Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forests of Cadaclan, San Fernando La union botanical garden of North Luzon, the Philippines
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
Non-timber forest products and conservation: what prospects?CIFOR-ICRAF
Non-timber forest products have been hailed as a ‘silver bullet’ for sustainable development and forest conservation, because of the significance of forest products as both food and income for rural dwellers, but evidence from this presentation’s core study suggests that harvesting of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is failing to meet goals for combining conservation and poverty alleviation. NTFPs can have a role in rural livelihoods, especially through multiple-use sustainable forestry projects, but these require long-term investments and complex co-management approaches. CIFOR scientist Terry Sunderland gave this presentation at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, held in Bonito, Brazil on 19 June 2012.
The slides depicts the real face of the grazing when the level of integrity increases to max. How people in different parts of the world are getting affected also how hazardous it is to environment. Several Human wildlife conflicts are ruining the flow of the ecosystem so how to mitigate them, how to spread awareness all are portrayed in the given slide.
In this paper we use a simple method for the analysis of size data to estimate mortality, growth
parameters and selectivity of the different gears which catch White marlin. The benefits of using
simple methods are their visual appeal, simple statistical basis, minimal assumptions and the ease
with which estimates can be derived from different data sets. Simple length-based methods are
valuable for stock assessment as they permit the checking of assumption made for example in
complex integrated stock assessment methods like Multifan-CL or SS3 and also to generate
hypotheses for when running such methods. For example the assumptions about selectivity by
gear are important when making projections, conducting yield-per-recruit analysis and agreeing
input values for selectivity patterns to be used in forward, separable models. Simple methods help
inform such discussions and allow stock and assessment experts to communicate and allow pre
screening of the data to identify problems that might otherwise be missed.
MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
2. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Terrestrial ecosystems
A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms.
Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist:
tundra,
taiga,
temperate deciduous forest,
tropical rain forest,
grassland; and
desert.
Non-timber forest products and conservation: what prospects?CIFOR-ICRAF
Non-timber forest products have been hailed as a ‘silver bullet’ for sustainable development and forest conservation, because of the significance of forest products as both food and income for rural dwellers, but evidence from this presentation’s core study suggests that harvesting of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is failing to meet goals for combining conservation and poverty alleviation. NTFPs can have a role in rural livelihoods, especially through multiple-use sustainable forestry projects, but these require long-term investments and complex co-management approaches. CIFOR scientist Terry Sunderland gave this presentation at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, held in Bonito, Brazil on 19 June 2012.
The slides depicts the real face of the grazing when the level of integrity increases to max. How people in different parts of the world are getting affected also how hazardous it is to environment. Several Human wildlife conflicts are ruining the flow of the ecosystem so how to mitigate them, how to spread awareness all are portrayed in the given slide.
In this paper we use a simple method for the analysis of size data to estimate mortality, growth
parameters and selectivity of the different gears which catch White marlin. The benefits of using
simple methods are their visual appeal, simple statistical basis, minimal assumptions and the ease
with which estimates can be derived from different data sets. Simple length-based methods are
valuable for stock assessment as they permit the checking of assumption made for example in
complex integrated stock assessment methods like Multifan-CL or SS3 and also to generate
hypotheses for when running such methods. For example the assumptions about selectivity by
gear are important when making projections, conducting yield-per-recruit analysis and agreeing
input values for selectivity patterns to be used in forward, separable models. Simple methods help
inform such discussions and allow stock and assessment experts to communicate and allow pre
screening of the data to identify problems that might otherwise be missed.
MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
2. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Terrestrial ecosystems
A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms.
Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist:
tundra,
taiga,
temperate deciduous forest,
tropical rain forest,
grassland; and
desert.
ARIF RAHMAN, (2013), Pendekatan Inverse-Transform Random Variate Generator Berbasis Distribusi Geometri Pada Pengacakan Random Sampling, Proceeding Seminar Nasional V Manajemen & Rekayasa Kualitas, Bandung, pp. A3.1-A3.6
ARIF RAHMAN, (2012), Pendekatan Antrian M/M/c Dalam Perencanaan Kebutuhan Tenaga Kerja Dengan Teknik Shojinka Pada Sistem Layanan Bersifat Stokastik, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknoin, Yogyakarta, pp. B.27-B.32
ARIF RAHMAN, (2013), Pengacakan Random Sampling Dengan Pendekatan Inverse-Transform Random Variate Generator Berbasis Distribusi Hipergeometrik, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknoin, Yogyakarta, pp. E.106-E.111
A workshop on Sampling & Types of Sampling delivered by me Zulfiqar Behan.
