Mr. Leta Jima: This journal was publiished on the behave of the author, if you want to use part of my journal, email us or contact me and then you can use with proper citations.
The Social Daily Activity Correlation of Olive Baboon (Papio Anubis) in Gash...Sryahwa Publications
Baboons range throughout sub-Saharan Africa, across a multitude of habitat types making them the most widespread African primate genus and perhaps coincidentally, are one of the best studied
primates. In recent times, the rapid expansion of human population, the spread of agriculture, and the resulting destruction of natural habitats has drastically increased in sub-saharan Africa.
The Role of Indigenous People Knowledge in the Biodiversity Conservation in ...Sryahwa Publications
The term biodiversity refers the number and variability of living organisms. It also incorporates human and cultural diversity. The Gursum indigenous people and their knowledge on the biodiversity conservation represent one of the oldest traditionally valuable systems in Ethiopia. Indigenous peoples and their socio cultural relationship with biological systems have largely been contributing to sustainable conservation of biodiversity.
The Social Daily Activity Correlation of Olive Baboon (Papio Anubis) in Gash...Sryahwa Publications
Baboons range throughout sub-Saharan Africa, across a multitude of habitat types making them the most widespread African primate genus and perhaps coincidentally, are one of the best studied
primates. In recent times, the rapid expansion of human population, the spread of agriculture, and the resulting destruction of natural habitats has drastically increased in sub-saharan Africa.
The Role of Indigenous People Knowledge in the Biodiversity Conservation in ...Sryahwa Publications
The term biodiversity refers the number and variability of living organisms. It also incorporates human and cultural diversity. The Gursum indigenous people and their knowledge on the biodiversity conservation represent one of the oldest traditionally valuable systems in Ethiopia. Indigenous peoples and their socio cultural relationship with biological systems have largely been contributing to sustainable conservation of biodiversity.
Biodiversity Exploitation for Traditional Healthcare Delivery in Montane Fore...AI Publications
Biodiversity exploitation in montane highlands remain an important source of raw materials for traditional healthcare delivery, survival and sustenance of the population in communities that are reliant thereof. Belo and Njinikom Sub-Divisions on the fringes of the Ijim Montane forest stronghold are rich in biodiversity resources though under degradation. The exploitation of the biodiversity have thrived a spectre of traditional healing practices hatched by indigenous knowledge. The edgy perception of being socially irrelevant, illusory and ill-suited by the state and modern hospitals are sullying this practice. This study was based on the premise that traditional healing practices are the major ways in which biodiversity is exploited and used for traditional healthcare provision. The methodology uses correlational and comparative research designs of field investigations. Purposive random sampling technique was used to administer 250 questionnaires to selected key respondents from the entire population. Findings reveal that the practice of traditional healing is enshrined in the mysteries of indigenous knowledge which is methodical in concoctions, decoctions, injections, ritual practices and incantations, which to an extent have bestowed effective healthcare to contemporary communities through resources they find it hard to stay aloof. This study posits that if the state, modern hospitals and tradi-practitioners holistically find common ground through collaborative agreements, such issuant and commonplace signatures would continue to support the current shady healthcare tragedy. It shall provide the communities with solutions to some indigenous diseases still portraying dreadful hallmarks and being a nuisance to the population where general welfare of all and sundry ought to be esteemed and primeval.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Free Range Livestock Influence Species Richness, Occupancy, and Daily Behavio...UniversitasGadjahMada
In some developing countries, human activities in protected areas threaten wildlife populations and their habitats. This study was conducted to understand the influences of freerange livestock on the wild mammalian population in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. There were 3,852 and 1,156 cows and goats, respectively, and livestock occupied an area of approximately 55.96 km2. The species richness and probability of occupancy in areas with and without livestock were assessed, and the spatial co-occurrence and overlap of daily activity patterns among mammalian species and livestock were measured. A total of 39 camera traps were installed from August 2015 to January 2016, collecting 23,021 independent photographs. In areas with livestock, the number of mammal species (eight) was lower than in areas without livestock (11 species). The most affected species were the large herbivores Bubalus bubalis and Bos javanicus, and a large carnivore Panthera pardus, all of which were absent in areas with livestock. Regardless of the feeding guild, the probability of
