Nick Volesky presented on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for vegetable crops. IPM combines cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical controls to keep crops healthy while minimizing impacts on human health, the environment, and profits. Volesky discussed various pests that affect vegetables, including aphids, beetles, caterpillars, and leafminers. He also outlined management methods for these pests, including natural predators, crop rotation, and selective pesticides. Volesky provided resources for identifying pests and monitoring crops, and contact information for extension assistance.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Mechanism of insect resistance in plants (non preference, antibiosis, tolerance and avoidance) – nature of insect resistance – genetics of insect resistance – horizontal and vertical – genetics of resistance – sources of insect resistance – breeding methods for insect resistance – problems in breeding for insect resistance – achievements.
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
About 100 species of insect and non-insect pests are known to attack groundnut right from vegetative stage to harvest. The presentation gives information on identification of key pests and an IPM package to control them in an eco-friendly manner.
This presentation was delivered at the 2011 Gulf Coast Fruit & Vegetable Conference on January 27th, organized by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. The presetation disccuses some trap cropping techniques for sustainable vegetable production. Various Extension IPM resources for farmers is also included in the slideshow.
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
Mechanism of insect resistance in plants (non preference, antibiosis, tolerance and avoidance) – nature of insect resistance – genetics of insect resistance – horizontal and vertical – genetics of resistance – sources of insect resistance – breeding methods for insect resistance – problems in breeding for insect resistance – achievements.
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
About 100 species of insect and non-insect pests are known to attack groundnut right from vegetative stage to harvest. The presentation gives information on identification of key pests and an IPM package to control them in an eco-friendly manner.
This presentation was delivered at the 2011 Gulf Coast Fruit & Vegetable Conference on January 27th, organized by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. The presetation disccuses some trap cropping techniques for sustainable vegetable production. Various Extension IPM resources for farmers is also included in the slideshow.
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
This presentation was delivered at five vegetable production meetings across Alabama and it consisted of various sub-topics such as new insecticides, trap cropping, pheromone-based monitoring systems, and insect identification and scouting techniques.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
2. Introduction
Nick Volesky
Vegetable IPM Associate, USU Extension
Education
• B.S. Horticulture (Sustainable Food Production)
• B.S. Applied Science (Diversified Agriculture)
Experience
• Commercial Vegetable Production
• Plant Pathology, Entomology
• Integrated Pest Management
3. Integrated Pest Management
combines a host of practices that
keep vegetable crops healthy while
minimally impacting human health,
the environment, or profits.
What is Integrated Pest Management?
Cultural Control
Mechanical Control
Biological Control
Chemical
Control
5. • Dead plant parts
• Changes in growth
• Changes in appearance
• Color
• Texture
• Evidence of a pest
• Actual insects
• Observed mechanical damage
• Secretions from the plant
• Damage pattern
• Recent weather records (sever freeze, late
frosts, hail storms, etc.)
Scouting for Pests
Symptoms Signs
6. Scouting Supplies
Beating Tray Sweep Net Hand Lens Yellow Sticky Trap
Field Notebook Collecting Tape Measure Field Guides
11. Beetle Management
Mulches Pheromone Lures/Traps
Monitor by using a tray or white
sheet of paper
Yellow sticky trap Row covers
Companion Planting
Trap Cropping
12. Caterpillars
Armyworms Family Noctuidae
Cutworms Family Noctuidae
Cabbage Looper Trichoplusia ni
Corn Earworm Helicoverpa zea
Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella
Imported Cabbageworm Pieris rapae
Hornworms Family Sphingidae
abdomen
thorax
head
head capsule
jaws
13. Active Ingredients Product Names
pyrethrins
Evergreen, Pyganic, Tersus
Tersus
spinosad
Conserve, Entrust, Success
Success
Burkholderia spp. Venerate
Chromobacterium
subtsugae
Grandevo
azadirachtin
Aza-Direct, AzaGuard,
Azatin, Mold
spinetoram Radiant
indoxacarb Avaunt
tebufenozide Confirm
Caterpillar Management
Protective Collar Tilling Soil in the Fall
Hand Removal
Row Covers Pheromone Traps
So, what exactly IS Integrated Pest Management?
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): “A comprehensive approach to pest control that uses a combined means to reduce the status of pests to tolerable levels while maintaining a quality environment.”
What are the goals of an IPM Program?
Optimize profits (over the long term).
Sustain resources (agricultural or natural; over the long term).
Rational use of pesticides.
Reduce environmental contamination and costs involving our soil, ground water, surface water, pollinators, wildlife, endangered species.
Utilize natural biological controls — conserve and augment; use selective pesticides, proper timing of applications.
Minimize pesticide resistance problems.