Date: 27th Jan 2016
workshop titled introduction to research methodology facilitators 1.Kiran Hashmi 2. Zulfiqar Behan
Title: Sampling in research
SLOs
At the end of session participants will be
able to Know types of sampling
Application of sampling
Venue:
JamiaMillia College of Education
Date: January 27, 2016
Time: 11:00 am to 12:00 pm
Facilitator:
Zulfiqar Behan
zulfiqarbehan@yahoo.com
It was a wonderful workshop for M.Ed class and teaching faculty of Jamia Milia College of Education Malir Karachi.
workshop were hand and mind oriented participants took active interest.
Extension of grid soil sampling technology; application of extended Technolog...researchagriculture
Grid soil sampling technology is one of the most important information technologies in agriculture. Application of these technologies is a way to understand the extent of needed nutrient elements of soil. The purpose of this research is to investigate the attitude and intention to the extension of grid soil sampling technologies among agricultural specialists in Iran. A survey was used to collect data from 249 specialists. The results using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that attitude to use is the most important determinant of intention to extension. Attitude of confidence, observability and triability positively affect intention to extension of these technologies. Perceived ease of use indirectly influences the intention to extension through attitude to use.
Article Citation:
Kurosh. Rezaei-Moghaddam, Saeid. Salehi, Abdol-azim. Ajili.
Extension of grid soil sampling technology: application of extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 078-087.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0013.pdf
Similar to Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forests of Cadaclan, San Fernando La union botanical garden of North Luzon, the Philippines
The present study aims to investigate the biodiversity of woody vegetation along a gradient of human impacting region in the three constituent parts of Ferlo Biosphere Reserve (FBR): the core area, the buffer zone and the transition area. We conducted an inventory of 110 plots of 900 m² each. Total species richness was 49 species distributed in 32 genera within 16 botanical families. The analysis of contesimal frequency showed that Guiera senegalensis is the most common species with a presence of 75% of such records. Examination of species abundance spectrum showed that four most abundant species such as Guiera senegalensis (29.5%), Combretum glutinosum (15.9%), Pterocarpus lucens (11.6%) and Boscia senegalensis (10 , 5%). These four species represent 68% of the total individuals of the RBF and are also the four most common species. The spectrum of abundance of families showed that Combretaceae is the best represented family with almost half of the number of species (49.7%). The representativeness of biological types and geographical affinity of the species has been established for the woody vegetation in the study area. The study of diversity indices revealed that the buffer zone and the transition area are subjected to multiple uses and experiencing human action. It has a greater diversity and a level of organization with higher timber stand than the central area which is an integral conservation zone.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
Reptile Diversity in Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape, South Cotabato, Philipp...Innspub Net
Reptiles are highly diversewith high percentage of endemism in the Philippines. However, reptile diversity in Mindanao, the second largest island in the country,is poorly known. To determine the species richness, diversity, endemism and conservation status of reptiles, this study was conducted from August to December 2013in six sampling sites of Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL), South Cotabato.Cruising methodwasdone in the six sampling sites of MMPL. Paleontological Statistics Software Package (PAST) version 3.06 was used to determine the biodiversity indices, similarity index, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Thirteen species of reptiles belonging to five families and 11 genera with percentage endemism of46.15% were documented. High species diversity of reptiles with more or less even distribution was recorded in MMPL. Among the sampled sites, sampling site 1, a disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest had the highest species diversityand endemism.Sphenomorphusvariegatus was the most abundant species. Tropidophoruspartelloi, the only Mindanao Island endemic species was only found in the disturbed and undisturbed montane forests. Most of the documented species were under the Least Concern status. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis showed that sites 2 and 5 had the highest similarity percentage (68%) while Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between samples in disturbedand undisturbed sites. Threats to the reptiles of MMPL were observed to be the conversion of forest to farmland and hunting thus implying the need for protection of habitats and conservation of species in MMPL.
