process is considered as ____.
a. Drafting
b. Pictorial drawing
c. Graphics
d. Shape and size descriptions

13. • T square –instrument used in drawing
horizontal lines. It is also used in guiding
triangles when drawing vertical lines.

14. • Triangle – a three sided ruler which has
typically two equal sides meeting at 900.
• 30 x 60 and
• 45 x 45 degrees.

15. • Divider - is used to create equal distances,
transfer measurements and spacing points or
lines

16. • Masking tape - material used for fastening the
drawing paper on the drawing table.

17. • Erasing Shield - is a useful tool to protect the
rest of the drawing when clearing up
smudges, unnecessary pencil lines and other
erasures.

18. • Pencil - is made of a much better grade of graphite,
commonly called lead which is used in drawing lines.
(9H, 8H, 7h, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B,
5B, and 6B)

19. • What is the best instrument to
be used in drawing horizontal
lines?
a. Meter stick c. T-Square
b. Ruler d. Triangle

20. • horizontal lines – T-Square
• Vertical lines – triangles
• angle or an arc – Protractor
• Sketches – ruler
• Meter stick - height
• Arc and circle – Compass
• Divider – dividing lines
• French curve – curves except circles and arcs
• Scale – reproduce, reduce or enlarge
• Protect rest of drawing, erasing shield

21. • What is the best instrument to
be used in drawing horizontal
lines?
a. Meter stick c. T-Square
b. Ruler d. Triangle

22. METHODS OF DRAWING LINES
• Orthographic
–Frontal Plane
–Horizontal Plane
–Profile Plane

23. • Orthographic Drawing– representing the
exact shape of an object into 2 or more views
on planes, generally at right angle or 90
degrees.

25. METHODS OF DRAWING LINES
• Pictorial
–Isometric
–Perspective
–Oblique
• Cavalier
• Cabinet
• General

26. • Pictorial drawing – it shows object as it would
appear in a photograph. It shows more than
one side of the object.

27. • It presents the object in 3 dimensional
• Three axes are needed to perform isometric
drawing, the vertical axis, left 300 axis and
right 300 axis
Isometric Drawing

28. • The drawing that has equal measure.
• The BOX method is the starting point of
isometric drawings.

29. • Axonometric Drawing – the object turned so
that three faces are viewed simultaneously
• Oblique Drawing – a pictorial drawing having one
side parallel to the picture plane. It maybe drawn at
any convenient angle.

30. • Types of Oblique drawing
– Cavalier –the width, depth and height is the true
length or size (Actual representation)
– Cabinet –the depth is reduced to one half. The
front is actual size, while the depth of top and
right side are drawn one half to the actual

31. • Perspective Drawing – the most realistic,
the object is drawn as it seen by the
naked eye.
• One point drawing (Vanishing Point)
• Two points drawing
VP

33. A. Bird’s Eye View (becomes narrower)
B. Man’s Eye View (horizontal plane)
C. Worm’s Eye View (becomes bigger)
WORM’S EYE VIEW
BIRD’S EYE VIEW

34. • In orthographic projection, how
many possible views can be seen in
an object including its unnecessary
views?
a. 3 c. 8
b. 6 d. 9

35. • In orthographic projection, how
many possible views can be seen in
an object including its unnecessary
views?
a. 3 c. 8
b. 6 d. 9

36. • A good practice of a good
draftsman is to never letter
without ____.
a. Ruler b. Guidelines
b. Pencil d. Pentel pen

37. • A good practice of a good
draftsman is to never letter
without ____.
a. Ruler b. Guidelines
b. Pencil d. Pentel pen

38. GEMOTRIC FIGURE
1.Line
2.Angles
3.Polygons

39. LINE
• Set of points
• Types of Lines
– Straight line – shortest distance between
two points
– Parallel line – will never meet
– Perpendicular line – intersecting lines

40. Kinds of Angles
The simplest way to sort triangles is by their
angle size:
• Acute triangle is one in which all the
angles are acute (less than 90°).
• Obtuse triangle is one in which one of
the angles is obtuse (more than 90°).
• Right triangle is one in which one of the
angles is a right angle (exactly 90°).

41. Kinds of Angles
Another way to group triangles is by looking at
the lengths of their sides:
• Equilateral triangle is one in which all
three sides have the same length.
• Isoceles triangle is one in which two
sides have the same length.
• Scalene triangle is one in which all three
sides have different lengths

42. POLYGONS

43. Lettering (Free Hand)
• Lettering is usually done freehand
• Either one of these two styles may be made;
– vertically or inclined.
• Italics is 67.5 degrees

44. Lettering (Free Hand)
• A good height of lettering for dimension and
notes on a working drawing is 1/8 of an inch.

45. • For the lettering of subtitles 3/16 of an
inch is recommended.
• All titles should be lettered with capital
letters.
• When only capital letters are used, the
beginning letter of each sentence is
often made higher than the remaining
letters.
• When lower case letters are used,
capitals are used in the beginning letter
at the start of a sentence, and for
proper names,

46. Lettering (Guidelines)
• [1]Cap line – the uppermost line for uppercase
letters and for ascender.
• [2]Waist line – line between Cap and Base
lines, used to determine the height of the lower
case letters.
• [3]Base line – line where all the letters rest or
stand.
• [4]Drop line – a line for letters with strokes that
extend downward known as descender.

50. • UPPER CASE – 4 guidelines
• LOWER CASE – 3 guidelines

51. There are six secrets of lettering namely:
form, proportion, stability, density, spacing.
Identify the sixth secret by completing this
adage; “a good draftsman will never letter
without the use of ____.
a. Line
b. Guidelines
c. Horizontal lines
d. Border lines

52. There are six secrets of lettering namely:
form, proportion, stability, density, spacing.
Identify the sixth secret by completing this
adage; “a good draftsman will never letter
without the use of ____.
a. Line
b. Guidelines
c. Horizontal lines
d. Border lines

53. Drafting (Kinds of Letters)
• Gothic – all letters are composed of uniform
width elements
ABCDEF abcdef
• Roman – letters have strokes (accented), or made
up of thick and thin elements
ABCDEF abcdef
• Text – elements are made with style C or D
speedball pens. Old English, church text.
ABCDEF abcdef

54. Roman

55. SERIF is a small line or stroke regularly
attached to the end of a letter

56. Which Roman
letters does not
contain serif?

58. Gothic

59. Italic Letters

60. Script Letters

61. Text Letters

62. Of the many styles of the letters, the most
commonly used are script or Italics, Gothic,
Old English and Roman. Which of them is most
commonly used in college diploma?
a. Roman
b. Script or Italics
c. Old English
d. Gothic

63. Of the many styles of the letters, the most
commonly used are script or Italics, Gothic,
Old English and Roman. Which of them is most
commonly used in college diploma?
a. Roman
b. Script or Italics
c. Old English
d. Gothic

64. • College Diploma – Old English
• College – Gothic
• TLE Subject – Roman
• Engineer – Roman, Gothic, Italic
• Paper used by Engineers – Tracing
paper

65. Extended letters of a given height are
more legible while compressed letters are
used when _____.
a. Space is limited
b. Space is wide
c. Space is limitless
d. Space is narrow

66. LIMITED NARROW

67. Extended letters of a given height are
more legible while compressed letters are
used when _____.
a. Space is limited
b. Space is wide
c. Space is limitless
d. Space is narrow

68. PROPORTION OF LETTERS
1. Normal letters
2. Extended letters
3. Compressed letters
4. Lightface
5. Boldface

69. PROPORTION OF LETTERS
1. Normal letters – used when space is
adequate
2. Extended letters – used when space is wider
3. Compressed letters – used when space is
limited
4. Lightface – with very thin stems
5. Boldface – having heavy stems

70. If “I” is the narrowest letter and
W is the widest, what is S?
a. Second widest
b. Normal letter
c. Third widest
d. None of the above

71. If “I” is the narrowest letter and
W is the widest, what is S?
a. Second widest
b. Normal letter
c. Third widest
d. None of the above

72. • Visible line
• Hidden line
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• Center line
________ __ ________ __ ________
• Dimension line
Fine line Figure Arrowhead

73. • Leader line
• Break line
• Border line
• Cutting plane line
Cutting plane line

76. [1]Dimension line - used to indicate the
measurement of objects which are represented by
dark solid lines.
[2]Extension line – fine line used to show clearly
the dimension limits.
[3]Center line – light broken lines used in circles,
sometimes as extension line
[4]Leader line – line leading from a dimension
value, or explanatory note to the feature on the
drawing. An arrowhead is used in pointing end but
not in note end.

77. [5]Long break – a limiting line used to limit the
length of elongated object.
[6]Invisible line - a series of light dash line that
represents parts of a drawing that are not seen.
[7]Border line - is considered as the darkest lines
that surround a drawing usually in rectangular
shape

78. Types of Section
1. Full section
2. Half section
3. Broken-out section
4. Revolved section
5. Removed or Detailed section

79. Types of Section
1. Full section – cuts entirely across
2. Half section – symmetrical
3. Broken-out section – partial used when
need exposure
4. Revolved section – show true shape
5. Removed or Detailed section – same as
revolved but not shown on view

80. KINDS OF GRAPHS
1. Line Graphs
2. Bar Graphs
3. Volume Graphs
4. Pictorial graphs
5. Phantom section or Hidden section

81. KINDS OF MAPS
Map is used to find directions easily
• Geographic map
• Topographic map
• Relief map
• Contour map

82. KINDS OF MAPS
1. Map is used to find directions easily
2. Geographic map – shows the boundaries of
countries
3. Topographic map – used to show in some detail
the top view of a section of a country
4. Relief map – shows the relative elevations of the
ground surfaces
5. Contour map – made when contour are given with
elevation

83. KINDS OF CHARTS
1. Organizational Charts
2. Pie Chart

84. KINDS OF CHARTS
1. Organizational Charts – useful in
showing the relationships and functions
of different departments
2. Pie Chart – useful in making percentage
comparisons

85. KINDS OF GRAPHS
1. Line Graphs – usually constructed by placing two sets of
figures in relation to each other
2. Bar Graphs – excellent for comparing quantities, values,
and percentages
3. Volume Graphs – suitable when only two or three items
are to be compared
4. Pictorial graphs – made effectively by using geometric or
pictorial symbols
5. Phantom section or Hidden section – emphasized interior

86. OVERALL
SEMI-
DETAILED
TWO KIND OF DIMENSION
• Location Dimension – parts, size, shapes
• Detailed Dimension
➢ Overall – width, length, height
➢ Semi-detailed – minor measurements

87. • What is the recommended height
of lettering for subtitles in
dimension and notes in working
drawing?
a. 1/8 inch c. 3/16 inch
b. 1/16 inch d. 1/4 inch

88. • What is the recommended height
of lettering for subtitles in
dimension and notes in working
drawing?
a. 1/8 inch c. 3/16 inch
b. 1/16 inch d. 1/4 inch

89. For beginning drafters the suggested
height of letter to practice first is 6mm
and then shift to a height of _____.
a. 30mm
b. 3mm
c. 1mm
d. 50mm

91. For beginning drafters the suggested
height of letter to practice first is 6mm
and then shift to a height of _____.
a. 30mm
b. 3mm
c. 1mm
d. 50mm

92. • H – Hardness
• B – Softness

93. Grades of Pencil
• Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B (softest)
• Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
• Hard – 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H
(hardest)

94. Grades of Pencil used for
General Drafting
• HB – for lettering
• 2H – for line work
• 4H – for general

95. Minimum requirement for drafting
students
• 4H – for repenciling light finished lines
such as center lines, dimension lines, and
visible object line
• F or H – for all lettering and freehand
work
• 6H – for light construction lines in layout
work where accuracy is required
• 2H – for visible object lines

96. What process is involved when solidity
of an object is shown by gradual
darkening of a particular portion/s?
a. Shadowing
b. Shading
c. Darkening
d. Lighting

97. What process is involved when solidity
of an object is shown by gradual
darkening of a particular portion/s?
a. Shadowing
b. Shading
c. Darkening
d. Lighting

98. •1 inch = 2.54 cm
•1 ft = 12 inches
•1 m = 3 ft
•1 yrd = 3 ft

99. 1 km 1 hm 1 dem 1 m 1 dm 1 cm 1 mm
1000 m 100 m 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 0.01 m 0.001 m

100. 1. 10 dem = _______ m
2. 0.0025 km = _______ cm
3. 75 m = _______ hm
4. 1050 mm = _______ km
5. 6750 hm = _______ dm

101. 1. 10 dem = 100 m
2. 0.0025 km = 250 cm
3. 75 m = 0.75 hm
4. 1050 mm = 0.00105 km
5. 6750 hm = 6,750,000 dm

102. To convert inches to meters, follow the
conversion table below.
1 inch 0.025 meter
2 inches 0.050 meter
3 inches 0.075 meter
4 inches 0.10 meter

103. The Egyptians developed picture writing,
which pictures are used to indicate sounds
and symbols that represent sound and
ideas?
A.Graphic
B.Orthos
C.Hieroglyphics
D.Cuneiform

104. The Egyptians developed picture writing,
which pictures are used to indicate sounds
and symbols that represent sound and
ideas?
A.Graphic
B.Orthos
C.Hieroglyphics
D.Cuneiform

105. All lines are made in the same general manner
as in sketching. Which is the basic letter in this
group are made up of straight and curved lines
such as B C D G I O P Q R S U
A.N
B.Q
C.U
D.O

106. All lines are made in the same general manner
as in sketching. Which is the basic letter in this
group are made up of straight and curved lines
such as B C D G I O P Q R S U
A.N
B.Q
C.U
D.O

107. Which refers to the foundation stroke
of all letters?
A.O
B.A
C.I
D.W

108. Which refers to the foundation stroke
of all letters?
A.O
B.A
C.I
D.W

109. Which imaginary letter is used to
space between words?
A.Q
B.C
C.G
D.O

110. Which imaginary letter is used to
space between words?
A.Q
B.C
C.G
D.O

111. Which letter do you draw to indicate
holes and circles when drawing an
object?
A.B
B.O
C.D
D.R

112. Which letter do you draw to indicate
holes and circles when drawing an
object?
A.B
B.O
C.D
D.R

113. A triangle that has two equal sides
and two equal angles.
a. Obtuse
b. Equilateral
c. Isosceles
d. Scalene

114. A triangle that has two equal sides
and two equal angles.
a. Obtuse
b. Equilateral
c. Isosceles
d. Scalene

115. A triangle that has two equal sides
and two equal angles.
a. Obtuse
b. Equilateral
c. Isosceles
d. Scalene
More than 180 degrees less than 360 degrees
Three equal sides
Two equal sides and two equal angles
Two equal side

116. • Isometric – 3 dimensional, 30 degrees, 30 x 60
degrees
• Orthographic – 3 view, exact shape, actual
observation, planes of projection
• Geometric Construction – accurate shape / angles
/ lines
• Pictorial – can be seen by naked eye
• Perspective – most realistic, visual observation
• Glass box technique – extract
• Architectural delineation – detailed dimension
• Drafting – systematic representation

117. • Oblique – one side is parallel to another, 45 degrees
• Cavalier – actual or same measurement
• Cabinet reduce to ½
• General – reduce to ¼
• Subtitle – 3/16 inch
• Good height of lettering 1/8
• Dimension line – ¼ (dimensioning)
• Extension line – 1/16 to 1/8 (dimensioning)
• Drafting – systematic representation
• Drawing – international language
• Mechanical – with instruments
• Freehand – paper and pencil

118. PRE TEST

119. 1. When a designer or an ordinary person
translates his or her design idea with the use
only of paper and pencil, what is the name of
the activity?
a. Architectural delineation
b. Freehand sketching
c. Geometric construction
d. Drafting

120. 1. When a designer or an ordinary person
translates his or her design idea with the use
only of paper and pencil, what is the name of
the activity?
a. Architectural delineation
b. Freehand sketching
c. Geometric construction
d. Drafting

121. 2. With the help of drawing instruments such as
T‐square and triangles one produces quick and
accurate delineations for an intended project.
The process is considered as ____.
a. Drafting
b. Pictorial drawing
c. Graphics
d. Shape and size descriptions

122. 2. With the help of drawing instruments such as
T‐square and triangles one produces quick and
accurate delineations for an intended project.
The process is considered as ____.
a. Drafting
b. Pictorial drawing
c. Graphics
d. Shape and size descriptions

123. 3. Technical drawing involves the manipulation
of the elements of geometry to make accurate
descriptions of shapes. Which term is referred to
by engineers and drafting professionals all over
the world?
a. Blueprinting reading
b. Geometric construction
c. Line weights
d. Measurement

124. 3. Technical drawing involves the manipulation
of the elements of geometry to make accurate
descriptions of shapes. Which term is referred to
by engineers and drafting professionals all over
the world?
a. Blueprinting reading
b. Geometric construction
c. Line weights
d. Measurement

125. 4. Which is a method of representing the exact
shape and size of an object drawn to scale o ‘set
of planes’ which sometimes are called planes of
projection? It is also known as 3‐ view drawing.
a. Orthographic projection
b. Perspective construction
c. Isometric drawing
d. Fourth dimension

126. 4. Which is a method of representing the exact
shape and size of an object drawn to scale o ‘set
of planes’ which sometimes are called planes of
projection? It is also known as 3‐ view drawing.
a. Orthographic projection
b. Perspective construction
c. Isometric drawing
d. Fourth dimension

127. 5. Which technique in pictorial drawing appears
like 3‐dimensional but the lines are exactly 30
degrees from the horizontal part of the object?
a. Isometric drawing
b. Cabinet drawing
c. Oblique drawing
d. Perspective drawing

128. 5. Which technique in pictorial drawing appears
like 3‐dimensional but the lines are exactly 30
degrees from the horizontal part of the object?
a. Isometric drawing
b. Cabinet drawing
c. Oblique drawing
d. Perspective drawing

129. 6. As far as the appearance of the drawing is
concerned, it is the most important part for the
usefulness of the drawing it can be ruined if it
done carelessly. Which is referred to?
a. Painting
b. Lettering
c. Etching
d. Calligraphy