occupancy of almost all species declined in areas with livestock, except the medium herbivores Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Hystrix javanica that showed a higher probability of occupancy. The species whose probability of occupancy declined were the carnivores Cuon alpinus and Prionailurus bengalensis; the herbivores Rusa timorensis, Tracypithecus auratus and Muntiacus muntjak; and the omnivore Sus scrofa. In the presence of livestock, R. timorensis and S. scrofa changed their activities from diurnal to nocturnal. Livestock affected most wild mammals in several ways, including by reducing the species richness, lessening the probability of occupancy and changing the daily activity patterns of many animals. This research recommends a significant reduction in the size of the range area for domestic livestock.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Biodiversity Exploitation for Traditional Healthcare Delivery in Montane Fore...AI Publications
Biodiversity exploitation in montane highlands remain an important source of raw materials for traditional healthcare delivery, survival and sustenance of the population in communities that are reliant thereof. Belo and Njinikom Sub-Divisions on the fringes of the Ijim Montane forest stronghold are rich in biodiversity resources though under degradation. The exploitation of the biodiversity have thrived a spectre of traditional healing practices hatched by indigenous knowledge. The edgy perception of being socially irrelevant, illusory and ill-suited by the state and modern hospitals are sullying this practice. This study was based on the premise that traditional healing practices are the major ways in which biodiversity is exploited and used for traditional healthcare provision. The methodology uses correlational and comparative research designs of field investigations. Purposive random sampling technique was used to administer 250 questionnaires to selected key respondents from the entire population. Findings reveal that the practice of traditional healing is enshrined in the mysteries of indigenous knowledge which is methodical in concoctions, decoctions, injections, ritual practices and incantations, which to an extent have bestowed effective healthcare to contemporary communities through resources they find it hard to stay aloof. This study posits that if the state, modern hospitals and tradi-practitioners holistically find common ground through collaborative agreements, such issuant and commonplace signatures would continue to support the current shady healthcare tragedy. It shall provide the communities with solutions to some indigenous diseases still portraying dreadful hallmarks and being a nuisance to the population where general welfare of all and sundry ought to be esteemed and primeval.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Free Range Livestock Influence Species Richness, Occupancy, and Daily Behavio...UniversitasGadjahMada
In some developing countries, human activities in protected areas threaten wildlife populations and their habitats. This study was conducted to understand the influences of freerange livestock on the wild mammalian population in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. There were 3,852 and 1,156 cows and goats, respectively, and livestock occupied an area of approximately 55.96 km2. The species richness and probability of occupancy in areas with and without livestock were assessed, and the spatial co-occurrence and overlap of daily activity patterns among mammalian species and livestock were measured. A total of 39 camera traps were installed from August 2015 to January 2016, collecting 23,021 independent photographs. In areas with livestock, the number of mammal species (eight) was lower than in areas without livestock (11 species). The most affected species were the large herbivores Bubalus bubalis and Bos javanicus, and a large carnivore Panthera pardus, all of which were absent in areas with livestock. Regardless of the feeding guild, the probability of
occupancy of almost all species declined in areas with livestock, except the medium herbivores Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Hystrix javanica that showed a higher probability of occupancy. The species whose probability of occupancy declined were the carnivores Cuon alpinus and Prionailurus bengalensis; the herbivores Rusa timorensis, Tracypithecus auratus and Muntiacus muntjak; and the omnivore Sus scrofa. In the presence of livestock, R. timorensis and S. scrofa changed their activities from diurnal to nocturnal. Livestock affected most wild mammals in several ways, including by reducing the species richness, lessening the probability of occupancy and changing the daily activity patterns of many animals. This research recommends a significant reduction in the size of the range area for domestic livestock.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
The present study aims to investigate the biodiversity of woody vegetation along a gradient of human impacting region in the three constituent parts of Ferlo Biosphere Reserve (FBR): the core area, the buffer zone and the transition area. We conducted an inventory of 110 plots of 900 m² each. Total species richness was 49 species distributed in 32 genera within 16 botanical families. The analysis of contesimal frequency showed that Guiera senegalensis is the most common species with a presence of 75% of such records. Examination of species abundance spectrum showed that four most abundant species such as Guiera senegalensis (29.5%), Combretum glutinosum (15.9%), Pterocarpus lucens (11.6%) and Boscia senegalensis (10 , 5%). These four species represent 68% of the total individuals of the RBF and are also the four most common species. The spectrum of abundance of families showed that Combretaceae is the best represented family with almost half of the number of species (49.7%). The representativeness of biological types and geographical affinity of the species has been established for the woody vegetation in the study area. The study of diversity indices revealed that the buffer zone and the transition area are subjected to multiple uses and experiencing human action. It has a greater diversity and a level of organization with higher timber stand than the central area which is an integral conservation zone.