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
Article 'Response of moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) to livestock grazing in Mongolian rangelands' by Khishigdelger Enkhtura, Martin Pfeiffera, Ariuntsetseg Lkhagvaa, Bazartseren Boldgiva
Species diversity and functional groups of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in ...Innspub Net
Ants play a vital role in various ecological processes in the ecosystem. They are involved in nutrient cycling, soil aeration, seed dispersal, and indicator of habitat condition. The study was conducted to determine the species diversity and functional group composition of ants near the residential area and agro-ecosystem of Mt. Agad-agad, Brgy. Puga-an, Iligan City, Philippines. Ants were collected using baits and hand collecting to sample ants. A total of 4,047 individuals belonging to four subfamilies, 17 genera, and 23 species were documented in the two sampling sites. Species diversity was recorded highest in agro-ecosystem with H’=2.74 and species richness of 3.96. Also, five invasive species, including Paratrechina longicornis was recorded in both sampling sites. The most abundant functional group was Generalized Myrmicinae (36%) near the residential area, while Subordinate Camponotini (29%) in Agro-ecosystem. The result suggests that existing land-use influences species and functional group composition of ants, and the presence of invasive species indicates the magnitude of anthropogenic disturbances in the area.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mangrove ecology and species distribution along the Gorai Creek of Mumbai coa...AI Publications
The extensive mangrove forest of Gorai Creek, Mumbai coast, has recently seen substantial deterioration. The results of a study on mangrove diversity conducted in Gorai Creek on the Mumbai coast from June 2017 to May 2018 are presented here. During the course of the study, twelve species of mangroves from five families and eight genera were identified in each of the three study locations along the creek. Avicennia marina accounted for 13.44% of the Gorai creek marshes, confirming its predominance. Sonneratia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Kandelia candel, and Acanthus ilicifolius are among the mangrove species found in the estuarine embayment, with other species strewn around. A diverse range of species, including endangered migratory birds and herpetofauna, can be found in these mangrove environments. Mangroves have been observed to have narrowed in density with time, and it is critical to begin conservation efforts as speedily as humanly possible.
ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN SPECIES DIVERSITY: THE CASE OF HALU WEREDA, ILUBABOR ZONE...LataJimma
Mr. Leta Jima: This journal was publiished on the behave of the author, if you want to use part of my journal, email us or contact me and then you can use with proper citations.
Seasonal variation of litter arthropods in some eucalyptus plantations at the...Alexander Decker
International peer-reviewed academic journals call for papers, http://www.iiste.org/Journals
Similar to Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forests of Cadaclan, San Fernando La union botanical garden of North Luzon, the Philippines (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
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Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
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The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
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The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
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Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
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Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
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Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
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WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
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Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
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One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forests of Cadaclan, San Fernando La union botanical garden of North Luzon, the Philippines
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
169 | Nacua et al.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close
canopy forests of Cadaclan, San Fernando La union botanical
garden of North Luzon, the Philippines
1
Alma E. Nacua, 3
Alma B. Mohagan, 1,2
Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro
1
The Graduate School and 2
Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of
Santo Tomas, España Blvd., 1015 Manila, Philippines
3
Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines
Article published on January 05, 2015
Key words: butterfly, distribution, diversity, Philippines.
Abstract
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to
provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy
portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows
that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open
canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy
forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest
(H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer
open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest
of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution.
*Corresponding Author: Alma E. Nacua almanacua@yahoo.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 169-177, 2015
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
170 | Nacua et al.
Introduction
Butterflies are very interesting subject of insects for
study. Approximately 90% of butterfly species inhabit
the tropics (Munyuli, 2010). Butterflies are
taxonomically and ecologically well known (Mihoci et
al., 2011) and are regarded as good ecological
indicators for other invertebrates. They also represent
environmental quality changes and ecologically play
important roles in agricultural landscapes (Munyuli,
2012). They are pollinators which ensure
reproduction and survival of plants that are used by
other organisms as source of food, reproductive areas
and medicine; their presence reflects the absence of
other organisms and changes in physico-chemical
environment (Mohagan and Treadaway, 2010).
Butterflies are also sociologically significant as they
are morphologically and colorfully meaningful which
has various effects to the culture to some groups of
people. Economically, their pupae are sold to
zoological gardens for hatching, their morphos are
used for jewelry making and the adults are used for
wedding release instead of dove to symbolize the
socioeconomic metamorphosis of the newlyweds
(Mohagan and Treadaway, 2010).
