DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix using the enzyme helicase. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase III continuously adds nucleotides to form the leading strand. On the lagging strand, which is discontinuous, RNA primers are added by primase and DNA polymerase II builds the strand through Okazaki fragments. DNA ligase eventually seals the fragments together to form a complete copy of the original DNA double helix.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA helicase unwinding the double helix structure and breaking the hydrogen bonds between nucleotide base pairs. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase continuously adds nucleotides to form the new strand in the 5' to 3' direction as the replication fork moves away. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase forms Okazaki fragments in the opposite direction that are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA primase synthesizes RNA primers to initiate DNA replication.
Gene Cloning Very Detailed Antibiotic Resistanceallyjer
DNA replication involves converting a single DNA helix into two identical copies through a semi-conservative process. Helicase splits and unwinds the DNA strands. Nucleotides are then added in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase III to the new strands based on base pairing rules, with A joining to T and C joining to G. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is formed in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase.
This document discusses the structure and function of DNA. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases. The nitrogen bases, adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, always pair up in the same way - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. These base pairs form the sides of the DNA double helix structure, with the sugar and phosphate groups forming the backbone of the helix. The document then briefly describes how DNA replicates through unwinding of the helix by helicase enzymes and addition of matching nucleotides by polymerase.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication, causing the two strands to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed strands to copy the DNA sequence. DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides to form the backbone. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each have one original and one new strand, duplicating the genetic information.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication site, where helicase enzymes cause the double helix to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed, complementary bases on each single strand. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides to form new polynucleotide chains. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each contain one original and one new strand, and the double helix reforms.
DNA replication is the process whereby a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA during cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands, which then serve as templates for new strands to be synthesized in the opposite direction by DNA polymerases. The DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, so replication occurs in both the 5' to 3' direction on one strand (the leading strand) and in short fragments joined together on the other (the lagging strand). Telomeres protect chromosome ends from erosion during replication. A complex team of enzymes including DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, ligase and single-stranded binding proteins work together to efficiently and
DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. The nucleotides bond together to form two polynucleotide chains that wind around each other in a double helix formation. Hydrogen bonds connect the bases of one chain to the other. DNA contains the genetic code for making proteins and replicates itself for cell division.
This document discusses different DNA binding motifs that allow proteins to interact with DNA without disrupting the hydrogen bonds between the DNA bases. It describes several conserved structural motifs common to many DNA binding proteins, including the helix-turn-helix motif, zinc finger domains, and leucine zipper domains. The helix-turn-helix motif contains two short alpha helices separated by a beta turn. Zinc finger domains use cysteine or histidine residues to coordinate a zinc ion, stabilizing their structure. Leucine zipper domains contain repeated leucine residues that allow dimerization of regulatory proteins.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA helicase unwinding the double helix structure and breaking the hydrogen bonds between nucleotide base pairs. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase continuously adds nucleotides to form the new strand in the 5' to 3' direction as the replication fork moves away. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase forms Okazaki fragments in the opposite direction that are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA primase synthesizes RNA primers to initiate DNA replication.
Gene Cloning Very Detailed Antibiotic Resistanceallyjer
DNA replication involves converting a single DNA helix into two identical copies through a semi-conservative process. Helicase splits and unwinds the DNA strands. Nucleotides are then added in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase III to the new strands based on base pairing rules, with A joining to T and C joining to G. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is formed in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase.
This document discusses the structure and function of DNA. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases. The nitrogen bases, adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, always pair up in the same way - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. These base pairs form the sides of the DNA double helix structure, with the sugar and phosphate groups forming the backbone of the helix. The document then briefly describes how DNA replicates through unwinding of the helix by helicase enzymes and addition of matching nucleotides by polymerase.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication, causing the two strands to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed strands to copy the DNA sequence. DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides to form the backbone. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each have one original and one new strand, duplicating the genetic information.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication site, where helicase enzymes cause the double helix to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed, complementary bases on each single strand. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides to form new polynucleotide chains. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each contain one original and one new strand, and the double helix reforms.
