Dna recombination
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Genetic recombination is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. By breaking and rejoining of two parental DNA molecules to produce new DNA molecules . Is recombination a naturally phenomenon? What are the types of recombination? Why and When recombination occurs? What are the practical uses of recombination? homologous and non homologous recombination
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Recombinatins .pptx
Genetic recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes or DNA molecules. It occurs through two main types - homologous recombination, which exchanges DNA between similar sequences, and non-homologous recombination between dissimilar sequences. Recombination is important for genetic diversity, DNA repair, and proper chromosome segregation during cell division. It can happen during both mitosis and meiosis, but only meiotic recombination shuffles genes from parents to offspring. There are also different mechanisms of recombination, including site-specific, transposition, and various DNA repair pathways that facilitate genetic exchange.
Molecular markr sscp
Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) is a technique that detects differences in the secondary structure of single-stranded DNA fragments caused by variations in their nucleotide sequence. SSCP analysis involves digesting DNA, separating the strands, running electrophoresis on a gel, and comparing the mobility of single strands - strands with different sequences will have different conformations and mobilities. SSCP is useful for detecting genetic variations and mutations, and has applications in genotyping, viral strain identification, and medical diagnosis.
Transcription
description of mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with clear explanation and clear pictures and also mentiong of different promotors and enhancers and silencers
Gene mapping
Genome mapping identifies and records the location of genes and distances between genes on chromosomes. Alfred Sturtevant created the first genetic map of Drosophila in 1913 by proposing that crossover frequency could determine gene location. Techniques like linkage analysis using two-point and three-point test crosses estimate distances between genes based on inheritance patterns. Genetic maps describe gene arrangement but have limitations due to recombination hotspots and need for high crossover scoring. Gene mapping is important for identifying disease genes and trait genes in plants, animals and humans.
Recombination
Genetic recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA to form new combinations of genes. It occurs primarily during meiosis through several types of recombination, including homologous recombination where DNA exchanges occur between similar DNA molecules. This increases genetic diversity and allows for traits to be mixed. Recombination benefits populations by generating variety among offspring and allowing deleterious genes to be removed without losing the entire chromosome. It has applications in cloning, mapping genes, and making transgenic organisms.
Dna recombination mechanisms new
DNA recombination mechanisms are involved in DNA repair, replication, gene expression and chromosome segregation. Recombination involves the breakage and joining of DNA strands. There are three main classes of recombination: homologous recombination between similar DNA sequences, site-specific recombination occurring at particular DNA sequences, and DNA transposition where segments of DNA move to new locations. Recombination is mediated by enzymes and involves steps like strand exchange, branch migration and resolution of Holliday junction structures to produce recombinant DNA products.
Introns: structure and functions
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
Genome rearrangment
Genetic information is stored in DNA molecules as sequences of nucleotides. DNA exists as paired strands that run in opposite directions and are complementary to each other. The genome contains an organism's complete set of DNA and is organized into chromosomes. Genomes can differ between species through point mutations that change single nucleotides or genome rearrangements that modify multiple nucleotides. Rearrangements include reversals, translocations, fissions, and fusions that change the order of genes within and between chromosomes. The minimum number of edits needed to transform one genome into another, including point mutations and rearrangements, defines their edit distance and can provide insights into evolutionary relationships.
Recommended
Recombinatins .pptx
Genetic recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes or DNA molecules. It occurs through two main types - homologous recombination, which exchanges DNA between similar sequences, and non-homologous recombination between dissimilar sequences. Recombination is important for genetic diversity, DNA repair, and proper chromosome segregation during cell division. It can happen during both mitosis and meiosis, but only meiotic recombination shuffles genes from parents to offspring. There are also different mechanisms of recombination, including site-specific, transposition, and various DNA repair pathways that facilitate genetic exchange.
Molecular markr sscp
Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) is a technique that detects differences in the secondary structure of single-stranded DNA fragments caused by variations in their nucleotide sequence. SSCP analysis involves digesting DNA, separating the strands, running electrophoresis on a gel, and comparing the mobility of single strands - strands with different sequences will have different conformations and mobilities. SSCP is useful for detecting genetic variations and mutations, and has applications in genotyping, viral strain identification, and medical diagnosis.
Transcription
description of mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with clear explanation and clear pictures and also mentiong of different promotors and enhancers and silencers
Gene mapping
Genome mapping identifies and records the location of genes and distances between genes on chromosomes. Alfred Sturtevant created the first genetic map of Drosophila in 1913 by proposing that crossover frequency could determine gene location. Techniques like linkage analysis using two-point and three-point test crosses estimate distances between genes based on inheritance patterns. Genetic maps describe gene arrangement but have limitations due to recombination hotspots and need for high crossover scoring. Gene mapping is important for identifying disease genes and trait genes in plants, animals and humans.