Despite butterfly diversity, ecological, behavioural or
sociological and functional roles (e.g., pollination),
they remain poorly studied in the tropics specifically
in farmlands (Marchiori & Romanowski, 2006). Since
butterflies provide significant ecological interactions
with crops and native wild plant species in many
ecosystems around the globe (Davis et al., 2008),
studies leading to their conservation is crucial in
sustaining the productivity of agricultural and natural
landscapes. Some of the key factors that influence
diversity and distribution of species are geographic
isolation, landscape features, altitude, and climate
(Mihoci et al., 2011). In mountain ecosystems, species
distribution is determined by habitat and climate
stability (Storch et al., 2003). In the Philippines
diversity been done by Baltazar (1991) to inventory
the Philippine butterflies but not covering all areas in
the country including North Luzon. In South Luzon, a
survey of butterflies has been done in Mt. Makiling
(Cayabyab, 1992) and Mt. Banahao (Lit, 2001). In
Mindanao, several butterfly diversity studies were
originated (Mohagan et al., 2011; Mohagan and
Treadaway, 2010). In North Luzon, La Union
Botanical Garden (LUBG) is a montane garden park
that once was a dense forest and now plants are
domesticated for ecotourism use. It also features an
agro-ecosystem on its vicinity. None of the studies
mentioned above show the effects of microclimate in
terms of canopy cover on butterfly diversity and
abundance.
Hence, the influences of open and close canopy
forests to butterfly existence are documented for the
first time in La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG), San
Fernando, and La Union, Philippines. Thus, this
paper aimed to provide information on diversity and
species abundance of butterflies in open and close
canopy forests in LUBG.
Materials and methods
Description of Study Site, Entry Protocol and
Sampling Stations
This study was conducted in the dipterocarp forest of
LUBG with permission from the management of La
Union Botanical Garden, Cadaclan, San Fernando, La
Union (Fig 1). LUBG is a historic country style
garden, located at 200-300 meters above sea level,
and about 6.5 kilometers off the city of San Fernando.
The total land area is 10 hectares with generally plain,
rolling and gently sloping topography. Two study
stations were identified: station 1 is the open canopy
(Fig. 2.a) and close canopy forest (Fig.2.b).
Sampling Techniques
Transect line sampling
Transect line method of 1000 m at 100 m interval for
both open and close canopy areas of LUBG were
conducted. Each line transect data collection was
done from 0900 to 1500 hours. All butterflies seen
along the transect line were collected, counted and
listed (Mohagan and Treadaway, 2010).
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
171 | Nacua et al.
Collection and Preservation
The collections were done from January to December
of 2012-2014.There were only 3-5 individuals of
butterflies collected while duplicates were released in
the wild (Mohagan and Treadaway, 2010). Individual
butterflies were immobilized in a jar with ethyl
acetate prior to placing them in a paper triangle.
Moth balls are added to the butterflies in the storage
box to prevent molds and ants attack.
Fig. 1. Location of the study site indicated by a red
star. (Estoque et al., 2012).
Fig. 2. Portion of the open canopy (a) and close
canopy (b) in La Union Botanical Garden.
Classification and Identification
The butterfly classification and identification sought
the assistance of Alma B. Mohagan of Central
Mindanao University and the use of references like
books, journals, and photographs of previously
identified specimens. Examples of these are
Butterflies of the World, Revised Checklist of
Butterflies of the Philippine Islands by Treadaway
and Schroeder (2012) and An Inventory of Philippine
Insects: Order Lepidoptera by Baltazar (1991).
Diversity and Distribution Assessment
Shannon-Weiner diversity index and abundance as
well as spatial distributions of butterflies were
determined using Bio Pro software version 2.0.
Determination of Ecological Parameters
Temperature readings were taken thrice every
sampling time at 900 and 1500 hours. The light
penetration is determined by the availability of light
throughout sampling hours and sunflect intervals
were noted in the close canopy forest. Vegetation
types were considered and also elevation was
determined using altimeter.
Results and discussion
Diversity of butterflies at LUBG
Species accumulation curve (Fig. 3) showed that
sampling requirement was met. A total of 104 species
of butterflies were recorded. The open and close
canopy forests had 100 species each in the
dipterocarp forest of LUBG (Table 1). Out of the total
1,278 individuals sampled, abundance was higher in
open canopy with 807 individuals than in close
canopy forest with 471 individuals. The uneven
species richness was probably due to the differences
in temperature (open 24-36 °Ċ) and (close 16-24 °Ċ)
and varied food plants present in open canopy as
compared to close canopy. A canopy that affects light
penetration is needed for the growth of food plants of
most butterflies (Emmel and Emmel, 2005).
