This document provides an overview of the moist temperate vegetation found in several regions of Pakistan. It discusses the major vegetation zones, including the dominant tree, shrub, and herb species found. Specific examples covered include the moist temperate forests located in Ayubia National Park, Kokarai Valley in Swat, and Neelam Valley. The document also outlines some of the key climate and environmental factors that influence the distribution and composition of vegetation in Pakistan's moist temperate zones.
This document provides an overview of the alpine flora of Pakistan. It begins with a general introduction about Pakistan's landscape and climate. It then discusses the alpine flora found in mountainous regions above 3000 meters, which include small trees, grasses, and medicinal plants. Key points covered include the ecology of the alpine zone, divisions of alpine vegetation, distribution of alpine flora across regions like Chitral and Gilgit Baltistan, typical species found, and adaptations of alpine plants to the cold climate. Specific examples of alpine flora are also provided for areas like Nanga Parbat, Mastuj Valley, and Naran Valley.
This document summarizes the local vegetation of Pakistan. It is divided into five main categories based on climate, altitude, and plant types: 1) Dry tropical forest vegetation, 2) Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation, 3) Dry temperate forests vegetation, 4) Moist temperature forest vegetation, 5) Sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. Each category is further divided and descriptions of location, climate, soils, flora, uses, and economic importance are provided for various forest types such as tropical thorn forests, riverine tract forests, and sandy tract vegetation.
This document discusses non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their value addition in rural livelihoods. It covers NTFP classification, trade in Southeast Asia, supply chains, processing techniques for honey, lac, amla, tendu leaves, sal leaves, and others. Value addition through products like honey processing, lac sheets, amla murabba helps stabilize incomes and provides opportunities. However, issues include exploitation by traders, lack of market information and government support, and environmental impacts if not sustainably harvested. The document suggests promoting sustainability, empowering communities, and ensuring benefits are shared.
The document discusses the different types of vegetation found in Pakistan. It divides Pakistan's vegetation into 9 categories based on climate, altitude, and plant types. These include littoral and swamp forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests, sub-tropical pine forests, Himalayan moist temperate forests, Himalayan dry temperate forests, sub-alpine forests, and alpine scrub vegetation. Each vegetation type is described in terms of its distribution, locality factors like climate and soil, and dominant flora. The relationship between climate and vegetation in Pakistan is also examined.
This document discusses forest and forestry terms, including the definitions of forest, forestry, silviculture, and silvics. It provides several definitions of silviculture from different authors over time, showing it deals with the establishment, development, care and reproduction of forest stands. Silviculture is a branch of forestry and applies the principles of forest ecology to manage stands for objectives like timber production or wildlife habitat. The document also discusses how silviculture relates to other forestry disciplines and is influenced by locality factors like climate, soil, topography and biotic conditions that impact tree growth.
This document provides an introduction to forestry, including definitions and terminology. It discusses:
- Definitions of forest from technical, ecological, and legal perspectives.
- Classification of forest density and India's forest cover.
- Key figures in the development of forestry like Dr. Dietrich Brandis.
- Stages of tree development from seedling to mature tree.
- Instruments used to measure trees.
- Related topics like silviculture, silvics, and common silvicultural systems.
Forest types and their management in PakistanSajidHussain361
The document provides an introduction to forests and forest types. It defines forests according to various international standards and outlines their key functions. These include carbon sequestration, oxygen production, habitat provision, erosion prevention, and more. The document then discusses factors that determine forest types such as climate, soil, geography, and biotic interactions. It proceeds to outline Pakistan's major forest types and the characteristics of each. Finally, it provides an overview of Pakistan's national forest policy and management approaches.
presentation on Hilly Forest of BangladeshAriful Hasan
The document summarizes a presentation by group 'Shegun' on the hilly forests of Bangladesh. It defines forests and describes the three types in Bangladesh. It focuses on hilly forests, which make up over half the country's forests. The presentation covers the location and size of hilly forests, their climate and species composition, tribal communities, important products, the forests' significance, causes of degradation, conservation efforts, and management approaches.
This document provides an overview of the alpine flora of Pakistan. It begins with a general introduction about Pakistan's landscape and climate. It then discusses the alpine flora found in mountainous regions above 3000 meters, which include small trees, grasses, and medicinal plants. Key points covered include the ecology of the alpine zone, divisions of alpine vegetation, distribution of alpine flora across regions like Chitral and Gilgit Baltistan, typical species found, and adaptations of alpine plants to the cold climate. Specific examples of alpine flora are also provided for areas like Nanga Parbat, Mastuj Valley, and Naran Valley.
This document summarizes the local vegetation of Pakistan. It is divided into five main categories based on climate, altitude, and plant types: 1) Dry tropical forest vegetation, 2) Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation, 3) Dry temperate forests vegetation, 4) Moist temperature forest vegetation, 5) Sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. Each category is further divided and descriptions of location, climate, soils, flora, uses, and economic importance are provided for various forest types such as tropical thorn forests, riverine tract forests, and sandy tract vegetation.
This document discusses non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their value addition in rural livelihoods. It covers NTFP classification, trade in Southeast Asia, supply chains, processing techniques for honey, lac, amla, tendu leaves, sal leaves, and others. Value addition through products like honey processing, lac sheets, amla murabba helps stabilize incomes and provides opportunities. However, issues include exploitation by traders, lack of market information and government support, and environmental impacts if not sustainably harvested. The document suggests promoting sustainability, empowering communities, and ensuring benefits are shared.
