Behavior is everything an organism does in response to stimuli from both the external environment and internal bodily states. It includes innate behaviors that are genetically determined and critical for survival, such as feeding, grooming, and reproduction, as well as learned behaviors influenced by environmental factors. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology and focuses on understanding behavior in natural habitats and social contexts.
This document summarizes flightless birds. It begins by defining flightless birds as belonging to the superorder Palaeognathae, characterized by a Palaeognathous plate. These birds are flightless, with small heads, rudimentary wings, and well-developed legs adapted for running rather than flying. The document then discusses four orders of flightless birds - ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and kiwis. Examples are provided for each, describing their physical characteristics and habitats. In closing, the document briefly mentions penguins as another type of flightless bird found in cold southern climates.
The document discusses different types of innate animal behavior, including innate, reflexive, instinctive, and learned behaviors. It provides examples and definitions for each type. Innate behaviors are inborn and do not require learning, such as fish swimming and geese migrating. Reflex behaviors are automatic responses to stimuli that do not involve consciousness. Instinctive behaviors are complex, innate behaviors that are performed without prior learning or experience, such as fixed action patterns in animals.
Parental care involves investment from parents to increase offspring survival and fitness. In mammals, most care is maternal, involving lactation. Only 6% of mammals show biparental care where monogamous males and females provide care. Paternal care can involve protecting young from predators and helping with growth. For artiodactyls like deer and antelopes, females are the sole caregivers through lactation. They use hiding or following strategies to protect vulnerable young until independent.
By conservation census, all individuals of a population within an area are counted directly. When this is not possible, sampling methods are used to estimate the total population size. Common census methods include quadrat sampling, mark-recapture, distance sampling, camera trapping, and other direct counting techniques. Census data provides information on population status, distributions, behaviors, and is used to inform conservation strategies.
Light Production, Sound production and Thermoregulatoin in InsectsMuhammad Kamran (Sial)
1. The document summarizes light and sound production mechanisms in various insect orders. It discusses how different insects produce light through specialized light-emitting organs and chemical reactions, as well as how they produce sounds through stridulation, percussion, and other methods.
2. Insects regulate their body temperatures through physiological and behavioral adaptations. They can generate heat through muscle activity during flight and warmup, and regulate heat loss by controlling blood flow and selecting microhabitats.
3. Microhabitat selection, basking, activity cycles, and pre-flight muscle warmup are some behavioral adaptations insects use to thermoregulate, while controlling blood flow and heart rate are physiological mechanisms. This allows insects to optimize functions like flight
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
this slide has more information how animals are important for us
its valueable for zoology and biology students
kindly like it and share it if you get usefull info.
and contact us
00923027876733
iubzoologist786@gmail.com
Behavior is everything an organism does in response to stimuli from both the external environment and internal bodily states. It includes innate behaviors that are genetically determined and critical for survival, such as feeding, grooming, and reproduction, as well as learned behaviors influenced by environmental factors. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology and focuses on understanding behavior in natural habitats and social contexts.
This document summarizes flightless birds. It begins by defining flightless birds as belonging to the superorder Palaeognathae, characterized by a Palaeognathous plate. These birds are flightless, with small heads, rudimentary wings, and well-developed legs adapted for running rather than flying. The document then discusses four orders of flightless birds - ostriches, emus, cassowaries, and kiwis. Examples are provided for each, describing their physical characteristics and habitats. In closing, the document briefly mentions penguins as another type of flightless bird found in cold southern climates.
The document discusses different types of innate animal behavior, including innate, reflexive, instinctive, and learned behaviors. It provides examples and definitions for each type. Innate behaviors are inborn and do not require learning, such as fish swimming and geese migrating. Reflex behaviors are automatic responses to stimuli that do not involve consciousness. Instinctive behaviors are complex, innate behaviors that are performed without prior learning or experience, such as fixed action patterns in animals.
Parental care involves investment from parents to increase offspring survival and fitness. In mammals, most care is maternal, involving lactation. Only 6% of mammals show biparental care where monogamous males and females provide care. Paternal care can involve protecting young from predators and helping with growth. For artiodactyls like deer and antelopes, females are the sole caregivers through lactation. They use hiding or following strategies to protect vulnerable young until independent.