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
The role of_indigenous_land_management_practices_to_improve_crop_land_product...LataJimma
Copy of all or part of my research body is illegal without any permission of the author. But you can ask the author for further questions and then can use with proper citations.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN SPECIES DIVERSITY: THE CASE OF HALU WEREDA, ILUBABOR ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA
1. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN SPECIES DIVERSITY: THE CASE OF HALU
WEREDA, ILUBABOR ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTH WEST
ETHIOPIA
LETA JIMA DESTA (MA): Geo.ES.
Abstract
Mankind has been fascinated by birds, observed, used, painted, wrote and sung, kept in
captivity, protected and gave them great respect, since the earliest times. The general
objective of the study was to assess the current diversity, distribution and relative
abundance of avian fauna in study area. Cross sectional sampling design was used.
Preliminary survey data collection was conducted for wet land habitats. The counting of
birds was carried out using naked eyes, digital camera. The species diversity of each
habitat was analyzed using Shannon diversity Index, evenness index, similarity index and
relative abundance. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index revealed that highest avian
species diversity (H’ =3.60) was recorded in Kersa wetlands followed (H’=3.89). The next
highest avian species diversity was recorded in Sardo wet land (H′=3.73) and the least
diversity of avian species was recorded in Hamuma wetland (H’=3.55). The highest and
the lowest even distribution of species were recorded in the Sardo habitat (E=1.69) and
Hamuma (E= 1.82) respectively. Lastly the highest species evenness was recorded in the
Kersa habitat (H ’ =2.4). The presence a high number of species suggests that Sardo and
its adjoining areas are key conservation sites of birds. The seasonal variation in avian
species and number of individuals in the study area was related to the differences in
resource availability between habitats. Therefore, conservation measures are needed to
protect the biological diversity of the area. Local communities are advised to take training
on bird’s protection and must increase their awareness. Clear demarcations are essential
to minimize the exploration of wildlife of the area. Illegal activities of the local community
in the forest should be controlled and enhance the competency and their effectiveness
significantly through training and patrol equipment.
Key Words: Avian, abundance, indices, diversity, species
2. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
1. INTRODUCTION
Mankind has been fascinated by birds, observed,
used, painted, wrote and sung, kept in captivity,
protected and gave them great respect, since the
earliest times (Daimond, 1987). They are the
most universally celebrated form of animals,
found in pictures, photographs, sculptures,
words and songs (Clifford et al., 1998). They
have been particularly important to the cultural,
religious and aesthetic sides of human life from
time immemorial. Religion and birds were used
as religious symbols until the renaissance.
According to the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural
History Society (EWNHS) (1996), Ethiopia is
one of the Mega-diversity countries consisting
of various types of living organisms with
variations in species composition. It is endowed
with great ecological diversity. Moreover, it is
one of the few countries in the world with
relatively high number of endemic species
(EARO, 2002).
The physiographic, climatic and edaphic
diversity resulted in a variety of vegetation from
high altitude alpine to semi-desert plant
communities (Gebremarkos Woldeselassie,
1998). Vegetation in various parts of the country
supports several fauna including those that are
endemic to the country (Yonas Yemshaw,
2002). The faunal diversity of Ethiopia is very
high. There are 288 known terrestrial mammal
species, of which 31 are endemic (Sewnet
Mengistu, 2012). The country is also one of
Africa leading birding destinations. Its avifauna
represents an interesting mixture of East and
West African, Palearctic and some strikingly
unusual endemic components (EWNHS, 1996).