Recombination
Genetic recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA to form new combinations of genes. It occurs primarily during meiosis through several types of recombination, including homologous recombination where DNA exchanges occur between similar DNA molecules. This increases genetic diversity and allows for traits to be mixed. Recombination benefits populations by generating variety among offspring and allowing deleterious genes to be removed without losing the entire chromosome. It has applications in cloning, mapping genes, and making transgenic organisms.
Dna recombination mechanisms new
DNA recombination mechanisms are involved in DNA repair, replication, gene expression and chromosome segregation. Recombination involves the breakage and joining of DNA strands. There are three main classes of recombination: homologous recombination between similar DNA sequences, site-specific recombination occurring at particular DNA sequences, and DNA transposition where segments of DNA move to new locations. Recombination is mediated by enzymes and involves steps like strand exchange, branch migration and resolution of Holliday junction structures to produce recombinant DNA products.
Introns: structure and functions
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
Genome rearrangment
Genetic information is stored in DNA molecules as sequences of nucleotides. DNA exists as paired strands that run in opposite directions and are complementary to each other. The genome contains an organism's complete set of DNA and is organized into chromosomes. Genomes can differ between species through point mutations that change single nucleotides or genome rearrangements that modify multiple nucleotides. Rearrangements include reversals, translocations, fissions, and fusions that change the order of genes within and between chromosomes. The minimum number of edits needed to transform one genome into another, including point mutations and rearrangements, defines their edit distance and can provide insights into evolutionary relationships.
Unit 3 recombination
explains about molecular mechanism of recombination and types of recombination. it is as per B.Sc Biotechnology, Calicut University sylabus.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
1) Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, chromatin structure, post-transcriptional processing, and translation.
2) Regulation allows for adaptation and tissue-specific gene expression during development. Key differences from prokaryotes include the lack of operons and more complex regulation in eukaryotes.
3) Gene expression can be regulated short-term through transcriptional control, as seen in yeast galactose-utilizing genes, or long-term for development through mechanisms like chromatin remodeling.
DNA repair and recombination
DNA
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES
DNA REPAIR
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DNA REPAIR
I)DIRECT REPAIR SYSTEM,
II)BASE EXCISION REPAIR,
III)NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR,
IV)MISMATCH REPAIR,
V)RECOMBINATION REPAIR,
DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR UNDERLIE HUMAN DISEASE
DNA RECOMBINATION
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM OF DNA RECOMBINATION
TYPES OF RECOMBINATION
I) HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
MODELS FOR HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION:-
I)HOLLIDAY MODEL,
II)MESSELSON AND RADDING MODEL,
III)DOUBLE STRAND BREAK MODEL,
GENE CONVERSION
II) NON-HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION,
i) SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION,
ii)TRANSPOSITIONAL RECOMBINATION.,
Genetic and Physical map of Genome
Introduction
History
Genetic mapping
DNA Markers
Physical mapping
Importance
Drawback
Conclusion
References
uses genetic techniques to construct maps showing the positions of genes and other sequence features on a genome.
Genetic techniques include cross-breeding experiments or, in the case of humans, the examination of family histories (pedigrees).
Comparative genomics @ sid 2003 format
Comparative genomics involves analyzing and comparing genetic material from different species to study evolution, gene function, and disease. It exploits both similarities and differences in genomes to infer how natural selection has acted on genes and regulatory elements. Sequence conservation indicates functional importance, while divergence suggests positive selection. Comparative genomics is useful for gene prediction, finding regulatory regions, and interaction mapping.
Recombination
The document discusses genetic recombination and site-specific recombination. It describes the Meselson-Radding model of genetic recombination, which involves a single-strand nick that allows DNA polymerase to extend the 3' end and displace the other strand, forming a D loop structure. Site-specific recombination involves recombinases cutting DNA at specific recognition sequences and rejoining the strands to form a Holliday junction intermediate. Examples discussed include bacteriophage lambda integration into E. coli DNA, which is mediated by lambda integrase recombining attP and attB sites.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene structures
Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA).
Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA). Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA).
Physical mapping
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
Recombination
recombination
types of recombination
models of recombination
biological roles of recombination
Recombination Models.pdf
This document discusses molecular genetics topics including sex determination, genetic recombination, and transposons. It outlines four units of study: 1) Sex determination and dosage compensation, 2) Genetic recombination mechanisms and models, 3) Enzymes involved in homologous and site-specific recombination, and 4) Bacterial and eukaryotic transposons. The second section provides detailed descriptions of homologous recombination models including Holliday, Whitehouse, Meselson-Radding, and double-strand break repair pathways. Key enzymes in E. coli recombination such as RecBCD, RecA, RuvAB, and RuvC are also summarized.
Genetic recombination mechanism
Lecture slides on genetic recombination for anyone who is interested in molecular biology or who need to study genetics aspects of biology.