By conservation census, all individuals of a population within an area are counted directly. When this is not possible, sampling methods are used to estimate the total population size. Common census methods include quadrat sampling, mark-recapture, distance sampling, camera trapping, and other direct counting techniques. Census data provides information on population status, distributions, behaviors, and is used to inform conservation strategies.
Light Production, Sound production and Thermoregulatoin in InsectsMuhammad Kamran (Sial)
1. The document summarizes light and sound production mechanisms in various insect orders. It discusses how different insects produce light through specialized light-emitting organs and chemical reactions, as well as how they produce sounds through stridulation, percussion, and other methods.
2. Insects regulate their body temperatures through physiological and behavioral adaptations. They can generate heat through muscle activity during flight and warmup, and regulate heat loss by controlling blood flow and selecting microhabitats.
3. Microhabitat selection, basking, activity cycles, and pre-flight muscle warmup are some behavioral adaptations insects use to thermoregulate, while controlling blood flow and heart rate are physiological mechanisms. This allows insects to optimize functions like flight
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
this slide has more information how animals are important for us
its valueable for zoology and biology students
kindly like it and share it if you get usefull info.
and contact us
00923027876733
iubzoologist786@gmail.com
Termites live in complex colonies found in regions around the world. They communicate chemically through pheromones and live in castes that work cooperatively. The colonies contain a king and queen that lay eggs, supplementary royalty, wingless workers that build and maintain the nest, soldiers that defend the colony, and proboscideans that have elongated heads. Termites digest wood and plant material with the help of symbiotic protozoa.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
This document discusses principles of animal distribution and barriers to animal distribution. It outlines several laws and principles that govern how animals are distributed, including that animals are generally found where they are best adapted, and barriers like oceans can prevent distribution to new areas. Barriers to distribution are categorized as extrinsic, like physical geographic barriers and climate, or intrinsic, stemming from animal behaviors. Different patterns of distribution are also described, such as continuous, discontinuous, and Arctic/polar distributions.
- Birds evolved from reptiles and Archaeopteryx possessed both reptilian and avian features. Key avian traits include feathers, hollow lightweight bones, beaks, endothermy, and amniotic eggs.
- Birds have highly specialized organ systems for flight including strong heart and respiratory systems. Their feathers provide insulation and flight abilities.
- There are many orders of birds with varied traits like waterfowl that are aquatic, owls with keen vision and hearing, and songbirds that communicate through song.
Principle of Ethology with special reference to pattern of behaviorDIPJYOTIBORAH3
1. Introduction
a. What is Ethology?
b. Origin & History of Ethology.
2. Principles of Ethology.
3. Some Special Reference of Ethology.
4. Patterns and Behaviour.
5. Conclusion.
6. Reference.
Zoogeography and factors affecting animal distributionKankana Choudhury
This document discusses zoogeography and the factors affecting animal distribution. It begins by defining zoogeography and describing the three levels at which distribution can be studied. It then outlines the six main zoogeographic regions identified by Sclater and Wallace: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian. For each region, it provides details on location, climate, vegetation, fauna, and subdivisions. It also discusses patterns of animal distribution and the barriers and means of dispersal that influence distribution patterns.
Home ranges are areas where individual animals carry out normal activities like finding food, water, and shelter. They are not defended from other animals and home ranges of different individuals may overlap. Within a home range is a core area where most activities are concentrated, like around a nest site. The size of home ranges varies depending on factors like body size, sex, diet, habitat, and resources. Territories are smaller defended areas that provide necessary resources and do not overlap with each other. Animals use behaviors like scent marking and aggression to defend territories.
Fish migration occurs for various reasons such as finding new habitats, feeding, reproduction, and escaping predators. There are several types of fish migration defined by distance, direction, and purpose. Anadromous fish migrate from salt water to fresh water to spawn, like salmon, while catadromous fish do the opposite, migrating from fresh to salt water to spawn. Potamodromous fish migrate within fresh water systems. Oceanodromous fish migrate long distances within salt water environments. Physical, chemical, and biological factors influence fish migration patterns. Migration allows fish to access new food sources and breeding habitats but also carries risks.