Ethiopia is one of the most significant countries
in Africa in terms of biodiversity (Urban and
Brown, 1971). The highlands and Horn of Africa
are major parts of conservation international’s
Eastern Afromontane hotspot. This is due to the
diverse and isolated ecosystems with a large
number of endemic species. These hotspot areas
are among the world’s most important
biodiversity areas. However, they are the most
degraded and disturbed ecosystems. This
includes the entire eastern area below 1,100m
and higher altitudes including all highland areas
(Mckee, 2007).
Among 2100 bird species so far recorded in
Africa (Sinclair and Ryan, 2003), Ethiopia
harbors 926 species (Lepage, 2006) of which 21
species are endemic and 19 species are globally
threatened (Redman et al., 2009). Out of the
threated bird species of the country, two species
are critically endangered, five species
endangered, and 12 species vulnerable (Collar et
al., 1994). In Ethiopia, a total of 73 hotspots
have been identified as important Bird Area.
Nationally, Ethiopia IBA sites have been
grouped into three conservation categories: 19
critical sites, 23 Urgent sites and 31 highly sited
areas (Mengistu Wondefrash, 2003). IBSAs are
internationally important for the conservation of
bird biodiversity. EWNHS has identifies three
globally recognized endemic Bird area, (Bird
Life International, 2007).
3. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
Ethiopia is one of the most prominent countries
in Africa, in terms of its avifauna. The country's
diverse habitat types contribute for the
tremendously diverse avifauna, over 926 species
are recorded from Ethiopia of which 21 species
are endemic to Ethiopia, 14 other bird species
are shared with Eretria and 19 are globally
threatened (Lepage, 2006). Forests, wetlands
and reverine systems are sites for wintering or
passage migrant birds in Ethiopia (EWNHS,
1996). There are 214 Palarctic migrant bird
species occurring in Ethiopia. Of these total, 45
species have been found to over summer within
the boundaries of the country. A large number of
these birds have breeding populations in
Ethiopia (Pol, 2006). So the study focused on
assessing the avian diversity, abundance and
evenness in the study area.
Many of the regions of Ethiopia were covered
with thick natural forest and woodland with
varieties of trees and wild animals. Due to
serious human pressure, at present, it is left with
less than 2.7% of the original plant cover. This
has also brought relative decline in wild animal
species. Destruction of habitat, excessive human
predation, introduction of toxic chemicals and
natural uncontrolled events have threatened
about 1,000 species worldwide (Gill, 1995).
Currently many species of birds are in danger of
extinctions. This problem is associated with
human activities such as destruction or
fragmentation of bird habitats for agricultural
expansion is the main threats for the bird
species. There is a need to know more about
birds and their habitat requirements in order to
protect them (ICBP, 1990). The present study is
an attempt to asses the species composition,
distribution, relative abundance of avian
diversity in Halu Wereda wet lands.
1.1.Definition and concept of Avian Diversity
Avian diversity refers to all categories of birds.
Birds are numerically the most successful
terrestrial vertebrates (Welty, 1975). According
to Kotpal (1985), the world population of birds
is nearly 100 billion. Birds make up less than
half a percent of global animal species diversity
(Jews, 2004). The power of flight is a means of
quick direct access to almost any spot on earth.
They can feed on variety of food items and build
homes on infinite variety of sites (Welty, 1975).
They are the only animals that have feathers and
the only living vertebrates apart from bats that
have evolved wings and powered flight (Birdlife
International, 2007).
Birds are one of the most important components
of biodiversity. This can be indicated by their
ecological, economical and aesthetic values.
