The document provides an overview of various drafting techniques and drawing types, including orthographic projection, isometric, and oblique drawing methods. It outlines necessary tools, pencil grades, and dimensions crucial for effective drafting, as well as classifications of polygons, triangles, and types of graphs and charts used in representation. Additionally, it discusses standards for lettering, line types, and essential guidelines for creating accurate and visually appealing drawings.

1. DRAFTING
By: IST

2. FOUR COMMON TERMS
• Drawing
– International language
• Freehand drawing/sketching
– Paper and pencil
• Mechanical drawing
– With instruments such as T-sqaure,
triangles
• Orthographic projection
– Exact shapes and observation

3. METHODS OF DRAWING
LINES
A. Orthographic
• Also called as 3 VIEW DRAWING
• Planes of porjection
– Frontal Plane Front View
– Horizontal Plane Side View
– Profile Plane Top View
• Glassbox technique
– Extracting or extraction of TV, SV and FV

4. B. Pictorial
1. Isometric
– 3 Dimensional, 30 degrees, 30 x 60 degrees, triangle
2. Perspective
– Most realistic, visual observation
» Bird’s Eye View (becomes narrower)
» Man’s Eye View (horizontal plane)
» Worm’s Eye View (becomes bigger)
3. Oblique
– One side is parallel to another, 45 degrees
» Cavalier – actual measurement
» Cabinet – depth reduce to ½
» General – depth reduce to ¼

5. OVERALL
SEMI-
DETAILED
TWO KIND OF DIMENSION
• Location Dimension – parts, size, shapes
• Detailed Dimension
➢ Overall – width, length, height
➢ Semi-detailed – minor measurements

6. • H – Hardness
• B – Softness

7. Grades of Pencil
•Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B
(softest)
•Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
•Hard – 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H
(hardest)

8. Note: for lettering, find the choices where HB is
included (ex. A. HB, B or 2H 4H
Grades of Pencil used for
General Drafting
•HB – for lettering
•2H – for line work
•4H – for general

9. Minimum requirement for drafting
students
•4H – for repenciling F or H – for all
lettering and freehand work
•6H – for light construction lines
•2H – for visible object lines

10. GEOMETRIC FIGURES
1.LINE
• Set of points
• Types of Lines
–Straight line – shortest distance
between two points
–Parallel line – will never meet
–Perpendicular line – intersecting lines

11. 2. Kinds of Angles
• The simplest way to sort triangles is
by their angle size:
– Acute triangle is one in which all the angles
are acute (less than 90°).
– Obtuse triangle is one in which one of the
angles is obtuse (more than 90°).
– Right triangle is one in which one of the
angles is a right angle (exactly 90°).

12. • Another way to group triangles is by
looking at the lengths of their sides:
– Equilateral triangle is one in which all
three sides have the same length.
–Isoceles triangle is one in which two
sides have the same length.
–Scalene triangle is one in which all
three sides have different lengths

13. 3. POLYGONS

14. To convert inches to meters, follow
the conversion table below.
1 inch 0.025 meter
2 inches 0.050 meter
3 inches 0.075 meter
4 inches 0.10 meter

15. • PROPORTION OF LETTERS
1. Normal letters – used when space is
adequate
2. Extended letters – used when space
is wider
3. Compressed letters – used when
space is limited
4. Lightface – with very thin stems
5. Boldface – having heavy stems

16. Guidelines

17. Roman
(thick and thin lines)

18. Gothic
(uniform width)

19. Italic Letters
(slant)

20. Script Letters
(cursive)

21. Text Letters
(fancy style of letters)

22. TYPE OF LINES
• Break line (long – wavy, and short –
pointy)
• Cutting plane line
Cutting plane line

23. • Visible line
• Hidden line
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• Center line
________ __ ________ __
________
• Extension line
__________ __________
• Dimension line
Fine line Figure Arrowhead
2.00

24. • Types of Section
1. Full section – cuts entirely across
2. Half section – symmetrical
3. Broken-out section – partial used when
need exposure
4. Revolved section – show true shape
5. Removed or Detailed section – same as
revolved but not shown on view
6. Phantom section or Hidden section –
emphasized interior

25. • KINDS OF GRAPHS
1. Line Graphs – usually constructed by
placing two sets of figures in relation to each
other
2. Bar Graphs – excellent for comparing
quantities, values, and percentages
3. Volume Graphs – suitable when only two or
three items are to be compared
4. Pictorial graphs – made effectively by
using geometric or pictorial symbols

26. • KINDS OF CHARTS
1. Organizational Charts – useful in showing
the relationships and functions of different
departments
2. Pie Chart – useful in making percentage
comparisons