DNA replication is the process whereby a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA during cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands, which then serve as templates for new strands to be synthesized in the opposite direction by DNA polymerases. The DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, so replication occurs in both the 5' to 3' direction on one strand (the leading strand) and in short fragments joined together on the other (the lagging strand). Telomeres protect chromosome ends from erosion during replication. A complex team of enzymes including DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, ligase and single-stranded binding proteins work together to efficiently and
DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. The nucleotides bond together to form two polynucleotide chains that wind around each other in a double helix formation. Hydrogen bonds connect the bases of one chain to the other. DNA contains the genetic code for making proteins and replicates itself for cell division.
This document discusses different DNA binding motifs that allow proteins to interact with DNA without disrupting the hydrogen bonds between the DNA bases. It describes several conserved structural motifs common to many DNA binding proteins, including the helix-turn-helix motif, zinc finger domains, and leucine zipper domains. The helix-turn-helix motif contains two short alpha helices separated by a beta turn. Zinc finger domains use cysteine or histidine residues to coordinate a zinc ion, stabilizing their structure. Leucine zipper domains contain repeated leucine residues that allow dimerization of regulatory proteins.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. First, DNA helicase unzips the DNA strand and breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. Then, polymerase III uses nucleotides to build a new strand that is complementary to each original strand. This allows DNA to be copied and transmitted to new cells, ensuring each cell has the same genetic instructions. However, mutations can occasionally occur if bases pair with the wrong complementary bases, leading to genetic disorders and diseases.
The document describes the chemical makeup and structure of DNA and RNA. It also explains the processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). RNA also contains nucleotides but with ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil replacing thymine. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix, complementary base pairing between nucleotides, and joining of the new DNA strands. Transcription and translation are required to produce proteins. Transcription copies DNA into mRNA which is then read by ribosomes during translation, where tRNA brings amino acids to be joined into polypeptides based
DNA stores and passes on genetic information from one generation to the next. It has a double helix structure shaped like a spiral staircase with two strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. The four nucleotide bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, which always form specific base pairs between the strands through hydrogen bonding.
Gene expression and control involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs when RNA polymerase uses a gene's DNA as a template to make mRNA. Translation occurs when ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain that folds into a protein. Eukaryotic cells have additional controls over gene expression that allow differentiation of cell types and control which genes are expressed. Mutations can occur that change gene products and cause disorders. Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation also regulate gene expression.
DNA replication occurs through a semi-conservative process where the parental double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. Replication begins at multiple origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and single-strand binding proteins stabilize the separated strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the 3' ends of the new strands which grow toward each other, producing daughter strands. The leading strand is continuous while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments later joined by DNA ligase.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of interphase and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, synthesizing new strands complementarily using existing strands as templates, and sealing the newly synthesized DNA. Key enzymes involved include DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, and DNA ligase. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading strand continuously but must add fragments called Okazaki fragments discontinuously to the lagging strand due to the anti-parallel nature of DNA replication.
DNA controls heredity and protein synthesis. It is made up of two strands coiled around each other. Each strand contains nucleotides with one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond the strands together, with adenine bonding to thymine and guanine bonding to cytosine. DNA replicates through a semi-conservative process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand. Enzymes such as helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase facilitate replication.
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication. It explains that DNA is made of two strands bound together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs (A-T, C-G). DNA helicase unwinds the double helix, RNA polymerase helps synthesize new strands, and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand by finding the matching bases. Okazaki fragments are produced on the lagging strand and later joined by DNA ligase. The process faithfully duplicates DNA so that each new cell produced through cell division contains a full set of genes.
DNA replication is the process where DNA duplicates itself during cell division. It involves unwinding the double-stranded DNA at the origin of replication using the enzyme helicase. Single-strand binding proteins then stabilize the separated strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each exposed strand in different ways, continuously for the leading strand but discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments for the lagging strand.
