This document summarizes the history and development of lettering and writing systems. It discusses:
1) The origins and timeline of early writing systems from 4000 BC including Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian cuneiform, Phoenician alphabet, Greek and Roman alphabets.
2) Styles of letters including Gothic, Roman, Text and Italic. It describes the characteristics and sub-types of each style.
3) Guidelines used in lettering including horizontal, vertical and inclined guidelines and the parts of horizontal guidelines.
4) Additional concepts in lettering such as the order of strokes, general letter proportions, composition, and spacing of letters.
The document describes various line conventions used in technical drawings according to ANSI standards, including dark heavy lines to show outlines, light dashed lines for unseen features, section lines at 45 degrees to indicate cut areas, center lines of dashed and dotted patterns, dimension lines with arrowheads, broken lines for imaginary cuts, wavy lines to indicate hidden surfaces, removed center lines, and phantom lines made of long and short dashes for alternate positions, fitted parts, and repeated details.
This document provides an overview of lines, scales, and dimensioning used for technical drawings. It describes 11 different types of lines that represent visible edges, hidden surfaces, centers, sections, extensions, dimensions, breaks, leaders, and phantom or cutting planes. Scales allow drawings to be made at various sizes, with common scales being 1:1, reduced, or enlarged. Dimensioning involves noting overall sizes and locating specific parts using aligned or unidirectional methods.
This document provides an overview of technical drawing goals, materials, and techniques. It discusses the different types of drawings including orthographic, isometric, pictorial, axonometric, oblique, and perspective. Key aspects covered include types of lines used in drafting, lettering styles, guide lines, dimensions, and projection principles. The document serves as a basic introduction to technical drawing concepts, objectives, classifications, and methodologies.
DRAFTING MATERIALS AND TOOLS ITS USES/FUNCTIONSteppxcrown98
This document provides an overview of common drafting materials and tools, their uses, and functions. It describes drawing paper, masking tape, pencil sharpeners, erasers, drawing pencils in various grades, triangular scales, erasing shields, and common drawing instruments like T-squares, triangles, compasses, dividers, and protractors. The key tools are used for tasks like making horizontal and vertical lines, transferring measurements, drawing arcs and circles, and measuring angles and degrees. A variety of materials like paper, pencils, tape, and instruments in different designs are available to aid the drafting process.
This document discusses different styles of lettering used in technical drawings. It describes Gothic, Roman, and Italic letter styles, and defines each by the characteristics of their elementary strokes. It also lists extended, condensed, lightface, and boldface as types of letter styles classified by the width of the letters. References used in preparing the document on drawing fundamentals and lettering are also provided.
Lettering is the process of forming letters, numerals, and other characters used in technical drawing. There are three main methods of lettering: freehand lettering done without tools, mechanical lettering done with tools like guides and templates, and modern drawing done with computer-aided software. The dimensions of letters are defined by their nominal size based on the height of uppercase letters, their center line which runs through the middle of each line element, and their lettering angle which can be vertical or inclined up to 75 degrees.
Here are ten drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments I found in the puzzle:
1. Eraser
2. Pencil
3. Compass
4. T-square
5. Protractor
6. Divider
7. Triangle
8. Scale
9. Masking tape
10. Drawing board
This document summarizes the history and development of lettering and writing systems. It discusses:
1) The origins and timeline of early writing systems from 4000 BC including Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian cuneiform, Phoenician alphabet, Greek and Roman alphabets.
2) Styles of letters including Gothic, Roman, Text and Italic. It describes the characteristics and sub-types of each style.
3) Guidelines used in lettering including horizontal, vertical and inclined guidelines and the parts of horizontal guidelines.
4) Additional concepts in lettering such as the order of strokes, general letter proportions, composition, and spacing of letters.
The document describes various line conventions used in technical drawings according to ANSI standards, including dark heavy lines to show outlines, light dashed lines for unseen features, section lines at 45 degrees to indicate cut areas, center lines of dashed and dotted patterns, dimension lines with arrowheads, broken lines for imaginary cuts, wavy lines to indicate hidden surfaces, removed center lines, and phantom lines made of long and short dashes for alternate positions, fitted parts, and repeated details.
This document provides an overview of lines, scales, and dimensioning used for technical drawings. It describes 11 different types of lines that represent visible edges, hidden surfaces, centers, sections, extensions, dimensions, breaks, leaders, and phantom or cutting planes. Scales allow drawings to be made at various sizes, with common scales being 1:1, reduced, or enlarged. Dimensioning involves noting overall sizes and locating specific parts using aligned or unidirectional methods.