130. 6. As far as the appearance of the drawing is
concerned, it is the most important part for the
usefulness of the drawing it can be ruined if it
done carelessly. Which is referred to?
a. Painting
b. Lettering
c. Etching
d. Calligraphy

131. 7. There are six secrets of lettering namely:
form, proportion, stability, density, spacing.
Identify the sixth secret by completing this
adage; “a good draftsman will never letter
without the use of ____.
a. Line
b. Guidelines
c. Horizontal lines
d. Border lines

132. 7. There are six secrets of lettering namely:
form, proportion, stability, density, spacing.
Identify the sixth secret by completing this
adage; “a good draftsman will never letter
without the use of ____.
a. Line
b. Guidelines
c. Horizontal lines
d. Border lines

133. 8. Five guidelines are accepted in the drafting
field. Which of them are laid‐out to touch the
capital letter C aside from the base line?
a. Base line
b. Cap line
c. Drop line
d. Waist line

134. 8. Five guidelines are accepted in the drafting
field. Which of them are laid‐out to touch the
capital letter C aside from the base line?
a. Base line
b. Cap line
c. Drop line
d. Waist line

135. 9. Which of these are positioned to limit letter g
aside from the waist line?
a. Cap line
b. Drop line
c. Waist line
d. Base line

136. 9. Which of these are positioned to limit letter g
aside from the waist line?
a. Cap line
b. Drop line
c. Waist line
d. Base line

137. 10. Of the many styles of the letters, the most
commonly used are script or Italics, Gothic, Old
English and Roman. Which of them is most
commonly used in college diploma?
a. Roman
b. Script or Italics
c. Old English
d. Gothic

138. 10. Of the many styles of the letters, the most
commonly used are script or Italics, Gothic, Old
English and Roman. Which of them is most
commonly used in college diploma?
a. Roman
b. Script or Italics
c. Old English
d. Gothic

139. 11. Extended letters of a given height are more
legible while compressed letters are used when
_____.
a. Space is limited
b. Space is wide
c. Space is limitless
d. Space is narrow

140. 11. Extended letters of a given height are more
legible while compressed letters are used when
_____.
a. Space is limited
b. Space is wide
c. Space is limitless
d. Space is narrow

141. 12. For beginning drafters the suggested height
of letter to practice first is 6mm and then shift to
a height of
a. 30mm
b. 3mm
c. 1mm
d. 50mm

142. 12. For beginning drafters the suggested height
of letter to practice first is 6mm and then shift to
a height of
a. 30mm
b. 3mm
c. 1mm
d. 50mm

143. 13. In the field of drafting, each line has a
specific meaning. This is to establish a uniform
way when interpreting complex blueprints of
objects and other mega projects. These lines are
called ____.
a. Alphabet of lines
b. Alphanumeric of line
c. Language of lines
d. Lines of sight

144. 13. In the field of drafting, each line has a
specific meaning. This is to establish a uniform
way when interpreting complex blueprints of
objects and other mega projects. These lines are
called ____.
a. Alphabet of lines
b. Alphanumeric of line
c. Language of lines
d. Lines of sight

145. 14. A drawing teacher on a local high school was
discussing a feature on which the surface
appears to have been imaginary cut along the
cutting plane line. Which line is she going to
apply to the surface where the cutting plane cut
through?
a. Center line
b. Dimension line
c. Section line
d. Invisible line

146. 14. A drawing teacher on a local high school was
discussing a feature on which the surface
appears to have been imaginary cut along the
cutting plane line. Which line is she going to
apply to the surface where the cutting plane cut
through?
a. Center line
b. Dimension line
c. Section line
d. Invisible line

147. 15. A group of students is experimenting on
views in orthographic projection. They extract
first the front view of a sample object using a
transparent material as discussed by their
teacher. What technique are they using?
a. Glass box technique
b. Onion skin technique
c. Japanese paper technique
d. Polycarbonate technique

148. 15. A group of students is experimenting on
views in orthographic projection. They extract
first the front view of a sample object using a
transparent material as discussed by their
teacher. What technique are they using?
a. Glass box technique
b. Onion skin technique
c. Japanese paper technique
d. Polycarbonate technique

149. CARPENTRY

150. Carpentry is the term commonly
referring to technology and science of
cutting, fitting, and assembling
related materials in the construction
of boats, bridges and piers, or any
other structure made from
construction materials.

151. Woods are by-product of trees
which are used for carpentry projects.
Woodworkingis the skill of
making items from wood, and
includes cabinet making, wood
carving, joinery, carpentry, and
woodturning.

152. TYPES OF WOODS
1. Lumber
–Woods that came from trees, either
softwood or hardwood.
• Softwood – called as conifers
• Hardwood – comes from broad leafed
(deciduous) trees

153. 2. Yard lumber
–Prepared lumber for variety of uses.
• Select grade – lumber of good
appearance that can take different
finishes such as stain, paint, and enamel.
• Common grade – suitable for rough
carpentry. It is not of finishing quality (eg.
Coco Lumber)

154. 3. Manufactured wood
–Also called man-made wood, this
are timber sheets which are
produced by gluing wood layers
or wood fibers together.
• Wood veneer – thin slices of wood
• Plywood – a sheet material from thin
layers or "plies" of wood veneer

155. PARTS OF A WOOD
• Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is
made up of accumulated dead cells.
• Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close
to the bark
• Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the
inner part of the wood and the bark.
• Bark – outermost layer of the wood

158. • Growth rings – are visible as
concentric circles. They represent layers of
cells produced by vascular.
• Vascular rays - constitute the
horizontal system of secondary tissues; this
horizontal system acts in the translocation
and storage of food and water.

159. LUMBER DEFECTS
• Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the
wood along the grain like small crack or split

160. • Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has
been exposed when the log is cut.

161. • Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains
resinous materials. (usually attracts ants)

162. • Stain – discoloration of the wood surface

163. • Shake – separation between the annual growth rings.

164. •Wood warping is
deformity in wood occurring when
the moisture content of different
parts of a piece of wood changes
unevenly.

166. The standard size of a common
plywood is
a. 4 x 6 feet
b. 4 x 8 feet
c. 6 x 8 feet
d. 6 x 10 feet

167. The standard size of a common
plywood is
a. 4 x 6 feet
b. 4 x 8 feet
c. 6 x 8 feet
d. 6 x 10 feet

168. Board Foot
(unit measurement of lumber)
• (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
• Example:
– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per board
feet.
✓ 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
✓ (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
✓56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
✓Php 616.00

169. A carpenter bought 7 pieces of
2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is 35.00
per board foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,980.00
b. 1,940.00
c. 1,950.00
d. 1,960.00

170. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

171. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
2 x 4 x 12 =

172. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
2 x 4 x 12 = 96

173. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 =

174. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.

175. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs =

176. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd ft.

177. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd ft.
56 bd ft. x Php 35.00 =

178. Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd ft.
56 bd ft. x Php 35.00 = Php 1,960.00

179. A carpenter bought 7 pieces of
2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is 35.00
per board foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,980.00
b. 1,940.00
c. 1,950.00
d. 1,960.00

180. Find the total number of board feet of
six pieces of lumber with a dimension
of 2" x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.

181. six pieces of 2" x 4" x 12’
2 x 4 x 12 = 96
96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 6 pcs = 48 bd ft.

182. Find the total number of board feet of
six pieces of lumber with a dimension
of 2" x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.

183. Five (5) pieces of a 1” x 1” x 8” lumber
is how many board feet?
A. 35
B. 45
C. 30
D. 40

184. Five pieces of 1” x 1” x 8”
1 x 1 x 8 = 8
8 bd ft. x 5 pcs = 40 bd ft.

185. Five (5) pieces of a 1” x 1” x 8” lumber
is how many board feet?
A. 35
B. 45
C. 30
D. 40

186. A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many
board feet?
A. Six feet
B. Eight feet
C. Two feet
D. Ten feet

187. 2” x 3” x 12”
2 x 3 x 12 = 72

188. 2” x 3” x 12”
2 x 3 x 12 = 72
72/12 = 6

189. A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many
board feet?
A. Six board feet
B. Eight board feet
C. Two board feet
D. Ten board feet

190. QUALITY OF WOOD
• S2S – planed or smooth on two sides
• S4S – planed or smooth on four sides
• S3S – board has been surfaced S2S first, then
one edge is ripped straight
• Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes
exact dimension in T, W, L.
• Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually
lessened in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch

191. A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth
c. Dressed
d. Worked

192. A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth – grade of lumber that is ready for
finishing
c. Dressed
d. Worked

193. A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth – grade of lumber that is ready for
finishing
c. Dressed – has been put through planning
machine which gives fine surface
d. Worked

194. A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth – grade of lumber that is ready for
finishing
c. Dressed – has been put through planning
machine which gives fine surface
d. Worked – has been dressed and matched,
ship lapped, or patterned

195. A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth
c. Dressed
d. Worked

196. WOOD PREPARATION
• Seasoning the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
– Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in
open air
– Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven to
dry wood
– Treated – Use of Chemical compound before
seasoning

197. • approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture are:
20 % for softwood
6-12 % for hardwood

198. WOOD JOINTS
Joineryis the process of putting
the work together.

199. Miter joint
Butt joint
Lap joint
Rabbet joint

200. • Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to
the surface or edge of other piece.

201. • Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45
degrees and joined forming right angle.

202. • Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and
chairs. (“Kaltas”)

203. • Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest
joint used for quality chairs, tables and
benches. (Force Fitting)

204. • Dado - is a groove that runs on board and
receives the end or edge of the second board.
(“TnG”)

205. • Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for
making frames to hold glass in constructing
drawers and other cabinetwork.

206. • MITER JOINT – picture frame
• LAP or BUTT JOINT – tables
and chairs
• MORTISE and TENON – chairs,
table and benches

207. COMMON TOOLS
•Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled
in a fixed casing and retracts automatically by
spring.

208. Try Square - is use for testing the squareness
of two surfaces. Woodworking tool used to
mark a line at 90 degrees to the edge of the
wood or finding "square".

209. Marking Gauge - it is used in laying out and
marking the thickness and width of stock.

210. Sliding T Bevel - this tool can be set to lay out
any angle.

211. Scratch awl is used to lay out positions for
drilling and boring holes.

212. Dividers are used for dividing space equally,
transferring measurements and scribing arcs
and circles.

213. HOLDING TOOLS
Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces,
edge to edge and for clamping parts together
when assembling projects.

214. Bench Vise is used for holding a work of piece
to allow work to be performed in it.

215. Brace – it is used for holding auger bits,
fastener bits and other tools with rectangular
shape shanks.

216. Back Saw – making wood joint.
Coping Saw – plywood
Crosscut Saw – across the grain
Hack Saw – cut metal
Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and circle
shape in wood.
Long crosscut Saw – large and round lumber
Rip Saw – along the grain
Fret Saw – deep accurate cut
Jigsaw – power tool, circular shape

217. CUTTING TOOLS
Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large
and round timber.

218. Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the
grain.

219. Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across
the grain. The shape of the teeth is similar to
knife blades.

220. Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate
work both on the bench and the vise.

221. Hack saw – is used to cut metal.

222. Coping saw – used in cutting irregular
shapes.

223. Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in
a wood.

224. Fretsaw – is a bow saw used for intricate
cutting work which often incorporates tight
curves

225. Dovetail saw – small backsaw used to cut
dovetails.

226. Jigsaws – are best used for cutting shapes
and curves in wood with its narrow blade

227. Chainsaw – is a portable gasoline-, electric-,
or battery-powered saw that cuts with a set of
teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along
a guide bar.

228. Boring Tools
Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in
woods.

229. Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and
other tools with rectangular shape shanks.

230. Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box
wood handle. It is used in boring holes with
small diameter.

231. DRIVING TOOLS
Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling
nails.

232. Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in
driving chisels with wooden handles.

233. Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at
the back of the hammer. It is used in metal
work

234. Pin Hammer – very lightweight hammer which
is used for very fine work

235. Cross Pein Hammer – It is used in metal
work, stone work, blacksmithing or
woodworking

236. SMOOTHENING TOOLS
Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or
width of a piece of wood and for smoothing
surfaces

237. Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and
concave edges

238. Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting
edge and carving of woods.

239. Sandpaper – used to remove material from
surfaces, either to make them smoother

240. Scraper – is tool made of steel. It is used to
produce a very smooth surface.

241. Wood Fillers - this are used to eliminate deep cuts
and holes in your finished project, so that surface
can be made even and smooth.

242. FINISHING TOOLS
Enamel paint – used on copper, metal surfaces,
glass, wood, plastic, and even walls. It is resistant
to moisture, and it's perfect for surfaces that
need to be washed multiple times.

243. Opaque Wood Finish – a premium quality, low
maintenance, alkyd resin based wood finish for
interior and exterior use.

244. Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from
different color of woods such as walnut,
mahogany and natural color.

245. Shellac - a finishing material came from gums
substance of insects.

246. Varnish - a finishing material when applied produces
high glossy finish to a project. It came in different
forms, from gum, linseed oil, resin, turpentine and or
chemical drier.

247. WOODWORKING METHODS
• Planning
– Drawing and designing
– Identify bill of materials (canvassing)
– List procedures
– List tools and materials
• Cutting – size and shapes
• Assembling – constructing
• Sanding and Finishing – smooth finish

248. DESIGN A PRODUCT
Designing processes to follow;
1. Clarify the purpose, condition and place of use.
2. Draw a conceptual picture.
3. List the materials needed.
4. List the tools and equipment to be used in
processing.
5. Prepare technical drawings and parts drawings.
6. Make prototype if possible.

249. Wood Floor System
1. Girder – principal beam extending from wall to
wall.
2. Floor joist – placed on the girders where the
floor boards are fastened
3. Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation
4. Header – Short transverse joist that supports
the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
5. Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an end
portion of header.
6. Flooring – tongue and groove board which is
most common of wood flooring materials.

251. TYPES OF ROOF

252. Shed or Lean-to-
Roof
Simplest form of
roof consisting of
one single slope.

253. Gable or Pitch Roof
Most common type
and economical
form of roof

254. Hip Roof
Common form
used in modern
houses

255. Hip and Valley
Roof
Combination of hip
roof and an
intersecting gable
roof forming T or L
shaped building.

256. Pyramid Roof
Modification of
hip roof

257. Gambrel Roof
Modification of
the gable roof
with each side
having two
slopes

258. Dome
Hemispherical
form of roof

259. Butterfly Roof
• Otherwise known as an
inverted pitch roof.
• Provides the added
benefit of allowing larger
walls and windows to a
structure, with an easily
managed way of
harvesting rainwater
through the middle
channel in the roof.

260. Curved Roof
• help to reduce
resistance to wind, but
are mainly chosen due
to the stunning aesthetic
look they can add to a
building

261. Dormers
• contain a window that
projects vertically from a
traditional pitched roof
• most popular in loft
conversions
• providing an easy way of
expanding the space and
natural light in the
converted loft room

262. Flat Roof
• a slight pitch to allow
water to run-off and
drain
• most commonly used for
industrial and
commercial buildings
such as offices and
warehouses

263. M-shaped Roof
• double-pitched roof;
essentially a double
gable
• Central guttering runs
between the two pitches
to stop any snow or rain
building up in the winter
season

264. Parapet Roof
• addition of a parapet
makes a flat roof far
safer, providing a small
barrier that provides
additional security to
reduce the likelihood of
anyone standing the
roof falling over the
edge.

265. Truss
– series of triangles used to distribute load and
stiffen the structure spacing
1. Girts – the structural member that supports the
rafters or truss of a building.
2. Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite
sides of roof.
3. Purlins – the structural member placed on top of
the rafter or top chord of a truss that support the
roofing materials.