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself during cell division. It occurs in three main stages: first, DNA helicase unwinds the double helix at the origin of replication; then, RNA primase constructs an RNA primer to mark the starting point for DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands of DNA by adding nucleotides; and finally, DNA ligase seals the DNA strands by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. DNA replication ensures each new cell formed during cell division contains an identical copy of the DNA code.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It shows how helicase unzips the DNA double helix by separating the nitrogen bases. Binding proteins attach to the phosphates to prevent kinking. DNA polymerase III examines the leading strand and synthesizes it in the 5' to 3' direction, while finding and replacing the nitrogen bases. DNA primase adds an RNA primer. The nitrogen bases on the lagging strand connect to each other. DNA polymerase I changes the RNA primers to DNA. DNA ligase creates phosphodiester bonds between the DNA strands.
Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix, synthesizing new strands based on the existing strands, and rewinding the DNA.
DNA replication involves DNA helicase unwinding the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase then synthesizes a complementary strand to each original strand. On the leading strand DNA polymerase synthesizes continuously, while on the lagging strand it synthesizes in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined together. DNA polymerase needs an RNA primer to begin synthesizing each Okazaki fragment, which is later replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase 1. This process continues until the entire DNA double helix is replicated.
DNA replication involves DNA helicase unwinding the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase then synthesizes a complementary strand to each original strand. On the leading strand DNA polymerase synthesizes continuously, while on the lagging strand it synthesizes in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined together. DNA polymerase needs an RNA primer to begin synthesizing each Okazaki fragment, which is later replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase 1. This process continues until the entire DNA double helix is replicated.
DNA replication occurs during cell division and involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each strand, forming two identical DNA molecules. The leading strand is continuously replicated but the lagging strand replication occurs in fragments called Okazaki fragments which are later joined together. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten with each cell division, eventually limiting cell replication, but the enzyme telomerase adds telomere sequences to prevent shortening and allow continued cell division.
This document summarizes DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. It describes that replication occurs through replicons to overcome the slower polymerases. Replication is initiated at specific sites called autonomous replicating sequences (ARS) where the origin recognition complex (ORC) binds. Elongation uses DNA polymerases α, δ, and ε and occurs semi-discontinuously with Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. Termination involves removing RNA primers with RNase H and sealing fragments with DNA ligase. Multiple enzymes are involved in each phase including MCM helicase, primase, DNA ligase, and DNA polymerases.
DNA replication begins with DNA helicase unwinding the DNA double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA bases. Single-stranded binding proteins bind to the separated strands to prevent them from rewinding. DNA polymerase III then reads one strand of DNA in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes the new complementary strand in the 5' to 3' direction, pairing nucleotides based on base pairing rules. DNA primase adds short RNA primers to initiate synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix by helicase. This exposes the nucleotides which serve as templates for DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands that are complementary to the templates. DNA primase attaches RNA primers that DNA polymerase uses to initiate DNA synthesis in the 5' to 3' direction, while reading the template in the 3' to 5' direction. DNA ligase seals the fragments to form intact double-stranded DNA molecules.
DNA replication involves the synthesis of daughter DNA strands using parental DNA as a template. It occurs through a semi-conservative process whereby each new DNA molecule contains one original and one newly synthesized strand. Replication is bidirectional, with replication forks moving in opposite directions from an origin of replication. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand involves the discontinuous synthesis of Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerases and other proteins such as helicases, primases, ligases and topoisomerases work together to facilitate the replication process.
molecular biology- Replication in Prokaryotesnazeg8482
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs rapidly, completing replication of the E. coli genome in 42 minutes. Replication initiates at a single origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally around the circular chromosome. DNA polymerase III is the main enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments. Replication terminates when the two replication forks meet on the opposite side of the origin of replication at termination sites.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. It involves several key steps:
1) Helicase enzyme unwinds and splits the DNA double helix into two single strands.