Butterflies are cold blooded insects that prefer sunny
areas to warm up and move around (BRE, 2014) and
their diversity depend on the abundance of their food
plants and larval host plants.
ba
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
172 | Nacua et al.
Abundance Plot
SunnyHabitat
ShadyHabitat
Abundance
Rank
0
50
100
150
1 10 100
Fig. 3. Species accumulation curve for butterflies of open and close canopy forests of LUBG.
Richness trend of butterflies using Shannon-Weiner
index (Fig. 4 & Table 1) showed that species diversity
level was higher in open canopy (H’=1.957) than in
close canopy (H’=1.9333). Butterfly diversity using
Kruger (2005) scale showed fair level between open
and close canopy forests. It falls to 1.5-3.0. Habitat
may also have fair diversity due to the availability of
nectar, host plants and native plants to attract variety
of butterflies and caterpillars to feed on (Mohagan
and Treadaway, 2010). The LUBG is a modified
habitat due anthropogenic development for
ecotourism. It was once a dense forest that was
subsequently cleared for landscaping. The
fragmentation and degradation of forest and the
decreased of original plant diversity, proportion of
native plants and vegetation complexity (McDonnell
et al., 1990) affects diversity of butterflies,
consequently, its fair level is a response to the
destruction and deterioration of their habitats.
This study also demonstrated that the contributing
factor that might affect species richness is the
availability of food plants in the montane forest which
is true to the study of Toledo and Mohagan (2011)
wherein Mt. Timpoong dipterocarp forest Medenilla
sp. are plenty and fruit trees that serve as food plant
of some frugivorous butterfly species. According to
the study of Ferrer-Paris et al. (2013) there is a
significant and strong correlation between host plant
diversity and butterfly species richness and that most
butterflies use angiosperms for food plant.
Ramirez and Mohagan (2012) and Billones (2012)
collected lower number of species in the dipterocarp
forest having 89 and 66 species respectively only as
compared to the present study (104 species).
Dipterocarp forest in both studies are rich in trees,
fruits and water sourcewhich meet the potential
needs of butterflies. According to Mohagan et al.
(2011) butterflies species richness have the tendency
to become richer in forest habitats than in highly
disturbed areas. This implies that vegetation type also
affects species richness and anthropogenic
disturbances are detrimental to conservation of
butterflies (Stefanescu et al., 2004). According to the
study of Stefanescu et al. (2010) both climatic and
anthropogenic factors play an important role in
determining butterfly species richness which supports
the present study.
Shannon Wiener index showed high level in LUBG
(H’1.94) than in Mt. Malambo 2 (H’=0.88) in
Bukidnon. This was attributed to the differences in
the sampling effort and weather conditions during
sampling. This result was similar to the study of
Ramirez and Mohagan (2012) in Brgy. Maitum,
Close
Canopy
Open
Canopy
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
173 | Nacua et al.
Surigao del Sur and Billones (2012) in Mt. Kitanglad
in which agro ecosystem has low level of diversity
with (H’= 1.369) and (H’= 1.22), respectively, as was
compared to dipterocarp forest. This result of the
study implies that most butterfly species prefer to live
in forested area such as dipterocarp forest with
sunlight penetration than in close canopy and there is
dependence of butterflies to biotic and abiotic factors
present or available in the area which is poorly
understood yet.
Table 1. Diversity of butterflies in Open and Close
Canopy forests in LUBG.
Index
Open
Canopy
Close
Canopy
Shannon H' Log Base 10. 1.957 1.933
Shannon Hmax Log Base 10. 2 2
Shannon J' 0.979 0.967
The spatial distribution of butterflies showed that
there were only 5.67% or 6 species which has
aggregate assemblages. The 98 species were of
random distribution (Table 2). The following
butterflies have aggregate assemblages: Zizinia otis
oriens (Butler), Hypolimnas bolina, Ideopsis
juventa, Parthenos sylvia, Leptosia nina and
Abisara echerius laura. These butterflies feed on
herbs growing on the cleared areas of the forest. Thus
requires sunlight penetration or an open canopy as
these butterflies are sun lovers and are mostly found
in the disturbed habitats. This suggests that some
part of the LUBG has some level of anthropogenic
disturbance. This observation is consistent to the
history of the place which was once a dense forest but
such landscape is modified for ecotourism with
introduction of domesticated plants for aesthetic
value. This result is consistent to Mohagan and
Treadaway (2010) and Reeder et al. (2012) in which
anthropogenic butterflies are abundant in the agro
ecosystem than in higher elevation with less human
activities or disturbances. The rare and endemic
species of butterflies in LUBG were found in the close
canopy with cooler temperature. Rodriguez et al.