The document discusses the different types of vegetation found in Pakistan. It divides Pakistan's vegetation into 9 categories based on climate, altitude, and plant types. These include littoral and swamp forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests, sub-tropical pine forests, Himalayan moist temperate forests, Himalayan dry temperate forests, sub-alpine forests, and alpine scrub vegetation. Each vegetation type is described in terms of its distribution, locality factors like climate and soil, and dominant flora. The relationship between climate and vegetation in Pakistan is also examined.
This document discusses forest and forestry terms, including the definitions of forest, forestry, silviculture, and silvics. It provides several definitions of silviculture from different authors over time, showing it deals with the establishment, development, care and reproduction of forest stands. Silviculture is a branch of forestry and applies the principles of forest ecology to manage stands for objectives like timber production or wildlife habitat. The document also discusses how silviculture relates to other forestry disciplines and is influenced by locality factors like climate, soil, topography and biotic conditions that impact tree growth.
This document provides an introduction to forestry, including definitions and terminology. It discusses:
- Definitions of forest from technical, ecological, and legal perspectives.
- Classification of forest density and India's forest cover.
- Key figures in the development of forestry like Dr. Dietrich Brandis.
- Stages of tree development from seedling to mature tree.
- Instruments used to measure trees.
- Related topics like silviculture, silvics, and common silvicultural systems.
Forest types and their management in PakistanSajidHussain361
The document provides an introduction to forests and forest types. It defines forests according to various international standards and outlines their key functions. These include carbon sequestration, oxygen production, habitat provision, erosion prevention, and more. The document then discusses factors that determine forest types such as climate, soil, geography, and biotic interactions. It proceeds to outline Pakistan's major forest types and the characteristics of each. Finally, it provides an overview of Pakistan's national forest policy and management approaches.
presentation on Hilly Forest of BangladeshAriful Hasan
The document summarizes a presentation by group 'Shegun' on the hilly forests of Bangladesh. It defines forests and describes the three types in Bangladesh. It focuses on hilly forests, which make up over half the country's forests. The presentation covers the location and size of hilly forests, their climate and species composition, tribal communities, important products, the forests' significance, causes of degradation, conservation efforts, and management approaches.
The document discusses alpine forests, which occur at high elevations and above the tree line. Alpine forests are found in mountainous regions like the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges in Pakistan. They exist between 3,000m to the snowline, where the climate is very cold, windy, and snowy. Trees cannot grow at these altitudes due to low temperatures, so alpine forests are characterized by the absence of trees or presence of only dwarf trees. A variety of hardy plants, animals, insects, and microbes have adapted to survive in this harsh environment. Alpine forests provide many benefits but are threatened by climate change, urbanization, tourism, and other human
Habitat destruction and degradation, caused by factors like infrastructure development, urbanization, deforestation, and pollution, is the primary threat to biodiversity in Pakistan. High population growth exacerbates these threats by increasing demands on natural resources. Other major threats include invasive species, unsustainable agricultural practices, overexploitation of resources through overhunting, overfishing, and overlogging, as well as pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. Unless addressed, these human-driven threats will continue to degrade Pakistan's ecosystems and drive species extinctions.
This document provides information on Populus deltoides, commonly known as eastern cottonwood. It discusses the distribution, morphology, reproduction, ecology, nursery practices, current status, and recommendations for conservation of the species. Key points include that it is native to North America but has been introduced worldwide, has triangular leaves and cottony seeds, tolerates a variety of soil conditions, reproduces through both natural regeneration and artificial propagation, and is an important species for fuel, construction materials, and erosion control. The document recommends ongoing inventory, protection of native populations, and research to increase wood production through new clones.
This document discusses wetlands in Pakistan. It begins by defining wetlands and describing different types, including natural wetlands like rivers and marshes, and man-made wetlands like ponds and fish farms. It then discusses four major wetland complexes in Pakistan and provides details on several important wetlands. The document also addresses threats to wetlands from degradation and loss, and provides suggestions for sustainable management and conservation.
1) The document discusses different life history strategies in organisms, including trade-offs between offspring number and size. It also discusses variation in life histories based on factors like adult survival rates.
2) Organisms are classified based on their life histories as either r-selected or K-selected. R-selected organisms thrive in unpredictable environments while K-selected organisms do better in predictable environments.
3) Competition, both intra-specific and inter-specific, is examined through mathematical models like Lotka-Volterra and laboratory experiments. The models and experiments demonstrate how competition affects population growth and can restrict species to their realized niches over time.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth. It is essential to sustaining life as we know it by providing resources like food, shelter, and medicine. However, human activity is causing biodiversity loss at an accelerated rate, endangering many species. Several facts illustrate this reduction, such as one in eight plant species being threatened with extinction. If biodiversity continues to decline, the world would lose resources and ecosystems that support life. We all must take action to protect biodiversity for future generations.
This document provides an introduction and overview of forests in India. It defines forests and describes different classification systems for forests based on factors like age, growing stock, and species composition. It then outlines the major forest types in India according to the Champion and Seth classification system from 1935, including tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, and various Himalayan forest types. It concludes by discussing the importance and distribution of forests in India, as well as some problems related to forest development.