From the earliest times, birds have captured the
imagination of people the world over. Their
flight, songs, color displays and migrations are
among the world’s most compelling natural
wonders (ICBP, 1990). Birds are conspicuous
and possess diagnostic calls or songs that are
necessary to identify them in the field (Walace
and Maham, 1975). Birds are associated with
mankind. They also serve as game animals, pest
control agents and means of cleaning the
environment (Kotpal, 1985). One economic
4. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
importance of birds is their contribution in seed
and fruit dispersal. It is well known that many
fruit producing plants and bird species are co-
evolved to disperse the plants in both tropics and
temperate region (Wilkinson, 1997).
1.2.Distribution of birds
Birds are ubiquitous animals that frequent both
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The power of
flight allows them to move easily between earth
and sky, and yet they are perfectly adapted to
every environment that man inhabits. Although
birds collectively occupy most of the earth’s
surface, most species are found only in
particular regions and habitats, whereas others
are cosmopolitan.
Some species, particularly those of recent origin
and those handicapped by lack of mobility, may
still be at or near their place of origin, never
having succeeded in occupying new regions.
Other species, with greater adaptability, better
means of dispersal, or a higher reproductive or
genetic potential, which creates population
pressure and peripheral spreading, have
successfully invaded new areas. Some of them,
such as the hawks and owls, gulls and terns,
swallows and swifts, andmany water birds are
now virtually worldwide (Wallace and Mahan,
1975).
1.3. Diversity of birds
The taxonomy of birds and their distribution are
well known and documented. Birds have long
been popular with amateurs and professionals
and consequently their systematic position and
distribution patterns are better known than any
other comparable groups of animals, with the
possible exception of large mammals (Furness
and Greenwood, 1993). According to Ehrlich et
al. (1994), there are nearly 10,000 known
species of modern or recently extinct birds. The
living species of birds are grouped into 27 orders
and these in turn have been grouped into 155
families (Peterson, 1963). Africa is home to two
endemic bird Orders, ten endemic Families (with
two more only reaching Madagascar or Arabia)
(Sinclair and Ryan, 2003).
Ethiopia has a diverse set of ecosystems ranging
from humid forest and extensive wetlands to the
desert of the Afar depression. Because of its
geographic position, range of altitude, rainfall
pattern and soil variability, the country possesses
ecological diversity and a huge wealth of
biological resource. The geographical location
of Ethiopia, particularly the plateau, makes it a
bio-geographical island surrounded by expanse
of dry lands. This complex topography coupled
with environmental heterogeneity offers suitable
environments for a wide range of life forms.
Ethiopia provides habitat for more than 800
species of birds (Urban and Brown, 1971).
According to Avibase (2006), out of the 926 bird
species listed for the country, 21 are endemic
and 19 are globally threatened species. Ethiopia
is one of the few countries in the world that
possesses a unique and characteristic fauna with
a high level of endemism (WCMC, 1991). There
are thirteen species restricted to the geographical
region of Ethiopian highlands and thus shared by
Ethiopia and Eritrea (Vivero Pol, 2001
5. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
1.4. Climatic Factors and Species Richness
Species richness increases as climatic variation
decreases. Unpredictable climatic variation is a
form of disturbance for bird species.
Environmental factors influence species richness
(Oindo et al., 2001). Seasonal irregularities lead
birds to migration in order to search for
alternative food source available and breeding
sites (Alerstam, 1990). Various bird migration
systems have evolved in response to particular
temporal and spatial changes in the environment,
and most of the aspects of these migratory
systems for shaped by evolutionary selective
pressure associated with change in time and
space (Bauchinger and Klaosen, 2005). Birds
perform long range movements or migrations.
Traveling alone or in flocks, they navigate with
precision, dividing their habitats between places
that are far apart. Unlike many other animals,
birds need abundant food all the year round
migration allows them to exploit seasonal
changes and to breed where the food supply is
best (Birdlife international, 2007).
Species diversity is not determined by any single
factor but the outcome of many contributing
factors. Patterns of variation in species diversity
are patters of variation in many biophysical
factors as well as anthropogenic processes that
could conceivably influence biological diversity
(Diamond, 1988). Within sites, it is fairly
evident that habitat is likely to be important
determinant factor in the distribution and
number of birds. Variations in habitats might be
natural origin for instance by soil type, along a
gradient of rain fall or by altitude. Important
variation might have human origin such as the
degree of deforestation (Bibby et al., 1998).