This document provides an overview of technical drawing goals, materials, and techniques. It discusses the different types of drawings including orthographic, isometric, pictorial, axonometric, oblique, and perspective. Key aspects covered include types of lines used in drafting, lettering styles, guide lines, dimensions, and projection principles. The document serves as a basic introduction to technical drawing concepts, objectives, classifications, and methodologies.
DRAFTING MATERIALS AND TOOLS ITS USES/FUNCTIONSteppxcrown98
This document provides an overview of common drafting materials and tools, their uses, and functions. It describes drawing paper, masking tape, pencil sharpeners, erasers, drawing pencils in various grades, triangular scales, erasing shields, and common drawing instruments like T-squares, triangles, compasses, dividers, and protractors. The key tools are used for tasks like making horizontal and vertical lines, transferring measurements, drawing arcs and circles, and measuring angles and degrees. A variety of materials like paper, pencils, tape, and instruments in different designs are available to aid the drafting process.
This document discusses different styles of lettering used in technical drawings. It describes Gothic, Roman, and Italic letter styles, and defines each by the characteristics of their elementary strokes. It also lists extended, condensed, lightface, and boldface as types of letter styles classified by the width of the letters. References used in preparing the document on drawing fundamentals and lettering are also provided.
Lettering is the process of forming letters, numerals, and other characters used in technical drawing. There are three main methods of lettering: freehand lettering done without tools, mechanical lettering done with tools like guides and templates, and modern drawing done with computer-aided software. The dimensions of letters are defined by their nominal size based on the height of uppercase letters, their center line which runs through the middle of each line element, and their lettering angle which can be vertical or inclined up to 75 degrees.
Here are ten drafting materials and tools/drawing instruments I found in the puzzle:
1. Eraser
2. Pencil
3. Compass
4. T-square
5. Protractor
6. Divider
7. Triangle
8. Scale
9. Masking tape
10. Drawing board
This document discusses various drafting materials and tools, including types of drawing paper, masking tape, pencil sharpeners, erasers, drawing pencils, triangular scales, erasing shields, T-squares, triangles, compasses, dividers, and protractors. It provides details on the uses and functions of each tool, such as hard drawing pencils being used for accuracy and soft pencils being used for art work. Masking tape is used to fasten paper without damage, and different types of erasers are suited to removing marks or making corrections. T-squares are used for horizontal lines while triangles are used with T-squares for vertical lines. Compasses and dividers are used for drawing
TLE 8 - TECHNICAL DRAFTING (INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS) MichaellaApale
This document provides an overview of technical drawings and plans. It discusses different types of drawings including working drawings, pictorial drawings, orthographic projections, assembly drawings, and detailed drawings. It also covers topics such as isometric, oblique, and perspective drawings. Steps for sketching an isometric box are outlined. The importance of technical drawings for construction projects and proposals is emphasized. Dimensioning rules for technical drawings are also reviewed.
Sewing tools can be classified into five categories: measuring tools, cutting tools, marking tools, drafting tools, and pinning/sewing tools. Measuring tools include tape measures, yardsticks, sewing gauges and rulers. Cutting tools involve scissors in various sizes for specific uses as well as seam rippers. Marking tools comprise tracing wheels, marking pens and tailor's chalk. Drafting tools are used for shaping patterns, such as L-squares, hip curves and French curves. Pinning and sewing tools contain needles, pins, pin cushions, thimbles and thread. All sewing tools require proper storage and care.
The document discusses different types of lines used in technical drawings including visible lines, hidden lines, and dimension lines. It asks the reader to identify lines shown in a figure based on their construction and application and provides a list of common line types used in technical drawings to select answers from.
This document provides instructions for taking a client's body measurements accurately to create well-fitting clothing. It defines girth and length measurements and lists specific body parts to measure, including the shoulder, bust, waist, hips, armhole, arm, back figure, front figure, bust point height, sleeve length, skirt length and pants length. Rules are given, such as using a non-stretch tape measure and taking measurements with the client in undergarments. Accurate measurements are important for producing correctly sized patterns and garments.
The document discusses various sewing tools and their uses. It identifies measuring tools like tape measures, sewing gauges, rulers, yardsticks, and L-squares or tailor squares. Cutting tools include bent-handled dressmaker's shears, pinking shears, scissors, and rotary cutters. Marking tools include chalk pencils, liquid marking pens, tailor's chalk, and wax chalk. Other tools mentioned are pin cushions, needles, sewing needle threaders, thimbles, fabric, and thread. Each tool is described along with its purpose in sewing.
Lettering is the process of forming letters, numbers, and symbols by hand or with tools. It has a long history, with the ancient Egyptians using hieroglyphics as early as 3000 BC consisting of thousands of symbols. There are different styles of letters including Roman with serifs and thick/thin strokes, Gothic with uniform width letters, script or cursive handwriting-style letters, and Text or Old English with artistic forms typically used for certificates. As an activity, the document instructs the reader to make a birthday card selecting the best letter style.