This document discusses various selection methods used in tree improvement programs. The main methods discussed are:
1. Mass selection, family selection, sib selection, progeny testing, within-family selection, and family plus within-family selection which are used for selecting single traits.
2. Tandem selection, independent culling, and selection index which are used to select for multiple traits simultaneously.
3. Recurrent selection which involves multiple cycles of selection and breeding. Family plus within-family selection is the predominant method used in most tree improvement programs. Guidelines for selecting trees from even-aged stands and plantations are also provided.
This presentation discusses the domestication of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Nepal. It begins with introducing NTFPs and defining domestication. The objectives are then stated as assessing opportunities and challenges of NTFP domestication. Methodology describes using secondary data sources. Opportunities discussed include Nepal's biodiversity, the growing international NTFP market, and potential for conservation and income generation. Challenges include technical difficulties in cultivation, lack of market infrastructure and support, as well as social, economic and policy barriers. The conclusion recognizes domestication potential but also threats to some NTFP species. Recommendations suggest providing financial and technical support to farmers for large-scale domestication, and improving
Habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and human overpopulation are major threats to biodiversity. Habitat loss is a key driver of extinction, especially the conversion of land to human uses. Overexploitation through overhunting and overfishing reduces populations unsustainably. Pollution harms ecosystems and coral reefs in particular. Invasive species outcompete native species. Finally, the global human population has more than doubled since 1950 to over 7 billion people, placing unsustainable demands on natural resources. Loss of keystone species can have outsized negative impacts on ecosystems.
Alley Cropping in Agro Forestry - University of MissouriAliki85w
Alley cropping involves planting rows of trees or shrubs with wide spacing to create alleyways for crops. This chapter discusses:
1. The benefits of alley cropping include diversifying farm income, reducing erosion, improving water quality and wildlife habitat.
2. Alley cropping can reduce soil erosion through tree roots and leaf litter, intercept rainfall to increase infiltration, and modify microclimates.
3. The design of alley cropping systems must consider the light, root, and allelopathic interactions between the tree and crop components to minimize competition and maximize benefits. Spacing, orientation, pruning and root-severing can help address these interactions.
1. Stand density management involves controlling tree density through initial spacing or subsequent thinning to achieve management objectives such as improving growth.
2. Thinning is the removal of trees from an immature forest stand to improve growth and form of remaining trees without permanently breaking the canopy.
3. The objectives of thinning include improving tree health and quality, increasing growth rates, and producing wood products while storing carbon from the atmosphere.
This document provides an introduction to forest classification. It discusses that forests can be classified based on criteria such as composition, age, climate, structure and habitat. The objectives of forest classification are to study and characterize different forest types, develop suitable management techniques, and avoid waste and costs. Forests are commonly classified based on age (even-aged vs. uneven-aged), regeneration method (high forest vs. coppice forest), species composition (pure vs. mixed), ownership (state, private, community, panchayat), management objective (production, protection, fuel, farm, recreation), growing stock (normal vs. abnormal), and legal status (reserve, protected, village).
The boreal forest is located in northern parts of Canada, Russia, Finland and Scandinavia. It has a cold climate with temperatures below freezing for half the year and annual precipitation between 30-85cm. The forest is mainly coniferous trees like black spruce and white spruce that have adapted along with birds and mammals like lynx and moose to survive the cold winters through insulating fur or by migrating south for the winter.
This document provides an overview of forest management in India. It begins with an introduction to forests as ecological and socio-economic resources that need judicious management. It then describes the 16 major types of forests in India based on climate and vegetation. The document discusses the issues of deforestation and its effects. It also covers topics such as forest cover in India, forest management techniques like afforestation and social forestry, non-wood forest products, forest certification programs, and Indian laws related to forest conservation.
1) Forests cover less than 4% of Pakistan's land and are declining due to deforestation.
2) Primary forests consist of native tree species while secondary forests are recovering from human disturbances like logging.
3) The largest forest is a 247,000 acre juniper forest in Baluchistan that is threatened by logging and lack of conservation efforts.
Indicator plants species of Vegetation of PakistanEbadet Ali Alvi
This document provides an overview of the vegetation types and indicator plant species found in various regions of Pakistan. It begins with definitions of natural and man-made vegetation, and factors influencing vegetation such as climate, topography, and soil. It then describes the major vegetation divisions in Pakistan, including Himalayan dry temperate forest, tropical thorn forest, tropical dry deciduous forest, sub-tropical pine forest, and others. For each division, it provides details on distribution, climate factors, and indicator plant species. It also summarizes the vegetation found in specific regions such as Deosai Plain, Naran Valley, and Islamabad.
The document discusses terrestrial ecosystems in Pakistan. It begins with an introduction to terrestrial ecosystems and then describes the main types that exist in Pakistan, including grassland, desert, tropical rainforest, tundra, coniferous forest, and temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. For each ecosystem type, the document provides details on location, vegetation, and characteristics. It concludes that terrestrial ecosystems are complex and provide important services but also face threats that require effective management strategies to address.