Temporal diversity of birds during breeding
season is the result of specific feeding difference
together with temporal diversity in the
availabilities of different food resources
(Ricklefs, 1966).
The ecological and life history of birds in
association with habitat loss due to climatic
change and human impacts are explained by the
narrow distribution of most bird species (Cofre
et al., 2007). Narrow sized natural habitats are
mostly disturbed through intensive human
activities like deforestation, logging, subsistence
farming, plantation and mining as the major
threats for majority of birds (Francis and
Shirihai, 1999; Fuentes, 1999). Livestock
grazing, selective logging and agricultural
intensification are contribution factors for the
quality decline of the habitats and this intern
leads to the decline of grassland, forest and
farmland bird (Whited et al., 2000; Janson et al.,
2001). In line with this, when the natural
habitats are disturbed, the species that have
restricted ranges, particularly the endemic
species, usually lack adaptability due to their
relatively less ability to tolerate the modified
conditions (Cofre et al., 2007).
1.5.Objectives
General Objectives
The general objective of the study was to assess
the current diversity, distribution and relative
abundance of avian fauna in study area.
6. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are:
To determine the species composition and
distribution of Avifauna in the study area.
To compare diversity of bird species among
different habitats of study area.
To study abundance and evenness of avian
diversity at study area.
1.6.Research Questions
What are the species composition and
distribution of Avifauna in the study area?
What is the relation ship between diversity
of bird species among different habitats of
study area?
What is abundance and evenness of avian
diversity at the study area?
1.7. Significance of the study
The study result is expected to contribute a lot
for Wereda Institutions, offices, experts and
other development agents by providing
information /hint of avian diversity in the study
area. It provide data for government and NGOs
working in the Wereda to take appropriate
measures to reduce the removal of avian
diversity, and in turn to increase the
understanding of both literate and illiterates
about the role of these species diversity. The
study result could be used as a source/ base for
further research understandings by researchers
interested in the area.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Description of the Study Area
Halu Wereda is found in Ilubabor Zone,
Oromiya National Regional State in South
Western part of Ethiopia. It is located at about
662 km from Addis Ababa in South West
direction on the way to Gambella regional state
main road. Geographically it is located at
8o
0′00′′N - ′8o
21′00′′N latitude and 35o
8′30′′E -
35o
30′30′′E longitude with altitudinal range
between 1200- 1900m above sea level ( Halu
Wereda Agricultural Office, 2019).
7. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
Figure 1. Map of Study Area
8. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
Soil Type
The most dominant soil type of the district
constitutes Nitosoils which is the most important
soil for cash crop production like coffee. The
farmers practice shifting cultivation by clearing
forest for agriculture (Halu Wereda Agricultural
and Rural Development Office Report, 2019)
Climate:
Due to the rugged topography the district
experiences three agro-ecological zones, Dega,
Woina Dega and Kola covering 17%, 66%, and
17% of the total area respectively. Climatic
condition of the study Wereda is divided in to
three agro-climatic zones, Dega, Woina Dega
and kola .Dega zone gets the maximum rainfall
annually whereas kola gets the minimum rainfall
for shorter period of time. Similarly the
distribution of the rainfall varies from season to
season as other parts of the country (Halu
Wereda Agricultural Office, 2019).
Based on the meteorological data collected for
23 years’ rainfall and temperature records from
Mettu station, the mean annual rain fall of the
Wereda is about 1750 mm, while the total
annual rainfall of the study area ranges between
1236- 2000 mm, and the mean daily temperature
is 250
c ( Halu Wereda Agricultural Office,
2019).
2.2.Study Period
Preliminary survey was carried out in September
to May 2018/2019. In this survey, the study site
and the habitats were identified. The habitats
identified during the survey were Wet lands of
Halu Wereda habitats.
2.3. Sample design
Cross sectional sampling design was used. Point
count sites were widely and evenly spread
throughout the habitats. In each point a
maximum of 15 minutes elapsed to count all
avian species seen or heard.