27. • KINDS OF MAPS
– Map is used to find directions easily
1.Geographic map – shows the boundaries of
countries
2.Topographic map – used to show in some
detail the top view of a section of a country
3.Relief map – shows the relative elevations of
the ground surfaces
4.Contour map – made when contour are
given with elevation

28. BLESSING NOTES

29. • Isometric – 3 dimensional, 30 degrees, 30
x 60 degrees
• Orthographic – 3 view, exact shape,
actual observation, planes of projection
• Geometric Construction – accurate
shape / angles / lines
• Pictorial – can be seen by naked eye
• Perspective – most realistic, visual
observation

30. • Glass box technique – extract
• Architectural delineation – detailed
dimension
• Drafting – systematic representation
• Oblique – one side is parallel to another,
45 degrees
• Cavalier – actual or same measurement
• Cabinet reduce to ½
• General – reduce to ¼

31. • Subtitle – 3/16 inch
• Good height of lettering 1/8
• Dimension line – ¼ (dimensioning)
• Extension line – 1/16 to 1/8 (dimensioning)
• Drafting – systematic representation
• Drawing – international language
• Mechanical – with instruments
• Freehand – paper and pencil

32. • medium of communication between
designers and clients – Drafting
• orthographic projection can be seen in an
object including its unnecessary views,
6 views
• horizontal lines – T-Square
• Vertical lines – triangles
• angle or an arc – Protractor
• Sketches – ruler
• Meter stick - height

33. • Arc and circle – Compass
• Divider – dividing lines
• French curve – curves except circles and
arcs
• Scale – reproduce, reduce or enlarge
• Protect rest of drawing, erasing shield
• Make pencil point sharp, pencil
sharpener
• Indicate measurement – dimension line
• Center line – circle dimension, diameter

34. • Dark solid line, show visible edges –
visible line
• Composed of dashes, show invisible
edges – hidden line
• Has been cut away – long break line
• Cutting plane cut through – section line
• Gradual darkening – shading
• Never letter without Guidelines
• Most important part – Lettering

35. • Ascender, limit capital letters – Cap line
• All letter stands and rest – base line
• Waist line – limit height of lower case
letter
• Drop line – descender, limit lower case
• Commonly used in college – Gothic
• Commonly used in college diploma – Old
English
• Compressed letters – space is limited
• Shifting of height (get the half of given height,
ex: from 6 mm to 3 mm)

36. • Bird’s eye view – becomes smaller
• Man’s eye view – plain horizontal
• Worm’s eye view – becomes bigger
• Radius – r
• I – narrowest
• W – widest
• S – normal
• Two equal sides – Isosceles
• Roman – thick and thin

37. • Uniform width – Gothic
• Slanting – Italic
• Cursive – Script
• Fancy – Text letters
• Alphabet of lines – specific meaning
• Drawing of lines – emphasize or de-
emphasized
• Smallest division – millimeter
• Metric - meter

38. • English – inch
• Grade for lettering – HB
• I inch = 2.54 centimeters
• 1 ft = 12 inches
• 1 yard = 36 inches
• 1 yard = 3 ft
• 1 meter = 36 inches
• Caliper – cylindrical objects
• Like sketching – freehand

39. • Emphasis – pleasing to the eye
• Proportion – relation to one another
• CAD – Computer Aided Designing
• NOT accepted type of dimension, None of
the options
• Create depth, add light and shadow
• If all letters spaced equally, used up too
much space

40. • drawing pencil is better than an ordinary
writing pencil except, There are different
kinds of drawing pencils for specific
work
• good to follow when making lettering
except, When using lower case letter
only two horizontal guidelines are used
• center of holes – Center lines
• increases in the enrollment of first year
high school students this school year, bar
graph

41. • horizontal lines – It is drawn from left to
right
• one-point perspective, All horizontal line
point towards the one vanishing point
• orthographic projection it contains – 3
views
• zero point of a line graph – origin
• percentage comparison – Pie graph
• descriptions of tangent lines except, The
point of intersection is the radius.

42. • Boxing method – isometric (for
clarification, ito po yung tama, hindi po
oblique ☺)
• After 2-dimensional drawing are done,
next step is – Dimensioning
• Imaginary cut – Sectioning
• Manual drafting – lettering by hand
• Dimensiouns – Tolerancing
• Single-stroke letters – free and natural
fashion

43. • Lines at end of every letter except O in
Roman letters – Serifs
• Lettering box – tools made of plastic or
aluminum for lettering
• 3rd angle projection, Right side view, Left
side view, and bottom side view
• Additional plane of projection – Frontal
plane
• Superfluous dimensioning – repetition
• Section to be detailed – assembly of
parts

44. • Approach – Dual dimensioning system
• Size of reinforcement bars – Top view,
Front view, Side view, and Isometric
• Parallel line – Lines of sight
• Commonly used in TLE drafting – Roman