(2014) demonstrated that microclimate affects
species diversity and variability. In the present study,
common butterfly species are distributed in warmer
open canopy and rare and endemic in the close
canopy forest of LUBG.
Table 2. Species distribution of Butterflies.
Species Variance Mean Chi-sq d.f. Probability Aggregation
1. Cephrenes ocale chrysozona 24.50 6.50 3.769 1 0.049 Random
2. Arhopala myrzala myrzala Hewitson 8.00 6.00 1.333 1 0.247 Random
3. Cheritra orpheus orpheus C & R felder 0.50 2.50 0.200 1 0.659 Random
4. Chilades mindora ( Felder & Felder) 4.50 3.50 1.286 1 0.256 Random
5. Curetis tagalica tagalica (C & R Felder ) 2.00 5.00 0.400 1 0.535 Random
6. Drupadia rapendra resulata 4.50 6.50 0.692 1 0.590 Random
7. Hypolycaena erylus tmolus C.&R. Felder 2.00 4.00 0.500 1 0.513 Random
8. Hypothecla astyla astyla C & R Felder 2.00 5.00 0.400 1 0.535 Random
9. Jamides alecto manillana Toxopeus 2.00 4.00 0.500 1 0.513 Random
10. Jamides celeno lydanius (Cramer) 0.50 9.50 0.053 1 0.814 Random
11. Jamides cyta koenigswarteri 0.50 4.50 0.111 1 0.738 Random
12. Rapala manea philippensis Fruhstorfer 18.00 11.00 1.636 1 0.198 Random
13. Spindasis syama negrita C. Felder 18.00 12.00 1.500 1 0.218 Random
14. Zizina otis oreins (Butler) 84.50 13.50 6.259 1 0.012 Aggregated
15. Achilledes palinurus daedalus Felder 8.00 4.00 2.000 1 0.153 Random
16. Atrophaneura semperi semperi ( C& R Felder) 4.50 6.50 0.692 1 0.590 Random
17. Arisbe eurypilus gordion Tsukada & Nishiyama 4.50 3.50 1.286 1 0.256 Random
18. Chilasa clytia paliphates Westwood 4.50 3.50 1.286 1 0.256 Random
19. Graphium agamemnon agamemnon Linnaeus 4.50 4.50 1.000 1 0.319 Random
20. Graphium sarperdon sarpedon Linnaeus 12.50 4.50 2.778 1 0.091 Random
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
174 | Nacua et al.