The document discusses alpine forests, which occur at high elevations and above the tree line. Alpine forests are found in mountainous regions like the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges in Pakistan. They exist between 3,000m to the snowline, where the climate is very cold, windy, and snowy. Trees cannot grow at these altitudes due to low temperatures, so alpine forests are characterized by the absence of trees or presence of only dwarf trees. A variety of hardy plants, animals, insects, and microbes have adapted to survive in this harsh environment. Alpine forests provide many benefits but are threatened by climate change, urbanization, tourism, and other human
Habitat destruction and degradation, caused by factors like infrastructure development, urbanization, deforestation, and pollution, is the primary threat to biodiversity in Pakistan. High population growth exacerbates these threats by increasing demands on natural resources. Other major threats include invasive species, unsustainable agricultural practices, overexploitation of resources through overhunting, overfishing, and overlogging, as well as pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. Unless addressed, these human-driven threats will continue to degrade Pakistan's ecosystems and drive species extinctions.
This document provides information on Populus deltoides, commonly known as eastern cottonwood. It discusses the distribution, morphology, reproduction, ecology, nursery practices, current status, and recommendations for conservation of the species. Key points include that it is native to North America but has been introduced worldwide, has triangular leaves and cottony seeds, tolerates a variety of soil conditions, reproduces through both natural regeneration and artificial propagation, and is an important species for fuel, construction materials, and erosion control. The document recommends ongoing inventory, protection of native populations, and research to increase wood production through new clones.
This document discusses wetlands in Pakistan. It begins by defining wetlands and describing different types, including natural wetlands like rivers and marshes, and man-made wetlands like ponds and fish farms. It then discusses four major wetland complexes in Pakistan and provides details on several important wetlands. The document also addresses threats to wetlands from degradation and loss, and provides suggestions for sustainable management and conservation.
1) The document discusses different life history strategies in organisms, including trade-offs between offspring number and size. It also discusses variation in life histories based on factors like adult survival rates.
2) Organisms are classified based on their life histories as either r-selected or K-selected. R-selected organisms thrive in unpredictable environments while K-selected organisms do better in predictable environments.
3) Competition, both intra-specific and inter-specific, is examined through mathematical models like Lotka-Volterra and laboratory experiments. The models and experiments demonstrate how competition affects population growth and can restrict species to their realized niches over time.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth. It is essential to sustaining life as we know it by providing resources like food, shelter, and medicine. However, human activity is causing biodiversity loss at an accelerated rate, endangering many species. Several facts illustrate this reduction, such as one in eight plant species being threatened with extinction. If biodiversity continues to decline, the world would lose resources and ecosystems that support life. We all must take action to protect biodiversity for future generations.
This document provides an introduction and overview of forests in India. It defines forests and describes different classification systems for forests based on factors like age, growing stock, and species composition. It then outlines the major forest types in India according to the Champion and Seth classification system from 1935, including tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, and various Himalayan forest types. It concludes by discussing the importance and distribution of forests in India, as well as some problems related to forest development.
This document discusses various selection methods used in tree improvement programs. The main methods discussed are:
1. Mass selection, family selection, sib selection, progeny testing, within-family selection, and family plus within-family selection which are used for selecting single traits.
2. Tandem selection, independent culling, and selection index which are used to select for multiple traits simultaneously.
3. Recurrent selection which involves multiple cycles of selection and breeding. Family plus within-family selection is the predominant method used in most tree improvement programs. Guidelines for selecting trees from even-aged stands and plantations are also provided.
This presentation discusses the domestication of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Nepal. It begins with introducing NTFPs and defining domestication. The objectives are then stated as assessing opportunities and challenges of NTFP domestication. Methodology describes using secondary data sources. Opportunities discussed include Nepal's biodiversity, the growing international NTFP market, and potential for conservation and income generation. Challenges include technical difficulties in cultivation, lack of market infrastructure and support, as well as social, economic and policy barriers. The conclusion recognizes domestication potential but also threats to some NTFP species. Recommendations suggest providing financial and technical support to farmers for large-scale domestication, and improving
Habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and human overpopulation are major threats to biodiversity. Habitat loss is a key driver of extinction, especially the conversion of land to human uses. Overexploitation through overhunting and overfishing reduces populations unsustainably. Pollution harms ecosystems and coral reefs in particular. Invasive species outcompete native species. Finally, the global human population has more than doubled since 1950 to over 7 billion people, placing unsustainable demands on natural resources. Loss of keystone species can have outsized negative impacts on ecosystems.
Alley Cropping in Agro Forestry - University of MissouriAliki85w
Alley cropping involves planting rows of trees or shrubs with wide spacing to create alleyways for crops. This chapter discusses:
1. The benefits of alley cropping include diversifying farm income, reducing erosion, improving water quality and wildlife habitat.
2. Alley cropping can reduce soil erosion through tree roots and leaf litter, intercept rainfall to increase infiltration, and modify microclimates.
3. The design of alley cropping systems must consider the light, root, and allelopathic interactions between the tree and crop components to minimize competition and maximize benefits. Spacing, orientation, pruning and root-severing can help address these interactions.
1. Stand density management involves controlling tree density through initial spacing or subsequent thinning to achieve management objectives such as improving growth.
2. Thinning is the removal of trees from an immature forest stand to improve growth and form of remaining trees without permanently breaking the canopy.
3. The objectives of thinning include improving tree health and quality, increasing growth rates, and producing wood products while storing carbon from the atmosphere.
This document provides an introduction to forest classification. It discusses that forests can be classified based on criteria such as composition, age, climate, structure and habitat. The objectives of forest classification are to study and characterize different forest types, develop suitable management techniques, and avoid waste and costs. Forests are commonly classified based on age (even-aged vs. uneven-aged), regeneration method (high forest vs. coppice forest), species composition (pure vs. mixed), ownership (state, private, community, panchayat), management objective (production, protection, fuel, farm, recreation), growing stock (normal vs. abnormal), and legal status (reserve, protected, village).