Minimize pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks (often caused by elimination of natural enemies with pesticides).
Food safety — reduce residues of pesticides on food products.
Human safety — rely on pest management tactics that are safe for ourselves and others
• Aphids are a diverse family with many species that inflict similar plant damage. They are small, soft-bodied insects that suck sap from plant tissues. • Aphid feeding can distorts and stunt plants• Aphids are prevalent on vegetables during the spring and summer, you might find them in these large colonies. There’s both winged and non-winged forms.• Scout for aphids, by looking at the base of plants, the bracts or flowers, at the nodes, or look where leaves might be curled. (Aphids like these small microenvironment)
• Sometimes, you might observe white/clear skins casted by the aphids (sometimes mistaken for whiteflies)
• Sometimes, the presence of ants on vegetables can be an indicator of aphids, because they’re feeding on the secreted honeydew from aphids.
To manage aphids, you want to scout frequently. Aphid colonies build up very quick. It is important to scout your leafy greens least twice weekly (when they are young and growing rapidly.
Look on the underside of leaves where aphids congregate, and look for ant activity (as that can be a sign of aphids).
Once aphid feeding causes leaf curling, it is more difficult to reduce aphid numbers. Greatest damage occurs when temperatures are warm, but not hot (65° to 80°F).
Management:
Avoid excess fertilization. (Aphid densities tend to be higher on plants that have succulent, vigorous growth).
Apply row covers. (Physical exclusion)
Remove/destroy plant debris post-harvest. Remove/destroy nearby weeds that can serve as an alternate host or virus reservoir.
Encourage natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, syrphid (sir-fid) flies, and parasitic wasps. If you purchase these from a biocontrol company they could be very affective in an enclosed high tunnel or greenhouse structure. Outdoors, they may just scatter.
Many aphid species have developed resistance to insecticides, so we recommend the use of insecticides sparingly. (Not popular for consumers)
Organic insecticides include products with active ingredients like pyrethrins (pai-ree-thrunzs), azadirachtins (ah-zat-er-actins), acetamiprids (as-e-tami-prids), species of the burkholderia pathogen, and the bacterium Chromobacterium subtsugae (chrom-o-bacterium subts-u-gae). Insecticides that use insecticidal soap or horticultural oils are popular.
• True bugs are insects in the order “Hemiptera”. They’re characterized by their piercing-sucking mouthparts.
• In terms of vegetable pests this mainly include squash bugs and stink bugs. But there are others.
• Because they have similar characteristics, different species can be mixed up. I posted photos of the Western Conifer Seed Bug, Squash Bug, BMSB, and Western Conenose Bug as people seem to mix these up to more.
• When scouting for stink bugs and squash bugs, you want to look for their egg masses on host foliage. When they nymphs hatch, they aren’t able to fly, so they will stick around that host plant.
• Squash bug adults and nymphs, tend to be around the base of plants where it’s protected. This includes under mulches.
• When squash bugs feed, they cause plant wilting which is a symptom.
• When stink bug feed on the fruit, they inject an enzyme which can cause fruit distortion or “clouding”. So this is another sign to look out for.
Monitoring
It is important to monitor for flea beetles on susceptible plants, especially in the spring. Check seedlings at least two times a week until they grow out of their vulnerable stage.
In mature plants, treatment may be necessary when flea beetle populations are high, or on plants that are more susceptible to feeding, such as leafy greens.
Sticky traps are a monitoring tool that provide a guideline of when beetles are present and in what quantity, but are ineffective in reducing populations. Either yellow or white sticky traps can be used. They should be placed around susceptible host plants just after planting but before seedlings emerge.
Management
Row covers are used to cover plants to create a physical barrier against flea beetle adults.
Plants that are highly attractive to flea beetles can serve as a trap crop. Trap crops lure flea beetles away from the desired (cash) crop, and can be destroyed or sprayed to decrease the flea beetle population. Plant the trap crop about 2 to 4 weeks before the cash crop so that the larger, well-maintained trap crop will be more attractive to flea beetles. Some examples of successful trap crops for flea beetles include Chinese southern giant mustard, radish, pac choi, and pacific gold mustard. Once flea beetles start to feed on the trap crop, their populations can be managed.
Companion plants can confuse, repel, or block insect pests from finding host plants. Bunching green onions, dill, and marigolds are a few examples of companion crops that have been used for flea beetle management. Intercropping or planting companion plants next to host plants will enhance plant diversity and make the desired crop less apparent to the beetles. Companion plants can also be used in combination with trap crops to increase success with pest control. The companion plant repels flea beetles from host plants, while the trap crop attracts the flea beetles. This is called a “push-pull” strategy.
• In Utah, we have a variety of caterpillar pests. Caterpillars are the larvae of the moth and butterfly species.