Site specific recombination
This document discusses site-specific recombination, including the structures and mechanisms involved. It describes two classes of recombinases - tyrosine recombinases and serine recombinases. Tyrosine recombinases involve cleavage of DNA through formation of a protein-DNA bond using a tyrosine residue. Serine recombinases utilize a phosphoserine bond between DNA and a conserved serine residue. The document provides examples of applications for site-specific recombination such as tracking cell lineage, altering gene expression, and targeted gene knockout.
Dna replication prokaryotes
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs through a semi-conservative process where each daughter cell inherits one old and one new DNA strand. Replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation requires unwinding of the DNA duplex by helicase at the origin. Elongation is carried out by DNA polymerase III which synthesizes new DNA strands along the leading strand continuously and in short fragments along the lagging strand. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet.
Genetics ppt
Benzer conducted experiments to study intragenic recombination within the rII gene of bacteriophage T4. He isolated rare recombinants that arose from exchanges between DNA of co-infecting phages. This allowed him to map mutations within the rII gene at high resolution. He determined that rII mutations occurred in two complementation groups, rIIA and rIIB, representing two different genes. Through deletion mapping, Benzer was able to localize many rII mutations to a short region within gene A or B. His work established the concept of the cistron as the smallest genetic unit.
Homologous recombination
1. The document discusses models of homologous recombination including the Holliday model and the double-strand break repair model. It describes the key steps and proteins involved in each model.
2. Recombination involves the breakage and rejoining of DNA. In eukaryotes, the MRN/X complex processes DNA breaks. The Rad51 and Rad54 proteins then facilitate strand invasion and D-loop formation during homologous pairing.
3. Homologous recombination proteins from bacteria and eukaryotes catalyze different steps of the process. In E. coli, RecBCD introduces breaks and generates single strands for RecA to perform strand exchange, while RuvAB and Ruv
Linkage and recombination of gene
- A three-point test cross was conducted in Drosophila to map the locations of three genes - black body (b), purple eyes (pr), and curved wings (c) - on the same chromosome.
- Offspring were classified into eight phenotypic classes. Reciprocal classes occurred in roughly equal numbers, indicating recombination between loci.
- Map distances were calculated between loci based on percentages of recombinants. A discrepancy in the direct vs. indirect distance between b and c was resolved by accounting for double crossovers.
- The study demonstrated how three-point test crosses can order loci and more accurately measure map distances compared to two-point crosses by detecting double crossovers.
Introduction to sequence alignment partii
This document provides an introduction to sequence alignment and discusses gaps and gap penalties. It defines a match and gap in sequence alignment and how substitutions, deletions and insertions are represented. It describes different types of gaps including constant, linear, affine, convex and profile-based variable penalties. Highlights include that gaps allow alignment extension and introduce uncertainty, so penalties are used. Examples demonstrate assigning regular and affine gap penalties.
Holliday junction Model by kk
INTRODUCTION
TERMENOLOGY
SITES OF HOLLIDAY JUNCTION
HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
HOLLIDAY MODEL
DOUBEL STRAND BREAK MODEL
IN PROKAYOTIC RECOMBINATION
IN EUKARYOTIC RECOMBINATION
SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION
SERINE RECOMBINATION
TYROSINE RECOMBINATION
TRANSPOSITION
ILLEGITIMATE RECOMBINATION
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
mRNA This splicing
Split genes contain both coding (exon) and non-coding (intron) regions. During mRNA splicing, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together to form mature mRNA. This process is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a complex of five small nuclear RNAs and numerous proteins. The spliceosome facilitates two transesterification reactions which remove the intron and ligate the exons, allowing gene sequences to code for multiple proteins through alternative splicing. Splicing increases gene and protein diversity in the cell.
C value paradox unit-ii
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
C-value paradox concept in explained by using practical exanples in a simple language
B.Sc. Microbiology/Biotech II Cell biology and Genetics Unit 5 microbial gene...
1. Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of alleles located near each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. Linkage mapping uses recombination frequencies between genetic markers to construct genetic maps showing the relative positions of genes.
2. Physical mapping techniques like restriction mapping cut DNA into fragments to construct overlapping contig maps of chromosome regions without regard to specific genes.
3. Bacterial cells can exchange genetic material through three main processes: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. These processes aid genetic recombination and variation in bacteria.
Unit 3 CROSSING OVER.pptx
Introduction, Types-somatic and germinal; Mechanism of meiotic crossing oversynapsis, duplication of chromosomes, breakage and union, terminalization;
Cytological basis of crossing over - Stern’s experiment in Drosophila; Creighton
and McClintock’s experiment in Maize; Crossing over in Drosophila, Construction
of genetic maps in Drosophila - two point and three-point crosses; Interference and
coincidence.
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Unit 3 recombination
explains about molecular mechanism of recombination and types of recombination. it is as per B.Sc Biotechnology, Calicut University sylabus.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
1) Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, chromatin structure, post-transcriptional processing, and translation.