2) Primase enzyme makes RNA primers to which DNA polymerase can bind.
3) DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each single strand of DNA, creating two new double helices.
4) Ligase enzyme seals the DNA fragments together, completing the process of DNA replication.
DNA replication begins at origins of replication where the double helix unwinds. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA strands. DNA polymerase III then reads the strands in a 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes new strands in a 5' to 3' direction, matching the base pairs. DNA polymerase I changes any RNA primers to DNA at Okazaki fragments. This process produces two identical copies of the original DNA.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. First, DNA helicase unzips the DNA strand and breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. Then, polymerase III uses nucleotides to build a new strand that is complementary to each original strand. This allows DNA to be copied and transmitted to new cells, ensuring each cell has the same genetic instructions. However, mutations can occasionally occur if bases pair with the wrong complementary bases, leading to genetic disorders and diseases.
The document describes the chemical makeup and structure of DNA and RNA. It also explains the processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). RNA also contains nucleotides but with ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil replacing thymine. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix, complementary base pairing between nucleotides, and joining of the new DNA strands. Transcription and translation are required to produce proteins. Transcription copies DNA into mRNA which is then read by ribosomes during translation, where tRNA brings amino acids to be joined into polypeptides based
DNA stores and passes on genetic information from one generation to the next. It has a double helix structure shaped like a spiral staircase with two strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. The four nucleotide bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, which always form specific base pairs between the strands through hydrogen bonding.
Gene expression and control involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs when RNA polymerase uses a gene's DNA as a template to make mRNA. Translation occurs when ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain that folds into a protein. Eukaryotic cells have additional controls over gene expression that allow differentiation of cell types and control which genes are expressed. Mutations can occur that change gene products and cause disorders. Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation also regulate gene expression.
DNA replication occurs through a semi-conservative process where the parental double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. Replication begins at multiple origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and single-strand binding proteins stabilize the separated strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the 3' ends of the new strands which grow toward each other, producing daughter strands. The leading strand is continuous while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments later joined by DNA ligase.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of interphase and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, synthesizing new strands complementarily using existing strands as templates, and sealing the newly synthesized DNA. Key enzymes involved include DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, and DNA ligase. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading strand continuously but must add fragments called Okazaki fragments discontinuously to the lagging strand due to the anti-parallel nature of DNA replication.
DNA controls heredity and protein synthesis. It is made up of two strands coiled around each other. Each strand contains nucleotides with one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond the strands together, with adenine bonding to thymine and guanine bonding to cytosine. DNA replicates through a semi-conservative process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand. Enzymes such as helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase facilitate replication.
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication. It explains that DNA is made of two strands bound together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs (A-T, C-G). DNA helicase unwinds the double helix, RNA polymerase helps synthesize new strands, and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand by finding the matching bases. Okazaki fragments are produced on the lagging strand and later joined by DNA ligase. The process faithfully duplicates DNA so that each new cell produced through cell division contains a full set of genes.
DNA replication is the process where DNA duplicates itself during cell division. It involves unwinding the double-stranded DNA at the origin of replication using the enzyme helicase. Single-strand binding proteins then stabilize the separated strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each exposed strand in different ways, continuously for the leading strand but discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments for the lagging strand.
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself during cell division. It occurs in three main stages: first, DNA helicase unwinds the double helix at the origin of replication; then, RNA primase constructs an RNA primer to mark the starting point for DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands of DNA by adding nucleotides; and finally, DNA ligase seals the DNA strands by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. DNA replication ensures each new cell formed during cell division contains an identical copy of the DNA code.
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It shows how helicase unzips the DNA double helix by separating the nitrogen bases. Binding proteins attach to the phosphates to prevent kinking. DNA polymerase III examines the leading strand and synthesizes it in the 5' to 3' direction, while finding and replacing the nitrogen bases. DNA primase adds an RNA primer. The nitrogen bases on the lagging strand connect to each other. DNA polymerase I changes the RNA primers to DNA. DNA ligase creates phosphodiester bonds between the DNA strands.
Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix, synthesizing new strands based on the existing strands, and rewinding the DNA.
DNA replication involves DNA helicase unwinding the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase then synthesizes a complementary strand to each original strand. On the leading strand DNA polymerase synthesizes continuously, while on the lagging strand it synthesizes in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined together. DNA polymerase needs an RNA primer to begin synthesizing each Okazaki fragment, which is later replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase 1. This process continues until the entire DNA double helix is replicated.
DNA replication involves DNA helicase unwinding the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase then synthesizes a complementary strand to each original strand. On the leading strand DNA polymerase synthesizes continuously, while on the lagging strand it synthesizes in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined together. DNA polymerase needs an RNA primer to begin synthesizing each Okazaki fragment, which is later replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase 1. This process continues until the entire DNA double helix is replicated.
DNA replication occurs during cell division and involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each strand, forming two identical DNA molecules. The leading strand is continuously replicated but the lagging strand replication occurs in fragments called Okazaki fragments which are later joined together. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten with each cell division, eventually limiting cell replication, but the enzyme telomerase adds telomere sequences to prevent shortening and allow continued cell division.
This document summarizes DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. It describes that replication occurs through replicons to overcome the slower polymerases. Replication is initiated at specific sites called autonomous replicating sequences (ARS) where the origin recognition complex (ORC) binds. Elongation uses DNA polymerases α, δ, and ε and occurs semi-discontinuously with Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. Termination involves removing RNA primers with RNase H and sealing fragments with DNA ligase. Multiple enzymes are involved in each phase including MCM helicase, primase, DNA ligase, and DNA polymerases.
DNA replication begins with DNA helicase unwinding the DNA double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA bases. Single-stranded binding proteins bind to the separated strands to prevent them from rewinding. DNA polymerase III then reads one strand of DNA in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes the new complementary strand in the 5' to 3' direction, pairing nucleotides based on base pairing rules. DNA primase adds short RNA primers to initiate synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix by helicase. This exposes the nucleotides which serve as templates for DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands that are complementary to the templates. DNA primase attaches RNA primers that DNA polymerase uses to initiate DNA synthesis in the 5' to 3' direction, while reading the template in the 3' to 5' direction. DNA ligase seals the fragments to form intact double-stranded DNA molecules.
DNA replication involves the synthesis of daughter DNA strands using parental DNA as a template. It occurs through a semi-conservative process whereby each new DNA molecule contains one original and one newly synthesized strand. Replication is bidirectional, with replication forks moving in opposite directions from an origin of replication. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand involves the discontinuous synthesis of Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerases and other proteins such as helicases, primases, ligases and topoisomerases work together to facilitate the replication process.
molecular biology- Replication in Prokaryotesnazeg8482
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs rapidly, completing replication of the E. coli genome in 42 minutes. Replication initiates at a single origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally around the circular chromosome. DNA polymerase III is the main enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments. Replication terminates when the two replication forks meet on the opposite side of the origin of replication at termination sites.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. It involves several key steps:
1) Helicase enzyme unwinds and splits the DNA double helix into two single strands.
2) Primase enzyme makes RNA primers to which DNA polymerase can bind.
3) DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each single strand of DNA, creating two new double helices.
4) Ligase enzyme seals the DNA fragments together, completing the process of DNA replication.
DNA replication begins at origins of replication where the double helix unwinds. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA strands. DNA polymerase III then reads the strands in a 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes new strands in a 5' to 3' direction, matching the base pairs. DNA polymerase I changes any RNA primers to DNA at Okazaki fragments. This process produces two identical copies of the original DNA.
1. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
2. DNA replication ensures that new cells have a complete set of DNA by separating the DNA double helix and using each original strand as a template to produce two new complementary strands.