2.4. Data collection
Preliminary survey data collection was
conducted in their species habitats. The counting
of birds was carried out using naked eyes, digital
camera. For birds’ identification, field guide
books will be used. The survey was carried out
by walking on foot through all the habitat types
and random blocks form on vegetation types and
transects in the field. Data was collected by
observing the study area twice a day.
2.5. Data Analysis
The species diversity of each habitat was
analyzed using Shannon diversity Index (H’)
(Shannon and Wiener, 1949). Species evenness
was evaluated using Shannon-Wiener evenness
Index (E) (South wood and Henderson, 2000).
Simpson’s similarity index (SI) will be used to
assess the similarity of species between two
different habitat types. The relative abundance
of avian species was determined using encounter
rates that give crude ordinal scales of abundance
as abundant, common, frequent, uncommon and
rare (Bibby et al., 1998).
The community structure of avian species of
each habitat was described in terms of Shannon-
9. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
Wiener diversity Index (H’) (Shannon and
Wiener, 1949). Shannon-Wiener diversity Index
was calculated as.
Where, H’ = Shannon diversity index
S = the number of species
Pi = the proportion of individuals or the
abundance of the ith
species expressed as a
proportion of the total, ln= Natural logarithm
Then finally, product multiplied by -1. The
Shannon’s index ranges typically from 1.5 to 3.5
and rarely reaches 4.5 (Gaines et al., 1999).
The evenness (J) of the mammalian species
will be calculated as J , Where, Hmax꞊
ln (S) and S is the number of species.
Where, S = Number of species in each habitat,
ln = Natural logarithm, I= Number of species in
each habitat.
Simpson’s similarity index (SI) was
used to assess the similarity of species
between different sites by using the
formula:
SI = 2c/a+b =c
Where, SI = Simpson’s similarity index; a =
Number of species that occur in a site a; b =
Number of species that occur in a site b; c =
Number of common species that occur in a site a
and b.
Mammalian Abundance Distribution
(AD) was calculated as: AD = ∑
Where, n is number of individuals encountered
from different species in a community.
10. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Species Diversity, Evenness and Dominance of birds in the study area
Table 3.1 species diversity and occurrence
No Scientific name Common name Local name Occurrence
Site
Sardo wet
land
Hamuma
wet land
Kersa wet
land
1 Corvus capensis Cape Crow Quraa Common 4 5 7
2 Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture Rumicha Common 5 2 8
3 Turdus abyssinicus Mountain thrush Uncommon 2 4 4
4 Lagonistica senegala Red-billed Fire-finch Sinbira birraa Un common 2 1 3
5 Zosterops abyssinicus Abyssinian White- eye Guuttiyyee Common 3 2 1
6 Corvus albus Pied Crow Rare 1 - 3
7 Terpsiphone virdis African Paradise Monarch Uncommon 2 - 5
8 Nectarinia tacazze Tacazze Sunbird Urtuu Common 4 1 1
9 Milvus aeqyptius aegyptius Yellow-billed Kite Allaacha Common 6 8 2
10 Columba guinea Speckled Pigeon Gugeee Common 4 6 2
11 Cossypha semirufa Ruppell's Robin Chat Rare 3 1 1
12 Bostrychia carunculata Watled Ibis Huummoo Common 5 3 7
13 Streptopelia lugens Dusky Turttle- dove Uncommon 1 2 5
The Shannon-Weiner diversity index revealed that highest avian species diversity (H’ =3.60) was recorded in Kersa wetlands
(H’=3.89). The next highest avian species diversity was recorded in Sardo wet land (H′=3.73) and the least diversity of avian species
was recorded in Hamuma wetland (H’=3.55). The highest and the lowest even distribution of species were recorded in the Sardo
habitat (E=1.69) and Hamuma (E= 1.82) respectively. Lastly the highest species evenness was recorded in the Kersa habitat (H’ =2.4).
11. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
Table 3.2 Avian Species Diversity and Evenness index in the study sites
Study site No of Species Abundance H´ H’max H´/H´max
Sardo wet land 9 42 3.73 2.197 1.69
Hamuma wet land 7 35 3.55 1.94 1.82
Kersa wet land 5 49 3.89 1.6 2.4
Moreover, Harvey et al. reported that tree covers in secondary and riparian forests would be associated
with higher animal species richness and abundance since they are likely to provide resources and habitat
for the species originally present in the area than highly modified tree covers. This supports the high
species richness and diversity in Sardo wetland habitat, which are adjacent to the secondary forests.
Riparian forests are also important because this type of forest provides forage to forest-dependent bird
species.
Table 3.3 Avian Similarities in the study sites
Study site Common species
Sardo wet land 31
Hamuma wet land 27
Kersa wet land 28
SI = 1.36
Relative Abundance
Results show higher species dominance in Sardo. Probably because many nesting sites available
in the wetland shore line and food availability, Yellow-billed Kite was found to be the dominant
species with a highest dominance index. Dominance results when one or several species control
the environment and conditions and influence associated species. A high index implies that a
dominant bird species exists in this habitat. Lee and Rotenberry stressed that modification of the
natural environment affects the relative abundance of species. Moreover, as noted by Monadjem
et al, Hooded Vulture is known to move large distances. Similarly, large movements in other
large colonial-breeding scavenging birds have been recorded in Namibia. Similar situations
might also contribute to seasonal variations in the abundance of the birds in the present study
area.
12. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
Field survey: Photographs taken from the study area, while capturing photos
13. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
4. Conclusion and Recommendations
4.1. Conclusion
The presence of high number of species
suggests that Sardo and its adjoining areas
are key conservation sites of birds. The
seasonal variation in avian species and
number of individuals in the study area was
related to the differences in resource
availability between habitats. The highest
species richness and individuals of species
were recorded in Sardo wet lands among
other study sites. More sampling efforts in
Sardo wetland could likely yield to a higher
number of species. This shows that both
habitats are important for birds that provide
the necessary requirements such as food,
water and nesting and breeding sites. Most
avian species recorded were locally common
and frequent. Yellow-billed Kite, were the
most abundant species in Sardo and
Hamuma wetland. Generally, the study sites
have diverse bird species. However,
interferences with this system were
observed. Therefore, conservation measures
are needed to protect the biological diversity
of the area.
4.2. Recommendation
Local community takes training on
bird’s protection and must increase
their awareness.
Clear demarcations are essential to
minimize the exploration of wildlife
of the area.
Illegal activities of the local
community in the forest should be
controlled.
Enhance the competency and their
effectiveness significantly through
training and patrol equipment.
Implementation of rural development
program might be designed to move
the local people from the forest
proximity.
Regular assessment and monitoring
of fauna and flora of the Halu
Wereda essentially by plant and
animal experts.
14. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
Acknowledgement
First and foremost I would like to express
my heartfelt thanks to my Almighty God for
all of my life and giving me a sound mind
and support in skillful handling of this study.
My sincere gratitude and appreciation go to
my close friends for their assistance,
guidance and encouragement during this
study. I deeply appreciate the co-operation
of my wife Bizunesh Kelifa. Finally my
especial thanks also goes to my Close fiend
Asmera Bekele (Lecturer at Jijjiga
University) for his guidance and advise for
the completion of this work.
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR
I declare this study is my own original work.
I have followed all ethical and technical
principles of scholarship in the preparation,
data collection, data analysis and completion
of this study. Any scholarly matter that is
included in the study has been given
recognition through citation.
I seriously declare that this study has not
been submitted to any other institution
anywhere for the award of any academic
degree, diploma or certificate. Clear
quotations from this study may be made
without special permission provided that
accurate and complete acknowledgement of
the source can be made. Requests for
permission for extended quotation or
reproduction of this study in whole or in part
may be granted by the Author:
Contact: (derartu32late@gmail.com,
abu32jima@gmail.com,sifolan2020@gmail.
, (jima3202late@gmail.com)
com
Phone No. : + 251932025277,
+251954594220
Author: LETA JIMA DESTA
Signature: JESUS
Geography and Environmental Studies
Date: Dec, 2011/2019
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Appendices
Birds Species Identified during study
17. College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019