This document describes the different types of lines used in technical drawings and sketches, known as the "alphabet of lines". It explains that lines have specific meanings based on their thickness, shape, and dash pattern. Some key line types include object lines for visible surfaces, hidden lines for non-visible surfaces, center lines, dimension lines with numeric values, and leader lines to connect dimensions to drawing features. The document provides examples of different line styles and their uses in technical drawings.
This lesson plan summarizes a technical drawing class on lettering for 7th grade students. The plan outlines introducing the history and definition of lettering, discussing different types of letters and their characteristic features. Students will then learn about common letter styles like Gothic, Roman, and Script through a presentation with examples. As an activity, students will make a sample greeting card using their desired lettering style. The lesson aims to define lettering, teach selecting suitable styles for different purposes, and emphasize the importance of proper letter usage.
Sewing tools can be divided into four main categories: measuring, marking, cutting, and sewing. Measuring tools such as tape measures and seam gauges are necessary to produce well-fitting garments. Marking tools like dressmakers' pencils and tailors' chalk help transfer patterns to fabric. Accurate cutting requires tools like scissors and shears. Other useful tools include beeswax, thimbles, and various types of needles. Proper care and storage of sewing tools in a kit helps ensure safety and longevity.
This document discusses engineering lettering techniques. It provides objectives and tips for lettering including using pencil grades H, F, and HB at a 60 degree angle. It discusses freehand lettering and developing good technique through practice. Vertical capital letters are preferred and letters should be open, legible shapes. The style demonstrated is single stroke gothic lettering. The document instructs the reader to practice engineering lettering strokes and orders.
The document summarizes the parts and functions of a lock stitch sewing machine. It describes the upper parts which include the head, arm, and bed. The lower parts include the band wheel, treadle, and legs. Key functions are also outlined, such as the needle bar holding the needle, presser foot holding fabric, and feed dog moving the fabric. The bobbin, shuttle, and bobbin case are also explained as being important parts that work together under the bed.
The document provides definitions and descriptions of various drafting tools and equipment used for technical drawing. It discusses drawing boards, T-squares, parallel bars, drafting machines, triangles, pencils, pens, compasses, scales, erasers, protractors, French curves, drafting tape, adjustable triangles, templates, and procedures for receiving, requisitioning, purchasing, borrowing, and inventory of drafting supplies. The purpose is to teach students about these tools, their uses in technical drawing, and related procedures.
K-12 Module in T.L.E. Grade 8 Second Grading (Handicrafts)Daniel Manaog
==========================================
K-12 Module in A.P. Grade 8 Second Grading!
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==========================================
Elements and principles of design in DressmakingRhon Rhonz
This document discusses the principles and elements of design for dressmaking. The five principles are proportion, balance, harmony, emphasis, and rhythm. Proportion involves the relationship between parts, balance creates a feeling of rest, harmony is a pleasing combination of colors/styles, emphasis draws the eye to one area, and rhythm guides the eye across the design. The elements that make up any design are line, form, texture, shape, and color. Together, understanding and applying these principles and elements can help create well-designed clothing that is visually appealing and flattering to the wearer.
TLE 8 - TECHNICAL DRAFTING (PERFORM BASIC MENSURATION AND CALCULATION) MichaellaApale
The document discusses different measuring instruments used in technical drafting and their purposes. It lists common measuring tools like the compass, divider, protractor, triangles, T-square, ruler, tape ruler, and triangular scale. The document also provides examples of unit conversion calculations between millimeters and centimeters, and inches and meters.
Carpentry has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. The early Chinese are believed to have developed woodworking as far back as 720 BC, with craftsmen like Lu Ban credited as originators. The Egyptians were among the first to apply finishes to woodwork and use veneering in panels. This knowledge spread to other ancient civilizations like the Greeks, Babylonians, and Persians. Early buildings were constructed with wooden posts set in the ground or on concrete footings, with markings used to check vertical alignment and heights leveled for horizontal components.
Lesson 4 Maintain Hand tools, Equipment and ParaphernaliaJudie T
The document outlines procedures for receiving, inspecting, inventorying, and properly storing tools and materials. It describes the receiving process, different inventory and form types, and provides tips for maintaining and cleaning tools like pencils, rulers, and erasers. Maintaining organization and cleanliness of tools is important for safety, cost reduction, and increased productivity.
The document discusses the origin and development of letters from ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics through modern styles. Egyptian hieroglyphics began as pictographic symbols that represented ideas and sounds and evolved into three main types: pictographs, ideographs, and phonographs. Modern letter styles include Gothic, Roman, Italic, and Text, each with defining characteristics like thickness, curvature, and inclination. Letters are composed of basic structural parts like stems, swashes, and lobes.
