This document discusses blood donor types and blood donation safety. There are four main types of blood donors: voluntary non-remunerated donors who donate without payment; replacement donors who donate for a specific patient; professional donors who are paid; and autologous donors who donate for their own planned procedures. Ensuring donor safety involves screening donors through medical history questionnaires and health checks before acceptance. Certain medical conditions and high risk behaviors require deferral periods before a donor can be accepted. Maintaining the safety of both donors and recipients is crucial.
how to select a healthy donor & care of donor .A healthy donor is one of the most vital part of transfusion medicine for safe transfusion of blood & blood product
blood and blood component have an important role in transfusion medicine. when blood contain all its part and no separation is done thats known as whole blood but when you centrifuge and separate it that is know as component. transfusion of whole blood is now adays absolute from transfusion service and blood components are transfuses now a days which is a good practice and beneficial for the patient
coombs test, introduction with principle and whole laboratory procedure, also u will read about ,how to perform direct and indirect coombs test? and how to report them?
how to select a healthy donor & care of donor .A healthy donor is one of the most vital part of transfusion medicine for safe transfusion of blood & blood product
blood and blood component have an important role in transfusion medicine. when blood contain all its part and no separation is done thats known as whole blood but when you centrifuge and separate it that is know as component. transfusion of whole blood is now adays absolute from transfusion service and blood components are transfuses now a days which is a good practice and beneficial for the patient
coombs test, introduction with principle and whole laboratory procedure, also u will read about ,how to perform direct and indirect coombs test? and how to report them?
Selection of blood donor is the foremost and most important part in ensuring safe blood supply, donor selection guidelines has been revised by NBTC from time to time, this upload is of 2017
A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation. Donation may be of whole blood, or of specific components directly.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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2. Blood collection is the most important and
essential function of blood transfusion services
and accordingly its organization should be given
due attention.
The source of blood transfusion is donors.
3. There are four types of blood donors:
Voluntary non-remunerated donors
Replacement or relative donors
Professional or commercial donors
Autologous donors
4. These are the people who donate blood without
any pressure and monetary benefit for unknown
patients. Such donors are important for blood
transfusion services because:
• They belong to the low risk category
• They are mostly willing to be on the panel of
regular blood donors.
• They mostly respond to appeals during
emergencies.
5. These are members of a family/friend who donate
their blood in replacement of the blood needs of
the particular patient.
Such donors come forward mostly for specific
purpose of helping their relative/friend.
At times, donors request that their blood should
be given to specific patients. Such donations are
called Directed Donations. It is advisable to avoid
such donations, except in certain circumstances.
6. These are people who receive direct or indirect
monetary benefit for the blood they donate.
These blood donors often conceal the truth about
their illness, previous donations and personal life,
thus contributing to unsafe blood supply.
These also donate blood more frequently than
recommended and thus supply substandard units
of blood which may give little or no benefit to the
recipient.
7. Autologous donation is the collection of blood
from a patient in advance of scheduled surgery for
transfusion during or after the procedure to
compensate for the expected blood loss.
It prevents immune reactions and transmission of
blood-borne pathogens from allogenic donors.
However it is not completely free from risk as
bacterial contamination could still occur.
8. The blood transfusion services or blood bank has a
responsibility to ensure the protection of the blood
donor and transfusion recipient.
Accordingly the donor should be selected on the
basis of following two important things:
• Medical history
• Preliminary health check
9. Before taking medical history, it is important to
inform all potential donors about health
conditions and high risk behaviours which make
them unsuitable to donate blood. The information
should be displayed in the form of posters in
various languages.
After preliminary information about blood
donation, if the donor appears healthy, the Blood
Donor Consent Form (questionnaire) is filled by
donor himself or the donor clinic staff
(interviewer) and evaluated for accepting,
temporary deferral or rejection by medical officer.
10.
11. Some important points covered in the history are:
If the donor is feeling well today
Did he eat something in the last 4 hours
Did he sleep well last night
History of intake of alcohol, drugs like aspirin,
steroids or any vaccinations in the past 72 hours.