267. Common Parts of a Stair
Rise Height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Riser Vertical face of stair step.
Run Horizontal distance from the first to last riser of stair flight.
Landing Horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
Well Place occupied by flight of stairs
Well Hole Opening in the floor at the top of the flight of stairs.
Stair
Headroom
Clear vertical height measured from nosing of a stair tread to
any overhead construction.
Tread Horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
Step Stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.
Winders Steps not parallel with each other

268. The Stairs

269. What computational formula is used
to compute for the measurement of
wood in board feet?
A. (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
B. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
C. (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
D. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12

270. What computational formula is used
to compute for the measurement of
wood in board feet?
A. (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
B. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
C. (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
D. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12

271. How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he
purchase 14 pieces of 2x2x10 of
lumber and the prices per board foot
is Php 12.50?
A. Php 41.66
B. Php 583.33
C. Php 46.66
D. Php 653.33

272. Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33
3.33 Bd.ft x 14 pcs x Php12.50
46.66 Bd.ft x Php 12.50
= Php 583.33

273. How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he
purchase 14 pieces of 2x2x10 of
lumber and the prices per board foot
is Php 12.50?
A. Php 41.66
B. Php 583.33
C. Php 46.66
D. Php 653.33

274. What kind of joint in carpentry is
illustrated below?
A. Mortise & Tenon
B. Dovetail
C. Milter joint
D. Dado

275. What kind of joint in carpentry is
illustrated below?
A. Mortise & Tenon
B. Dovetail
C. Milter joint
D. Dado

276. What kind of Lumber defect is shown
below?
A. Split
B. Shake
C. Pitch Pocket
D. Stain

277. What kind of Lumber defect is shown
below?
A. Split
B. Shake
C. Pitch Pocket
D. Stain

278. This is a finishing material came from
gums substance of insects.
A. Wood Stain
B. Shellac
C. Varnish
D. Paint

279. This is a finishing material came from
gums substance of insects.
A. Wood Stain
B. Shellac
C. Varnish
D. Paint

280. PRE – TEST

281. 1. The term commonly referring to
technology and science of cutting, fitting,
and assembling related materials in the
construction is called?
a. Wood working
b. Construction
c. Masonry
d. Carpentry

282. 1. The term commonly referring to
technology and science of cutting, fitting,
and assembling related materials in the
construction is called?
a. Wood working
b. Construction
c. Masonry
d. Carpentry

283. 2. In cutting with the saw what part of the
body is used as guide?
a. Hand
b. Finger
c. Feet
d. Thumb

284. 2. In cutting with the saw what part of the
body is used as guide?
a. Hand
b. Finger
c. Feet
d. Thumb

285. 3. When working with piece of materials as
in sawing, boring, filing and planning,
always use?
a. Clamps
b. Tie
c. Vise
d. Guide

286. 3. When working with piece of materials as
in sawing, boring, filing and planning,
always use?
a. Clamps
b. Tie
c. Vise
d. Guide

287. 4. In laying out and marking the thickness
and width of stock, the best tool to use is
a. Pencil
b. Ruler
c. Marking gauge
d. All of the above

288. 4. In laying out and marking the thickness
and width of stock, the best tool to use is
a. Pencil
b. Ruler
c. Marking gauge
d. All of the above

289. 5. This tool is used in checking the
squareness of the corners of a surface.
a. Try square
b. Steel Framing square
c. Sliding T bevel
d. All of the above

290. 5. This tool is used in checking the
squareness of the corners of a surface.
a. Try square
b. Steel Framing square
c. Sliding T bevel
d. All of the above

291. 6. A handsaw which is designed in cutting
woods along the grain. It has a chisel like
teeth that form the saw kerfs by cutting
the ends of the fibers.
a. Hack saw
b. Rip saw
c. Back saw
d. Crosscut saw

292. 6. A handsaw which is designed in cutting
woods along the grain. It has a chisel like
teeth that form the saw kerfs by cutting
the ends of the fibers.
a. Hack saw
b. Rip saw
c. Back saw
d. Crosscut saw

293. 7. What do you call the measuring
instrument used by workers which is reeled
in housing and retracts automatically by a
spring?
a. Zigzag rule
b. Push steel rule
c. Steel rule
d. Ruler

294. 7. What do you call the measuring
instrument used by workers which is reeled
in housing and retracts automatically by a
spring?
a. Zigzag rule
b. Push steel rule
c. Steel rule
d. Ruler

295. 8. The beauty and neatness of a product in
woodworking depend mostly on the skills
of the worker. What other attribute will
follow?
a. Tools and Equipment used
b. Correct Layout
c. Accuracy of measurement
d. All of the above

296. 8. The beauty and neatness of a product in
woodworking depend mostly on the skills
of the worker. What other attribute will
follow?
a. Tools and Equipment used
b. Correct Layout
c. Accuracy of measurement
d. All of the above

297. 9. Woods that comes from trees that have
needle like leaves which remain evergreen
throughout the year.
a. Soft wood
b. Hard wood
c. Lumber
d. Yard lumber

298. 9. Woods that comes from trees that have
needle like leaves which remain evergreen
throughout the year.
a. Soft wood
b. Hard wood
c. Lumber
d. Yard lumber

299. 10. It is a buy product of lumber which is
made of large thin layers or sheets of
woods called plies.
a. Plyboard
b. Good lumber
c. Plywood
d. Hard lumber

300. 10. It is a buy product of lumber which is
made of large thin layers or sheets of
woods called plies.
a. Plyboard
b. Good lumber
c. Plywood
d. Hard lumber

301. 11. Wood shrinks when it dries and swells
when it absorbs water. What should be the
approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture?
a. 20%
b. 6-12%
c. 15%
d. 5-10%

302. 11. Wood shrinks when it dries and swells
when it absorbs water. What should be the
approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture?
a. 20%
b. 6-12%
c. 15%
d. 5-10%

303. 12. Which direction of wood fiber will
provide the highest level of bending
strength?
a. Parallel to fiber direction
b. Along the fiber direction
c. Across the fiber direction
d. Diagonal the fiber direction

304. 12. Which direction of wood fiber will
provide the highest level of bending
strength?
a. Parallel to fiber direction
b. Along the fiber direction
c. Across the fiber direction
d. Diagonal the fiber direction

305. 13. In sawing soft and thin wood, what
angle of the saw is recommended?
a. 15-30 degrees
b. 45-60 degrees
c. 30-45 degrees
d. 30-60 degrees

306. 13. In sawing soft and thin wood, what
angle of the saw is recommended?
a. 15-30 degrees
b. 45-60 degrees
c. 30-45 degrees
d. 30-60 degrees

307. 14. The process of drying the lumber to
remove its saps and make ready for use is
called
a. Drying
b. Treating
c. Seasoning
d. Preparing

308. 14. The process of drying the lumber to
remove its saps and make ready for use is
called
a. Drying
b. Treating
c. Seasoning
d. Preparing

309. 15. It is the operation performed in the
preparation of wood for commercial
purposes.
a. Seasoning
b. Sawing
c. Lumbering
d. Logging

310. 15. It is the operation performed in the
preparation of wood for commercial
purposes.
a. Seasoning
b. Sawing
c. Lumbering
d. Logging

311. MASONRY

312. •Masonry is the art of building
with stone, bricks, concrete blocks
or similar materials.
• It is the building of structures from
individual units laid in and bound
together by mortar.

313. • Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of
mixing sand, cement, gravel and water.
• Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water
used for binding stones, bricks, etc. or for
plastering.
• Grout – mixture of cement and water
• Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings
and hardened to produce smooth surface.
• Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with
water to form a hard stone-like substance.

314. Classification of Masonry Tools
• Roughing up – tools used in the
process of preparing, arranging,
forming, laying and shaping of bricks,
masonry blocks and stones
• Surface finishing – tools used to
produce smooth finish

315. Masonry (Roughing Up Tools)
• Plumb bob is used in guiding the vertical
position in laying bricks

316. • Water and Tube Level – use to establish
level marks in laying out masonry works

317. • Crandall – tool with pointed steel pikes used
for dressing concrete.

318. • Brick Hammer – used for dressing and
cutting bricks, stone or concrete

319. • Axe-Hammer – used in two different ways.
– axeto serve as a chisel
– hammer for driving nails and other rough work in
masonry

320. • Bolster – tool similar with chisel including
its services

321. • Star Drill – boring or drilling holes on hard
surface such as rock, stone, or concrete.

322. • Wrecking bar – used in demolition work and
in pulling-off large nails. Also known as crowbar

323. • Float – tool with handle at the back usually
made of wood, a tool used to finish a concrete
surface by making it smooth
Masonry (Surface Finishing Tools)
• Trowel – flat tool used for applying,
spreading and shaping plaster or mortar to
produce smooth finish.

324. • Common float
Types of Float

325. • Bull float

326. • Devil or Nail float

327. • Carpet float

328. • Angle float

329. 1.Common float – used for smoothing or for
producing textured surfaces on cement or plaster.
2.Bull float – a tool used to smooth freshly placed
concrete.
3.Devil or Nail float – roughen the surface of plaster
to provide a key for the next coat.
4.Carpet float – produce a fine grained texture in sand
finishes.
5.Angle float – used for finishing corners and for
plastering.

330. • Ordinary Trowel
Types of Trowel

331. • Pointing Trowel

332. • Brick Trowel

333. • Buttering Trowel

334. • Edger Trowel

335. • Margin Trowel

336. 1.Ordinary trowel – same with ordinary float
but with a steel blade.
2.Pointing trowel –used in pointing, removing,
or laying mortar in masonry joints.
3.Brick trowel –with an offset blade used to
pick-up or spread mortar.
4.Buttering trowel –used to spread mortar on
bricks and tiles before it is laid.

337. 5. Edger trowel – used on the edges of fresh
concrete or plaster to form a rounded corner.
6. Margin trowel – its sides has a box-like
appearance especially used for working corner
angles

338. • Miscellaneous Masonry Tools – simple
tools but are considered worthy of notice
since they accomplish an important task in
making the rigorous work involved in masonry
simpler
Masonry (Tools)

339. • Spade – tool used for digging straight-edged
holes or trenches, slicing and lifting sod
Masonry (Miscellaneous)

340. • G.I. Pail – used as vessel in handling
especially in transferring concrete mix, mortar,
or plaster from the mixing board

341. • Wheelbarrow– carrying loads in building-
work

342. • Mixing Board – usually made of wood or
concrete used for mixing concrete in the
absence of a concrete mixer

343. • Mason’s or Mortar Box –– a shallow
box, used to contain mortar or plaster to make
it easily accessible to the mason

344. • Measuring box – a box, made of board or
plywood with handle, used for measuring
sand, gravel, etc. prior to mixing

345. • Plastic or Nylon string – used for
marking and guiding the block laying, tile
laying, etc. to produce a uniform and straight
course.

346. • Jointer – used in forming seals in brick,
block, or stone

347. • Brick Tongs – tools used in carrying
numbers of brick at once.

348. Masonry (Common Materials)
• CHB – is the most widely used masonry
material for construction works.

349. Types of Concrete
Hollow Blocks

350. • Stretcher – Laid with their length parallel to
the face of the wall

351. • Corner – are placed at corners, or at the
ends of windows and door openings.

352. • Double Corner / Pier / Pillar – most often
used to build pillars or piers, it is designed so that
both ends could be left visible

353. • Bull Nose – same as corner blocks in their
use and structure, except that they have
rounded edges

354. • Jamb – provide space for the casing
members of a window and are often used
specifically in double-hung windows

355. • Partition – similar to concrete pillar blocks
except that they are taller and wide

356. • Solid Top – good for creating walls that provide
protection against the elements, such as strong
winds

357. • Bricks – are manufactured from clay and
other materials processed into workable
consistency and molded to standard sizes.

358. Types of Brick
Bonding

359. • STRETCHER BOND – longer face of the
brick as seen in the elevation.

360. • HEADER BOND – shorter face of the brick
as seen in the elevation.

361. • ENGLISH BOND – alternate courses consist
of headers and stretchers.

362. • FLEMISH BOND – Alternate courses start
with stretcher and header.
• To break the vertical joints queen closers are
required, if a course starts with header.
• Every header is centrally supported on the
stretcher below it.
• Flemish bonds may be further classified as;
a. Double Flemish Bond
b. Single Flemish Bond

366. • Rubble stone – irregular stones with good
face for wall surface.

367. • Ashlars – carefully worked and joined stone
blocks laid in parallel horizontal courses.

368. • Aggregates - the
material that is bound
together into a
conglomerated mass
by cement and water
to form concrete,
mortar or plaster.
– Fine – sand
– Coarse – crushed rocks,
gravel .

369. • Mortar
– Workable paste which hardens to bind building
blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry
units
– Use to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them
• Grout
– Used as a filler for the joints between tiles once the
tile you are installing has been sbetween tiles et

371. Types of Mortar
• K – historic preservation
• M – highest strength, for stone
• S – medium strength, for walls
• O – general strength, for semi soft stones
• N – low strength, for sandstone and
brownstone

372. Types of Cement
• Ordinary Portland Cement
– (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
– used for general construction and is widely
used all over the world
• Portland Pozzolana Cement
– (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
– used for constructions susceptible in water
exposure

373. Masonry Terms
• Plasticity – molded without segregation
• Consistency – degree of wetness or slump
• Center – Start laying ceramic tiles
• Left – Start laying concrete hollow blocks
• Admixture – Process added to the batch
immediately before or during its mixing

374. • Stirrups – the structural reinforcing member
• Forms – structure that holds the poured
concrete
• 7 days – concrete shall be maintained above
10 °C temperature
• Curing – Process of hardening of concrete
• Stretcher – Bricks longer side is exposed to
view
• Header – Bricks shorter side is exposed to
view

375. CHB lay per bag of Cement
CHB Size No. of Pieces
4” x 8” x 16” 55 to 60 pcs
6” x 8” x 16” 30 to 36 pcs
8” x 8” x 16” 25 to 30 pcs

376. 1 square meter = 12.5 pcs concrete
hollow blocks
10 sq. m. = _____ CHB

377. 1 square meter = 12.5 pcs concrete
hollow blocks
10 sq. m. = _____ CHB
10 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 125 pcs CHB

378. You have a 3 meters by 5 meters room,
how many hollow blocks do you need?
3 m x 5 m = _______ CHB

379. You have a 3 meters by 5 meters room,
how many hollow blocks do you need?
3 m x 5 m = _______ CHB
3 m x 5 m = 15 sq. m

380. You have a 3 meters by 5 meters room,
how many hollow blocks do you need?
3 m x 5 m = _______ CHB
3 m x 5 m = 15 sq. m
15 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 187.5 pcs CHB

381. How may CHB is needed for 15 meters
by 20 meters fence?

382. How may CHB is needed for 15 meters
by 20 meters fence?
15 m x 20 m = _______ CHB
15 m x 20 m = 100 sq. m
100 sq. m x 12.5 pcs = 1,250 pcs CHB

383. Masonry (Strength of Concrete)
• Correct proportion of the ingredients
• Quality of the materials
• Proper methods of mixing
• Proper placement or depositing of the concrete
inside the form
• Adequate protection during the period of curing
• Finding the Quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel
• It will depend on the kind of mixture (AA, A, B or C)
• Find the volume

384. CLASS CEMENT SAND GRAVEL
HAND
MIXING
AA 1 1.5 3
½ kg water
+ 1 kg
cement + 2
kg sand +
2.5 to 3 kg
gravel
A 1 2 4
B 1 2.5 5
C 1 3 6

385. Class Purpose
AA Specialized Extra Strength
A
For beams, slabs, columns, all members
subjected to bending
B
For member not reinforced for bending
stress
C For footing (not under water)

386. Class Purpose
AA
1:1 ½:3
mix concrete for column and
slab
A
1:2:4
mix concrete for a slab in the
ground
C
1:3:6
mix concrete for hollow block
filler

387. CONCRETE MIXTURE
CALCULATION

388. Points should be know before estimating:
Density of Cement: 1440 kg/m3
Density of Sand: 1450-1500 kg/m3
Density of Gravel: 1450-1500 kg/m3
Water-Cement ratio: 0.45

389. Points should be know before estimating:
1 Bag of Cement: 50 kg
0.0347 cu m3
1.226 CFT
1 cu m3 : 28.8 bags of cement

390. Volume Concrete;
• VC = L x W x H
Formula to get the cubic meter (m3);
• Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
• Sand = [ ( S / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
• Gravel = [ ( G / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]

391. • If the volume of the project to be
concreted is 0.80 m3 and the class of
mixing proportion that will be used is
Class B, how many kilos of cement
will be needed?

392. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5

393. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg

394. • If the volume of the project to be
concreted is 0.80 m3 and the class of
mixing proportion that will be used is
Class B, how many kilos of cement
will be needed?

395. Points should be know before estimating:
Density of Cement: 1440 kg/m3
Density of Sand: 1450-1500 kg/m3
Density of Gravel: 1450-1500 kg/m3
Water-Cement ratio: 0.45 m3

396. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg
= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg

397. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg
= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg

398. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg
= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg

399. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg
= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= 0.0936 x 1440 kg

400. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg
= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= 0.0936 x 1440 kg
= 134.78 kg

401. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg
= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= 0.0936 x 1440 kg
= 134.78 kg or 2.695 bags of cement

402. Points should be know before estimating:
1 Bag of Cement: 50 kg
0.0347 cu m3
1.226 CFT
1 cu m3 : 28.8 bags of cement

403. Volume Concrete = 0.80 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] / 0.0347
= [ (1 / (1+2.5+5)) x 0.80 m3 ] / 0.0347
= [ ( 1/8.5) x 0.80 m3 ] / 0.0347
= [ 0.117 m3 x 0.80 m3 ] / 0.0347
= 0.0936 / 0.0347
= 2.697 bags of cement

404. • If the volume of the project to be
concreted is 0.50 m3 and the class of
mixing proportion that will be used is
Class C, how many kilos of cement
will be needed?

405. Volume Concrete = 0.50 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class C / 1:3:6
Cement = [ ( C / ( C + S + G )) x VC ] x 1440 kg
= [ (1 / (1+3+6)) x 0.50 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ ( 1/10) x 0.50 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= [ 0.1 m3 x 0.50 m3 ] x 1440 kg
= 0.05 x 1440 kg
= 72 kg or 1.44 bags of cement

406. • If the volume of the project to be
concreted is 0.20 m3 and the class of
mixing proportion that will be used is
Class A, how many cubic meters of
sand are needed?

407. Volume Concrete = 0.20 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4

408. Volume Concrete = 0.20 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]

409. Volume Concrete = 0.20 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 0.20 ]

410. Volume Concrete = 0.20 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 0.20 ]
= [ ( 2 / 7 ) x 0.20 ]

411. Volume Concrete = 0.20 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 0.20 ]
= [ ( 2 / 7 ) x 0.20 ]
= 0.286 x 0.20

412. Volume Concrete = 0.20 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Sand = [ ( 2 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 0.20 ]
= [ ( 2 / 7 ) x 0.20 ]
= 0.286 x 0.20
= 0.057 cu m3

413. • How many cubic meters of sand are
needed for a proposed concrete
pavement whose width and length
are 2m x 2m. The thickness is 20cm
using Class B mixing proportion.

414. Volume Concrete = 2m x 2m x 20cm
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
VC = L x W x H
Covert 20 cm to m
1 cm = 0.10 m
20 cm x 0.10 m
0.2 m
VC = 2m x 2m x 0.2m = 0.8 m3

415. Volume Concrete = 0.8 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Sand = [ ( 2.5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 2.5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]
= [ ( 2.5 / 8.5 ) x 0.80 ]
= 0.294 x 0.80
= 0.235 cu m3

416. • How many cubic meters of gravel are
needed for a proposed concrete
pavement whose width and length
are 2m x 2m. The thickness is 20cm
using Class B mixing proportion.

417. Volume Concrete = 0.8 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5

418. Volume Concrete = 0.8 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]

419. Volume Concrete = 0.8 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]

420. Volume Concrete = 0.8 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]
= [ ( 5 / 8.5 ) x 0.80 ]

421. Volume Concrete = 0.8 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]
= [ ( 5 / 8.5 ) x 0.80 ]
= 0.588 x 0.80

422. Volume Concrete = 0.8 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class B / 1:2.5:5
Gravel = [ ( 5 / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 5 / ( 1 + 2.5 + 5 )) x 0.80 ]
= [ ( 5 / 8.5 ) x 0.80 ]
= 0.588 x 0.80
= 0.470 cu m3

423. • If the volume of the project to be
concreted is 0.40 m3 and the class of
mixing proportion that will be used is
Class AA, how many cubic meters of
gravel are needed?