The document discusses different styles of lettering including serif, sans serif, gothic, calligraphy, block, and graffiti. It provides details on characteristics of each style such as serif letters having tails and sans serif using only straight lines. Guidelines are also discussed as an aid to creating uniform lettering with consistent height, style, and size. The guidelines include cap, waist, base, and drop lines to accommodate both uppercase and lowercase letters.
The document presents an alphabet of lines used in technical drawings. It includes thick wavy lines which are used to indicate a break in an edge or surface to show a hidden part, and phantom lines which are a type of line in technical drawings. The document is organized with sections and examples of different line types used for clarity in diagrams and schematics.
This document discusses various drafting materials and tools, including types of drawing paper, masking tape, pencil sharpeners, erasers, drawing pencils, triangular scales, erasing shields, T-squares, triangles, compasses, dividers, and protractors. It provides details on the uses and functions of each tool, such as hard drawing pencils being used for accuracy and soft pencils being used for art work. Masking tape is used to fasten paper without damage, and different types of erasers are suited to removing marks or making corrections. T-squares are used for horizontal lines while triangles are used with T-squares for vertical lines. Compasses and dividers are used for drawing
TLE 8 - TECHNICAL DRAFTING (INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS) MichaellaApale
This document provides an overview of technical drawings and plans. It discusses different types of drawings including working drawings, pictorial drawings, orthographic projections, assembly drawings, and detailed drawings. It also covers topics such as isometric, oblique, and perspective drawings. Steps for sketching an isometric box are outlined. The importance of technical drawings for construction projects and proposals is emphasized. Dimensioning rules for technical drawings are also reviewed.
Sewing tools can be classified into five categories: measuring tools, cutting tools, marking tools, drafting tools, and pinning/sewing tools. Measuring tools include tape measures, yardsticks, sewing gauges and rulers. Cutting tools involve scissors in various sizes for specific uses as well as seam rippers. Marking tools comprise tracing wheels, marking pens and tailor's chalk. Drafting tools are used for shaping patterns, such as L-squares, hip curves and French curves. Pinning and sewing tools contain needles, pins, pin cushions, thimbles and thread. All sewing tools require proper storage and care.
The document discusses different types of lines used in technical drawings including visible lines, hidden lines, and dimension lines. It asks the reader to identify lines shown in a figure based on their construction and application and provides a list of common line types used in technical drawings to select answers from.
This document provides instructions for taking a client's body measurements accurately to create well-fitting clothing. It defines girth and length measurements and lists specific body parts to measure, including the shoulder, bust, waist, hips, armhole, arm, back figure, front figure, bust point height, sleeve length, skirt length and pants length. Rules are given, such as using a non-stretch tape measure and taking measurements with the client in undergarments. Accurate measurements are important for producing correctly sized patterns and garments.
The document discusses various sewing tools and their uses. It identifies measuring tools like tape measures, sewing gauges, rulers, yardsticks, and L-squares or tailor squares. Cutting tools include bent-handled dressmaker's shears, pinking shears, scissors, and rotary cutters. Marking tools include chalk pencils, liquid marking pens, tailor's chalk, and wax chalk. Other tools mentioned are pin cushions, needles, sewing needle threaders, thimbles, fabric, and thread. Each tool is described along with its purpose in sewing.
Lettering is the process of forming letters, numbers, and symbols by hand or with tools. It has a long history, with the ancient Egyptians using hieroglyphics as early as 3000 BC consisting of thousands of symbols. There are different styles of letters including Roman with serifs and thick/thin strokes, Gothic with uniform width letters, script or cursive handwriting-style letters, and Text or Old English with artistic forms typically used for certificates. As an activity, the document instructs the reader to make a birthday card selecting the best letter style.
This document describes the different types of lines used in technical drawings and sketches, known as the "alphabet of lines". It explains that lines have specific meanings based on their thickness, shape, and dash pattern. Some key line types include object lines for visible surfaces, hidden lines for non-visible surfaces, center lines, dimension lines with numeric values, and leader lines to connect dimensions to drawing features. The document provides examples of different line styles and their uses in technical drawings.
This lesson plan summarizes a technical drawing class on lettering for 7th grade students. The plan outlines introducing the history and definition of lettering, discussing different types of letters and their characteristic features. Students will then learn about common letter styles like Gothic, Roman, and Script through a presentation with examples. As an activity, students will make a sample greeting card using their desired lettering style. The lesson aims to define lettering, teach selecting suitable styles for different purposes, and emphasize the importance of proper letter usage.