2) Regulation allows for adaptation and tissue-specific gene expression during development. Key differences from prokaryotes include the lack of operons and more complex regulation in eukaryotes.
3) Gene expression can be regulated short-term through transcriptional control, as seen in yeast galactose-utilizing genes, or long-term for development through mechanisms like chromatin remodeling.
DNA repair and recombination
DNA
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES
DNA REPAIR
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DNA REPAIR
I)DIRECT REPAIR SYSTEM,
II)BASE EXCISION REPAIR,
III)NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR,
IV)MISMATCH REPAIR,
V)RECOMBINATION REPAIR,
DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR UNDERLIE HUMAN DISEASE
DNA RECOMBINATION
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM OF DNA RECOMBINATION
TYPES OF RECOMBINATION
I) HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
MODELS FOR HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION:-
I)HOLLIDAY MODEL,
II)MESSELSON AND RADDING MODEL,
III)DOUBLE STRAND BREAK MODEL,
GENE CONVERSION
II) NON-HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION,
i) SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION,
ii)TRANSPOSITIONAL RECOMBINATION.,
Genetic and Physical map of Genome
Introduction
History
Genetic mapping
DNA Markers
Physical mapping
Importance
Drawback
Conclusion
References
uses genetic techniques to construct maps showing the positions of genes and other sequence features on a genome.
Genetic techniques include cross-breeding experiments or, in the case of humans, the examination of family histories (pedigrees).
Comparative genomics @ sid 2003 format
Comparative genomics involves analyzing and comparing genetic material from different species to study evolution, gene function, and disease. It exploits both similarities and differences in genomes to infer how natural selection has acted on genes and regulatory elements. Sequence conservation indicates functional importance, while divergence suggests positive selection. Comparative genomics is useful for gene prediction, finding regulatory regions, and interaction mapping.
Recombination
The document discusses genetic recombination and site-specific recombination. It describes the Meselson-Radding model of genetic recombination, which involves a single-strand nick that allows DNA polymerase to extend the 3' end and displace the other strand, forming a D loop structure. Site-specific recombination involves recombinases cutting DNA at specific recognition sequences and rejoining the strands to form a Holliday junction intermediate. Examples discussed include bacteriophage lambda integration into E. coli DNA, which is mediated by lambda integrase recombining attP and attB sites.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene structures
Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA).
Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA). Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA).
Physical mapping
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
Recombination
recombination
types of recombination
models of recombination
biological roles of recombination
Recombination Models.pdf
This document discusses molecular genetics topics including sex determination, genetic recombination, and transposons. It outlines four units of study: 1) Sex determination and dosage compensation, 2) Genetic recombination mechanisms and models, 3) Enzymes involved in homologous and site-specific recombination, and 4) Bacterial and eukaryotic transposons. The second section provides detailed descriptions of homologous recombination models including Holliday, Whitehouse, Meselson-Radding, and double-strand break repair pathways. Key enzymes in E. coli recombination such as RecBCD, RecA, RuvAB, and RuvC are also summarized.
Genetic recombination mechanism
Lecture slides on genetic recombination for anyone who is interested in molecular biology or who need to study genetics aspects of biology.
Site specific recombination
This document discusses site-specific recombination, including the structures and mechanisms involved. It describes two classes of recombinases - tyrosine recombinases and serine recombinases. Tyrosine recombinases involve cleavage of DNA through formation of a protein-DNA bond using a tyrosine residue. Serine recombinases utilize a phosphoserine bond between DNA and a conserved serine residue. The document provides examples of applications for site-specific recombination such as tracking cell lineage, altering gene expression, and targeted gene knockout.
Dna replication prokaryotes
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs through a semi-conservative process where each daughter cell inherits one old and one new DNA strand. Replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation requires unwinding of the DNA duplex by helicase at the origin. Elongation is carried out by DNA polymerase III which synthesizes new DNA strands along the leading strand continuously and in short fragments along the lagging strand. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet.
Genetics ppt
Benzer conducted experiments to study intragenic recombination within the rII gene of bacteriophage T4. He isolated rare recombinants that arose from exchanges between DNA of co-infecting phages. This allowed him to map mutations within the rII gene at high resolution. He determined that rII mutations occurred in two complementation groups, rIIA and rIIB, representing two different genes. Through deletion mapping, Benzer was able to localize many rII mutations to a short region within gene A or B. His work established the concept of the cistron as the smallest genetic unit.
Homologous recombination
1. The document discusses models of homologous recombination including the Holliday model and the double-strand break repair model. It describes the key steps and proteins involved in each model.
2. Recombination involves the breakage and rejoining of DNA. In eukaryotes, the MRN/X complex processes DNA breaks. The Rad51 and Rad54 proteins then facilitate strand invasion and D-loop formation during homologous pairing.
