Terapi dimulai dengan paracetamol bila tidak ada kontraindikasi, NSAID bila nyeri bertahan dan bila perlu ditambah dengan opioid.
Terapi pada kasus trauma dapat menggunakan kombinasi LDK dengan MDZ, dengan memonitor hemodinamik dan airway pasien
• Memahami struktur kimia dasar
anestetik lokal
• Memahami mekanisme kerja anestetik
lokal
• Memahami pengaruh sifat kimia
anestetik lokal dan aplikasi klinisnya
• Memahami toksisitas anestetik lokal
dan cara mengatasinya
• Memahami struktur kimia dasar
anestetik lokal
• Memahami mekanisme kerja anestetik
lokal
• Memahami pengaruh sifat kimia
anestetik lokal dan aplikasi klinisnya
• Memahami toksisitas anestetik lokal
dan cara mengatasinya
HISTORY OF 3-STEP LADDER WHO
1980 – WHO establishes Cancer Control Programme
Cancer prevention
Early diagnosis with curative treatment
Pain relief and palliative care
1986 – ” Cancer Pain Relief “ published by WHO
Step Ladder WHO
Updated on 1996
Worldwide acceptance protocol
Today, worldwide consensus favouring its used for management of all pain associated with serious illness
INADEQUATE PAIN TREATMENT STILL A FACT IN INDONESIA HEALTH SERVICES
PAIN AS A COMPLEX PROBLEM NEED MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR BETTER RESULT BASED INDIVIDUALLY PATIENT NEEDED
THERE IS A BIG ROLE OF PHYSICIAN AND HOSPITAL FOR BETTER PAIN MANAGEMENT
CHANGE PARADIGM TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY PAIN TREATMENT IS AN OBLIGATE FOR ALL PHYSICIAN
Pain is a common yet complex biopsychosocial phenomenon that affects every aspect of a patient’s life
Optimal management often requires good assessment, formulation of the problem in the patient, and combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological (psychological and social) interventions
Through palliative care, we change the role of a patient into a whole human being.
Through palliative care, we transform the stages leading to death into times filled with life
Pain is the production (out put ) of the brain.
Pain is invisible disease, we can’t see it like other disease, such as struma, fracture or blind.
What you have to do is to believe what ever the patient says.
Pain is what ever the patient says it is
Pain is invisible diseases, but is real for patient.
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY IN CRITICAL ILL PATIENTS
However, significant barriers can impede the enteral administration of nutrients, including gastroduodenal dysfunction reflected by high gastric residual volumes, and diarrhoea and constipation.
Possible solutions are suggested. In case of contraindication or failure of enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition is indicated -----as a replacement or a supplement to failing enteral feeding.
The perfect timing of supplemental parenteral nutrition (early or late) remains uncertain, and parenteral nutrition should be carefully monitored
Solution of inadequate postoperative pain relief lies in developing Acute Pain Service.
APS has been shown to reduced morbidity and
mortality, increased out put and out come of
postoperative pain patients
Increased stisfaction of the patients
Shorten LOS in ICU and Hopital low cost
Nyeri adalah penggabungan perasaan sensorik dan emosional yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor.
Nyeri memiliki dua dimensi yg jelas, dimensi inderawi dan emosional
Peran dimensi emosional lebih dominan dibanding inderawi utamanya pada nyeri kronik.
History taking
Adequate time
Listen carefully
Empathetic
Trust building
Do not intervere
Pschosocioeconomic & spiritual codition
- quantity: VAS
- quality: nociceptive
- mode of onset and location
- duration & chronicity
- provocating & relieving factors
- special character
- timing of pain
- relation with posture
- associated complaints
Take home message
Acute pain is a symptom, tell us that there is something wrong in our body.
Chronic pain is a disease entity and that must be treated differently to acute pain.
Since chronic pain is biopsychosocial phenomenon it must be treated by multidisciplinary team with multidisiplinary approach.
Clossing
By 3 step ladder WHO cancer pain management, 90 % of cancer pain can be relief.
Since cancer patients cannot be cured, our main task is to let them die free of pain with Iman
Ideal pain clinic
Promoting multidisciplinary team approach
Coordinating all specialist effort
Measuring the outcome of treatment offered
Promoting palliative model rather than curative models of pain treatments
Identifying complications of IPM and promoting safe and base-evidence intervention
PiCCO tidak hanya memberikan informasi tentang curah jantung (CO) tapi bisa memberi pengukuran untuk menilai preload, kontraktilitas, afterload, dan air paru ekstravaskular (ELWI)
Role of the thalamus in propofol-induced unconsciousness relates primarily to the functional connections of nonspecific nuclei to the cortex (i.e., mediating multimodal integration of information)
The Anesthetized Brain is less Vulnerable to ischemic injury than the awake brain.
EEG changes suggestive of severe ischemia are present.
Basic Methode Brain Protection are “ Corner Stone “
CPP, CBF, CBV maintained in “Normal Range”, MAP may increased up to 10 – 20 %.
Anesthetics Drugs may have Brain Protectection effect.
Volatile anesthetics do provide some Transient Protection (< 1,5 MAC)
Barbiturates, although long considered to be the gold standard.
Hypothermic methode are controversial, Hyperthermia should be avoided.
Insulin is Administered if glucose values exceed 180 mg/dl.
Close monitoring of BSL to ensure that Hypoglycemia does not develop
Anesthesiologists should concern about the risk of POCD by making prevention and attentive to the potential risk factors.