Sewing tools can be divided into four main categories: measuring, marking, cutting, and sewing. Measuring tools such as tape measures and seam gauges are necessary to produce well-fitting garments. Marking tools like dressmakers' pencils and tailors' chalk help transfer patterns to fabric. Accurate cutting requires tools like scissors and shears. Other useful tools include beeswax, thimbles, and various types of needles. Proper care and storage of sewing tools in a kit helps ensure safety and longevity.
This document discusses engineering lettering techniques. It provides objectives and tips for lettering including using pencil grades H, F, and HB at a 60 degree angle. It discusses freehand lettering and developing good technique through practice. Vertical capital letters are preferred and letters should be open, legible shapes. The style demonstrated is single stroke gothic lettering. The document instructs the reader to practice engineering lettering strokes and orders.
The document summarizes the parts and functions of a lock stitch sewing machine. It describes the upper parts which include the head, arm, and bed. The lower parts include the band wheel, treadle, and legs. Key functions are also outlined, such as the needle bar holding the needle, presser foot holding fabric, and feed dog moving the fabric. The bobbin, shuttle, and bobbin case are also explained as being important parts that work together under the bed.
The document provides definitions and descriptions of various drafting tools and equipment used for technical drawing. It discusses drawing boards, T-squares, parallel bars, drafting machines, triangles, pencils, pens, compasses, scales, erasers, protractors, French curves, drafting tape, adjustable triangles, templates, and procedures for receiving, requisitioning, purchasing, borrowing, and inventory of drafting supplies. The purpose is to teach students about these tools, their uses in technical drawing, and related procedures.
K-12 Module in T.L.E. Grade 8 Second Grading (Handicrafts)Daniel Manaog
==========================================
K-12 Module in A.P. Grade 8 Second Grading!
Want to Download?
Click Here => http://www.slideshare.net/danielmanaog14/savedfiles?s_title=1-27-pages&user_login=danielmanaog14
==========================================
Elements and principles of design in DressmakingRhon Rhonz
This document discusses the principles and elements of design for dressmaking. The five principles are proportion, balance, harmony, emphasis, and rhythm. Proportion involves the relationship between parts, balance creates a feeling of rest, harmony is a pleasing combination of colors/styles, emphasis draws the eye to one area, and rhythm guides the eye across the design. The elements that make up any design are line, form, texture, shape, and color. Together, understanding and applying these principles and elements can help create well-designed clothing that is visually appealing and flattering to the wearer.
TLE 8 - TECHNICAL DRAFTING (PERFORM BASIC MENSURATION AND CALCULATION) MichaellaApale
The document discusses different measuring instruments used in technical drafting and their purposes. It lists common measuring tools like the compass, divider, protractor, triangles, T-square, ruler, tape ruler, and triangular scale. The document also provides examples of unit conversion calculations between millimeters and centimeters, and inches and meters.
Carpentry has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. The early Chinese are believed to have developed woodworking as far back as 720 BC, with craftsmen like Lu Ban credited as originators. The Egyptians were among the first to apply finishes to woodwork and use veneering in panels. This knowledge spread to other ancient civilizations like the Greeks, Babylonians, and Persians. Early buildings were constructed with wooden posts set in the ground or on concrete footings, with markings used to check vertical alignment and heights leveled for horizontal components.
Lesson 4 Maintain Hand tools, Equipment and ParaphernaliaJudie T
The document outlines procedures for receiving, inspecting, inventorying, and properly storing tools and materials. It describes the receiving process, different inventory and form types, and provides tips for maintaining and cleaning tools like pencils, rulers, and erasers. Maintaining organization and cleanliness of tools is important for safety, cost reduction, and increased productivity.
The document discusses the origin and development of letters from ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics through modern styles. Egyptian hieroglyphics began as pictographic symbols that represented ideas and sounds and evolved into three main types: pictographs, ideographs, and phonographs. Modern letter styles include Gothic, Roman, Italic, and Text, each with defining characteristics like thickness, curvature, and inclination. Letters are composed of basic structural parts like stems, swashes, and lobes.
The document discusses different styles of lettering including serif, sans serif, gothic, calligraphy, block, and graffiti. It provides details on characteristics of each style such as serif letters having tails and sans serif using only straight lines. Guidelines are also discussed as an aid to creating uniform lettering with consistent height, style, and size. The guidelines include cap, waist, base, and drop lines to accommodate both uppercase and lowercase letters.
The document presents an alphabet of lines used in technical drawings. It includes thick wavy lines which are used to indicate a break in an edge or surface to show a hidden part, and phantom lines which are a type of line in technical drawings. The document is organized with sections and examples of different line types used for clarity in diagrams and schematics.