424. Volume Concrete = 0.40 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class AA / 1:1.5:3
Gravel = [ ( G / ( C + S + G )) x VC ]
= [ ( 3 / ( 1 + 1.5 + 3 )) x 0.40 ]
= [ ( 3 / 5.5 ) x 0.40 ]
= 0.545 x 0.40
= 0.218 cu m3

425. • If the volume of the project to be
concreted is 0.35 m3 and the class of
mixing proportion that will be used is
Class A, how many liters of water is
needed?

426. Volume Concrete = 0.35 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4

427. Volume Concrete = 0.35 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Water = [(Cement in cubic x 0.45) x 1000 L]

428. Volume Concrete = 0.35 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Water = [(Cement in cubic x 0.45) x 1000 L]
= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 1000 L ]

429. Volume Concrete = 0.35 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Water = [(Cement in cubic x 0.45) x 1000 L]
= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 1000 L ]
= [ ( 1/7 ) x 1000 L ]

430. Volume Concrete = 0.35 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Water = [(Cement in cubic x 0.45) x 1000 L]
= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 1000 L ]
= [ ( 1/7 ) x 1000 L ]
= 0.143 x 1000 L

431. Volume Concrete = 0.35 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class A / 1:2:4
Water = [(Cement in cubic x 0.45) x 1000 L]
= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 2 + 4 )) x 1000 L ]
= [ ( 1/7 ) x 1000 L ]
= 0.143 x 1000 L
= 143 L

432. • If the volume of the project to be
concreted is 0.50 m3 and the class of
mixing proportion that will be used is
Class C, how many liters of water is
needed?

433. Volume Concrete = 0.50 m3
Mixing Proportion = Class C / 1:3:6
Water = [(Cement in cubic x 0.45) x 1000 L]
= [ ( 1 / ( 1 + 3 + 6 )) x 1000 L ]
= [ ( 1/10 ) x 1000 L ]
= 0.1 x 1000 L
= 100 L

434. • Tile – A thin stone unit of uniform size usually
less than 3/4″ thick. A tile is a manufactured
piece of hard-wearing material such as
ceramic , stone , metal, or even glass .

435. Types of Tile

436. • Ceramic tile is a less expensive
material used in tile setting.

437. Type of Ceramic Tiles
• Glazed Tiles
–with smooth
shiny surface

438. Type of Ceramic Tiles
• Unglazed
Tiles
–usually not
shiny and
with porous
surface

439. • Vinyl tile is inexpensive, easy to install,
and easy to maintain. These tiles are
waterproof and very durable.

440. • Quarry Tile – has a rough surface, so
that it is perfect for flooring because it
provides a good grip.

441. • Glass Tiles made from thin pieces of
glass with translucent glaze fired onto the
back of each tile

442. Type of Glass Tiles
• Mounted
Glass Tile
usually, pre-
mounted on mesh
backing

443. Type of Glass Tiles
• Unmounted
Glass Tile
Tiles that are
stained glass,
usually without
mesh backing

444. • Ceramic – used as bathroom wall and kitchen
floor surfaces
• Glazed Ceramic – kitchen
• Unglazed Ceramic – ideal for wet areas and
outdoor applications, bathroom, pool
• Quarry Tile – flooring
• Granite stone – kitchen design tiling
• Glass tiles – walls, bathrooms, in window
details, or for decoration.

445. Tiles per square meter
TILE SIZE (METRIC) TILE SIZE (ENGLISH) NUMBER OF TILES
20x20 8x8 25 pcs
20x25 8x10 20 pcs
30x30 12x12 11 pcs
33x33 13x13 9.25 pcs
40x40 16x16 6.25 pcs
50x50 18x18 4 pcs
60x60 24x24 2.7 pcs

446. Your mother want to change the tiles
in your kitchen sink, so she asked you
to buy all the needed materials. The
size of tiles are 8”x8”, and the area of
your sink is 6 sq. meters. How many
tiles will be needed?

447. Size of tiles: 8”x8”
Area: 6 sq. meter

448. Size of tiles: 8”x8”
Area: 6 sq. meter
8”x8” = 25 pcs

449. Size of tiles: 8”x8”
Area: 6 sq. meter
8”x8” = 25 pcs
6 sq. m x 25 pcs = 150 pcs

450. Zeth would like to use a 12”x12” tiles
for his bathroom that is 5 meters long
and 2 meters wide. How many tiles
does he need to buy?

451. Size of tiles: 12x12 inches
Area: 5m x 2m
How many tiles?

452. Size of tiles: 12x12 inches
Area: 5m x 2m
12”x12” = 11 pcs

453. Size of tiles: 12x12 inches
Area: 5m x 2m
12”x12” = 11 pcs
5m x 2m = 10 sq. m

454. Size of tiles: 12x12 inches
Area: 5m x 2m
12”x12” = 11 pcs
5m x 2m = 10 sq. m
10 sq. m x 11 pcs = 187.5 pcs

455. PRE TEST

456. 1. This refers to as a bonding agent that reacts
to water and with the right amount of
proportion hardens and cures to form a hard
stone like substance.
a. Aggregates
b. Cement
c. Stones
d. Concrete

457. 1. This refers to as a bonding agent that reacts
to water and with the right amount of
proportion hardens and cures to form a hard
stone like substance.
a. Aggregates
b. Cement
c. Stones
d. Concrete

458. 2. There are many types of bonding agent used
for construction projects, how many types of
bonding agents or cement available.
a. 2
b. 13
c. 14
d. 1

459. 2. There are many types of bonding agent used
for construction projects, how many types of
bonding agents or cement available.
a. 2
b. 13
c. 14
d. 1

460. 3. Concrete mixing proportions are divided in
how many classes?
a. 4
b. 3
c. 14
d. 13

461. 3. Concrete mixing proportions are divided in
how many classes?
a. 4
b. 3
c. 14
d. 13

462. 4. It is a timeframe used to transform mortar
into concrete
a. Drying Period
b. Curing Period
c. Waiting Period
d. Drying Time

463. 4. It is a timeframe used to transform mortar
into concrete
a. Drying Period
b. Curing Period
c. Waiting Period
d. Drying Time

464. 5. Aggregates are divided into two types, Fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates, what are the
most basic coarse aggregates used in a
construction project?
a. Pebbles
b. Gravel
c. Sand
d. Boulders

465. 5. Aggregates are divided into two types, Fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates, what are the
most basic coarse aggregates used in a
construction project?
a. Pebbles
b. Gravel
c. Sand
d. Boulders

466. 6. There are many types of cement used for
masonry construction, how many common
types of cement is used for general concrete
projects?
a. 2
b. 13
c. 14
d. 1

467. 6. There are many types of cement used for
masonry construction, how many common
types of cement is used for general concrete
projects?
a. 2
b. 13
c. 14
d. 1

468. 7. What is the right mixing proportion class is
used for columns and beams which is subject to
weight and bending stress.
a. Class AA
b. Class A
c. Class B
d. Class C

469. 7. What is the right mixing proportion class is
used for columns and beams which is subject to
weight and bending stress.
a. Class AA
b. Class A
c. Class B
d. Class C

470. 8. To get the volume of the concrete needed for
estimating the amount of CEMENT, SAND and
GRAVEL, what will be the solution or formula in
CUBIC METER?
a. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length - Width - Height
b. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length / Width / Height
c. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length +X Width +
Height
d. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length X Width X
Height

471. 8. To get the volume of the concrete needed for
estimating the amount of CEMENT, SAND and
GRAVEL, what will be the solution or formula in
CUBIC METER?
a. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length - Width - Height
b. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length / Width / Height
c. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length +X Width +
Height
d. Concrete Volume (M3) = Length X Width X
Height

472. 9. What is the right mixing proportion class used
for footing or foundation not under water?
a. Class AA
b. Class A
c. Class B
d. Class C

473. 9. What is the right mixing proportion class used
for footing or foundation not under water?
a. Class AA
b. Class A
c. Class B
d. Class C

474. 10. This is considered to be the most common
concrete material used for building general
construction.
a. Bricks
b. CHB
c. Ashlars
d. Rubble Stones

475. 10. This is considered to be the most common
concrete material used for building general
construction.
a. Bricks
b. CHB
c. Ashlars
d. Rubble Stones

476. 11. The abbreviation CHB stands for what
meaning?
a. Concrete Heavy Block
b. Construction Hollow Block
c. Concrete Hollow Block
d. Consolidated Hollow Block

477. 11. The abbreviation CHB stands for what
meaning?
a. Concrete Heavy Block
b. Construction Hollow Block
c. Concrete Hollow Block
d. Consolidated Hollow Block

478. 12. What is the international standard nominal
size of a CHB.
a. 8 x 16
b. 7.5 x 15.5
c. 7 x 15
d. 8.5 x 16.5

479. 12. What is the international standard nominal
size of a CHB.
a. 8 x 16
b. 7.5 x 15.5
c. 7 x 15
d. 8.5 x 16.5

480. 13. This material is considered to be the first
construction material used by early civilization
which is made of clay and straw which is durable
in heat and fire.
a. Bricks
b. CHB
c. Ashlars
d. Rubble Stones

481. 13. This material is considered to be the first
construction material used by early civilization
which is made of clay and straw which is durable
in heat and fire.
a. Bricks
b. CHB
c. Ashlars
d. Rubble Stones

482. 14. The density of cement in kilogram per cubic
meter is.
a. 1,440 kg/ m3
b. 140 kg/ m3
c. 1,550 kg/ m3
d. 154 kg/ m3

483. 14. The density of cement in kilogram per cubic
meter is.
a. 1,440 kg/ m3
b. 140 kg/ m3
c. 1,550 kg/ m3
d. 154 kg/ m3

484. 15. What element is added to the bonding agent
that reacts and hardens forming it to a hard
stone like substance?
a. Air
b. Cement
c. Water
d. Stones

485. 15. What element is added to the bonding agent
that reacts and hardens forming it to a hard
stone like substance?
a. Air
b. Cement
c. Water
d. Stones

486. PLUMBING

487. Plumbing refers to the system as well as
the material fixtures and the apparatus
used inside a building for supplying water,
removing the used water with other liquid
and water-borne wastes as well as the
connected ventilating system.

488. Plumbing (Tools and Materials)
• Pipe wrench – used in turning soft iron pipes
and fittings with rounded surface.

489. • Wrench – is used to tighten or loosen
hexagonal fittings.

490. • Yoke vise – used in holding pipes for cutting
and threading.

491. • Vise grip – used in holding pipes for cutting
and threading.

492. • Pipe Threader – tools used in making teeth
on pipes

493. • Pipe Reamer – fluted conical tool for
beveling or removing burrs from pipe ends.

495. • Tube cutter – or pipe cutter used for thinner
pipes and tubes.

496. • Hacksaw – a fine tooth saw with blade held
under tension in a frame, used for cutting
metals or plastics.

497. Pipe is a tubular section or hollow
cylinder, used mainly to convey substances
which can flow — liquids and gases,
slurries, powders and masses of small
solids

498. • Copper
• Stainless steel tube
• Galvanized Iron Pipe (G.I)
• Cast Iron Pipe and Fittings
• Concrete Pipes
• Plastic

499. Plumbing (Types of Pipe)
• PVC PIPE - refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride Plastic
material. This is the most common pipe for
plumbing system.

500. PVC-U is the most
common PVC type for
pipes and fittings
PVC-O is typically
used for pressure pipes
for drinking water

501. C-PVC is typically
used for pipes and
fittings for hot and
cold water
PVC-HI is a material
of choice for natural
gas networks

502. • PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic
material intended for long span water system
installation.

503. • CI PIPE - is a heavy metal made of casting on
molds to make fixtures. such as sink, tubs and
lavatories, covered with a porcelain enamel
coating.

504. • GI PIPE - is a galvanized iron pipe which is
better fitted for plumbing installation than
steel pipe. It is constructed of rough iron,
dipped in molten zinc and maybe identified by
its dull grayish color

505. In which type of pipes does potable water
travel?
A. Galvanized pipes
B. ABC pipes
C. PVC pipes ( orange )
D. Cast iron pipes

506. In which type of pipes does portable water
travel?
A. Galvanized pipes
B. ABC pipes
C. PVC pipes ( orange )
D. Cast iron pipes

507. • Standard length of a PVC pipe 10 ft.
• Standard length of a G.I. pipe – 6 ft.
• Standard length of a PVC pipe – 3.0 m

508. If you want to estimate the number of PVC pipes
needed from your house to main supply, what is
the standard length of PVC pipes that you are
going to use?
A. 3 meters
B. 20 meters
C. 6 feet
D. 20 feet

509. If you want to estimate the number of PVC pipes
needed from your house to main supply, what is
the standard length of PVC pipes that you are
going to use?
A. 3 meters
B. 20 meters
C. 6 feet
D. 20 feet

510. How many PVC pipes can be installed in a 7.50
meter distance?
A. 3.5 pcs.
B. 3 pcs.
C. 2.5 pcs
D. 2 pcs

511. How many PVC pipes can be installed in a 7.50
meter distance?
A. 3.5 pcs.
B. 3 pcs.
C. 2.5 pcs
D. 2 pcs

512. • SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually
used externally.

513. TEFLON TAPE -is specifically used for
attachment threaded pipe on fittings.

514. ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an
adhesive material used by a plumber when
working with ABS pipes.

515. Plumbing (Basic Terms)
• Fixture – any of the fixed plumbing items in a
household such as lavatories, showers, bath tubs,
etc.
• Fittings – are piece of apparatus, equipment or
furnishing used for pipe installations.
• Drainage – includes all piping within the public or
private premises that conveys sewage, rainwater
and other liquid wastes.
• Vent pipe – facilitate ventilation to avoid siphonage
or backflow of the water seal.

516. Plumbing (Fittings)
P-trap – a device designed to seal a liquid or
prevent the back passage of air without
affecting the flow of the sewage through it.

517. • P-Trap
• J-Bend

518. Bushing - fittings that can be inserted into one
pipe and allow you to screw another (smaller
pipe) pipe into it.

519. Coupling – a fitting device used to connect two
shafts together at their ends.

520. Union – like coupling, except it is designed to
allow quick and convenient disconnection of
pipes for maintenance. “Union Patente”

521. Plug – cap end, designed to insert into the end
of tube to end the flow of water.

522. Cap – similar to plug, it covers the end of a
pipe.

523. Elbows – ¼ bend, 45 degrees and 90 degrees,
to change direction

524. Nipple – a short pipe with small opening which
provides way for liquid to pass through the pipe.
It has a male thread on each end and is used for
extension from fitting.

525. Reducer – used to connect smaller pipe from a
larger pipe.

526. Tee Fitting – used to combine the flow from
two inlets

527. Wye Fitting – used to connect horizontally to
vertical planes.

528. A plumber wants to cut pipes, what holding is
needed?
A. Pipe wrench
B. Yoke vise
C. Pipe threader
D. Vise grip

529. A plumber wants to cut pipes, what holding is
needed?
A. Pipe wrench
B. Yoke vise
C. Pipe threader
D. Vise grip

530. The following are examples of plumbing fixtures
EXCEPT _______.
A. urinals
B. shower
C. drainage
D. water closet

531. The following are examples of plumbing fixtures
EXCEPT _______.
A. urinals
B. shower
C. drainage
D. water closet

532. All plumbing fixtures must have P-trap
EXCEPT____.
A. bath tub
B. Sink
C. water closet
D. lavatory

533. All plumbing fixtures must have P-trap
EXCEPT____.
A. bath tub
B. Sink
C. water closet
D. lavatory

534. If the end of a PVC pipe is fitted with a male
adopter, what fitting will be used to stop the
flow of the
water?
A. Plug
B. Cap
C. Coupling
D. Elbow

535. If the end of a PVC pipe is fitted with a male
adopter, what fitting will be used to stop the
flow of the
water?
A. Plug
B. Cap
C. Coupling
D. Elbow

536. Plumbing (Valves)
Gate valve – it is used to permit or prevent the
flow of water.

537. Globe valve – used for regulating flow or
pressures as well as complete shutoff of flow

538. Check valve – basically a one-way valve, in
which the flow can run freely one way, but if the
flow turns the valve will close to protect the
piping, other valves, pumps etc.

539. Angle valve – used to prevent or control the
flow of a liquid in a pipe and this is the reason
for it is sometimes called simply as stop valve.

541. Flush valve – device
located at the
bottom of the tank
for flushing water
closets.

542. Float valve – controls the level by opening and
closing a valve in response to the changing
levels

543. Valves
• Control flow of water through pipes
• Types of valves
–Gate > allows maximum flow of water
–Globe > slow down flow of water
–Check > prevent backflow of water
–Angle > control water supply in lavatory,
sink, tub
–Float > control water supply inside tank

544. Trap
• prevent the back passage of air
• Plumbing Code on Traps
“ Every trap shall be self-
cleaning trap for bath tubs,
lavatories, sink and other similar
fixtures”

546. If your water system has leak, where can you
shut off the flow of water?
A. Angle Valve
B. Check Valve
C. Globe Valve
D. Gate Valve

547. If your water system has leak, where can you
shut off the flow of water?
A. Angle Valve
B. Check Valve
C. Globe Valve
D. Gate Valve

548. A plumber wants to install a liquid seal trap to
prevent sewer gases from entering the building?
What fittings will he use?
A. Pump
B. Backflow preventer
C. Trap
D. Union

549. A plumber wants to install a liquid seal trap to
prevent sewer gases from entering the building?
What fittings will he use?
A. Pump
B. Backflow preventer
C. Trap
D. Union

550. Plumbing ventilation means to ______.
A. give pressure differential in the public
sewer
B. maintain seal traps
C. discourage corrosion in the drainage piping
D. carry sewer gases out and relieve pressure
of the drainage system

551. Plumbing ventilation means to ______.
A. give pressure differential in the public
sewer
B. maintain seal traps
C. discourage corrosion in the drainage piping
D. carry sewer gases out and relieve pressure
of the drainage system

552. Rainwater from the roof down to the ground
passes through what pipe?
A. Vent
B. Gutter
C. Conductor
D. Down spout

553. Rainwater from the roof down to the ground
passes through what pipe?
A. Vent
B. Gutter
C. Conductor
D. Down spout

554. Every trap for bath tubs, lavatories, sink, and
other similar fixture shall be_____.
A. self-cleaning
B. fix
C. tight
D. self-regulating

555. Every trap for bath tubs, lavatories, sink, and
other similar fixture shall be_____.
A. self-cleaning
B. fix
C. tight
D. self-regulating

556. Water Supply System
• Consist of;
–water service pipe
–water distributing pipes and
–necessary connecting pipes

557. HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY

559. HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY
• House Service – pipe connection from
public water main to any source of water
supply
• Riser – extends upward from one floor
to next
• Branches – horizontal pipes that serves
faucets or fixtures

560. Plumbing (RA 1378)
• Plumbing is the art and science of
installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus
to convey and supply water in buildings and to
dispose and discharge waste water in a safe,
orderly, healthy and sanitary way.