3. Homologous recombination proteins from bacteria and eukaryotes catalyze different steps of the process. In E. coli, RecBCD introduces breaks and generates single strands for RecA to perform strand exchange, while RuvAB and Ruv
Linkage and recombination of gene
- A three-point test cross was conducted in Drosophila to map the locations of three genes - black body (b), purple eyes (pr), and curved wings (c) - on the same chromosome.
- Offspring were classified into eight phenotypic classes. Reciprocal classes occurred in roughly equal numbers, indicating recombination between loci.
- Map distances were calculated between loci based on percentages of recombinants. A discrepancy in the direct vs. indirect distance between b and c was resolved by accounting for double crossovers.
- The study demonstrated how three-point test crosses can order loci and more accurately measure map distances compared to two-point crosses by detecting double crossovers.
Introduction to sequence alignment partii
This document provides an introduction to sequence alignment and discusses gaps and gap penalties. It defines a match and gap in sequence alignment and how substitutions, deletions and insertions are represented. It describes different types of gaps including constant, linear, affine, convex and profile-based variable penalties. Highlights include that gaps allow alignment extension and introduce uncertainty, so penalties are used. Examples demonstrate assigning regular and affine gap penalties.
Holliday junction Model by kk
INTRODUCTION
TERMENOLOGY
SITES OF HOLLIDAY JUNCTION
HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
HOLLIDAY MODEL
DOUBEL STRAND BREAK MODEL
IN PROKAYOTIC RECOMBINATION
IN EUKARYOTIC RECOMBINATION
SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION
SERINE RECOMBINATION
TYROSINE RECOMBINATION
TRANSPOSITION
ILLEGITIMATE RECOMBINATION
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
mRNA This splicing
Split genes contain both coding (exon) and non-coding (intron) regions. During mRNA splicing, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together to form mature mRNA. This process is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a complex of five small nuclear RNAs and numerous proteins. The spliceosome facilitates two transesterification reactions which remove the intron and ligate the exons, allowing gene sequences to code for multiple proteins through alternative splicing. Splicing increases gene and protein diversity in the cell.
C value paradox unit-ii
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Similar to Dna recombination
B.Sc. Microbiology/Biotech II Cell biology and Genetics Unit 5 microbial gene...
1. Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of alleles located near each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. Linkage mapping uses recombination frequencies between genetic markers to construct genetic maps showing the relative positions of genes.
2. Physical mapping techniques like restriction mapping cut DNA into fragments to construct overlapping contig maps of chromosome regions without regard to specific genes.
3. Bacterial cells can exchange genetic material through three main processes: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. These processes aid genetic recombination and variation in bacteria.
Unit 3 CROSSING OVER.pptx
Introduction, Types-somatic and germinal; Mechanism of meiotic crossing oversynapsis, duplication of chromosomes, breakage and union, terminalization;
Cytological basis of crossing over - Stern’s experiment in Drosophila; Creighton
and McClintock’s experiment in Maize; Crossing over in Drosophila, Construction
of genetic maps in Drosophila - two point and three-point crosses; Interference and
coincidence.
Lecture 6 Cell Division [Meiosis]
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells for sexual reproduction. It involves one round of DNA replication followed by two nuclear divisions. The first division, meiosis I, separates homologous chromosomes. The second division, meiosis II, separates sister chromatids. This results in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Meiosis ensures genetic variation between offspring and maintains chromosome number from one generation to the next.
Basics of genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It examines how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Genetics has four main subdivisions: classical genetics studies trait inheritance, molecular genetics examines DNA and proteins, population genetics analyzes genetic differences within/between populations, and quantitative genetics uses mathematics to study gene-trait relationships. Key terms include chromosomes, genes, alleles, SNPs, recombination, linkage analysis, and linkage disequilibrium. Chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes. Genes contain DNA and code for traits. Alleles are variant forms of genes that determine genotypes. SNPs are single nucleotide substitutions that can influence disease susceptibility.
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Meiosis produces gametes through two rounds of cell division beginning with one diploid cell and ending with four haploid cells. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, further dividing the cell and its genetic material. The steps of crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis I contribute to genetic variation among gametes and offspring.
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Chromosomes contain DNA and are found in pairs in eukaryotic cells like humans who have 23 chromosome pairs. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits and can exist in different forms called alleles. Mutations are random changes in genetic material that can cause conditions like sickle cell anemia. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number through two cell divisions followed by crossing over and separation of homologous chromosomes. Genetic engineering techniques like polymerase chain reaction and DNA profiling allow manipulation and analysis of DNA.
Molecular mechanism of recombination, post meiotic segregation
This document discusses different types of recombination mechanisms in living organisms:
1) Homologous recombination occurs between similar DNA sequences like homologous chromosomes and uses common enzymatic pathways.
2) Illegitimate recombination occurs between dissimilar sequences but shares short regions of similarity.
3) Site-specific recombination requires specific enzymes and occurs between short, particular sequences.