El documento define el lettering como un estilo de dibujar letras a mano donde la habilidad del dibujante es más importante que la capacidad de diseño. Explica las diferencias entre tipografía, caligrafía y lettering, y destaca a Iván Castro como un representante colombiano del lettering y la caligrafía. Finalmente, concluye que el lettering es un arte urbano diferente del graffiti y que se está convirtiendo en una técnica popular en publicidad debido a la frescura de la letra manuscrita.
Este documento describe los fundamentos del lettering o rotulación, incluyendo la anatomía de las letras, diferentes estilos como itálica y copperplate, el uso de herramientas como plumas y pinceles, y técnicas como las curvas de Bézier. También explica el tratamiento digital de piezas de lettering y menciona a algunos letristas contemporáneos destacados como Alangúzman, Ben Johnston y Jon Contino.
The document describes different types of lines used in technical drawings including centerlines, hidden lines, visible lines, stitch lines, phantom lines, and leaders. Centerlines indicate the center of a circular object. Hidden lines represent edges that would be obscured from view. Visible lines depict edges that can be seen. Stitch lines connect different views of the same object. Phantom lines represent imaginary extensions of surfaces. Leaders are lines that point to notes or labels.
Letters can be personal or formal.
Formal Letters are business letters and constitute business thank you letter,sales letter,order letter,application letter,etc.
Birthday letter,Sorry letter,etc are Personal Letters .
This document contains homework assignments for Class 6 students covering various subjects like English, Hindi, Science, Social Studies, General Knowledge, Computer and Maths. In English, students are asked to design a travel brochure for Agra to attract foreign tourists mentioning various sightseeing points, restaurants, hotels, shopping areas, history of Agra and a poem about Agra. In Hindi, students are asked to write an 8 line poem on one of the given topics - summer, nature, water is life or holiday. In Science, students need to make a handbook on food items of 4 countries with pictures and ingredients. In Social Studies, students should write about features of any one planet. In General Knowledge, students are asked to make
The standard height for lettering is 1/8 inches. Capital letters should be used in almost all cases. When lettering, keep it neat, write in all capital letters, and use guidelines for equal height but not equal spacing between letters. Fraction lines should not be angled.
There are four main types of business letters discussed in the document:
1. Inquiry letters are used to ask for information and should clearly state the information requested and deadline.
2. Special request letters are used to make a special demand and should convince the reader to help by showing research and why the reader can best provide assistance.
3. Sales letters are used to persuade readers and should grab attention, highlight appeals, and conclude with a call to action.
4. Customer relations letters are used to establish and maintain customer relationships and come in types like claim and adjustment letters for complaints and responses respectively.
The document describes various drawing tools and materials including a drawing board, drawing sheet, compass, protractor, French curves, pencils, eraser, and sharpener. It provides instructions on setting up a mini-drafter including clamping it to the drawing board and aligning the drawing sheet. Various types of pencils are listed from softest to hardest. Standard letter sizes, scales, layout, title blocks, and lettering styles are also outlined. Procedures for single-stroke lettering and Type-A lettering are defined, with capital letter heights and width ratios specified.
This document defines orthographic drawing and its importance in technical and engineering fields. It explains that orthographic drawing uses multiple views to represent the exact shape and size of an object through lines without shading. It then details the "alphabet of lines" which establishes the different line types used in technical drawings, such as visible, hidden, center, dimension, and leader lines, and defines the purpose of each line type. The document aims to teach the fundamentals and principles of orthographic drawing.
The document lists common kitchen utensils including forks, knives, spoons, plates, glasses and cups. It also lists common cooking ingredients such as salt, pepper, oil, flour, eggs, cheese, tomatoes, onions and sausage. The document concludes with an activity that asks the reader to fill in missing letters to complete words related to some of the listed utensils and ingredients.
Este documento describe diferentes partes de las letras y sus nombres. Explica que las letras no deben tener todos la misma altura para alinearse correctamente. También menciona que no existe una nomenclatura definitiva para las partes de una letra y define términos como asta, brazo, bucle, cola, contraforma y serifa.
This document discusses the basics of technical lettering including why lettering is important, common types of lettering styles like Old English, Roman, and Gothic, and secrets to good lettering such as using guidelines, proper form, stability, proportion, density, and spacing. It also notes recommended heights for numbers, fractions, and titles in technical drawings.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in typography and communication design, including:
1. Size and scale of typefaces can be measured in points, picas, pixels and other units. Larger x-height and cap height increase perceived size.
2. Leading, or line spacing, impacts readability and pace of reading. Too little or too much leading can cause issues.
3. Kerning and tracking adjust spacing between letters and groups of letters, respectively. Well-designed typefaces require minimal kerning while tracking can squeeze or spread out text.