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Social organization & Social behavior in animalsDipHaloi1
Social organization in animals depends on factors like group size, age, sex, habitat, and food availability. Animals live in social groups for benefits like improved predator detection, increased chance of prey capture, and easier mate finding. Key aspects of social groups include communication methods, division of labor, and permanent membership among related females. Group living provides advantages for survival and reproduction.
This document discusses communication in insects. It covers four main types of bio-communication: visual, chemical, tactile, and acoustic. Chemical communication, particularly pheromones, plays a dominant role given insects' small size. Pheromones are categorized and examples are given for primer, releaser, trail, alarm, aggregation, and sex pheromones. Visual signals discussed include bioluminescence in fireflies and mimicry. Defense mechanisms like camouflage, aposematism, and thanatosis are also summarized.
This document discusses the key characteristics of birds. It notes that birds are endothermic, having feathers, wings, and a lightweight skeleton adapted for flight. Their fast metabolism allows efficient digestion to fuel flight and maintain a high body temperature of 40-44 degrees Celsius. Feathers insulate birds and flight requires adaptations like a strong breastbone and fused collarbone. A bird's beak and feet reflect its diet and habitat, with different shapes for perching, wading, or catching prey.
Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that first began living on land. They are cold-blooded with scaly skin and lay eggs on land. Their skin is covered in scales, scutes, or bony plates instead of hair or fur. They have lungs with a large surface area, a three-chambered heart (except crocodiles), and shed their skin through moulting.
[1] The document discusses various types of animal behaviors including innate behaviors, learned behaviors, and different patterns of behaviors such as feeding behavior, social behavior, predatory behavior, and reproductive behavior.
[2] It provides examples of different types of innate responses in animals like tropisms, taxes, kineses, and reflexes. Learned behaviors can develop through experiences and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioning.
[3] The document also examines various patterns of behaviors in detail including social behavior in insects like bees, parental behavior in birds and mammals, and anti-predator behaviors used by animals for protection.
Foraging is when animals search for wild foods and plays an important role in survival and reproduction. There are two main types of foraging - solitary, where animals forage alone using tools like sticks or stones, and group foraging where animals hunt together, benefiting from working as a group to isolate prey. Examples of group foragers include lions, hyenas, and wolves.
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Birds can help control pest insects on farms. When farmers provide habitat for birds near crops, the birds consume more pests. Over 220 bird species in North America eat agricultural insect pests. Birds have different diets and foraging strategies - insect-eating, omnivorous, granivorous - which help reduce different pest types. Factors that harm beneficial bird populations on farms include habitat destruction, climate change, pesticide use, predation by cats, and death from wires or drowning in water troughs. Farmers can take steps to address these threats and better support bird populations that naturally control insect pests.
Termites live in complex colonies found in regions around the world. They communicate chemically through pheromones and live in castes that work cooperatively. The colonies contain a king and queen that lay eggs, supplementary royalty, wingless workers that build and maintain the nest, soldiers that defend the colony, and proboscideans that have elongated heads. Termites digest wood and plant material with the help of symbiotic protozoa.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
This document discusses principles of animal distribution and barriers to animal distribution. It outlines several laws and principles that govern how animals are distributed, including that animals are generally found where they are best adapted, and barriers like oceans can prevent distribution to new areas. Barriers to distribution are categorized as extrinsic, like physical geographic barriers and climate, or intrinsic, stemming from animal behaviors. Different patterns of distribution are also described, such as continuous, discontinuous, and Arctic/polar distributions.
- Birds evolved from reptiles and Archaeopteryx possessed both reptilian and avian features. Key avian traits include feathers, hollow lightweight bones, beaks, endothermy, and amniotic eggs.
- Birds have highly specialized organ systems for flight including strong heart and respiratory systems. Their feathers provide insulation and flight abilities.
- There are many orders of birds with varied traits like waterfowl that are aquatic, owls with keen vision and hearing, and songbirds that communicate through song.
Principle of Ethology with special reference to pattern of behaviorDIPJYOTIBORAH3
1. Introduction
a. What is Ethology?
b. Origin & History of Ethology.