4) Meiotic recombination involves pairing and crossover between maternal and paternal chromatids, forming heteroduplex DNA with strands from each parent. Studies in fungi provide insights into post-meiotic segregation of strands from this heteroduplex.
Cell division 2014
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell and is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes through two divisions. It reduces the chromosome number by half to ensure fertilization restores the diploid number. Meiosis leads to genetic variation between offspring through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I.
meiosis
This document summarizes the process of meiosis. It begins by explaining that meiosis produces haploid gametes from diploid body cells to allow for sexual reproduction. It then describes the key phases and events of meiosis I and meiosis II, including homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and independent assortment. This genetic recombination during meiosis provides variation in offspring. The document concludes by discussing how nondisjunction can occasionally occur, resulting in gametes with an extra or missing chromosome and leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. This allows offspring to have a full set of chromosomes from each parent. Meiosis involves two cell divisions after one round of DNA replication, resulting in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. Genetic variation arises in meiosis through independent assortment of chromosomes and recombination during crossover. Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate properly, resulting in gametes with extra or missing chromosomes and genetic disorders like Down syndrome.
Crossing over and Recombination in Meiosos.pdf
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when segments are exchanged between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, resulting in recombinant chromosomes. There are two main theories for the origin of crossing over: 1) it evolved as a method of DNA repair or 2) it evolved from bacterial transformation to propagate diversity. The major steps of meiotic crossing over are synapsis, chromosome duplication, crossing over itself, and terminalization. Crossing over increases genetic variation between offspring and parents, ensuring individuals do not look exactly alike.
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE Class XII Biology Part I
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Chapter 13: Meiosis
KEY CONCEPTS
13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting
chromosomes
13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
Biochemistry.pptx
Biochemistry basics for first year university and college students. Includes information about biological molecules and mechanisms involved in metabolic processes and examples of cycles . Many diagrams and figures for better understanding and explanations for protein DNA RNA lipid and carbohydrates functions
Chromosomal mutation ( bhagirath gadhavi 740 )
1) Chromosomes carry genetic information and are composed of DNA wrapped around proteins. They can be seen during cell division to consist of two parallel strands called chromatids connected at the centromere.
2) In human cells, there are normally 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs, with 22 matching pairs of autosomes and either two X chromosomes or an X and a Y chromosome. Chromosomes are grouped by size from A to G.
3) Chromosomal abnormalities can be numerical, involving the number of chromosomes, or structural, involving changes in chromosome structure like deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations. These abnormalities often cause health problems.
Meiosis, Crossing Over
Meiosis is a cell division process that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange DNA segments through a process called crossing over. Crossing over increases genetic diversity and helps ensure balanced distribution of chromosomes in gametes. It occurs during prophase I through the formation of chiasmata between nonsister chromatids. Crossing over plays an important role in evolution by allowing independent assortment of genetic variants on chromosomes.
Meiosis
Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic information. It differs from mitosis in that it involves two divisions and results in genetic recombination through crossing over. Meiosis occurs in the formation of egg and sperm cells in humans, taking place in the ovaries and testes respectively.
Meiosis
Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic information. It differs from mitosis in that it involves two divisions and results in genetic recombination through crossing over. Meiosis occurs in the formation of egg and sperm cells in humans, taking place in the ovaries and testes respectively.
Lecture 1 Recombination_ Homologous Recombination (Final).pptx
Homologous recombination is a process where DNA breaks and recombines to produce new combinations of genes. It occurs during meiosis through the pairing of homologous chromosomes between maternal and paternal copies. This leads to genetic diversity in offspring and crossing over, where segments are exchanged between chromosomes. Defects in homologous recombination can cause nondisjunction and diseases like cancer due to inefficient DNA repair.
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Molecular mechanism of recombination, post meiotic segregation
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PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE Class XII Biology Part I
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Helicobacter pylori
This document provides information about Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori):
1) H. pylori is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that lives in the mucus layer of the stomach and was identified in 1982.
2) It can cause diseases like peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and MALT lymphoma through production of toxins and inflammation.
3) Symptoms of H. pylori infection include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, and heartburn.
4) Diagnosis involves invasive tests like endoscopy and biopsy or non-invasive tests like a urea breath test or stool antigen test.