It should be remembered that research in animal models which represent the specific characteristics of POCD in human remains unclear.
With many factors still unknown, there is still a chance for sinchronized preclinical and clinical research on POCD.
a better understanding of sleep and coma may lead to new approaches to general anesthesia based on new ways to alter consciousness,29,97,98 provide analgesia,99,100 induce amnesia, and provide muscle relaxation.66
More from Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University (20)
PPT PENGKAJIAN SISTEM MUSKULOSKELETAL 2.pptxEmohAsJohn
PENGKAJIAN MUSKULOSKELETAL
Gangguan neurologi sangat beragam bentuknya, banyak dari pasien yang menderita gangguan memori dan tidak mampu menjalani aktivitas sehari-hari secara normal. Penyakit-penyakit neurologi kebanyakan memiliki efek melemahkan kehidupan pasien, sehingga memberikan pengobatan neurologis sangat penting bagi kehidupan pasien.
dr. Hari Bagianto - Analgesic in Emergency Department
1. CURRICULUM VITAE
BAGIANTO. HARI, DR.,Dr.,SpAnK.IC, K-MN
Tanjung Selor, 08 Agustus 1948
Mailing Address Anestesiologi & Terapi Intensif
RSU Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
Medical Faculty Brawijaya University
Jalan Danau Singkarak E1 A/11 Malang 65138
Indonesia
Phone & fax (0341) 351-386
e-mail address : bagianto@yahoo.com
Education Grade :
1974 Graduate as Medical Doctor
Medical Faculty, University of Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia
1982 Graduate as Anaesthesiologist
Medical Faculty, University of Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia
1997 Consultant, Intensive Care Unit
2. 2005 Graduate from PhD Program
Post Graduate Faculty, Airlangga University
Surabaya, Indonesia
Professional Experience
2006 – Present Chief Of Anesthesiology Study Program Medical Faculty Of
Brawijaya University
2006 – Present Chief of Hospital Patient Safety Working Group
Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital
Malang, Indonesia
2005 – Present Senior Consultant, Departement of Anesthesiology
and Intensive Care
Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital
Malang, Indonesia
1985 – Present Lecturer, Departement of Anesthesiology and Reanimation
Medical Faculty, Brawijaya Univesity
Malang, Indonesia
1996 – 2005 Head of Departement of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital
Malang, Indonesia
1987 – 1996 Head of Emergency Departement
Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital
Malang, Indonesia
11. Injeksi Ketamin 0,2
mg/kg (10mg) +
Midazolam 0,02 mg/kg
(1mg) Intramuskular
15 menit
setelah injeksi,
keluhan nyeri
(-) VAS 1
Foto Px, Sebelum
di terapi dengan
nilai vas 5
12. catecholamine naik tensi dan nadi naik
konsumsi O2 naik produksi CO2 naik
Myocard ischemia myocard infarct ?
glukosa darah naik steroid naik
immuno response turun mudah infeksi
12
14. Menghilangkan nyeri tetapi tanpa :
Mengganggu fungsi vital (nafas, sirkulasi,
kesadaran)
“Menyulitkan” diagnosis berdasar nyeri (nyeri
tekan abdomen bila ada perforasi usus / radang) ??
Mengganggu fungsi organ lain (ginjal,
hemostasis)
14
19. • Morfin / pethidin
• Tramadol
• NSAID
• Ketamin
Depresi nafas, hipotensi,TIK
naik, mual/muntah, ileus,
retensi urin
Mual/muntah
Iritasi lambung, GI bleeding,
gg hemostasis, gg ginjal
TIK naik, tek darah naik, nadi
naik
19
20. • Narkotik
– morfin 0.1 mg/kg im (bila iv 1/3-1/2nya)
– pethidin 1 mg/kg im (bila iv 1/3-1/2nya)
• Tramadol 50-100 mg iv
• Metamisol 500-1000 mg iv
• NSAID (ceiling effect)
– ketoprofen 50 -100 mg iv (tidak semua merk)
– ketorolac 30 mg iv
– Parecoxib 40 mg iv
• Ketamine 0.1-0.25 mg/kg iv/ im
20
21. • Kekuatan analgesia-nya setara morfin /
pethidin pada beberapa nyeri tertentu
• Analgesia tidak dapat ditingkatkan walau
dosis ditambah (ceiling effect)
• Dosis yang dianjurkan umumnya adalah
kekuatan analgesia yang optimal / maksimal
• Jangan mencampur NSAID yg sama !
• Trauma Non union - fx
21
22. 0.1 - 0.25 mg / kg intra muskuler
Tambahan light sedasi MDZ / propofol
analgesia baik tanpa gangguan kesadaran
tekanan darah dan nadi stabil
nafas stabil tetapi waspada muntah & aspirasi
JANGAN digunakan pada trauma kepala
22
24. KESIMPULAN
Ada banyak cara pendekatan dalam
menanggulangi nyeri pada kasus emergency
Dalam penanggulangan nyeri perlu menilai
gradasi nyeri, menentukan cara pengobatan
yang sesuai, menilai kembali nyeri setelah
dilakukan pengobatan, mengulangi
pengobatan sampai nyeri terkendali.
25. KESIMPULAN
Terapi dimulai dengan paracetamol bila tidak
ada kontraindikasi, NSAID bila nyeri bertahan
dan bila perlu ditambah dengan opioid.
Terapi pada kasus trauma dapat
menggunakan kombinasi LDK dengan MDZ,
dengan memonitor hemodinamik dan airway
pasien