The boreal forest is located in northern parts of Canada, Russia, Finland and Scandinavia. It has a cold climate with temperatures below freezing for half the year and annual precipitation between 30-85cm. The forest is mainly coniferous trees like black spruce and white spruce that have adapted along with birds and mammals like lynx and moose to survive the cold winters through insulating fur or by migrating south for the winter.
This document provides an overview of forest management in India. It begins with an introduction to forests as ecological and socio-economic resources that need judicious management. It then describes the 16 major types of forests in India based on climate and vegetation. The document discusses the issues of deforestation and its effects. It also covers topics such as forest cover in India, forest management techniques like afforestation and social forestry, non-wood forest products, forest certification programs, and Indian laws related to forest conservation.
1) Forests cover less than 4% of Pakistan's land and are declining due to deforestation.
2) Primary forests consist of native tree species while secondary forests are recovering from human disturbances like logging.
3) The largest forest is a 247,000 acre juniper forest in Baluchistan that is threatened by logging and lack of conservation efforts.
Indicator plants species of Vegetation of PakistanEbadet Ali Alvi
This document provides an overview of the vegetation types and indicator plant species found in various regions of Pakistan. It begins with definitions of natural and man-made vegetation, and factors influencing vegetation such as climate, topography, and soil. It then describes the major vegetation divisions in Pakistan, including Himalayan dry temperate forest, tropical thorn forest, tropical dry deciduous forest, sub-tropical pine forest, and others. For each division, it provides details on distribution, climate factors, and indicator plant species. It also summarizes the vegetation found in specific regions such as Deosai Plain, Naran Valley, and Islamabad.
The document discusses terrestrial ecosystems in Pakistan. It begins with an introduction to terrestrial ecosystems and then describes the main types that exist in Pakistan, including grassland, desert, tropical rainforest, tundra, coniferous forest, and temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. For each ecosystem type, the document provides details on location, vegetation, and characteristics. It concludes that terrestrial ecosystems are complex and provide important services but also face threats that require effective management strategies to address.
Natural vegetation in India includes various forest types and plant communities that have developed under different climatic and soil conditions. The major forest types are tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. These forests support a diversity of flora and fauna, including elephants, tigers, rhinos, lions, and marine species in mangroves. However, hunting, habitat loss, and pollution now pose major threats to India's natural heritage. The government has established various protected areas and conservation projects to help protect vulnerable plants and animals.
The document summarizes the major biomes found in India. It identifies 10 biomes: 1) Tropical rainforest biome, 2) Tropical deciduous forest biome, 3) Temperate forest biome, 4) Coniferous forest biome, 5) Temperate grassland biome, 6) Tundra biome, 7) Temperate and tropical desert biome, 8) Tropical savanna and grassland biome, 9) Wetland biomes, and 10) Fresh water biomes. Each biome is characterized by dominant vegetation types and influenced by climate factors like temperature and rainfall. The biomes include tropical and temperate forests, grasslands, deserts, wetlands, and aquatic ecosystems found across India.
Plant Geography in Pakistan Course19-Ecology-Presentation.pptxArbaz57
This document provides an overview of plant geography in Pakistan. It begins by defining plant geography and describing Pakistan's geography. It then discusses the major plant types found in Pakistan, including desert, montane, riverine, coastal, and alpine plants. Threats to plant life like deforestation and climate change are also covered. The document outlines Pakistan's main vegetation types and factors influencing plant distribution. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of conserving Pakistan's rich plant biodiversity for economic and environmental sustainability.
The document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It describes various types of natural vegetation found in India including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses factors like relief and climate that affect the diversity of flora and fauna in India. The document further provides details on India's wildlife and the distribution of various animal species. It highlights government conservation efforts like projects tiger and rhino as well as the establishment of biosphere reserves and protected areas to conserve India's natural heritage.
The document provides information about different types of forests and biomes found around the world. It discusses tropical evergreen forests, temperate evergreen forests, temperate deciduous forests, Mediterranean forests, temperate coniferous forests, tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannas, deserts, tundra (including arctic, alpine, and antarctic tundra). Each biome is characterized in terms of its climate, location, and dominant plant and animal species. The document emphasizes the diversity of forests and biomes globally as well as threats to their continued existence.
Virgin vegetation grows naturally without human influence. Temperature, precipitation, soil type and other environmental factors determine the type of vegetation in a region. India has a wide variety of vegetation types ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine shrubs due to its varied climate and terrain. However, human activities like agriculture, industry and urbanization have degraded much of India's natural vegetation. Conservation efforts include protected areas like biosphere reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
In this PPT presentation you will come to know about the different kinds of vegetations present/ located in INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT. And also you will come to know about different ANIMAL and PLANTS/TREES SPECIES which is located in that specific regions.
India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species and 90,000 animal species. The country's natural vegetation varies significantly based on climate and elevation, ranging from tropical evergreen forests along coastal regions to thorn forests and scrubs in drier inland areas. India's forests provide important ecological benefits and support a variety of wildlife, including elephants, tigers, lions, and rhinoceros. However, much of India's natural habitat has been degraded or converted for agriculture and development over time.