5) Treatment
Cytockines السيتوكينات
السيتوكينات 1
أنواع السيتوكينات 8
• العوامل المحرضة لتشكيل مستعمرات COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS 8
• الانترلوكينات INTERLOKINES (IL) 9
• الانترفيرونات INTERFERON 14
• عوامل تنخر الورمية TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR 20
• الكيموكينات CHEMOKINES 22
مستقبلات السيتوكينات 32
السيتوكينات والالتهاب 34
دور السيتوكينات في تكون الدم 37
Cell cycle and cell division الانقسام الخلوي والدورة الخلوية
cell cycle and cell division
الانقسام الخيطي
الانقسام المنصف
لماذا انت مختلف؟
الاخصاب العشوائي
التفارز المستقل
العبور
independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization
Car t cells - Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)
Chimeric antigen receptors, Chimeric immunoreceptors, Chimeric T cell receptors, Artificial T cell receptors
How to produce CAR T-cells
The structure of CAR T-cells
Toxicity of CART-cell therapy
Management of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell toxicity
Next generation CAR technology
Calcium homeostasis
What is Calcium homeostasis
Hormonal effect: Parathormone, Calcitonin, OH Vitamin D3
The increase of calcium and the lack of calcium
Bio-statistics definitions and misconceptions
The document discusses null and alternative hypotheses when looking at two or more groups that differ based on a treatment or risk factor. The null hypothesis assumes there is no difference between groups, while the alternative hypothesis assumes a difference. By default, the null hypothesis is assumed to be true until evidence supports rejecting it in favor of the alternative. Type I and type II errors in hypothesis testing are explained, along with the level of significance, p-values, and how confidence intervals can be used to determine if results are statistically significant. Methods for visualizing relationships between variables like scatter plots, calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient, and using regression analysis are also summarized.
Metastasis- Cancer cell migration
Cancer Cells Adhesion, migration and Metastasis
cams ,migration ,metastasis ,integrins ,cadherins ,selectins ,ig-sf ,cd44 ,rho gtpase family ,mtor
Hematopoietic development of human embryonic stem cells
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CULTURING HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
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Emphysema
Emphysema is defined pathologically as an abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. Together, emphysema and chronic bronchitis are known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The damage is permanent - not reversible - and it causes reduced respiratory function. When the hazards of smoking are bought up, the most common disease discussed is
cancer and no one brings up emphysema. Although, most cases of COPD, and therefore emphysema, are caused by cigarette smoking.
Emphysema is rarely caused by a congenital condition known as α1-antitrypsin
deficiency, for which there is a lab test.
The most common symptoms are breathlessness, or a 'need for air', excessive sputum
production, and a chronic cough. However, COPD is not just simply a "smoker's
cough", but an under-diagnosed, life threatening lung disease that may progressively
lead to death.
Doctors diagnose COPD and emphysema with lung function tests to measure lung capacity. Spirometry is used in diagnosis - to measure the volume of air a patient can
blow out in one second after a deep breath.
Treatment does not halt or reverse lung damage but eases symptoms and prevents exacerbations. Drugs and supportive therapies are the mainstay of emphysema treatment.
Drugs may include inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids and, when there is an infection, antibiotics.
Support therapy includes oxygen supplementation, nutrition, help with smoking cessation, and other educational interventions.
Surgical intervention, including lung transplantation, is reserved for severe cases of emphysema.
People with emphysema and COPD should have an annual flu jab and may be recommended for a pneumonia shot once every 5 years.
Red blood cell Indices
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Indices: Definitions and Calculations
Mean cell (or corpuscular) volume (MCV)
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
تحليل المواد الحافظة العضوية في المنتجات الغذائية
یمكن تعریف المواد الحافظة بأنھا : مواد تضاف للأغذیة بھدف الاستفادة من قدرتھا على تثبیط أو تأخیر أو إیقاف آلیة التخمر أو التحمیض أو أي فساد ممكن أن یصیب الغذاء، تؤدي إضافتھا أو وجودھا بالغذاء لإطالة فترة ثباته
في الطبیعة كثیر من الأغذیة التي تحوي مركبات طبیعیة مضادة لنمو الجراثیم كحمض البنزوئیك الموجود في الثمار العنبیة واللیزوزیم الموجود في بیاض البیض، في حین یجب إضافة المواد الحافظة لعدد كبیر من الأغذیة الأخرى خصوصا ً الأغذیة الجاھزة . ھذا وقد شاع استخدام المواد الحافظة بكثرة في الصناعات الغذائیة، فبعض ھذه المواد استخدمت منذ زمن طویل كاستخدام مركبات النترات والنتریت ومركبات السلفیت في حفظ اللحوم والنبیذ . إن اختیار المادة الحافظـة المناسبة للغذاء یجب أن یتم على أساس درایة مسبقة بالمادة المضافـة وقدرتھا المضادة للجراثیم وطیفھا الجرثومي، وأیضا ً دراسة الخواص الفیزیائیة والكیمیائیة للمادة المضافة وللغذاء، ومعرفة شوط التخزین والمعالجات التي ستتم على الغذاء والتأكد من المحافظة على غذاء ذي نوعیة ممتازة.
Sympathomimetics منبهات أو محاكيات الجملة العصبية الوديّة
التصنيف الفيزيولوجي والكيميائي لمحاكيات الجملة العصبية الوديّة
يعد الأدرينالين والنورأدرينالين النموذج الأ ُّول لهذه الزمرة من المركبات وهي هرمونات يفرزها لب الكظر ونهايات الأعصاب الوديّة .