Species Variance Mean Chi-sq d.f. Probability Aggregation
21. Lamproptera megis decius C&R Felder 0.50 3.50 0.143 1 0.707 Random
22. Manelaides deiphobus rumanzovia 0.50 5.50 0.091 1 0.761 Random
23. Menelaides ledebouria polytes 2.00 4.00 0.500 1 0.513 Random
24. Menelaides helenus hystaspes 0.50 3.50 0.143 1 0.707 Random
25. Pachliopta kotzebuea asina Tsukada and Nishiyama 0.50 5.50 0.091 1 0.761 Random
26. Pachliopta phlegon strandi Bryk 8.00 5.00 1.600 1 0.203 Random
27. Papilio demoleus libanius Frushtorfer 24.50 6.50 3.769 1 0.049 Random
28. Papilio hipponous hipponous C& R Felder 18.00 5.00 3.600 1 0.055 Random
29. Troides magellanus Felder 0.50 6.50 0.077 1 0.778 Random
30. Troides rhadamantus (Lucas) 2.00 6.00 0.333 1 0.571 Random
31. Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus) 12.50 4.50 2.778 1 0.091 Random
32. Danaus melanippus edmondii Lesson 8.00 6.00 1.333 1 0.247 Random
33. Amathusia phidippus pollicaris Butler 2.00 7.00 0.286 1 0.600 Random
34. Tarattia gumata gumata Moore 0.50 5.50 0.091 1 0.761 Random
35. Athyma kasapara kasa 0.50 5.50 0.091 1 0.761 Random
36. Athyma saskia Schroeder &Treadaway 2.00 4.00 0.500 1 0.513 Random
37. Doleschalia bisaltide philippenses 4.50 3.50 1.286 1 0.256 Random
38. Cethosia biblis insularis C & R Felder 2.00 5.00 0.400 1 0.535 Random
39.Cethosia Luzonica Luzonica C & R Felder 18.00 5.00 3.600 1 0.055 Random
40.Charaxes amycus amicus C& R Felder 8.00 5.00 1.600 1 0.203 Random
41.Cirrochroa tyche tyche C & R Felder 2.00 4.00 0.500 1 0.513 Random
42.Cupha arias arias C & R Felder 4.50 3.50 1.286 1 0.256 Random
43.Cyrestis maenalis maenalis Erichson 8.00 4.00 2.000 1 0.153 Random
44.Euploea leucostictos leucostictos (Gmelin) 18.00 7.00 2.571 1 0.104 Random
45. Euploea mulciber dufresne Godart 12.50 6.50 1.923 1 0.162 Random
46. Euploea sylvester laetificia Butler 12.50 4.50 2.778 1 0.091 Random
47.Euploea tulliolus polita Erichson 18.00 5.00 3.600 1 0.055 Random
48.Hypolimnas anomala anomala (Wallace) 32.00 8.00 4.000 1 0.043 Random
49.Hypolimnas bolina philippensis (Butler) 50.00 10.00 5.000 1 0.024 Aggregated
50.Idea leuconoe leuconoe Erichson 0.50 12.50 0.040 1 0.836 Random
51. Ideopsis juventa luzonica (Moore) 4.50 10.50 0.429 1 0.520 Random
52.Ideopsis juventa manillana (Moore) 50.00 7.00 7.143 1 0.007 Aggregated
53.Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus) 8.00 8.00 1.000 1 0.319 Random
54.Junonia atlites atlites (Linnaeus) 4.50 10.50 0.429 1 0.520 Random
55.Junonia iphita horsfield (Moore) 8.00 10.00 0.800 1 0.625 Random
56Junonia orithya leucasia Fruhstorfer 18.00 5.00 3.600 1 0.055 Random
57.Kaniska canace benguetana (Semper) 2.00 2.00 1.000 1 0.319 Random
58.Libythea geoffroy bardas Frushtorfer 0.50 3.50 0.143 1 0.707 Random
59.Melanitis leda leda Linnaues 4.50 6.50 0.692 1 0.590 Random
60.Mycalesis bisaya samina Frushtorfer 12.50 6.50 1.923 1 0.162 Random
61.Mycalesis kashiwaii pula Aoki and Uemura 0.50 7.50 0.067 1 0.792 Random
62.Mycalesis mineus philippina (Moore) 0.50 6.50 0.077 1 0.778 Random
63.Mycalesis perseus caesonia Wallgreen 2.00 6.00 0.333 1 0.571 Random
64.Mycalesis tagala tagala C & R Felder 0.50 6.50 0.077 1 0.778 Random
65.Neptis sp. Fabricius 4.50 2.50 1.800 1 0.176 Random
66.Orsotriaena medus medus Fabricius 0.50 3.50 0.143 1 0.707 Random
67.Pantoporia dama dama (Moore) 4.50 2.50 1.800 1 0.176 Random
68.Parantica luzonensis luzonensis C & R Felder 0.50 1.50 0.333 1 0.571 Random
69Parantica vitrine vitrine C & R Felder 2.00 2.00 1.000 1 0.319 Random
70.Parthenos sylvia philippinensis Frushtorfer 0.00 2.00 0.000 1 0.000 Aggregated
71.Phalantha phalantha (Drury) 2.00 4.00 0.500 1 0.513 Random
72..Ptychandra lorquinii lorquini C & R Felder 0.50 5.50 0.091 1 0.761 Random
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
175 | Nacua et al.