Art Integrated Project on Forest and Wildlife of Assam and RajasthanKeshavKurdia
This science project compares the flora, fauna, forest products, and protected areas of Assam and Rajasthan, India. It finds that Assam is home to diverse plants and animals, including the one-horned rhinoceros, as well as timber, bamboo, cane, and paper products from its forests. Rajasthan's forests produce wood for building and fuel, and its parks attract over 375 migratory bird species. Both states have national parks and wildlife sanctuaries that protect endemic and endangered species and support biodiversity conservation for environmental and economic benefits.
Biological Measures for Rehabilitation of the Mined-Out Area in Dantewada, Ch...IRJET Journal
The document discusses biological measures for rehabilitation of mined-out areas in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, India. It recommends re-vegetation with native plant species suited to the climate and soil conditions, including various grasses, shrubs, and trees. Afforestation efforts should focus on slope stabilization and erosion control through mixed plantings. Indigenous species are preferred over exotic species to fully restore ecosystem functions.
This document discusses different types of natural vegetation found around the world, including in India. It describes deciduous forests and the seasonal changes they experience. It also outlines tropical evergreen forests, mangrove forests, montane forests, and thorn forests/scrubs. It provides information on the biodiversity of plants and threatened species in India. Key threats to natural habitats in India are also summarized.
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Moist vegetation of pakistan
1. Topic: Moist Temperate Vegetation of
Pakistan
Presented by
Ebadet Ali Alvi (M.phil Scholar)
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA
Pakistan
2. Contents Table:
1- Vegetation of Pakistan ………………………………………………………………
1.1- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….
1.2- Major factors effecting Vegetation ………………………………………………..
2- Moist Temperate Vegetation of Pakistan ……………………………………………...
2.1- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….
2.2- Locality Factor ……………………………………………………………………
2.3- Distribution ……………………………………………………………………….
2.4 Coniferous species …………………………………………………………………
2.5 Broad leaved species ……………………………………………………………...
2.6- Shrub ……………………………………………………………………………...
2.7- Climber ……………………………………………………………………………
3- Moist Temperate vegetation of National Park Ayubia …………………………………
3.1- Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...
3.2- Climate ………………………………………………………………………………
3.3- Floristic Composition ……………………………………………………………….
3.4- Common Trees species ……………………………………………………………..
3.5- Herbs ……………………………………………………………………………….
3.6- Shrubs ……………………………………………………………………………….
4- Moist Temperate vegetation of Kokarai valley Swat …………………………………...
4.1- Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….
4.2- Climate ……………………………………………………………………………….
4.3- Floristic Composition ………………………………………………………………..
4.4- Plants species ………………………………………………………………………...
3. 5- Moist Temperate Vegetation of Neelam Valley ……………………………………………
5.1- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..
5.2- Climate ………………………………………………………………………………….
5.3- Floristic Composition ……………………………………………………………………
5.4- Plants species ……………………………………………………………………………
6- Moist Temperate Vegetation of Naltar Valley Gilgit Baltistan …………………………….
6.1- Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………...
6.2- Climate ………………………………………………………………………………….
6.3- Floristic Composition …………………………………………………………………..
6.4- Dominant Plants species ………………………………………………………………..
6.5- Shrub ……………………………………………………………………………………
6.6- Common Plants Species ………………………………………………………………...
7- Moist Temperate Vegetation of Thandiani Abbottabad ……………………………………
7.1- Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….
7.2- Climate ………………………………………………………………………………….
7.3- important Trees of Thandiani Abbottabad ……………………………………………..
7.4- Shrub Layer ……………………………………………………………………………
7.5- Herbs Layer …………………………………………………………………………..
8- Importance of Moist temperate Vegetation …………………………………………………
9- Major Threats for Moist Temperate Vegetation …………………………………………….
10- Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………......
11- References …………………………………………………………………………………..
4. 1-Vegetation of Pakistan:
1.1- Introduction:
The term of vegetation is defined as total plants which covered the surface are of the earth is
known as Vegetation. The vegetation is mostly depend upon the climate condition of the area the
climate of Pakistan is mostly dry for the forest with the exception of few northern hill and sub
mountains belts. According geographical point of view Pakistan is one of the importance country in
all over the world. The vegetation of Pakistan is mostly discussed in 5 major zones. According to
some scientific research there 6000 flowering plants species are reported in Pakistan which are
fond in different zones. Vegetation of Pakistan play important role in the development of country.
1.2- Major factors effecting Vegetation:
The vegetation of every region is effected by some factors, following are the some factors which
effect the vegetation of Pakistan are
Edephic condition
Climate
Biotic setting
Human relation with Nature
Physiographic condition
2- Moist Temperate vegetation of Pakistan:
2.1- Introductions:
This Moist Temperate vegetation is mostly located at the Himalayas site of Pakistan. This type of
vegetation is mostly containing evergreen conifers and many other plants species. The national tree
of Pakistan Cedrus deodar is also mostly found in moist temperate zone. In Pakistan the moist
temperate vegetation is mostly classified into two major upper zone and lower zone. The division
of the zone is mostly depending upon the definite number of oak trees and conifers. A very heavy
grazing and trampling in this vegetation due to this reason the moist temperate forest is damaged
and this forest is replace by some legumes small grasses and some species of Liliaceae . The flat
grassy grounds of moist temperate zone are known as Parklands. The considerable girth of this
zone plants species is 4.5 meter or more and vegetation of this belt is very dense. The dominant
plants species of this zone are Deodar and Kail.