3. Transcription and translation are the processes by which the information in DNA is used to synthesize proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a gene, and translation involves ribosomes using the mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain.
The document depicts the process of DNA replication. DNA helicase unzips the two strands of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. DNA polymerase then reads and replicates each strand by adding complementary nucleotides, using one strand as a template to synthesize the new strand. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA.
The document depicts the process of DNA replication. DNA helicase unzips the two strands of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. DNA polymerase then reads and replicates each strand by adding complementary nucleotides, using one strand as a template to synthesize the new strand. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA.
The document depicts the process of DNA replication. DNA helicase unzips the two strands of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. DNA polymerase then reads and replicates each strand by adding complementary nucleotides, using one strand as a template to synthesize the new strand. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA.
The document depicts the process of DNA replication. DNA helicase unzips the two strands of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. DNA polymerase then reads and replicates each strand by adding complementary nucleotides, using one strand as a template to synthesize the new strand. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA.
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. It explains that RNA polymerase first breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA to copy it and make an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where tRNA reads its bases and adds complementary amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus where DNA is unzipped and RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template strand, forming mRNA. The mRNA is processed - a cap and tail are added and introns are removed. The completed mRNA contains codons of three nucleotides that code for amino acids. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA binds to ribosomes and tRNA molecules with matching anticodons deliver amino acids specified by mRNA codons, assembling the polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
This document is a flip book that summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and binds transfer RNA (tRNA) with complementary anticodons. The tRNA brings amino acids to form peptide bonds and a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein.
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and creates an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then moves to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand binds to a ribosome where tRNA brings amino acids to add to a growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. The polypeptide chain then folds into the final 3D protein structure.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. In translation, the mRNA strand is sent to the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome. tRNA molecules then bind to the ribosome and add amino acids specified by the mRNA code, forming a peptide bond between amino acids and creating a protein chain.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. The mRNA strand is then released and the DNA strands rebind. In translation, the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes. tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, and each tRNA connects to a specific amino acid. Translation begins as tRNA molecules form base pairs with the mRNA, and peptide bonds form between the amino acids, creating a protein.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.
DNA replication begins at the origin of replication where DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix. DNA polymerase reads the bases on one strand and adds complementary bases to the other strand. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA primase adds primers to fill in the lagging strand, and DNA ligase seals the fragments together with phosphodiester bonds.
This protein synthesis flip book illustrates the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it passes through ribosomes. During this process, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain through peptide bonds. Eventually a full protein is synthesized from the mRNA instructions.
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Protein synthesis flipbook @yoloswagginator24punxsyscience
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It describes how RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and copies it to mRNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, the mRNA is read and translated to form a polypeptide chain of amino acids.
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
The document shows the process of protein synthesis:
1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.
3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons).
4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.
The document is a flip book that summarizes the key steps of protein synthesis: 1) DNA is unwound in the cell nucleus and an mRNA strand is produced, 2) the mRNA strand moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located, 3) ribosomes read the mRNA strand and amino acids are attached through peptide bonds to form a protein, which then folds into its tertiary structure.
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA molecules to add amino acids to form a protein chain. The protein folds into its final shape.
The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
The process of transcription begins in the cell nucleus, where RNA polymerase breaks apart DNA and uses it as a template to create mRNA strands. During this process, thymine is replaced with uracil to form RNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by ribosomes in groups of three codons. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon base pairing. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the growing polypeptide chain is released once a stop codon is reached.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. DNA
• The DNA double helix refers to the
shape of the DNA molecule, or the
twisted ladder. It has two intertwining
strands made of sugar and phosphate
with links across the middle. The
rungs of the ladder are base pairs
made of four different
bases, represented by the letters
A, T, G, and C.