Species Variance Mean Chi-sq d.f. Probability Aggregation
73.Rhinopalpa polynices tratonice (C. & R. Felder) 18.00 5.00 3.600 1 0.055 Random
74.Symbrenthia lilaea semperi Moore 24.50 5.50 4.455 1 0.033 Random
75.Tanaecia calliphorus calliphorus (C.&R. Felder) 2.00 3.00 0.667 1 0.581 Random
76.Tirumala hamata orientale (Semper) 2.00 3.00 0.667 1 0.581 Random
77. Vagrans sinha sinha (Kollar) 2.00 4.00 0.500 1 0.513 Random
78. Ypthima sempera sempera 0.50 5.50 0.091 1 0.761 Random
79. Zethera pimple pimplea 2.00 4.00 0.500 1 0.513 Random
80. Appias albino semperi (Moore) 12.50 12.50 1.000 1 0.319 Random
81.Appias lyncida andrea (Eschscholtz) 8.00 10.00 0.800 1 0.625 Random
82.Appias maria maria (Semper) 4.50 8.50 0.529 1 0.526 Random
83.Appias nero domitia (C & R) Felder 8.00 10.00 0.800 1 0.625 Random
84.Appias olferna peducaea Fruhstorfer 32.00 10.00 3.200 1 0.070 Random
85.Appias phoebe phoebe (C&R Felder) 8.00 10.00 0.800 1 0.625 Random
86.Catopsilia pomona pomona Fabricius. 2.00 9.00 0.222 1 0.643 Random
87.Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus) 8.00 10.00 0.800 1 0.625 Random
88.Catopsilia scylla asema Staudinger 12.50 9.50 1.316 1 0.250 Random
89.Catopsilia scylla cornelia Fabricius 32.00 9.00 3.556 1 0.056 Random
90.Cepora aspasia olga (Stall) Eschscholtz 12.50 7.50 1.667 1 0.193 Random
91.Cepora boisduvaliana boisduvaliana C&R Felder 24.50 8.50 2.882 1 0.085 Random
92.Cepora judith olga (Eschscholtz) 8.00 10.00 0.800 1 0.625 Random
93.Delias baracasa benguetana Inomata 0.50 8.50 0.059 1 0.804 Random
94.Delias georgina georgina C & R Felder 0.50 8.50 0.059 1 0.804 Random
95.Delias henningia henningia Eschscholtz 0.50 9.50 0.053 1 0.814 Random
96.Delias hyparete luzonensis C & R Felder 8.00 10.00 0.800 1 0.625 Random
97.Eurema alitha jalendra Fruhstorfer 40.50 10.50 3.857 1 0.047 Random
98. Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus) 18.00 9.00 2.000 1 0.153 Random
99. Eurema hecabe tamiathis 0.50 9.50 0.053 1 0.814 Random
100.Gandaca harina mindanensis Fruhstorfer 1910 18.00 9.00 2.000 1 0.153 Random
101.Leptosia nina georgi Frushtorfer 32.00 6.00 5.333 1 0.020 Aggregated
102.Pareronia boebera boebera(Eschscholtz) 24.50 8.50 2.882 1 0.085 Random
103.Pieris canidia canidia (Sparman) 2.00 9.00 0.222 1 0.643 Random
104. Abisara echerius laura Frushtorfer 0.00 1.00 0.000 1 0.000 Aggregated
Conclusions and recommendation
Diversity of butterflies in the open and close canopy
in the dipterocarp forest of Cadaclan, San Fernando
La Union Botanical Garden of North Luzon,
Philippines is of fair level. Higher species level
diversity was observed in open canopy with H’=1.957
close canopy H’=1.9333. Distribution of butterflies in
LUBG is uneven. Only 6 species were common and
are aggregate in assemblages while the remaining 98
species were at random or scattered distribution.
Forest canopy, water sources and light penetration
affects butterfly diversity and status in LUBG.
It is suggested that the remnant butterflies and native
host and food plants be protected to conserve
biodiversity not just of butterflies but also of other
organisms and more studies on the effects of the sizes
of flower blooms, varieties of plants, vegetation
complexity and native host plants to the diversity,
species composition and distribution of butterflies in
LUBG.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks are due to Dave Mohagan and Dale Joy
Mohagan of Central Mindanao University Museum,
Musuan, Bukidnon for the help in the encoding of
data and checking the specimens and to Venancio
Samarita of the Entomology Department in National
Museum, Manila, Philippines.
8. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2015
176 | Nacua et al.
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