2. Principles of Ethology.
3. Some Special Reference of Ethology.
4. Patterns and Behaviour.
5. Conclusion.
6. Reference.
Zoogeography and factors affecting animal distributionKankana Choudhury
This document discusses zoogeography and the factors affecting animal distribution. It begins by defining zoogeography and describing the three levels at which distribution can be studied. It then outlines the six main zoogeographic regions identified by Sclater and Wallace: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian. For each region, it provides details on location, climate, vegetation, fauna, and subdivisions. It also discusses patterns of animal distribution and the barriers and means of dispersal that influence distribution patterns.
Home ranges are areas where individual animals carry out normal activities like finding food, water, and shelter. They are not defended from other animals and home ranges of different individuals may overlap. Within a home range is a core area where most activities are concentrated, like around a nest site. The size of home ranges varies depending on factors like body size, sex, diet, habitat, and resources. Territories are smaller defended areas that provide necessary resources and do not overlap with each other. Animals use behaviors like scent marking and aggression to defend territories.
Fish migration occurs for various reasons such as finding new habitats, feeding, reproduction, and escaping predators. There are several types of fish migration defined by distance, direction, and purpose. Anadromous fish migrate from salt water to fresh water to spawn, like salmon, while catadromous fish do the opposite, migrating from fresh to salt water to spawn. Potamodromous fish migrate within fresh water systems. Oceanodromous fish migrate long distances within salt water environments. Physical, chemical, and biological factors influence fish migration patterns. Migration allows fish to access new food sources and breeding habitats but also carries risks.
Chordata is the last phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Which is further subdivided into subphylums, divisions and classes.
The Slides shows the classification of the phylum along with the basis on which it is classified.
(includes examples along with pictures for easy understanding and memorizing)
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Social organization & Social behavior in animalsDipHaloi1
Social organization in animals depends on factors like group size, age, sex, habitat, and food availability. Animals live in social groups for benefits like improved predator detection, increased chance of prey capture, and easier mate finding. Key aspects of social groups include communication methods, division of labor, and permanent membership among related females. Group living provides advantages for survival and reproduction.
This document discusses communication in insects. It covers four main types of bio-communication: visual, chemical, tactile, and acoustic. Chemical communication, particularly pheromones, plays a dominant role given insects' small size. Pheromones are categorized and examples are given for primer, releaser, trail, alarm, aggregation, and sex pheromones. Visual signals discussed include bioluminescence in fireflies and mimicry. Defense mechanisms like camouflage, aposematism, and thanatosis are also summarized.
This document discusses the key characteristics of birds. It notes that birds are endothermic, having feathers, wings, and a lightweight skeleton adapted for flight. Their fast metabolism allows efficient digestion to fuel flight and maintain a high body temperature of 40-44 degrees Celsius. Feathers insulate birds and flight requires adaptations like a strong breastbone and fused collarbone. A bird's beak and feet reflect its diet and habitat, with different shapes for perching, wading, or catching prey.
Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that first began living on land. They are cold-blooded with scaly skin and lay eggs on land. Their skin is covered in scales, scutes, or bony plates instead of hair or fur. They have lungs with a large surface area, a three-chambered heart (except crocodiles), and shed their skin through moulting.
[1] The document discusses various types of animal behaviors including innate behaviors, learned behaviors, and different patterns of behaviors such as feeding behavior, social behavior, predatory behavior, and reproductive behavior.
[2] It provides examples of different types of innate responses in animals like tropisms, taxes, kineses, and reflexes. Learned behaviors can develop through experiences and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioning.
[3] The document also examines various patterns of behaviors in detail including social behavior in insects like bees, parental behavior in birds and mammals, and anti-predator behaviors used by animals for protection.
Foraging is when animals search for wild foods and plays an important role in survival and reproduction. There are two main types of foraging - solitary, where animals forage alone using tools like sticks or stones, and group foraging where animals hunt together, benefiting from working as a group to isolate prey. Examples of group foragers include lions, hyenas, and wolves.