4. Alignment, hierarchy, paragraphs and other typographic techniques help structure information and guide the reader through varying importance and relationships between
This document provides an overview of basic drafting and lettering techniques. It discusses drafting as a method of communication between designers, architects, and engineers. It describes freehand sketching using only a pencil and paper, and mechanical drawing using precision instruments. It also explains orthographic projection for representing objects. The document then covers the different types of letters, including Roman, Gothic, Italic, Script, and Text. It concludes by outlining the horizontal guidelines used in lettering, such as the cap line, waist line, base line, and drop line.
This document outlines the key properties of well-written text, including organization, structure, coherence, cohesion, language use, and mechanics. It defines each property and provides examples. Organization refers to the logical progression and completeness of ideas. Structure involves a text's beginning, middle and end. Coherence and cohesion relate to how easy a text is to understand and how well its elements are connected. Language use involves style, tone and clarity. Mechanics covers spelling, punctuation, grammar and other technical writing elements. The document provides questions to guide writers in employing these properties when composing their own text.
This document outlines the key characteristics of an elaborated paragraph, including stating a clear main idea, supporting it with examples, using descriptive language and varied sentence structure, including quotes or anecdotes, and restating the main idea in the conclusion. It directs the reader to practice these skills by writing elaborated paragraphs on provided worksheets and assessments.
SHS Reading and Writing Skills Properties of a Well-written Textqueenpressman14
There are four fundamental properties of a well-written text according to the document:
1. Organization - A well-organized text has strong organization with proper paragraphing and logical presentation of ideas. Paragraphs should each focus on a single controlling idea.
2. Coherence and cohesion - Coherence refers to the logical flow of ideas while cohesion refers to how well sentences are connected through grammatical aspects. Transitional devices help achieve coherence and cohesion.
3. Language - Appropriate language that fits the context and audience increases credibility. Language should be at the proper level of formality without slang, deceitful language, or bias.
4. Mechanics - Mechanics refer to
The document outlines the key characteristics of an elaborated paragraph, including stating a clear main idea, supporting it with examples, using descriptive language and varied sentence structures. It lists 10 characteristics such as including a topic sentence, supporting details, coherence, vivid language, anecdotes, quotes, and a concluding sentence. Students are assigned a worksheet activity and assessment to write their own elaborated paragraph on a chosen topic.
This document provides an overview of typography terms and concepts. It discusses serif and sans serif typefaces, x-height and how it affects readability, measuring type by height and width, variations within type families, proportional and monospaced spacing, leading and kerning, word and letter spacing, typographic color, and proper usage of italics, boldface, and uppercase. The document aims to teach readers about typographic design and help them discuss type like experts.
This document discusses lettering styles and typography. It defines lettering as a set of characters of the same design including letters, numbers, and symbols. There are two major families of lettering: serif and sans serif. Serif letters have extensions at the end while sans serif do not. Five basic lettering styles are also described: italic, script, roman, gothic, and block. Typography is the arrangement of lettering to make written language legible and appealing. Essentials of good typography include legibility through proper spacing of letters and lines, as well as appropriate color choice.
The document discusses various typographic design elements including emotional qualities, visual variations, weight, contrast, width, posture, and style. It provides definitions and examples for key terms like weight, contrast, width, and posture. The document recommends choosing fonts that communicate emotional qualities from sites like dafont.com and fontsquirrel.com and considering case, weight, contrast, width, and posture when making visual variations for a typography design project.
1. The document discusses various typographic terms including typefaces, fonts, monospaced versus proportional typefaces, leading, kerning, and tracking.
2. It defines monospaced and proportional typefaces, and explains that monospaced fonts allocate the same amount of space to each character while proportional fonts adjust spacing based on character width.
3. Leading, kerning, and tracking are described as adjusting vertical spacing between lines, horizontal spacing between character pairs, and horizontal spacing between all characters, respectively. Examples are provided to demonstrate these typographic techniques.
The document discusses the basic elements of visual design including point, line, shape, space, texture, and color. It defines each element and provides examples to illustrate how they are used in design works. The assignment asks the reader to search for 3 examples each of works that best illustrate the different elements. They are to cite the source and describe in 2 sentences how the element is used in each example.
The document discusses key properties of well-written text, including organization, coherence and cohesion, language use, and mechanics. It provides details on each of these elements and gives examples to illustrate proper writing techniques. Organization involves proper paragraph structure and logical flow of ideas. Coherence connects ideas at a conceptual level while cohesion connects them at the sentence level through techniques like pronoun use and transitional words/phrases. Language use must be appropriate for the audience and purpose. Mechanics involve proper spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and following standard writing conventions.
This document provides an overview of typography concepts including:
1. The importance of typography and how typefaces can affect readability and aesthetics.
2. Common type classifications like serif, sans-serif, display, and script and examples of popular typefaces within each classification.