561. Plumbing (RA 1378)
• Plumbing designs and installations are
governed by a set of rules prescribed by the
National Plumbing Code.
• Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the
"Plumbing Law".

562. Plumbing (Purpose of the Code)
• Establish standards that will protect the health
of the community. Faulty plumbing is a serious
health hazard.
• With the increasing standardization of
equipment and materials, plumbing codes in
different areas of the country are tending
more and more toward uniformity,.

563. Plumbing (The Septic Tank)
• Septic Tank – is the receptacle or vault used to
collect organic waste discharge from the
house sewer.
• An ideal size of septic tank is 1.3 cu.m, for 6
family members
• A very large tank is not advisable because the
bacterial activities would be retarded.

564. Plumbing (The Septic Tank)
• Bacteriological Processes
• Sedimentation process - decomposition in the
upper portion of the tank (with the scum)
• Anaerobic decomposition –decomposition of
the sludge at the bottom of the tank.

566. • Sludge – a semi-liquid substance
accumulated at the bottom of the
septic tank.
• Scum – a floating substance at
the septic tank.

567. • The minimum distance required
between the septic tank and
residence is ten feet (10’)
• The minimum distance required
between the well and septic tank is
seventy-five feet (75’)

568. Types of Sewage Disposal System
• Cesspool
– Hole in ground w/ stones and bricks.
– Allow contaminated sewage to leach into under surface of
ground
• Privy
– Concrete vault with wooden shelter for collecting raw sewage
• Septic Tank
– Vault used to collect organic waste from house drain
• Public Sewer Line
– Conveys raw sewage from buildings and houses to disposal
system

574. TYPES OF WASTE
• Solid waste – discharge from water closet
(toilet)
• Liquid waste – from sink, lavatories etc.
TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPING
• Soil Pipe – waste from water closet
• Waste Pipe – waste from various fixtures
other than water closet

575. Cleanoutbe installed in the pipe system to facilitate
troubleshooting in case of stoppage of flow

576. • Not less than 3” or 75mm diameter, no less than 2 m above
the roof if the roof is used other than protection from the
elements of weather.
• The ideal position of horizontal pipe, were those installed at
2% slope. 2 cm per 1 meter length, a 3 meters pipe will have
inclination of 3x2=6 cm.

577. The Plumbing Law is also known as?
A. RA 7077
B. RA 6442
C. RA 1387
D. RA 1378

578. The Plumbing Law is also known as?
A. RA 7077
B. RA 6442
C. RA 1387
D. RA 1378

579. Plumbing material that is used to connect
smaller pipe from a larger pipe.
A. Tee
B. Union
C. Reducer
D. Elbow

580. Plumbing material that is used to connect
smaller pipe from a larger pipe.
A. Tee
B. Union
C. Reducer
D. Elbow

581. Which is true toxic substance?
A. Bedpan washer and sterilizer drain
B. Not hazardous to human health
C. A fixture drain for a laboratory
D. Hazardous to human health

582. Which is true toxic substance?
A. Bedpan washer and sterilizer drain
B. Not hazardous to human health
C. A fixture drain for a laboratory
D. Hazardous to human health

583. A compartment that receives solid or liquid
waste, located below the gravity system is called
_________.
A. Interceptor
B. Trap
C. Sump
D. Septic

584. A compartment that receives solid or liquid
waste, located below the gravity system is called
_________.
A. Interceptor
B. Trap
C. Sump
D. Septic

585. What do you call those flexible water proof
ribbons for covering threaded pipes joints to
prevent leakage?
A. Tape
B. Teflon tape
C. Masking tape
D. Rubber bond

586. What do you call those flexible water proof
ribbons for covering threaded pipes joints to
prevent leakage?
A. Tape
B. Teflon tape
C. Masking tape
D. Rubber bond

587. If you install a soil pipe, what is the standard
pitch or slope?
A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 5%
D. 10%

588. If you install a soil pipe, what is the standard
pitch or slope?
A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 5%
D. 10%

589. The following are good plumbing practices
EXCEPT _______.
A. gray water recycling
B. water conservation
C. excessive water consumption
D. rainwater harvesting

590. The following are good plumbing practices
EXCEPT _______.
A. gray water recycling
B. water conservation
C. excessive water consumption
D. rainwater harvesting

591. Which tool is appropriate to be used if a
plumber wants to tighten and loosen pipes?
A. Butane Torch
B. Pipe Cutter
C. Pipe Wrench
D. Vise Grip

592. Which tool is appropriate to be used if a
plumber wants to tighten and loosen pipes?
A. Butane Torch
B. Pipe Cutter
C. Pipe Wrench
D. Vise Grip

593. PRE TEST

594. 1. What do you call a person who installs pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatus to convey and supply
water in building and to dispose and discharge water
waste?
a. Plumber
b. Carpenter
c. Mason
d. All of the above

595. 1. What do you call a person who installs pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatus to convey and supply
water in building and to dispose and discharge water
waste?
a. Plumber
b. Carpenter
c. Mason
d. All of the above

596. 2. Showers, lavatories, bath tubs and sink are fixed
plumbing items in a household known as
a. Fittings
b. Equipment
c. Fixtures
d. Plumbing materials

597. 2. Showers, lavatories, bath tubs and sink are fixed
plumbing items in a household known as
a. Fittings
b. Equipment
c. Fixtures
d. Plumbing materials

598. 3. The following statements are required by the
National Plumbing Code EXCEPT
a. All pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly
connected
b. The drainage pipe should be inclined properly for
downward gravity flow of water
c. Drainage pipe should be provided with adequate
cleanout
d. There should be no ventilation pipe to avoid
exposure of bad odor

599. 3. The following statements are required by the
National Plumbing Code EXCEPT
a. All pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly
connected
b. The drainage pipe should be inclined properly for
downward gravity flow of water
c. Drainage pipe should be provided with adequate
cleanout
d. There should be no ventilation pipe to avoid
exposure of bad odor

600. 4. Which of the following statements refer to a good
waste pipe installation?
a. Right location of the cleanout
b. Proper fitting and joining of pipes
c. Correct slope of the pipelines
d. All of the above

601. 4. Which of the following statements refer to a good
waste pipe installation?
a. Right location of the cleanout
b. Proper fitting and joining of pipes
c. Correct slope of the pipelines
d. All of the above

602. 5. Plumbing codes in the Philippines vary from place to
place in order to protect the health of the community.
Faulty plumbing may cause
a. Health problem of the community
b. Health epidemics
c. Health problem of the people
d. Serious health hazard

603. 5. Plumbing codes in the Philippines vary from place to
place in order to protect the health of the community.
Faulty plumbing may cause
a. Health problem of the community
b. Health epidemics
c. Health problem of the people
d. Serious health hazard

604. 6. What do you call the pipe that conveys waste from
various fixtures other than from the water closet?
a. Soil pipe
b. Waste pipe
c. Drain pipe
d. Vent pipe

605. 6. What do you call the pipe that conveys waste from
various fixtures other than from the water closet?
a. Soil pipe
b. Waste pipe
c. Drain pipe
d. Vent pipe

606. 7. In order to prevent siphonage or backflow of the
water seal in the drainage system, what must be
installed?
a. Drain pipe
b. Soil pipe
c. Vent pipe
d. Waste pipe

607. 7. In order to prevent siphonage or backflow of the
water seal in the drainage system, what must be
installed?
a. Drain pipe
b. Soil pipe
c. Vent pipe
d. Waste pipe

608. 8. What is the ideal size of the pipe to be used as a soil
pipe as provided by the National Plumbing Code?
a. Not less than 3” or 75 mm diameter
b. Not more than 3” or 75 mm diameter
c. At least 2-4” or more than 75 mm diameter
d. At least 2 inches and not exceed 75 mm diameter

609. 8. What is the ideal size of the pipe to be used as a soil
pipe as provided by the National Plumbing Code?
a. Not less than 3” or 75 mm diameter
b. Not more than 3” or 75 mm diameter
c. At least 2-4” or more than 75 mm diameter
d. At least 2 inches and not exceed 75 mm diameter

610. 9. It refers to the commonly used plastic pipe in water
fixture installations
a. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
b. The Polyethylene (PE)
c. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
d. Styrene Rubber Plastic ( SR)

611. 9. It refers to the commonly used plastic pipe in water
fixture installations
a. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
b. The Polyethylene (PE)
c. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
d. Styrene Rubber Plastic ( SR)

612. 10. It refers to the receptacle or vault used to collect
organic waste discharge from the house sewer.
a. Septic tank
b. Waste tank
c. Water tank
d. All of the above

613. 10. It refers to the receptacle or vault used to collect
organic waste discharge from the house sewer.
a. Septic tank
b. Waste tank
c. Water tank
d. All of the above

614. 11. What size of a septic tank is ideal in a family with 6
members?
a. 1.3 cu.m.
b. 3.9 cu.m.
c. 2.6 cu.m.
d. 6 cu.m.

615. 11. What size of a septic tank is ideal in a family with 6
members?
a. 1.3 cu.m.
b. 3.9 cu.m.
c. 2.6 cu.m.
d. 6 cu.m.

616. No of users Liquid Capacity to be provided in m3
5 1.12 to 1.18
10 1.80 to 2.00
15 2.30 to 3.60
20 3.30 to 4.60
50 7.30 to 11.2

617. 12. What do you call the process of decomposition in
the upper portion of the septic tank?
a. Sedimentation
b. Digestion
c. Anaerobic decomposition
d. None of the above

618. 12. What do you call the process of decomposition in
the upper portion of the septic tank?
a. Sedimentation
b. Digestion
c. Anaerobic decomposition
d. None of the above

619. 13. Which of the following tools is used in making teeth
on pipes?
a. Pipe wrench
b. Hack saw
c. Pliers
d. Threader

620. 13. Which of the following tools is used in making teeth
on pipes?
a. Pipe wrench
b. Hack saw
c. Pliers
d. Threader

621. 14. To avoid leakage of threaded fittings, what material
is used to seal it off?
a. Masking tape
b. Scotch tape
c. Teflon tape
d. Any of the above

622. 14. To avoid leakage of threaded fittings, what material
is used to seal it off?
a. Masking tape
b. Scotch tape
c. Teflon tape
d. Any of the above

623. 15. The right and proper tool used to cut G.I. pipe is
______.
a. hacksaw
b. pipe cutter
c. pipe reamer
d. cold chisel

624. 15. The right and proper tool used to cut G.I. pipe is
______.
a. hacksaw
b. pipe cutter
c. pipe reamer
d. cold chisel

625. ELECTRICITY

626. • Elektron means amber
• Electricus means amber-like

627. What is Electricity?
• most widely used forms of energy
• Electrons – negative Charges
• Protons – Positive charges
• generated by friction, induction or chemical
change
• measured in units of power called watts

628. Which type of circuits is used with Christmas
lights?
A. Series
B. Parallel
C. Octopus
D. Parallel - series

629. TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
• Series Circuit
– One current path
• Parallel Circuit
– Two or more current path
• Series and Parallel Circuit
– Combination of series and parallel connection in
one circuit

630. Which type of circuits is used with Christmas
lights?
A. Series
B. Parallel
C. Octopus
D. Parallel - series

631. Series Circuit
• Current – same throughout the circuit
– Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 ….
• Voltage – equal to the sum of individual
voltage
– Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 …
• Resistance – equal to the sum of individual
resistance
– Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 …

632. CURRENT
I1 – 5 A
I2 – 5A
13 – 5A
It = 5A
I1 – 5 A
I2 – 5A
13 – 5A
It = 15A

633. CURRENT
I1 – 5 A
I2 – 5A
13 – 5A
It = 5A
It = I1 = 12 = 13

634. Series Circuit
• Current – same throughout the circuit
– Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 ….
• Voltage – equal to the sum of individual
voltage
– Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 …
• Resistance – equal to the sum of individual
resistance
– Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 …

635. VOLTAGE
V1 – 1V
V2 – 2V
V3 – 3V
Vt = ?

636. VOLTAGE
V1 – 1V
V2 – 2V
V3 – 3V
Vt = ?
Vt = V1 + V2 + V3
1V + 2V + 3V
6V

637. Series Circuit
• Current – same throughout the circuit
– Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 ….
• Voltage – equal to the sum of individual
voltage
– Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 …
• Resistance – equal to the sum of individual
resistance
– Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 …

638. RESISTANCE
R1 – 5R
R2 – 10R
R3 – 15R
Rt = ?

639. RESISTANCE
R1 – 5R
R2 – 10R
R3 – 15R
Rt = ?
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3
5R + 10R + 15R
30R

640. Parallel Circuit
• Current – equal to the sum of individual
current
– Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 ….
• Voltage – drop across each load is the same
– Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 ….
• Resistance – product over sum
– Rtotal = (R1) (R2)
R1 + R2

641. CURRENT
I1 – 5A
I2 – 5A
I3 – 5A
It = ?

642. CURRENT
I1 – 5A
I2 – 5A
I3 – 5A
It = ?
It = I1 + I2 + I3
5A + 5A + 5A
15A

643. CURRENT
I1 – 3A
I2 – 2A
I3 – 5A
It = ?
It = I1 + I2 + I3
3A + 2A + 5A
10A

644. Parallel Circuit
• Current – equal to the sum of individual
current
– Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 ….
• Voltage – drop across each load is the same
– Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 ….
• Resistance – product over sum
– Rtotal = (R1) (R2)
R1 + R2

645. VOLTAGE
V1 – 1V
V2 – 1V
V3 – 1V
Vt = ?

646. VOLTAGE
V1 – 1V
V2 – 1V
V3 – 1V
Vt = 1V
V1 – 1V
V2 – 1V
V3 – 1V
Vt = 3V

647. VOLTAGE
V1 – 1V
V2 – 1V
V3 – 1V
Vt = 1V
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3

648. Parallel Circuit
• Current – equal to the sum of individual
current
– Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 ….
• Voltage – drop across each load is the same
– Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 ….
• Resistance – product over sum
– Rtotal = (R1) (R2)
R1 + R2

649. RESISTANCE
R1 – 5R
R2 – 10R
Rt = ?

650. RESISTANCE
Rt = R1 x R2
R1 + R2
Rt = 5 x 10
5 + 10
Rt = 50
15
Rt = 3.33

651. RESISTANCE
Rt = R1 x R2
R1 + R2
Rt = 1 / 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Rt = R/n

652. RESISTANCE
Rt = R1 x R2
R1 + R2
R1 = 10R
R2 = 10R
Rt = 10 x 10
10 + 10
100 / 20
5R

653. RESISTANCE
Rt = 1 / 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
R1 = 5R
R2 = 10R
R3 = 15R
Rt = 1/ 1/5 + 1/10 + 1/15

654. RESISTANCE
Rt = 1/ 1/5 + 1/10 + 1/15
1/5 = 0.2
1/10 = 0.1
1/15 = 0.67
0.2 + 0.1 + 0.07
= 0.37
1 / 0.37
= 2.7R

655. RESISTANCE
Rt = R/n
R1 = 10R
R2 = 10 R
Rt = R/n
10/2
5R

656. SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
CURRENT = [equals/as is] CURRENT + higher, increase
VOLTAGE + higher, increase VOLTAGE = [equals/as is]
RESISTANCE + higher, increase RESISTANCE x/+ lower, decrease

657. Electric Current
• movement or flow of electrically charged
particles
• measured in amperes (unit of current)
• Electric current is either;
– Direct Current (DC) single-direction flow
– Alternating Current (AC) repeatedly changes
direction

659. opposite

660. What is the voltage required by an automatic
pressure cooker having a resistance of 30 ohms
when the current flowing is 8 amperes?
a. 480 volts
b. 160 volts
c. 120 volts
d. 240 volts

662. What is the voltage required by an automatic
pressure cooker having a resistance of 30
ohms when the current flowing is 8 amperes?
V = IR
V = 8 x 30
V = 240

663. • Voltage
– Force of an electrical current
– Volts ( Symbol : V or E )
• Current
– Flow of electricity
– Amperes ( Symbol : I )
• Resistance
– Determines the amount of current flows through
component
– Ohms ( Symbol : R )
• Power
– Rate of doing work
– Watts ( Symbol : P or W )

664. Power
• P = E²
R
• P = I² x R
• P = I x E

665. E
P R
2 P = E / R
E = P x R
R = E / P
2
2
2

666. P
I R
2
P = I x R
I = P / R
R = P / I
2
2
2

667. P
I E
P = I x E
I = P / E
E = P / I

668. Horsepower - Kilowatt
• 1 Horsepower (Hp) = 746 watts (w)
• 1 Horsepower (Hp) = 0.746 Kw
• 1 Kilowatt (Kw) = 1.34 Hp
• 1 Kilowatt (Kw) = 1,000 watts

669. • A group of lamps operates a
current of 12 A and a voltage of
120v. What is the total power of
the lamps?

670. • A group of lamps operates a current of 12 A
and a voltage of 120v. What is the total power
of the lamps?
P = I x E
= 12 x 120
= 1440 watts

671. • A cell supplies a load current of
0.5A for a period of 20 hours until
its terminal voltage falls to an
unacceptable level. How long can
it be expected to supply a current
of 100mA?

672. • A cell supplies a load current of 0.5A for a
period of 20 hours until its terminal voltage
falls to an unacceptable level. How long can it
be expected to supply a current of 100mA?
1 A = 1000mA
0.5 A x 1000 mA = 500 mA
= 500 mA / 100 mA
= 5 x 20 hrs
= 100 hrs

673. • A battery is rated 200Ah. If it is used
to supply a constant current of 8Ah.
How long can the battery last until it
becomes unusable?