2.2-Locality Factors:
Very heavy monsoon rain fall is occur in this zone during July to September. The temperature of
this area is 4-22degree centigrade and the average humidity is 50-70 % and the average rainfall per
annum is 30-70 inch. The winter in this zone is very long and severely cold. Soil of most
temperate zone is loamy and acidic due to humus rich.
5. 5
2.3- Distribution:
The moist temperate vegetation of Pakistan is mostly occur at the elevation of 4500 t0 10,000
feet and they are mostly found in following different areas of Pakistan
Murree
Kashmir
Gilgit Baltistan
Swat
Dir
Hazara Hills
Kaghan
2.4- Coniferous species:
The coniferous plants species of this zone are
Pocea smithiana
Pinus wallichiana
Taxus bacata
Cedrus deodar
Abies pindrow
2.5- Broad-leaved species:
Some of the broad leaved species of the moist temperate vegetation are as follow.
Prunus padus
Ulmus wallichiana
Pyrus malus
Populous ciliata
Alnus nitida
Salix babylonica
Farxinus spp
Juglans fegia (Walnut)
Duercus semicarpifolia
Acer caesium
Quercus incana
2.6-Shrub:
Common shrub species of this region are
Viburnum spp
Indigofera spp
Corylus
Berberis lysium
Rhododendron arboreum
6. 6
2.7-Climber:
Following are the climber species of moist temperate vegetation.
Hedera Nepalensis
Rosa
3- Moist temperate vegetation of National park Ayubia:
3.1-Introduction:
Ayubia National park is one of the important part geographical part of Pakistan due to their
diverse vegetation. This park is lies in the Himalayan moist temperate forest. This park is located
in the district of Abbottabad and covered with an area of 3,312 hectors. Ayubia is declared as a
national park in 1984 and the average elevation of this park is about 2400m above the sea level.
The Annual rain fall in this area some time exceed 600mm and this park is very attractive in all
over the Himalayas due to their coniferous species. The Ayubia national park is surrounding by
the seven villages and for small town and the common coniferous species of this park are Pinus
wallichiana, Taxus wallichiana, Abies pindrow and Cedrus deodara. During the spring season the
variety of ferns species are also grow in this park. In this park the species of mosses are grow in
tree trunk.
Map of Ayubia National park
3.2-Climate:
The climate of Ayubia national park is little hot during the summer season with the pressure of
monsoon with the mild pleasant. The annual rain fall of this area is 1500mm and during the
winter very deep snowfall is occur and the snow fall season in this park is from December to
march and the temperature is fall below the freezing point during the winter season. The
variation in the rain fall is notice from year to year in this park.
7. 7
3.3-Floristic Composition:
In this park there are 30 major families are found with 44 species are reported till now. The main
families of these parks are Pteridaceae, Rosaceae, Pinaceae, Asteraceae and Laminaceae. Two
gymnosperm families are also reported from this area. According to the monocotyledon Family
poaceae are occur in this park and Rosaceae is dicotyledons with five genera is dominant is this
national park.
i- Common Tree Species:
Some of the common trees species of Ayubia national park are
Cedrus deodara Roxb
Aesulius indica Coleber
Abuies pin drow Royle
Taxus wallichiana Zucc
Quercus baloot Griffith
ii- Herb :
Some of the main herbs of Ayubia national park are
Viola canescens Wall
Adiantum venustum D. Done
Ajuga parviflora Bth
Dryopteris fragilis L
Geranium nepalense Sweet
iii- Shrub:
Valeriana jatamansi Jones
Indigofera geradiana Wall.ex Baker
Rubus ellipticus Smith
Fragaria indica (Andr.)
4- Moist temperate Vegetation of Kokarai valley Swat:
4.1- Introduction:
Kokarai valley is a beautiful valley of Swat, which contain diverse natural vegetation. Kokarai
Valley situated at 34° 44'. 645" North, and 72° 27'. 628" East on north-western part of District
Swat at Hindu Raj series of Hindu Kush Mountains range. This valley is occur at the elevation of
3612- 8828ft above the sea level. Kokarai valley is covered with an area of 6520hectares and the
cultivated area is 3126 hectares and 3394 hectares area is uncultivated while the forest is covered
8. 8
with 1374 hectares.
View of Kokarai valley swat
4.2- Climate:
During the summer season the temperature of this valley is 38to 43 degree centigrade while the
month of December January and February are the cold month with the temperature 15- 18degree
centigrade. The maximum humidity is detected at the month of Feb which is 80% and the
maximum rainfall is 238mm.
4.3-Floristic composition:
According to different scientific reports there are 155 plants species comprises of 138 genera and
74 plants families are recorded from this valley. The dominant family of this valley is Asteraceae
family with 16 species while the Rosaceae family contains 13 plants species. And the
Laminaceae contain 12 and Poaceae contain 7 plants species.
4.4-Plants species:
Some of the important plants species of Kokarai valley are as follow
Asparagus gracilis Royle
Caynodon dactylon
Cichorum intybus L.