History of unexplained weight loss, continuous low
grade fever, swollen glands or persistent diarrhoea
in the past 6 months.
History of ear piercing, dental extraction or
tattooing in the past 6 months.
12. History of conditions like heart diseases, lung
disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver
disease, STDs, jaundice, abnormal bleeding
tendencies, cancer, diabetes, tuberculosis, malaria,
typhoid, etc.
History of major or minor surgery or blood
transfusion in the past 6 months.
For women donors, it is important to ask history
of pregnancy, any abortions in the last 3 months
or children less than 1 yr old.
13.
14. Helps to collect same information systematically
from each donor.
Donor clinical staff does not forget to ask some
important questions.
It helps donor clinic staff to make quick
assessment whether to accept, temporarily defer
or permanently reject the donor.
15. It is important to make preliminary health check
up of the donor before donation, in order to make
an assessment of their health status and not solely
depend on what donors tell in their medical
history.
The following parameters should be checked each
time the donor comes to donate blood.
16. General appearance The donor should be in good health
Age Donors should be between the age of 18-60 years
Weight
Donors weighing 45 kg can give 350 ml of blood
and those weighing 55 kg and above may give 450
ml of blood
Blood pressure
The systolic blood pressure should be between
100-180 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure
should be between 50-100 mm of Hg
Pulse
The pulse should be between 60-100 beats per
minute and regular
Temperature Oral temperature should not exceed 37.5°C
Physical assessment of the
donor
Look for any skin rashes and swollen glands
Scar of needle pricks at venipuncture site might
indicate either drug addiction or frequent blood
donations in professional donors
Hemoglobin estimation Hb should not be less than 12.5 gm/dl
18. Similarly, it would be harmful for the recipient, if
donor is having history of any of following
diseases -
• Hepatitis
• Sexually transmitted disease
• Recent vaccination
• Active tuberculosis
• Malaria
• HIV/AIDS
• Lung disease
• Recent history of blood transfusion or surgery
• Unexplained weight loss
19. CONDITIONS FOR DEFERRAL PERIOD OF DEFERRAL
History of blood transfusion 6 months
Minor surgery 3 months
Major surgery 6 months
Alcoholism Till intoxicated
Typhoid 6 months after recovery
History of malaria & duly treated
3 months (endemic)
6 months (non endemic)
History of hepatitis in family or close
contact
6 months
20. CONDITIONS FOR DEFERRAL PERIOD OF DEFERRAL
Immunizations (cholera, typhoid,
diphtheria, tetanus, plague, etc)
24 hours after symptom free
Rabies vaccination 1 year after bite
Acute nephritis 6 months after recovery
Breast feeding 6 months after delivery
Abortion 6 months
Tattoo 6 months
21. DRUGS PERIOD OF DEFERRAL
Aspirin 36-48 hrs
Isotretinoin 1 month after last dose
Finasteride 1 month after last dose
Acitretin 3 years after last dose
Hepatitis B Ig 12 months
Bovine insulin Permanent deferral
22. Antibiotics
Topical steroid preparations for skin lesions not
present at venipuncture sites.
Blood pressure medications. However, donor
should be free from side effects of anti-
hypertensives, especially postural hypotension.
Bronchodilators and decongestants
Oral hypoglycemic agents
Oral contraceptives, mild analgesics, vitamins and
replacement hormones.
23. Hepatitis B vaccine 7 days
Oral Typhoid, Oral Polio,
Yellow Fever
2 weeks
Chicken pox, MMR
(measles, mumps, rubella)
4 weeks
Smallpox At least 21 days
24. Cancer
Heart disease
Abnormal bleeding tendencies
Unexplained weight loss
Diabetes controlled on insulin
Hepatitis B infection
Chronic nephritis
Signs and symptoms suggestive of AIDS
26. Finally I would like to conclude my presentation
with a note that blood donation could give as well
as take lives.
Hence it is essentially important to follow all the
rules and precautions to ensure safety of both the
donor and the recipient.
Also it is important that voluntary non
remunerated blood donations should be
promoted, accepted and practised for safe blood
supply.