674. • A battery is rated 200Ah. If it is used to supply
a constant current of 8Ah. How long can the
battery last until it becomes unusable?
= 200Ah / 8Ah
= 25 hours

675. • The resistance of 500 meters of a
certain wire is 125 ohms. What
length of the same wire will have
a resistance of 60 ohms ?

676. • The resistance of 500 meters of a certain wire
is 125 ohms. What length of the same wire
will have a resistance of 60 ohms ?
= 500 meters / 125 ohms
= 4 ohms per meter
= 60 ohms x 4 ohms per meter
= 240 meters

677. Sources of Electricity
• Biomass
• Geothermal Energy
• Hydropower
• Ocean Power
• Solar Energy
• Wind Power
• Coal Energy
• Nuclear Energy
• Natural Gas

678. ELECTRONICS

679. Electronics
• Electronics – refers to the flow of charge (moving electrons) through
nonmetal conductors (mainly semiconductors).
• The flow of charge through various materials and devices such as,
semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, and vacuum tubes.

680. Electronics
• Electronic components -It refers to any physical entity in an electronic
system whose intention is to affect the electrons in a desired manner
consistent with the intended function of the electronic system
• Electronic circuit – composed of different components that are classified
as active and passive components.
• Passive – components that do not generate voltage but controls the
current in a circuit.
• Ex. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
• Active – components that can generate, amplify and even control voltage
and current in a circuit.
• Ex. Diode, transistor, integrated circuits (IC), etc.

681. Electronics
• Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor good insulators
• Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in electric current.
• Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the voltage.
It is non-polarized.
• Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in
an electric field.
• Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the complete flow of
current.
• Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move freely
• Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
• Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.

682. Electronics (Tools)
• Soldering Iron - a 20 Watt to 30 Watt soldering iron with tips of 1/8 inch to 1/2
inch can be used for soldering of through hole components.

683. Electronics (Tools)
• Disordering Pump - A pump aids in the removal of the liquid solder.

684. Electronics (Tools)
• Long nose Pliers – a 4-inch long nose pliers used to hold components that have
short leads that need to be soldered onto the PCB.

685. Electronics (Tools)
• Side-Cutting Pliers - 4-inch side cutting pliers used to trim off excess component
leads on the printed circuit board and to cut wires before being used.

686. Electronics (Tools)
• Small tweezers - is used to hold small components.

687. Electronics (Tools)
• Screwdrivers
– The earliest documented screwdrivers were used in Europe
in the late Middle Ages. They were probably invented in
the late 15th century, either in Germany or France.
– The tool's original names in German and French
were Schraubendreher (screwturner)
and tournevis (turnscrew), respectively.

688. Electronics (Tools)
• Two types of Screwdrivers
– (Slot)Flathead Screw Driver The slot screw drive has a single slot in the
fastener head and is driven by a "common blade" or flat-bladed
screwdriver. It was the first type of screw drive to be developed, and for
centuries it was the simplest and cheapest to make.
– (Cruciform)
• Philips & Screw Driver The Phillips screw drive was created by Henry F. Phillips.
(June 4, 1889 – April 13, 1958) was a U.S. businessman from Portland, Oregon.
The Phillips-head ("crosshead") screw and screwdriver are named after him.
• Frearson Screw Driver It was developed by an English inventor named Frearson
in the 19th century and produced from the late 1930s to the mid-1970s.

689. Electronics (Tools)
• Maintenance
• Tinning – the process of cleaning and applying a thin coat of solder on the tip of
the pre-heat soldering iron.

690. Electronics (Tools)
• Flux – chemical cleaning agent, The purpose of flux is to clean oxides from metal
surfaces to ensure a clean bond in soldering.

691. Electronics (Components)
• Electronic Components
• It is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a
discrete form, intended to be connected together,
usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to
create an electronic circuit with a particular function
(for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or
oscillator).

692. Electronics (Capacitors)
• Capacitor
• is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a
dielectric.
• It stores and discharge electrical energy.
• The voltage rating found in a capacitor is called working voltage.
• The rating is expressed in capacitance; the unit of measurement in capacitance is
farad.
• – invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)

693. Electronics (Capacitors)
• Types of Capacitor
• Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical Type Capacitor)
• Tantalum Capacitor
• Ceramic Capacitor
• Polystyrene Film Capacitor
• Mica Capacitor
• Metalized Polyester Capacitor
• Variable Capacitor
• Trimmer Capacitor

694. Electronics (Diodes)
• It converts AC to DC.
• It is a device that conducts current to flow in only one direction.
• They are called rectifiers
• It is polarized, the terminals are anode (positive) and cathode (negative)

695. Electronics (Diodes)
• Types of Diode
• Forward biased – when current is applied to the cathode (negative), it permits the
flow of current. (ON switch)
• Reverse biased – when current is applied to the anode (positive), it will not permit
the flow of current. (OFF switch)
• Zener diode – used as voltage reference, connected across a circuit where
regulated voltage is required; acts as a regulator
• Light emitting diode (LED) – it acts like rectifier diode except that is usually
intended to indicate flow of current.
• Photo diode – a diode which is sensitive to light; a light sensitive diode.

696. Electronics (Transistors)
• Is an active semiconductor device having 3 electrodes. It could perform a variety
of applications such as switch, amplifier, and rectifier.
• The terminals of a transistor are base, collector and emitter.
– BASE - which is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.
– COLLECTOR - which is the positive lead.
– EMITTER - which is the negative lead.
• Kinds of Transistor
• NPN – arrow pointing outward;
• PNP – arrow pointing inward.
•
• The arrow points where negative is; supply is connected to the emitter and
collector.

697. Electronics (Resistors)
• Is a device that opposes or limit the flow of electric current, it lowers the voltage.
• The simplest components in any circuit. Their job is to restrict the flow of electrons
and reduce the current or voltage flowing by converting electrical energy into
heat.
• Variable resistors (also known as potentiometers) have a dial control on them so
they change the amount of resistance when you turn them.

698. Electronics (Resistors)

699. Electronics (Resistors)
A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold. What is the
value and tolerance of the resistor?
Yellow = 4; Violet = 7; Black = 1;
47x1 = 47 ohms, +- 5%
What are those Pretty Colors on the Resistors?
Typically, a resistor will have 4 color bands on them which represent
the resistance values of the resistor. Each color of the “Resistor Color
Code” represents a numeric value:

700. Resistor Color Coding

701. B B / R O Y G B V / G W G S
BB ROYGBV GREAT WARRIOR GOLDEN
STATE
Black – Brown
Red – Orange – Yellow – Green – Blue –
Violet ( Rainbow except Indigo)
Gray – White – Gold – Silver

702. 1 & 2 – Significant Digit
3 – Multiplier
4 – Tolerance

703. Green – Blue – Red – Gold
5 6 2 5%
56 x 10 5%
2

704. Green – Blue – Red – Gold
5 6 2 5%
56 x 10 5%
56 x 100 5%
2

705. Green – Blue – Red – Gold
5 6 2 5%
56 x 10 5%
56 x 100 5%
5,600 5%
2

706. Green – Blue – Red – Gold
5 6 2 5%
56 x 10 5%
56 x 100 5%
5,600 5%
5.6K 5%
2

707. Green – Blue – Brown – Gold
5 6 1 5%
56 x 10 5%
1

708. Green – Blue – Brown – Gold
5 6 1 5%
56 x 10 5%
56 x 10 5%
1

709. Green – Blue – Brown – Gold
5 6 1 5%
56 x 10 5%
56 x 10 5%
560 5%
1

711. Green – Blue – Black – Gold
5 6 0 5%
56 x 10 5%
56 x 1 5%
56 5%
0

713. Orange – White – Blue – Silver
3 9 6 10%
39 x 10 10%
39 x 1,000,000 10%
39,000,000 10%
39M 10%
6

714. BREADBOARD
–Temporary, no soldering required
–It is easy to change connections and replace
components
STRIP BOARD
–Permanent, soldered
–requires no special preparation

716. • 1st and 2nd band – significant digits
• Multiplier – 3rd band
• Tolerance – 4th band
• Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold, 47 ohms, 5%
• 14 AWG light fixtures and circuit
• 12 AWG convenience outlet
• 8 AWG cable for service entrance
• SI standard of 14 AWG is 2.0 mm
• Resistor – non polarize
• Transistor, Diode, Capacitor (polarize, + - )

717. ENTREPRENEURSHIP
&
BUSINESS MATH

718. Which of the following is the correct
definition of the term “entrepreneur”? A person
who _________.
A. Pursues opportunity without regard to resources
B. Starts a new business with the aim of making profit
C. Seeks to create value for local communities, people
or customers by starting new ventures which exploit
new products, processes or markets
D. Seeks to generate value through creation or
expansion of economic activity, by identifying and
exploiting new products, processes or markets.

719. ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• ENTREPRENEUR
–gain profit and
–gives opportunities
• BUSINESSMAN
–gain profit

720. Which of the following is the correct
definition of the term “entrepreneur”? A person
who _________.
A. Pursues opportunity without regard to resources
B. Starts a new business with the aim of making profit
C. Seeks to create value for local communities, people
or customers by starting new ventures which exploit
new products, processes or markets
D. Seeks to generate value through creation or
expansion of economic activity, by identifying and
exploiting new products, processes or markets.

721. What is the key ingredient of a
successful entrepreneurial activity?
a. Careful planning
b. Amount of capital
c. Patience
d. Relevance of the business

722. What is the key ingredient of a
successful entrepreneurial activity?
a. Careful planning
b. Amount of capital
c. Patience
d. Relevance of the business

723. The key ingredient to
entrepreneurship is placed on
a. Products sold
b. Services offered
c. Innovation
d. Discoveries made

724. The key ingredient to
entrepreneurship is placed on
a. Products sold
b. Services offered
c. Innovation
d. Discoveries made

725. PRODUCTION – creation
of goods and services

726. A marketing mix that can have both
tangible and intangible aspects and is
the thing you offer to satisfy your
customers’ wants and needs is _____.
a. Product
b. Packaging
c. Price
d. Promotion

727. A marketing mix that can have both
tangible and intangible aspects and is
the thing you offer to satisfy your
customers’ wants and needs is _____.
a. Product
b. Packaging
c. Price
d. Promotion

728. Maria wants to engage in a business. On what
should Maria base the type of business she
wants to engage in
a. Availability of resources and time for business
b. Type of business and timing
c. Interest, talent, profitability and training
experience
d. Educational preparedness and market of the
products

729. PRODUCTION RESOURCES
• Material Resources
• Human Resources
• Financial Resources
• Informational Resources

730. Maria wants to engage in a business. On what
should Maria base the type of business she
wants to engage in
a. Availability of resources and time for business
b. Type of business and timing
c. Interest, talent, profitability and training
experience
d. Educational preparedness and market of the
products

731. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
• Land – natural resources
• Labor – physical and mental efforts
• Capital – physical resources used in
production of goods and services
• Entrepreneurial ability – coordinates
factors of production

732. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
• INTRODUCTORY
– new product released
• GROWTH
– sales increase
• MATURITY
– sales reach its peak (re-launching, price cutting)
• DECLINE
– defeat and exit

733. GLOBAL STANDARS
• ISO
–International Organization for Standardization
• HACCP
–Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
• HALAL
–Arabic word which means Permissible

734. MARKETING PROCESS
• Marketing Strategies – tools of achieving the
goals of the enterprise
1. Product strategy starts from introduction to growth
and maturity and finally to decline.
2. Promotion strategy consists of advertising and
personal selling
3. Pricing strategy help in the conversion of product
and services into money in business, the apparent
objective of pricing is to maximize profit. (monopoly
or oligopoly)
4. Place strategy is delivery of goods to the customers

735. MARKETING PROCESS
• Marketing Functions – process of buying and
selling
1. Exchange – buying, selling, pricing
2. Physical – assembling, handling,
processing and packaging, storage
3. Facilitating – financing, market
information, demand and supply, market
research

736. Which general function of marketing
involves the physical meeting point for
buyers and sellers at the point of
production or via some other means of
communication?
a. Specific functions
b. Exchange functions
c. Physical functions
d. Facilitating functions

737. Which general function of marketing
involves the physical meeting point for
buyers and sellers at the point of
production or via some other means of
communication?
a. Specific functions
b. Exchange functions
c. Physical functions
d. Facilitating functions

738. A carefully thought structured formal
commercial report that is extraordinarily
well documented and clearly written to
safeguard any wastage of further
investment project is called _____.
a. Portfolio
b. Business plan
c. Resume
d. Feasibility study

739. • Business plan
– blueprint guide, detailed roadmap
• Research study
– an systematic assessment
• Feasibility study
– well documented

740. A carefully thought structured formal
commercial report that is extraordinarily
well documented and clearly written to
safeguard any wastage of further
investment project is called _____.
a. Portfolio
b. Business plan
c. Resume
d. Feasibility study

741. Which is considered as a
comprehensive and effective
blueprint to guide an entrepreneur
in a business venture?
a. Resume
b. Portfolio
c. Business plan
d. Insurance plan

742. Which is considered as a
comprehensive and effective
blueprint to guide an entrepreneur
in a business venture?
a. Resume
b. Portfolio
c. Business plan
d. Insurance plan

743. CLASSIFICATION OF
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
• Sole Proprietorship
• Partnership
• Corporation
• Cooperatives

744. John has a grocery and general merchandise
store. His wife, children and relatives helps him
in doing the business. What kind of business
enterprise does he has?
a.Partnership
b.Sole proprietorship
c.Corporation
d.Cooperative

745. John has a grocery and general merchandise
store. His wife, children and relatives helps him
in doing the business. What kind of business
enterprise does he has?
a.Partnership
b.Sole proprietorship
c.Corporation
d.Cooperative

746. Which of the following is NOT
appropriate in running a small-
scale business?
a. Keeping clear records
b. Verifying profit and loss
c. Managing cash flows
d. Distribution channel

747. TWO TYPES OF MANAGING
1. Managing Business
a. Keeping clear records
b. Verifying profit and loss
c. Managing cash flow
2. Managing Enterprise (distribution channel)
a. Cooperatives
b. Independent, locally based private enterprise
c. Marketing boards and other state enterprises
d. Transnational companies

748. Which of the following is NOT
appropriate in running a small-
scale business?
a. Keeping clear records
b. Verifying profit and loss
c. Managing cash flows
d. Distribution channel

749. BONUS
• Magna Carta for Small Enterprises – RA 6977
• Agreement in a corporation – article of
incorporation
• Agreement in a partnership – Articles of Co-
Partnership
• Market refers to people, institutions or
organizations for whom the business is
designed

750. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Owners Equity
• Statement of Cash Flow

751. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Owners Equity
• Statement of Cash Flow
Asset, Liability, Capital

752. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Owners Equity
• Statement of Cash Flow
Asset, Liability, Capital
Revenue, Expense

753. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Owners Equity
• Statement of Cash Flow
Asset, Liability, Capital
Revenue, Expense
Gross Income - walang bawas
Net Income - may bawas
Net Loss - R < E

754. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Owners Equity
• Statement of Cash Flow
Asset, Liability, Capital
Revenue, Expense
Gross Income - walang bawas
Net Income - may bawas
Net Loss - R < E
Capital (with time span/period)

755. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Owners Equity
• Statement of Cash Flow
Asset, Liability, Capital
Revenue, Expense
Gross Income - walang bawas
Net Income - may bawas
Net Loss - R < E
Capital (with time span/period) daily, weekly, monthly,
quarterly, semi, annually
Cash received, Payments, On going

756. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Owners Equity
• Statement of Cash Flow
Asset, Liability, Capital
Revenue, Expense
Gross Income - walang bawas
Net Income - may bawas
Net Loss - R < E
Capital (with time span/period) daily, weekly, monthly,
quarterly, semi, annually
Cash received, Payments, On going
operations

757. ASSET
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash – A medium of exchange that is in currency
form.
Account Receivable – Money owed by the
customers or debtor acquired through service
rendered and goods purchased on accounts
Notes Receivable – debts endorsed through
promissory notes.