Pinus roxburghii Sargent
Pinus walliciana A.B. Jackson
Rubus ellipticus Smith
Rumex hastatus D.Don
Achillea millefolium L
9. 9
5-Moist temperate Vegetation of Neelam valley:
5.1- Introduction:
Neelam valley is one of the beautiful valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. This valley is nearly
125 km from the capital city of Azad Kashmir Muzaffarabad. This valley is occur at the
elevation of 4000- 7500ft above the sea level. This valley contains diverse vegetation and this
valley is also very popular according to adventure point of view in all over the world. According
to the reports of 2005 and 2006 this valley contain 180 plants specie belonging to 66 plants
families.
5.2- Climate:
The temperature of Neelam valley during the summer is 15.9 -37.6 degree centigrade while the
winter in this valley is extremely very cold with very heavy snowfall occur up to 3- 12ft. The
annual rainfall is 1526.7mm
5.3- Floristic Composition:
According to the records of 2006 and 2007 the Neelam valley and their surrounding areas
contain 180 plants species which belonging to 66 plants families the most dominants family of
this area are Asteraceae , Balsaminaceae , Poaceae , Laminaceae , Rosaceae, Umbellifereae etc.
5.4- Plants species:
Some of the main plants of Neelam valley and their surrounding hills are.
10. 10
Abies pindrow Royle
Pinus walliciana A.B. Jackson
Poa alpina L
Pinus webbiana
Achillea millefolium L
Taxus wallichiana
Viola stocksii
Viscum album L
Ficus palmata Wall
Thymus linearis Benth
6- Moist temperate vegetation of Naltar valley Gilgit Baltistan:
6.1- Introduction:
The Naltar Valley is located at 360 N and 740 4’ E covered with a total area of 27,206 ha
located inside the Karakoram highlands and it is nearly 40 km from the Gilgit city. This beautiful
valley is occur at the elevation of 5000m above the sea level. Naltar valley is comprising of
meadow pasture packet of forest and rocky vertical cliff. This valley contains diverse natural
vegetation.
6.1-Climate:
The winter the in the Naltar valley is very harsh and the temperature fall in to -18 degree
centigrade and summer in this valley is very pleasant. The snow fall is occur from December to
March. The rainfall in the valley is 254-400mm.
6.2- Floristic Composition:
According to scientific research of 2009 there are 141 plants species belonging to 107 genera and
11. 11
49 families are found in the valley. The most dominant family in this valley is Asteraceae and the
other families which are found in this valley are Fabaceae Polygonaceae and Rosaceae etc.
6.3-Dominant plants species:
The dominant plants species in the valley are
Pinus excels
Hipophse salvifolia,
Myricaria germanica
6.4- Shrub:
Shrubs of this area are
Rosa webbiana
Ribes alpestre
Juniperus commonis
6.5- Common plants species:
Common species of this valley are
Ribes alpestre
Juniperus excelsa
Betula utilis,
Pinus wallichiana,
Rosa webbiana,
Sorbus tianshanica,
Berberis lyceum,
Lonicera herterophylla
Populus ciliate
7- Moist temperate vegetation of Thandiani Abbottabad:
7.1- Introduction:
Thandiani Abbottabad is considered as one of the best moist temperate vegetation in all over
Pakistan. They contain diverse vegetation of Plants and Animals. This is located at 35 km in the
northeast of the Abbottabad District. Thandiani is bounded on east by Muzaffarabad city on it
north Kunhar and it west siren forest is located while on the south side Garhi Habibullah.
12. 12
View of Thandiani Abbottabad
7.2-Climate:
The annual rainfall in this area is 1424.1mm and the maximum rainfall is occur during August
while minimum rainfall is occur in September. The temperature of this area during the summer
season is 30-35 degree centigrade and the humidity during summer is 83% recorded.
7.3- Important Trees of Thandiani:
Some of the important trees of Thandiani Abbottabad are
Morus alba L.
Focus carica L.
Abies pindrow Royle
Junglans regia
Cedrus deodara Rox ex lamb
Platanus orientalis L.
Pinus wallichiana A.B Jackson
Diospyros lotus L.
7.4-Shrub layer:
Berberis lycium Royle
Punica granantum L.
Rosa mostchata non J.herrrum
Andrachne cardifolia
13. 13
7.5- Herbs Layer:
Galium aparine L.
Cannabis sativa L.
Chenopodium album
Arudo donax L.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Poa annua L.
8-Importance of Moist Temperate Vegetation:
The vegetation play it significant role in our daily life and help maintain the ecosystem of the
Earth some of its important role are as follow
The moist temperate vegetation provides a habitat to wildlife.
This vegetation is also one of the important sources of Foods
Moist temperate vegetation is one of the basic components of ecosystem which involved in
the regulation of many different biogeochemical cycles.
Moist temperate vegetation release Oxygen and sequester of Carbon
Moist temperate vegetation provides socio-economic product and services the Humankind.
They also play major role in Soil development.
9- Major Threats for Moist temperature Vegetation:
The Moist temperate vegetation of Pakistan is exposed to many threats and suffers major
damage, which is the main cause are include.
Over grazing
Urbanization
Climate change
Tourism
Trampling
Deforestation
10- Conclusion:
The Moist Temperate is one of the important zone of Pakistan due to it diverse vegetation and
they are mostly found in the Hazara hill, Kashmir, Swat and Dir but due to lack of attention and
research facilities moist temperate vegetation of Pakistan is still completely undiscovered. The
Moist temperate vegetation also face many threats so it need to attention and make a policy on
Federal Government level to Protect the vegetation of this zone