• Common caterpillar pest species include hornworms, tomato fruit worms, imported cabbage worms, diamondback moths, cabbage loopers, armyworms, and cutworms.
• All these caterpillars have chewing mouthparts which can cause serious damage to foliage. Here a cutworm clipped the entire stem. Here are a caterpillar tunneled inside a cabbage head.• Caterpillars are easy to scout for and find– especially if you use a beating tray to dislodge them from a plant or are observant for the feeding damage.
Management
Keep your farm or garden weed-free (especially lambsquarters and wild mustards), these weeds can serve as alternate host attracting adult moths
Till soil in the fall to disrupt the overwinter pupae or larvae stage
Implement row covers to physically exclude moths from laying their eggs.
Smaller operations protect their seedlings with cardboard collars, to prevent cutworms from clipping
Pheromone traps can be used to survey and monitor populations in a large area.
Best management, is physically hand remove caterpillar and throw them into soapy water.
Application of synthetic or organic insecticides; Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) (bah-cill-us thur-e-gen-sis) and spinosad are very effective on caterpillar species, especially in early instars.
• “Leafminer” commonly describes the larval or maggot stage of various small yellow-and-black flies in the order Diptera.
• There are several host crops, but within vegetable crops, leafy greens tend to be the most common.• The larva will hatch on the host leaf, and begin feeding in between the 2 epidermis of the leaf.• The initial feeding damage will be a very subtle line, but as the larvae and plant mature, the damage will become more severe.
• This year, we are especially interested in looking for leafminer species on onion or garlic crops. Our program is apart of a national survey looking for the invasive Allium leafminer.So, we definitely want your help keeping an eye out for it.
• Other fly pest species include the Seedcorn maggot, onion maggot, and cabbage maggot. These larval maggots will feed on germinating seeds or roots in the soil. This can cause an entire plant to wilt and die. So those are symptoms you want to look out for when scouting.• Other fly pests species include Seedcorn maggots, onion maggots, or cabbage maggots. These
Check transplants for signs of leaf mines and white stippling before planting; destroy infested plants.
Place a floating row cover (lightweight plant fabric) (Fig. 8) over plants to inhibit adult flies from entering and laying eggs.
Immediately after the final harvest, remove plants and deeply plow crop residues to remove food sources and inhibit pupal development.
Parasitic wasps pierce the soft body of a leafminer larva to deposit an egg. When the egg hatches, the developing parasitoid gradually consumes the leafminer larva. These can be commercially purchased from bio control companies.
Insecticides are challenging to use due to the larvae being somewhat protected by the foliage.
Plant pathogenic bacteria can cause leaf spots and blights in many vegetable crops. These diseases are most often caused by species of Pseudomonas (soo-duh-mow-nuhs) and Xanthomonas (zan-thu-mow-nuhs) and tend to begin as small water-soaked spots that eventually turn brown. A yellow halo may or may not be present. In severe cases, spots can coalesce and destroy entire leaves. Because bacterial infection of the leaf tissue is limited by leaf veins, bacterial leaf spots are often angular in shape; however, this may not always be the case, there’s also fungal diseases that can causes spots.
Pectobacterium is another genus of bacteria that we see causing problems on a lot of our vegetable crops. It’s soilborne and thrives in warm and wet conditions.So whenever you’re scouting and see standing water in a field, that’s a great place to look for disease.
Fungi constitute the largest number of vegetable crop pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious diseases. Most vegetable diseases are caused by fungi. They damage plants by killing cells and/or causing plant stress. Sources of fungal infections are infected seed, soil, crop debris, nearby crops and weeds. Fungi are spread by wind and water splash, and through the movement of contaminated soil, animals, workers, machinery, tools, seedlings and other plant material. They enter plants through natural openings such as stomata and through wounds caused by pruning, harvesting, hail, insects, other diseases, and mechanical damage.
As you can see from these example photos, fungi can give a wide variety of signs and symptoms.
This include powdery mildews, wilting, fruit rots, and mold growth.
Finding fungal diseases in the garden can be easy, but identifying them can be trickier.This could require culturing a sample in our lab or using a microscope.
There are numerous viruses found on the different plants grown in commercial fields as well as in the home vegetable garden. Most viruses are spread by insects (usually aphids, thrips, white flies, and leafhoppers) and can also be seed borne or spread by contact with our hands and equipment.
When infected, young plants rarely grow to harvest size- they are stunted, deformed, & may have a mosaic/mottled appearance.
Sometimes, based off the host crop and the symptoms – we can identify the virus. However, sometimes we would have to run a genetic PCR test on a plant sample to determine the specific virus or strain of a virus.
In a large field setting, you can identify a virus outbreak – BCTV example.