758. ASSET
PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT
Land
Buildings
Vehicles
Office/ Store Supplies
Office/Store equipments and machineries
Furniture and Fixtures

759. ASSET
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Franchise
Copyright
Trademarks
Patent
Software

760. LIABILITIES
Accounts Payable
Notes Payable
Mortgage Payable
Unearned Revenue – an income collected by the
business in advance whose product or service is yet
to be provided.
Salaries Payable
Utilities Payable
Interest Payable – Interests accumulated from debts

761. CAPITAL
Owner’s Capital
Owner’s Drawing – account used for assets
withdrawn by the owner for personal use.

762. REVENUE
Sales
Commissions
Service Revenue
Rent Income
Interest income

763. EXPENSES
Salaries Expense
Utilities Expense
Rent Expense

764. To which financial reports are
Liabilities and Capital added?
a. Statement of Cash Flow
b. Statement of Owners
capital
c. Income Statement
d. Balance Sheet

765. To which financial reports are
Liabilities and Capital added?
a. Statement of Cash Flow
b. Statement of Owners
capital
c. Income Statement
d. Balance Sheet

766. What financial statement shows all
the received cash from both on
going operations and external
investment sources?
a. Statement of Cash Flow
b. Statement of Owners capital
c. Income Statement
d. Balance Sheet

767. What financial statement shows all
the received cash from both on
going operations and external
investment sources?
a. Statement of Cash Flow
b. Statement of Owners capital
c. Income Statement
d. Balance Sheet

768. The earning power of the
business firm is reported on the
___________.
a. Balance Sheet
b. Income Statement
c. Statement of Cash Flow
d. Statement of Owners capital

769. The earning power of the
business firm is reported on the
___________.
a. Balance Sheet
b. Income Statement
c. Statement of Cash Flow
d. Statement of Owners capital

770. The sum of all expenses from
the operation of the business
can be found on the ______.
a. Balance Sheet
b. Statement of Cash Flow
c. Income Statement
d. Statement of Owners capital

771. The sum of all expenses from
the operation of the business
can be found on the ______.
a. Balance Sheet
b. Statement of Cash Flow
c. Income Statement
d. Statement of Owners capital

772. RULES OF DEBIT AND
CREDIT
• Debit – Value received by the
business
• Credit – Value given away by the
business

773. NORMAL ACCOUNT
DEBIT
Asset
Drawing
Expenses
CREDIT
Liability
Capital
Revenue

774. Recording the increase of income
of a Computer Repair Shop should
be written on the ______ column.
a. Asset
b. Income
c. Credit
d. Debit

775. Recording the increase of income
of a Computer Repair Shop should
be written on the ______ column.
a. Asset
b. Income
c. Credit
d. Debit

776. In journalizing, the owner’s
withdrawal from his firm should
be written on the __________.
a. Capital
b. Debit
c. Credit
d. Expenses

777. In journalizing, the owner’s
withdrawal from his firm should
be written on the __________.
a. Capital
b. Debit
c. Credit
d. Expenses

778. When a business purchased computer
set worth P 15,000.00 for the office;
debit computer set, P 15,000.00; credit
is __________.
a. Accounts payable, P 15,000.00
b. Capital, P 15,000.00
c. Computer set expenses, P 15,000.00
d. Cash, P 15,000.00

779. When a business purchased computer
set worth P 15,000.00 for the office;
debit computer set, P 15,000.00; credit
is __________.
a. Accounts payable, P 15,000.00
b. Capital, P 15,000.00
c. Computer set expenses, P 15,000.00
d. Cash, P 15,000.00

780. Purchased offices supplies and
equipment on credit are _________.
a. Debit office supplies, Credit cash
b. Debit office supplies, Credit accounts
payable
c. Debit office supplies and equipment,
Credit cash
d. Debit office supplies and equipment,
Credit accounts payable

781. Purchased offices supplies and
equipment on credit are _________.
a. Debit office supplies, Credit cash
b. Debit office supplies, Credit accounts
payable
c. Debit office supplies and equipment,
Credit cash
d. Debit office supplies and equipment,
Credit accounts payable

782. Business owned that will be due
not to exceed a year is referred
to as _________.
a. Current asset
b. Current liability
c. Fixed asset
d. Fixed liability

783. Business owned that will be due
not to exceed a year is referred
to as _________.
a. Current asset
b. Current liability
c. Fixed asset
d. Fixed liability

784. To find the current liability,
one must look at the
________.
a. Mortgage payable
b. Loans payable
c. Bonds payable
d. Salaries payable

785. To find the current liability,
one must look at the
________.
a. Mortgage payable
b. Loans payable
c. Bonds payable
d. Salaries payable

786. OTHER TERMINOLOGIES
• Bookkeeping – recording all the transaction in a
systematic manner
• Summarizing – preparing financial statements
• Journalizing – recording business transaction in a
book of original entries called a journal
• Posting –transferring entries from journal to ledger.
• Adjusting entries are used to:
a. close the books
b. record accruals
c. correct errors

787. Tokyo receives P2,500 from her parents as
monthly allowance. She spends 3/5 for
dormitory fee and utilities, 1/5 for her other
needs and saves the rest. How much does
she save?
A. P1000
C. P850
B. P750
D. P500

788. MANUAL COMPUTATION
3/ 5 + 1/5 = 4/5
2500 X 4/5 or 2500 / 5 = 500
500 X 4 = 2000
2500 – 2000 = 500
D. 500

789. Nairobi is a saleslady in Palermo Department
Store. She received a salary of P 10,000 a month plus
a commission of 1% on all her sales. Last month, her
total sales was P35,000. How much did she earn for
the month?
A. P 10,035.00
B. P 10,003.50
C. P 10,350.00
D. P 10,530.00

790. MANUAL COMPUTATION
1 % / 100 = 0.01
35000 X 0.01 = 350
10000 + 350 = 10, 350
C. P 10,350.00

791. If a skirt marked down 25%, what will the
purchase price be?
A. P25.00
B. 75% of its original price
C. 50% off
D. P75.00

792. B. 75% of its original price

793. Gandia realized that he could make a
reasonable profit if he charged 40 % more than
the actual cost of the items he bought for P
5,896. 00. If his transportation expenses
amounted to P 655.00, how much profit was the
merchant expecting.
A. P 1,703.40
B. P 1, 370.00
C. P 1,730.00
D. P 1, 307.00

794. 5,896 x 0.4 = 2,358.4
2,358.4 – 655 = Php 1,703.40
A. P 1,703.40

795. Denver sold a set of coffee mugs consisting
P 180.00 at P 270.00 .What is the percent of
the mark up based on the selling price?
A. 35 1/3
B. 33 1/3
C. 30
D. 32 1/3

796. To get the mark up percentage:
Mark Up Price = Selling Price – Original Price
Mark Up Percentage = MU Price / SP x 100
270 – 180 = 90
90 / 270 = 0.33333…
0.33333… X 100 = 33.333…
or 33 1/3

797. Arturito’s food stall has costs of ₱2,900. His
total food sales are ₱11,600. What percent of
his food sales do the food costs represent
a. 20%
b. 25%
c. 27%
d. 30%

798. Cost / Sales x 100
2,900 / 11,600
= 0.25 X 100
= 25 %

799. Zeth's Manufacturing offers discounts on
most of its products. What is the trade discount
rate on an item with a list price of ₱16.79 and a
net price of ?₱12.42?
a. 22%
b. 26%
c. 54%
d. 74%

800. Trade Discount = List Price – Net Price
Trade Discount Rate = TD / LP x 100
LP = ₱ 16.79
NP = ₱ 12.42
TD : ₱ 16.79 – ₱12.42 = ₱ 2.37
TDR : ₱ 4.37 / ₱ 16.79 = 0.2603
0.2603 x 100 = 26.03%
Ans. : 26% is the nearest answer

801. A customer places a special order through 480
Furniture Store. The list price in the manufacturer's
catalog is ₱1,600. 480 Furniture receives a 35%
trade discount. What is the net price for the
furniture order?
a. ₱560
b. ₱1,535
c. ₱1,565
d. ₱1,040

802. Solution 1:
1,600 x 0.35 = 560
1,600 – 560 = 1,040
Solution 2:
Shortcut in getting net price in Trade Discount:
100% - 35% = 65%
1,600 x 0.65 = 1,040
Subtract the given discount from
100% then multiply to the given amount

803. Break-even is the level of sales volume
where the sales receipts are equal to:
A. Total sales
B. Total cost
C. Total profit
D. Total capital

804. Break-even is the level of sales volume
where the sales receipts are equal to:
A. Total sales
B. Total cost
C. Total profit
D. Total capital
BEP – is the price point at which sales revenue is equal
to the costs, generating zero profit

805. A marketing mindset that is ready for
change and can handle change.
A. Innovator
B. Reasonable risk-taker
C. Persistent initiator
D. Positive thinker

806. A marketing mindset that is ready for
change and can handle change.
A. Innovator
B. Reasonable risk-taker
C. Persistent initiator
D. Positive thinker
- Improve existing ideas
- Tolerates uncertainty
- Do all possible means to improve
- Expect good and favorable result

807. La Casa de Papel Store has a weekly net
income of P 23,800.00 and net sale of P 85,000.
Which is the net income ratio of La Casa de
Papel Store?
A. 26%
B. 27%
C. 30%
D. 28%

808. 23,800 / 85,000
= 0.28 X 100
= 28 %

809. La Casa de Papel Store has a weekly net
income of P 23,800.00 and net sale of P 85,000.
Which is the net income ratio of La Casa de
Papel Store?
A. 26%
B. 27%
C. 30%
D. 28%

810. Find the mark up and selling price of a
tumbler that costs Php 200.00. If there is a 15%
mark-up on cost.
A. M = Php 20.00 and S = Php 220.00
B. M = Php 35.00 and S = Php 235.00
C. M = Php 30.00 and S = Php 230.00
D. M = Php 40.00 and S = Php 240.00

811. 200 x 0.15 = 30.00
200 + 30 = 230.00
M = Php 30.00 and S = Php 230.00

812. Find the mark up and selling price of a
tumbler that costs Php 200.00. If there is a 15%
mark-up on cost.
A. M = Php 20.00 and S = Php 220.00
B. M = Php 35.00 and S = Php 235.00
C. M = Php 30.00 and S = Php 230.00
D. M = Php 40.00 and S = Php 240.00

813. An asset pledge as security for a loan is
_________.
A. capital
B. collateral
C. debt
D. credit

814. An asset pledge as security for a loan is
_________.
A. capital
B. collateral
C. debt
D. credit

815. COSMETOLOGY

816. What is the process of assessing the
personal need of the client before any
care service is rendered?
a. Argumentation
b. Consultation
c. Conversation
d. Dictation

817. What is the process of assessing the
personal need of the client before any
care service is rendered?
a. Argumentation
b. Consultation
c. Conversation
d. Dictation

818. NAIL CARE

819. - Greek term
“KOSMETIKOS” means
beautifying

820. TERMINOLOGIES
• ONYX
• ONYCHOLOGY
• ONYCHOSIS
• KERATIN
- Nail
- Study of nail
- Nail Diseases
- Protein

821. MANICURE AND PEDICURE
MANICURE
“Manus” means hands
“Cura” means care
PEDICURE
“Pedi” means foot
“Cura” means care

822. MANICURE AND PEDICURE
MANICURE – hands and fingernails
“Manus” means hands
“Cura” means care
PEDICURE
“Pedi” means foot
“Cura” means care

823. MANICURE AND PEDICURE
MANICURE – hands and fingernails
“Manus” means hands
“Cura” means care
PEDICURE – feet and toenails
“Pedi” means foot
“Cura” means care

824. NAIL STRUCTURE
• FREE EDGE
– Extending beyond; Tip
• NAIL PLATE
– Protect nail bed; Made of dead cells
• NAIL BED
– Sensitive part; Beneath nail plate
• LUNULA
– Half moon; Crescent moon
• MATRIX
– Tissue beneath nail bed; Produce cell that becomes
nail plate

825. NAIL STRUCTURE
• CUTICLE
– Protect new nail from bacteria
• NAIL GROOVE
– Indentation between edges of nail plate and skin
• MANTLE
– Protect matrix from physical damage
• HYPONYCHIUM
– Skin under free edge; Serves as barrier to nail bed

826. NAIL STRUCTURE

827. Which part of the finger nail is so
sensitive that when injured, it will
produce nails with irregular growth
and disorder?
A. Matrix
B. Nail bed
C. Lunula
D. Tip

828. ? DID YOU KNOW ?
• Some nail bed injury can be fully repaired,
however DEFORMITIES are likely to happen
if the base of the nail bed is injured

830. ? DID YOU KNOW ?
• Some nail bed injury can be fully repaired,
however DEFORMITIES are likely to happen
if the base of the nail bed is injured
• Lunula contain STEM CELL which helps the
growth of nail. If it gets damaged, your nail
can’t grow well

831. Which part of the finger nail is so
sensitive that when injured, it will
produce nails with irregular growth
and disorder?
A. Matrix
B. Nail bed
C. Lunula
D. Tip

832. IMPLEMENTS
MATERIALS
EQUIPMENT

833. When does IMPLEMENTS
should be sanitized?
BEFORE USE
Or
AFTER USE

834. AFTER USE
of each tools

835. IMPLEMENTS
– tools, must be sanitized
every after use

836. 1. 2.
3. 4.

837. 7.
5. 6.
8.

838. 9.

839. MATERIALS
– consumables

841. EQUIPMENT
– furniture, fixture,
electrically powered

843. COSMETICS
– beautification

845. NAIL SHAPES
• ROUND SHAPE
– Small and short
• SQUARE SHAPE
– Grow out straight
• OVAL SHAPE
– Ideal nail contour,
long nail bed
• POINTED SHAPE
– Long and sturdy
• ALMOND SHAPE
– Fits most fingers and
toes

848. NAIL ART
• NAIL ART
– Imaginative and artistic process
• NAIL EXTENDER
– Artificial nail
• NAIL TATTOO
– Paint and design
• NAIL TECHNICIAN
– Responsible for grooming and appearance of nail

853. Massage is part of manicuring and
pedicuring services. When is massage
applied? Before _______?
a. Removing old polish
b. Coloring polish
c. Base coat
d. Top coat

854. PROCEDURES IN MANICURE
1. Remove old polish
2. Shape nails
3. Soften cuticle
4. Dry fingertips
5. Apply cuticle remover
6. Loosen cuticle
7. Trim cuticle
8. Clean under free edge
9. Apply hand and arm
massage
10.Remove traces of oil
11.Apply base coat
12.Apply colored polish
13.Apply top coat
14.Apply instant nail dry

855. Massage is part of manicuring and
pedicuring services. When is massage
applied? Before _______?
a. Removing old polish
b. Coloring polish
c. Base coat
d. Top coat

856. NAIL DISEASES
• BEAU’S LINE
• CLUBBING
• LEUKONYCHIA
• KOILONYCHIA
• MEE’S LINE
• ONYCHOLOSIS
• HANG NAIL
• PITTING
• TERRY’S NAIL
• YELLOW NAIL

857. can be sign of
malnourishment
Curve around
fingertips,
Result of low
oxygen in blood

858. Lack of iron
Signs heart disease
and liver disorder

859. Signs of arsenic
poisoning
Due to psoriasis,
thyroid disease

860. Common in
people with
psoriasis
Due to aging,
diabetes

861. Result of
internal
malignancies
Dry skin around the
nail

862. Manicure and pedicure should
be done ______?
A. Everyday
B. Monthly
C. Weekly
D.Yearly

863. Manicure
- average once every TWO TO
THREE WEEKS
Pedicure
- average ONCE A MONTH

864. Manicure and pedicure should
be done ______?
A. Everyday
B. Monthly
C. Weekly
D.Yearly

865. HAIR AND
SCALP

866. ✓ Facts about hair:
• Chemical composition of hair
a. Carbon 50.65 % d. Sulfur 5.0 %
b. Hydrogen 6.36 % e. Oxygen 20.8 %
c. Nitrogen 17.14 %
• Two principal division of hair
1. Hair root – beneath the skin surface
2. Hair shaft – above the skin surface

867. ✓ Facts about hair:
• Natural color of hair, its strength and
texture, depend mainly on HEREDITARY
QUALITIES
• Hair is found all over the body EXCEPT on
the PALMS, SOLES, LIPS and EYELIDS
• Hair grows about 1/2 INCH PER MONTH
on average

868. THREE TYPES OF
HUMAN BODY HAIR
TERMINAL HAIR
- thick, long pigmented hair
- found on scalp, face, armpits and
pubic area

869. VELLUS HAIR
- short, thin, slight-colored, barely
noticeable hair
- found on fingers, chest, back, tops
of toes, earlobe
- cannot be found behind ears,
forehead, eyelids, nose, lips, scars or
palms

870. LANUGO
- very thin, soft, downy unpigmented
hair
- covers body of newborn
- found on everywhere on baby’s
body except on palms, lips, soles of feet

871. WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
HAIR SETTING AND
HAIR STYLING?

872. HAIR SETTING
- Type of hairstyling that focus mainly
on creating curls, wave or perms the
hair
HAIR STYLING
- Attractive shape and styles

873. HAIR SETTING
ROLLER
SETTING

874. CLIP OR
PIN
SETTING

875. CURLER
SETTING

876. HAIR STYLING
• CHIGNON
– Neatly finished up
• PETAL BLOSSOM
– Pageant; Evening affair
• LACED UP AND ELEGANT
– Bride or Celebrant
• FRENCH TWIST
– Casual attire/event

877. Elegant
Laced-up

878. Petal blossom
French twist

879. Chignon

880. HAIR CUTTING
shortening, leveling and layering of
hair
• HAIR TRIMMING
–Cutting split ends from your hair, usually
done among women
• BARBERING
–Grooming and shaving men’s hair or beard

881. What do you call
the person who
cuts men’s hair?

882. BARBER

883. How about the
person who cuts
women’s hair?

884. BARBERETTE /
HAIRDRESSER

885. TAPERED CUT /
TAPERING

886. WEDGE CUT /
BOB CUT

887. BLUNT CUT

888. SECTIONING

889. SHEARS & COMBS

890. THINNING SHEAR
(ONE BLADE)
THINNING SHEAR
(DOUBLE SIDE)

891. STRAIGHT RAZOR
DOUBLE – EDGE
RAZOR

892. ALL PURPOSE
COMB
TAIL COMB

893. LARGE TOOTH
COMB
HAIR SHAPING
COMB

894. Hot oil treatment is a popular hair
treatment procedure. On which of the
following is the hot oil applied?
A. scalp
B. hair strand
C. follicle
D. hair base

895. Hot oil treatment is given both
to scalp and hair, BUT hot oil
product SHOULD be applied
MORE on scalp and LESS on
hair strands

896. - covering hair from becoming
grey unanimously
- fighting fungal and dandruff
- hair regrowth
WHY IS OILING IMPORTANT?