3. Guidelines for combining typefaces effectively including considering factors like contrast, weight, structure, style, hierarchy, classification, color, texture, and mood.
This document discusses assessing writing skills in the classroom. It begins by outlining the key sub-skills involved in writing like mechanics, structure, expression, and provides examples of exercises that can help assess these skills. It then shows a rubric that teachers can use to evaluate students' writing abilities in different sub-skills on a scale from 1 to 5. The rubric also outlines the criteria for the highest and lowest performance levels. It encourages describing intermediate steps. Finally, it provides some dos and don'ts for effectively assessing student writing like giving clear feedback without disheartening students.
SHS Reading and Writing Skills Properties of a Well-written Textqueenpressman14
The key properties of a well-written text according to the document are organization, coherence and cohesion, appropriate language use, and proper mechanics. Organization involves proper paragraph structure with a single controlling idea per paragraph and logical flow of ideas. Coherence and cohesion provide textual continuity through logical presentation of ideas and use of connectives. Appropriate language varies based on context and audience. Mechanics like spelling, punctuation and capitalization establish writing conventions for clarity.
SHS Reading and Writing Skills Properties of a Well-written Textqueenpressman14
The key properties of a well-written text are organization, coherence and cohesion, and appropriate language. Organization involves proper paragraph structure with a single controlling idea per paragraph and logical flow of ideas. Coherence and cohesion provide textual continuity through logical presentation of ideas and use of grammatical connectors. Appropriate language considers the purpose, context and audience to communicate effectively using concrete terms and an appropriate level of formality.
2. KEY TERMS
1.
AESTHETICS- the appreciation of
what is
beautiful.
2. ELEMENT –a smaller quantity of a
component.
3. JUSTIFIED – an alignment style
where all lines are equal in length.
4. SPACE-CARRIER – a letter that
leaves much unused space.
3. COMPOSITION
Composition in lettering is slightly synonymous with
composition in English class. In
Drafting, composition refers to the proper use
of the different elements necessary to achieved
a good and aesthetically performed lettering.
The elements of good composition includes: layout, space, proportion and style of letter. These
elements should be arranged in such a way that the
finished lettering job is visually pleasing.
4. LAY-OUT
is a plan on how
you are going to arrange the
letters in a given space. You
will consider the position of the
paper, font style, size of the
word & the alignment to apply
in the lay-out.
7. Space refers to the blank area allotted for lettering.
There should be a proper spacing of letters and
words in a lay-out for them to appear balanced and
not overcrowded on the paper.
Two methods of spacing:
1. MECHANICAL SPACING- is when every letter
space is measuredwithout considering the shape of
the adjacent letter.
2. OPTICAL SPACING – which produces a better
lay-out, is done in accordance with the shape of the
letter next to another.
8. SIX BASIC RULES IN SPACING:
1. Straight-sided letters should be placed closely if
they are arranged one after the other.
2. Curved-sided letters should be placed very
closed to one another.
3. If a straight-sided letters and a curved letter is
placed next after each other, they should be space
closer.
4. A space-carrier letter( A,V,L or T) should be
placed to overlap the space alloted for another
space-carrier and/or after it to compensate for the
blank space.
5. Space between words should be enough for an
imaginary “()” to fit in.
6. Spaces between two sentences should be equal
to the space for two imaginary “()’s.
10. Proportion
refers to the size of
the letters to be used in
relation to the space that they
will occupy. There are three
proportions of letters namely:
compressed, extended and
normal.
11.
1. COMPRESSED –the type of proportion that is used
when the space is narrow. The height of letters is
greater than normal and width is lesser.
2.
- The type that is applied when the space is too wide.
The height of the letters is less than but the width is
greater.
3.
12.
Style – refers to the type of letters to be used that
could either ne Gothic, Roman, Text or Script or a
combination of two or more.
ROMAN
TEXT
SCRIPT
ALGERIAN
COURIER New
Gothic
17. 1.
Refers to the size of the letters to be used
in relation to the space that they will occupy.
There are three proportions of letters
namely: compressed, extended and normal.
2.Refers to the type of letters to be used
that could either ne Gothic, Roman, Text or
Script or a combination of two or more.
3. Is a plan on how you are going to arrange
the letters in a given space.
4. Refers to the blank area allotted for
lettering.
5.Refers to the proper use of the different
elements necessary to achieved a good and
aesthetically performed lettering.
18. ASSIGNMENT
1. Define Guidelines.
2. Identify the different kinds of guidelines.
3.Identify the parts of the letter (drafting).
4. What are the char.of good lettering?
5. How is the correct construction and proper
strokes of UPPERCASE and LOWERCASE letters?
References:
Any Drafting books and notebooks.