قادت الحاجة لتصنيع مركبات يتغلّب فيها أحد تأثيرات الأدرينالين الفيزيولوجيّة على التأثيرات الأخرى إلى
اصطناع مركبات عديدة تحمل في بنيتها العناصر الرئيسيّة الموجودة في بنية الأدرينالين.
يُصنّف الأدرينالين ومحاكياته تحت زمرة كيميائيّة واحدة هي بيتا-فينيل إيتيل أمين . Phenylethyla
Drug food interactions in details - QA
Drug interactions (DIs) represent an important and widely under recognized source of medication errors. Interactions between food and drugs may inadvertently reduce or increase the drug effect. Some commonly used herbs, fruits as well as alcohol may cause failure of the therapy up a point of to serious alterations of the patient’s health. The majority of clinically relevant food-drug interactions are caused by food induced changes in the bioavailability of the drug. Major side-effects of some diet (food) on drugs include alteration in absorption by fatty, high protein and fiber diets.
Underlying factors:
Classification of drug-food interactions:
Pharmacodynamic interactions
Pharmacokinetic interactions
I. Absorption interactions
II. Transport and distribution interactions
III. Metabolism interactions
IV. Excretion interactions
Grapefruit juice
Alcohol and Medication Interactions
Common Alcohol-Medication Interactions
Specific Alcohol-Medication Interactions
Food drug interactions powerpoint
Drug-food and drug-herb interactions can occur via several mechanisms:
1) Reduced or delayed drug absorption due to food components binding to drugs or slowing gastric emptying. Examples include calcium in milk binding tetracycline and tannins in tea impairing iron absorption.
2) Increased drug absorption when foods increase drug dissolution, secretion of gastrointestinal fluids, or delay gastric emptying. Examples include increased absorption of antibiotics with fatty foods.
3) Altered drug metabolism through effects on cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Grapefruit juice and St. John's Wort inhibit CYP3A4, increasing drug levels of medications metabolized by this enzyme and risk of toxicity.
4) Changed
Immune response against tumors
Types of tumor antigens recognized by T cells
Immune mechanisms of tumor rejection
How tumors evade immune responses?
Novel therapeutic approaches (immunotherapies)
Mineralocorticoids qussai abbas
ADRENAL GLANDS
STEROIDS
WHAT ARE STEROID HORMONES?..........................................................................................................................3
FUNCTIONS OF STEROID HORMONES:....................................................................................................................3
HOW DOES THE SYNTHESIS OF STEROIDS DIFFER FROM THAT OF PEPTIDE HORMONES?............................................4
THE ROLE OF CHOLESTEROL IN STEROID SYNTHESIS:............................................................................................4
SOURCES OF CHOLESTEROL FOR STEROID SYNTHESIS: .........................................................................................4
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL:.........................................................................................................................4
BIOSYNTHESIS OF STEROIDS: .................................................................................................................................6
STAGE 1: CONVERT OF CHOLESTEROL INTO PREGNENOLONE..................................................................................7
STAGE 2: CONVERT OF PREGNENOLONE INTO PROGESTERONE...............................................................................8
STAGE 3 : PROGESTERONE’S DERIVATIVES:...........................................................................................................8
MINERALOCORTICOIDS.............................................................................................................................................9
ALDOSTERONE ........................................................................................................................................................10
FUNCTION
CONTROL OF ALDOSTERONE RELEASE FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX
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Dna recombination
- 2. Genetic recombination is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. By breaking and rejoining of two parental DNA molecules to produce new DNA molecules .
- 3. ✓ What are the types of recombination? ✓ Is recombination a naturally phenomenon? ✓ Why and When recombination occurs? ✓ What are the practical uses of recombination?
- 4. ➢Homologous recombination: occur between pieces of DNA that have closely related sequences.. ➢Non-Homologous recombination: • Site-Specific recombination • Transposition
- 5. - During meiosis of eukaryotic cells (Chromosomal crossover) - DNA break repair
- 6. Homologous Recombination • Incorrect rejoining of chromosomes leads to serious problems . ❖ Chromosomal crossover • Chromosomal crossover involves recombination between the paired chromosomes inherited from each of one's parents, generally occurring during meiosis. During prophase I (pachytene stage) the four available chromatids are in tight formation with one another. While in this formation, homologous sites on two chromatids can closely pair with one another, and may exchange genetic information. Synapsis
- 8. Homologous Recombination ❖ double-strand break repair (DSBR) • DSBs caused by: - ionizing radiation - certain chemicals - some enzymes (topoisomerases ,endonucleases) - torsional stress
- 10. 1. Non-Homologous end joining
- 11. 2. DNA repair by homologous recombination Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing Double strand break repair via holiday junction Fork collapse repair
- 12. 2. DNA repair by homologous recombination Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing Double strand break repair via holiday junction Fork collapse repair
- 13. 2. DNA repair by homologous recombination Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing Double strand break repair via holiday junction Fork collapse repair