3. 5’
3’
The Enzyme DNA
helicase “unzips” or
unwinds the double
stranded DNA at the
origin of replication
by breaking hydrogen
bonds between
complementary
strands.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
Hydrogen Bond
3’
5’
= Cytosine
17. Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
18. DNA Polymerase III
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
19. DNA Polymerase III
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
20. DNA Polymerase III
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
21. DNA Polymerase III
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
22. DNA Polymerase III
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
23. Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
lymerase III
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
24. Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
e III
= Cytosine
25. Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the leading strand, DNA
Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate
end of a free floating nucleotide to the
exposed 3’ OH ends on the single
stranded DNA in a continuous fashion.
The leading strand elongates toward the
replication fork.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
26. DNA Primase
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
`
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
27. Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
DNA Primase
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
28. Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
DNA Primase
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
29. DNA Primase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
30. 3’
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Lagging Strand
DNA Primase
3’ 5’
Leading Strand
5’
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
3’
5’
5’
31. DNA Primase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
32. DNA Primase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
33. DNA Primase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
34. DNA Primase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
35. DNA Primase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
36. Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA Primase
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
37. Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
DNA Primase
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
38. Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Primase
= Guanine
= Cytosine
39. Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
40. Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
DNA Polymerase II
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
41. DNA Polymerase II
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
42. DNA Polymerase II
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
When the
DNA
Polymerase II
reaches the
RNA
primer, it
turns into
DNA.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
43. DNA Polymerase II
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
When the
DNA
Polymerase II
reaches the
RNA primer,
it turns into
DNA.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
44. DNA Polymerase II
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
45. Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
erase II
= Guanine
= Cytosine
46. Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
II
= Cytosine
47. Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Then, on the lagging strand, which has
to be built discontinuously, a short
RNA primer is synthesized from DNA
primase. The primer is extended in a 5’
to 3’ direction, with short DNA
segments called Okazaki fragments
formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
48. Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
DNA Ligase
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
49. DNA Ligase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
50. DNA Ligase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
51. DNA Ligase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
52. DNA Ligase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
53. DNA Ligase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
54. DNA Ligase
Lagging Strand
Leading Strand
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
55. Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
DNA Ligase
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
56. Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
A Ligase
= Thymine
5’
Okazaki
fragments
= Guanine
= Cytosine
57. Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
DNA
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
ase
Okazaki
fragments
5’
= Guanine
= Cytosine
58. 5’
3’5’
3’
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a
phophodiester bond to finalize
the connection of Okazaki
fragments.
Leading Strand
Lagging Strand
DNA
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
Okazaki
fragments
3’
Key
5’ 3’
5’
= Guanine
= Cytosine
59. Why Does DNA Need to
Replicate?
• DNA needs to replicate because when a cell in
your body divides, in order for your body to grow
or repair itself it must also duplicate the cell's
DNA. This is so the cell will then have it's own set
of directions to know how to continue
replicating.
60. Where in Mitosis Does
DNA Replication
Happen?
• DNA replication happens in S Phase
and also in cytokinesis, or the last
phase of mitosis.
61. Where in the Cell?
•DNA replication happens in the
nucleus of a cell.
62. In My Own Words...
• Telomeres- keep chromosomes from
becoming attached to each other accidentally.
• Okazaki Fragment- a section of complimentary
strands of DNA formed when the enzyme DNA
Ligase is present.
• DNA Ligase- an enzyme that “stitches” a new
complimentary strand of DNA called an
okazaki fragment.
• Telomerase- an enzyme that helps a cell
maintain the length of their telomeres.
63. In My Own Words… (Continued)
• Cancer- expresses the enzyme
telomerase, which helps a tumor to grow.
• Transplanted Cells- cells that have been
taken, added to, and then given back
• Cloning- taking a piece of something and
making another copy
• Aging- the steady shrinking of cells in the body
64. Mutations (Mistakes)
• If there are any mistakes while replicating
DNA, it will result in the mutation of a gene. An
organism can only have up to 3 mutations, or it
cannot live. Sometimes, mutations are minor,
while other times, they can change one’s
whole genetic makeup. For example, a
mutation can result in the crossing over of a
21st chromosome, resulting in one having
Down’s Syndrome.