897. Hot oil treatment is a popular hair
treatment procedure. On which of the
following is the hot oil applied?
A. scalp
B. hair strand
C. follicle
D. hair base

898. Which nail technique do you
employ when one or more nails are to
be lengthened?
A. nail wrapping
B. nail tipping
C. nail sculpture
D. nail dipping

899. ARTIFICIAL NAIL TECHNIQUES
NAIL WRAPPING
- artificial nail tips with adhesive and then
applying glue to the end
- provide strength to nail but not used to
lengthen it. Also used to fix broken nails
NAIL TIPPING
- attached to natural nails to extend its length

900. ARTIFICIAL NAIL TECHNIQUES
NAIL SCULPTURE
- gel is applied over the entire natural nail
- requires UV/LED light
NAIL DIPPING
- using of pigmented powder instead of acrylic
nails
- quicker process than gel nails

901. ARTIFICIAL NAIL TECHNIQUES
NAIL CURING
- “CURED” basically just means “DRIED”
- usually done with UV/LED lights or lamps

902. Which nail technique do you
employ when one or more nails are to
be lengthened?
A. nail wrapping
B. nail tipping
C. nail sculpture
D. nail dipping

903. How long should we cut our nails?
A. 1mm
B. 1.5mm
C. 0.75mm
D. 0.55mm

904. How long should we cut our nails?
A. 1mm
B. 1.5mm
C. 0.75mm
D. 0.55mm Nails grow at an
average of 1/8 to 1/10
inch a month,
approximately 2.5mm

905. Which is the final steps in basic
manicure?
A. Shape nails
B. Remove nail polish
C. Trim the nail
D. File the nail of left hand

906. Which is the final steps in basic
manicure?
A. Shape nails
B. Remove nail polish
C. Trim the nail
D. File the nail of left hand
3
1
2
4

907. Which is the final steps in basic
manicure?
A. Shape nails
B. Remove nail polish
C. Trim the nail
D. File the nail of left hand

908. For establishing effective client
relations, which qualities are
desirable?
A. good manners
B. gregariousness
C. self disclosure
D. emotional balance

909. For establishing effective client
relations, which qualities are
desirable?
A. good manners
B. gregariousness
C. self disclosure
D. emotional balance
- tell someone about themselves
- sociable
- with courtesy and politeness
- ability of mind and body to
maintain equilibrium and
flexibility in face of challenges
and change

910. MAKE UP

911. Plain Facial
• Prepare tools and patron
• Give plain facial
• Apply beaten egg white
• Let application stay for 3 – 5 minutes and
remove it with hot towel
• Apply skin lotion and makeup

912. Facial Treatment
• Cleansing cream
• Massage cream
• Treatment mask
• Moisturizer

913. Which part of the body is best for
the color testing of a foundation?
a. Earlobe
b. Jawline
c. Nose
d. Cheek

914. Which part of the body is best for
the color testing of a foundation?
a. Earlobe
b. Jawline
c. Nose
d. Cheek

915. Which one helps to moisturize the face
to return lost moisture and hydrate
the skin to slow down the skin’s aging
process?
a. Anti‐aging face creams
b. Face toners
c. Face exfoliators
d. Face creams

916. Which one helps to moisturize the face
to return lost moisture and hydrate
the skin to slow down the skin’s aging
process?
a. Anti‐aging face creams
b. Face toners
c. Face exfoliators
d. Face creams

917. Jane applied as public teacher. She doesn’t have
any experience for job interview. Could you
please help her decide?
What type of makeup may she put‐on?
a. Corrective makeup
b. Light makeup
c. Heavy makeup
d. Photographic makeup

918. Evening Day

919. Photographic Theatrical

920. Jane applied as public teacher. She doesn’t have
any experience for job interview. Could you
please help her decide?
What type of makeup may she put‐on?
a. Corrective makeup
b. Light makeup
c. Heavy makeup
d. Photographic makeup

921. Miss Kim was invited as one of the principal
sponsors in her best friend’s daughter’s
wedding. She went to salon to have hairstyle,
makeup, manicure and pedicure.
Which of the following makeup does she need?
a. Day makeup
b. Evening makeup
c. Photographic makeup
d. Theatrical/Fantasy makeup

922. Miss Kim was invited as one of the principal
sponsors in her best friend’s daughter’s
wedding. She went to salon to have hairstyle,
makeup, manicure and pedicure.
Which of the following makeup does she need?
a. Day makeup
b. Evening makeup
c. Photographic makeup
d. Theatrical/Fantasy makeup

923. Which of the following is a common
skin disorder caused by the formation
of sebaceous matter within or under
the skin?
a. Blackheads
b. Whiteheads
c. Pimples
d. Acne

924. Which of the following is a common
skin disorder caused by the formation
of sebaceous matter within or under
the skin?
a. Blackheads
b. Whiteheads
c. Pimples
d. Acne

925. This type of massage is done through a
slow and rhythmic manner.
A.Vibration
B.Petrissage
C.Effleurage
D.Swedish massage

926. This type of massage is done through a
slow and rhythmic manner.
A.Vibration
B.Petrissage
C.Effleurage
D.Swedish massage

927. • Surfactants – most common emulsifier used in
skincare
• aids in maintaining face – face cleansers
• first step in giving facial – apply cleansing
cream
• NOT a concern in analyzing the client's skin –
shape of the face
• NOT beneficial for facial treatments –
weakening muscle tissue
• recommended for dry, scaly skin, or skin that
is inclined to wrinkles – hot oil mask facial

928. FOODS

929. COOKING METHOD
•Moist Heat
•Dry Heat

930. COOKING METHOD
•Moist Heat – liquid and steam
•Dry Heat – oil and direct heat

931. Moist Heat
• Boiling
• Blanching
• Braising
• Pressure Cooking
• Simmering
• Poaching
• Steaming
• Stewing

932. Moist Heat
• BOILING
–rapid vaporization
–100 degrees Celsius
–more water

933. Moist Heat
• BLANCHING
–plunged
–fruits/vegetable soaked in
water
–preserve nutrients

934. Moist Heat
• PRESSURE COOKING
–softening
–bones, hard meat

935. Moist Heat
• SIMMERING
–just below boiling point

936. Moist Heat
• STEAMING
–use of vapor

937. Moist Heat
• POACHING
–water and vinegar
–poached egg

938. Moist Heat
• STEWING
–thick sauce
–less water

939. Dry Heat
• Broiling
• Grilling
• Roasting
• Frying
• Sautéing

940. Dry Heat
• BROILING
–heat comes from above
–Bibingka

941. Dry Heat
• GRILLING
–heat comes from below
–Barbecue

942. Dry Heat
• ROASTING
–heat comes both above and
below
–Lechon

943. Dry Heat
• FRYING
–uses oil

944. Dry Heat
is sautéing same with
frying?

945. Dry Heat
YES

946. Dry Heat
sautéing is a type of
frying

947. Dry Heat
• TYPES OF FRYING
–SAUTEING: small amount of oil
–PAN FRY: less amount of oil
–DEEP FRY: large amount of oil

948. WHAT COOKING
METHOD IS USED FOR
THE FOLLOWING?
1. CHICKEN GALANTINA
2. PORK HARDINERA

949. CHICKEN GALANTINA
STEAMING
OR
ROASTING?

950. CHICKEN GALANTINA
STEAMING
OR
ROASTING?

951. CHICKEN GALANTINA
Originated from France
that used Baking
method which is same
with Roasting method
we used nowadays

952. PORK HARDINERA
STEAMING
OR
ROASTING?

953. PORK HARDINERA
STEAMING
OR
ROASTING?

954. PORK HARDINERA
cooking method is the
same with embotido

955. What do you call the application of
dry heat on cakes, breads and
pastries?
a.Barbecuing
b.Blending
c.Baking
d.Basting

956. What do you call the application of
dry heat on cakes, breads and
pastries?
a.Barbecuing
b.Blending
c.Baking
d.Basting

957. Blessie wants to make a vegetable salad
for her family. She preheats the vegetable
in boiling water. What do you call this food
preparation process?
a.Blanch
b.Boiling
c.Braise
d.Stew

958. Blessie wants to make a vegetable salad
for her family. She preheats the vegetable
in boiling water. What do you call this food
preparation process?
a.Blanch
b.Boiling
c.Braise
d.Stew

959. A. Kare kare
B. Tinola
C. Palabok
D. Escabeche

960. Left-over food should be
planned for make-over. Which of
the following make-over is NOT
applicable for fried fish?
A. Kare kare
B. Tinola
C. Palabok
D. Escabeche

961. Left-over food should be
planned for make-over. Which of
the following make-over is NOT
applicable for fried fish?
A. Kare kare
B. Tinola
C. Palabok
D. Escabeche

962. Left-over food should be
planned for make-over. Which of
the following make-over is NOT
applicable for fried fish?
A. Kare kare
B. Tinola
C. Palabok
D. Escabeche √

963. Left-over food should be
planned for make-over. Which of
the following make-over is NOT
applicable for fried fish?
A. Kare kare
B. Tinola
C. Palabok √
D. Escabeche √

964. Left-over food should be
planned for make-over. Which of
the following make-over is NOT
applicable for fried fish?
A. Kare kare √
B. Tinola ×
C. Palabok √
D. Escabeche √

965. TYPES OF NUTRIENTS
MACRO
Carbohydrates
Protein
Fats
MICRO
Vitamins
Minerals

966. CALORIES
4% Carbohydrates
4% Protein
9% Fats
- twice the calories per gram

967. Example
10 grams of cupcake:
5g of Carbohydrates
3g of Fats
2g of Protein
How many kilocalories are there?

968. 10 grams of cupcake:
5g of C x 4 =
3g of F
2g of P

969. 10 grams of cupcake:
5g of C x 4 =
3g of F x 9 =
2g of P

970. 10 grams of cupcake:
5g of C x 4 =
3g of F x 9 =
2g of P x 4 =

971. 10 grams of cupcake:
5g of C x 4 = 20
3g of F x 9 = 27
2g of P x 4 = 8
Total 55 kcal

972. • A 50g serving size of
chiffon cake contains 3g
fat, 22g carbohydrates and
3g protein. How many kcal
are in a serving size of
chiffon cake?

973. • A 50g serving size of chiffon cake contains 3g
fat, 22g carbohydrates and 3g protein. How
many kcal are in a serving size of chiffon cake?
3g fat x 9 kcal/g = 27
22g carbo x 4 kcal/g = 88
3g protein x 4 kcal/g = 12
27 + 88 + 12 = 127 kcal

974. CLASSIFICATION OF
VITAMINS
• Fat Soluble
- Vitamins ( A-D-E-K )
• Water Soluble
- Vitamins ( C, B1-B2-B6-B12 )

975. • Fat Soluble
–Vitamin A (Retinol)
–Vitamin D (Calcium)
–Vitamin E (Anti-Oxidant)
–Vitamin K (Potassium)

976. • Water Soluble
–Vitamin C
–Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
–Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
–Vitamin B6 (Pyrodixine)
–Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

977. VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES
Kwashiorkor-deficiency of protein
Marasmus–deficiency in carbohydrates.
Beri-beri–deficiency in Vit. B1, thiamine.

978. • VEGETABLE CUTS
–Julienne

979. • VEGETABLE CUTS
–Julienne (match stick, thin strip)

980. • VEGETABLE CUTS
–Julienne (match stick, thin strip)
–Brunoise

981. • VEGETABLE CUTS
–Julienne (match stick, thin strip)
–Brunoise (diced)

982. • VEGETABLE CUTS
–Julienne (match stick, thin strip)
–Brunoise (diced)
–Macedoine

983. • VEGETABLE CUTS
–Julienne (match stick, thin strip)
–Brunoise (diced)
–Macedoine (cube)

984. MIREPOIX
Is it a type of vegetable
cut?
YES or NO

985. NO

986. What is Mirepoix?
it is a vegetable mix
that is used as a based
for soup and sauces

987. Other Terminologies
• Bechamel
• Velouté
• Bouillabaisse
• Entrée
• Espagnole
• Emincer
• Entremets
• Canape
− White sauce
− Fish and Chicken stock
− Fish soup
− Main course
− Soup
− To slice thinly
− Dessert
− Bite size

988. Other Terminologies
• Deglazing
• Flambe
• Garnish
• Stock
• Broth
− For scraping
− With flame
− Edible foods
− Water
− Water with seasoning

989. MARINADE
VS
MARINATE

990. Marinade – mixture
Marinate – process

991. TYPES OF FLOUR
1. Bread Flour
12% to 14%
2. All Purpose or Pastry Flour
10% to 11%
3. Cake Flour
7% to 9%

992. TYPES OF FLOUR
1. Bread Flour
12% to 14%, sweetest and hardest
2. All Purpose or Pastry Flour
10% to 11%
3. Cake Flour
7% to 9%, softest

993. What do you call the melting of
sugar in custard making?
a.Candy making
b.Crystallization
c.Caramelizing
d.Coagulation

994. What do you call the melting of
sugar in custard making?
a.Candy making
b.Crystallization
c.Caramelizing
d.Coagulation

995. TYPES OF SUGAR
LACTOSE
FRUCTOSE
GLUCOSE
SUCROSE
- milk
- fruits, honey
- plants
- processed

996. What is
DEXTROSE?

997. DEXTROSE
✓a type of sugar that can be found on
CORNS
✓it has the same chemical compound
with GLUCOSE which is also known as
BLOOD SUGAR

998. How about
MALTOSE?

999. MALTOSE
✓a type of sugar in the form of SYRUP
✓it is made by the combination of
GLUCOSE and SUCROSE

1000. It is a simple form of sugar which can
be found in fruits, honey, corn syrup
and sweet corn.
a.Fructose
b.Glucose
c.Lactose
d.Sucrose

1001. It is a simple form of sugar which can
be found in fruits, honey, corn syrup
and sweet corn.
a.Fructose
b.Glucose
c.Lactose
d.Sucrose

1002. MENU SEQUENCE
A – S – M – B – D

1003. MENU SEQUENCE
A – S – M – B – D
Appetizer – Soup – Main
Course – Beverage –
Dessert

1004. MENU SEQUENCE
A – M – C – B – D
A – S – M – B – D

1005. In an American
service, where should
you serve the water?

1006. RIGHT
or
LEFT

1007. Always at the
RIGHT,
regardless of
service type

1008. FOOD SERVICE
American
Russian
French
Buffet
Counter
- basic and simple
- complicated
- “Gueridon” (cart)
- limited
- self service

1009. What is
SLAUGHTERING?

1010. killing of domestic
livestock/poultry for
human consumption

1011. 1. Removing the blood
2. Scalding
3. Defeathering
4. Evisceration
5. Chilling the carcass

1012. • Maintain 35-40 degrees F temp in the
refrigerator
• Freezer, 0 or below 0 degrees F
• Cover and wrap food properly
• Keep cooked foods above raw foods
• Use FIFO method

1013. Creaming
Batter
Custard
Brine
Pleasing
Sifting
Folding
- egg, butter, sugar
- flour, water
- milk, butter, sugar
- water, salt
- chopseuy, rice
- flour, baking soda
- butter, beaten egg white

1014. Volume
1 teaspoon = 4.9 milliliters
1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons
½ ounces
14.8 milliliters
1 cup = 16 tablespoons
48 teaspoons
8 ounces

1015. 1 pint = 2 cups
1 quart = 4 cups
1 gallon = 16 cups
8 pints
4 quarts
1 peck = 8 quarts
1 liter = 1000 milliliters
1.06 quarts

1016. Weights
1 gram = 0.035 ounces
1 kilogram = 2.21 pounds
1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 pound = 453.59 grams

1017. On baking cakes, which paired
ingredients are mixed when they
are sifted together?
A. butter and beaten egg white
B. butter and flour
C. sugar and butter
D. flour and baking powder

1018. On baking cakes, which paired
ingredients are mixed when they
are sifted together?
A. butter and beaten egg white
B. butter and flour
C. sugar and butter
D. flour and baking powder

1019. Grated coconut is used to coat the
following native delicacies to improve the
flavor of those bland recipes:
I. Palitaw IV. Biko
II. Maja blanca V. Tamales
III. Pitsi-pitsi VI. Tupig
A. I & V
B. I & III
C. II & III
D. IV & VI

1020. Grated coconut is used to coat the
following native delicacies to improve the
flavor of those bland recipes:
I. Palitaw IV. Biko
II. Maja blanca V. Tamales
III. Pitsi-pitsi VI. Tupig
A. I & V
B. I & III
C. II & III
D. IV & VI

1021. < PALITAW
BIKO >
< MAJA
BLANCA
TAMALES >
< PITSI PITSI
TUPIG >

1022. An average of __________ cm is
commonly used for the size of a cover in a
table setting.
A. 65
B. 61
C. 63
D. 59

1023. An average of __________ cm is
commonly used for the size of a cover in a
table setting.
A. 65
B. 61
C. 63
D. 59
Each table cover needs space
of 24 to 30 inches wide
inches to centimeter
24 in x 2.54 cm = 60.96 cm
30 in x 2.54 cm = 76.20 cm

1024. This soup is made by boiling cereal
with milk and water.
a. Porridge
b. Chowder
c. Congee
d. Oatmeal

1025. This soup is made by boiling cereal
with milk and water.
a. Porridge - oats, water, salt
b. Chowder - seafood / potato / corn, flour, cornstarch
c. Congee - rice porridge
d. Oatmeal
Difference between Oats and Oatmeal
Oats are commonly eaten for breakfast as oatmeal, which is
made by boiling oats in water or milk

1026. It refers to any substance which
sustains and nourishes the body and
life.
a. snacks
b. food
c. dishes
d. beverages

1027. It refers to any substance which
sustains and nourishes the body and
life.
a. snacks
b. food
c. dishes
d. beverages

1028. Which of the following is the correct
sequence of stages in the breading
procedure?
a. Flour, egg wash, flour
b. Flour, egg wash, bread crumbs
c. Flour, water, bread crumbs
d. Egg wash, flour, bread crumbs

1029. Which of the following is the correct
sequence of stages in the breading
procedure?
a. Flour, egg wash, flour
b. Flour, egg wash, bread crumbs
c. Flour, water, bread crumbs
d. Egg wash, flour, bread crumbs

1030. The most practical way of serving
meals when the space is limited and
there’s limited work force is
a.Blue plate service
b.Russian service
c.Buffet service
d.Compromise

1031. The most practical way of serving
meals when the space is limited and
there’s limited work force is
a.Blue plate service
b.Russian service
c.Buffet service
d.Compromise

1032. There are some brown bits left on the bottom of
the pan. While the pan is still on the stove, she
added some white wine and scrapped the
bottom of the pan. What do you call the
technique she just used?
a.Cleaning
b.Caramelizing
c.Deglazing
d.Flambé

1033. There are some brown bits left on the bottom of
the pan. While the pan is still on the stove, she
added some white wine and scrapped the
bottom of the pan. What do you call the
technique she just used?
a.Cleaning
b.Caramelizing
c.Deglazing
d.Flambé

1034. In the principle of food storage, raw
foods are stored in
a. Above cooked and ready to eat food
b. On the same shelf with cooked and
ready to eat food
c. Below cooked and ready to eat food
d. Behind cooked and ready to eat food

1035. In the principle of food storage, raw
foods are stored in
a. Above cooked and ready to eat food
b. On the same shelf with cooked and
ready to eat food
c. Below cooked and ready to eat food
d. Behind cooked and ready to eat food