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Birds can help control pest insects on farms. When farmers provide habitat for birds near crops, the birds consume more pests. Over 220 bird species in North America eat agricultural insect pests. Birds have different diets and foraging strategies - insect-eating, omnivorous, granivorous - which help reduce different pest types. Factors that harm beneficial bird populations on farms include habitat destruction, climate change, pesticide use, predation by cats, and death from wires or drowning in water troughs. Farmers can take steps to address these threats and better support bird populations that naturally control insect pests.
a goodosjv jkcdsdsjvfdbjlfblkbn full-handout-of-poultry.pdfJhonAdrianVargas
This document provides an overview of poultry production and hatchery management. It begins with definitions of key terms like poultry, chick, pullet, hen, cockerel, cock/rooster, and broiler. It then discusses the origin and domestication of chickens, tracing them back to the red jungle fowl in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago. The document also classifies chickens based on geographical region, describing major classes like Asiatic, American, English, and Mediterranean breeds. It notes that chickens are the most widespread poultry in Ethiopia but are mostly local breeds with low productivity. The goal of the document is to introduce concepts in poultry science and management.
Dung Beetle Benefits in the Pasture EcosystemGardening
This document summarizes information about dung beetles and their benefits in pasture ecosystems. It discusses the different types of dung beetles, their life cycles, behaviors, and importance in manure recycling and soil health. Specifically, it notes that dung beetles improve nutrient cycling, soil structure, forage growth, and help reduce pest populations like horn flies. The document also covers research on importing new dung beetle species to support pasture ecosystems and provides tips for management practices to encourage dung beetle populations.
24. What we can learn from bees A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Ag...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Bees play a vital role in pollination and our food system. Approximately one third of the food we eat depends on bee pollination. Bees pollinate about one-sixth of the world's flowering plants and some 400 agricultural crops. Around 30% of food crops worldwide rely on pollinators like bees, providing over 15-30% of global food supplies and nutritional needs. The survival of bees and other pollinators is important for genetic diversity in plants and stability in ecosystems.
Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms.
Nearly all insects hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages often differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo four-stage metamorphosis. Insects that undergo three-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages.[6] The higher level relationship of the insects is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.
Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming. As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles, composed of the front and rear on one side with the middle on the other side. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight, and all flying insects derive from one common ancestor. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyrid beetles communicate with light.
This document presented information on the role of pollinators and pollinizers in fruit crops. It defined pollinators as organisms that aid in the transfer of pollen between flowers, and pollinizers as specific plants that provide compatible pollen for the fertilization of other plants. Several case studies were described that showed the positive impacts of adequate pollinator populations and proper pollinizer selection, including increased fruit set, yield, and quality in various crops such as apple, peach, almond, and kiwi. Challenges to pollinators like habitat loss, pesticides, and disease were also discussed.
Integrated Parasite Management for LivestockGardening
- Internal parasites can be a major problem for livestock producers and are developing resistance to dewormers. Integrated parasite management looks at the whole farm system, including nutrition, pasture management, and soil organisms, to decrease parasite loads and reliance on chemical dewormers.
- Nutrition plays a key role in animal health and ability to withstand parasites. Increased protein and phosphorus in diets can improve weight gain in infected animals.
- Pasture management, like rotational grazing and preventing overgrazing, allows for pasture rest and healthier soil that supports dung beetles and fungi to reduce parasite eggs and larvae. Keeping pastures at adequate height also reduces livestock ingestion of parasites.
This document discusses entomophagy, which is the practice of eating insects. It provides details on the history of entomophagy in human cultures and among other animal species. The document outlines the nutritional benefits of eating insects, noting that they are high in protein, vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats. It also addresses why entomophagy is generally not accepted in the US despite being common in many other cultures. The document notes that some insects are already commonly used as food additives in the US without most people realizing it.
Dung Beetle Benefits in the Pasture EcosystemElisaMendelsohn
Dung beetles play an important role in pasture ecosystems by feeding on manure, using it to provide homes and food for their young, and improving soil structure, nutrient cycling, and forage growth. There are three main types of dung beetles - tumblers that roll dung into balls and bury them, tunnelers that bury balls under or near dung piles, and dwellers that live in dung piles without much digging. Dung beetles benefit pastures by reducing fly populations, breaking the life cycles of gastrointestinal parasites, and making more forage available by completely removing dung piles. Importing additional dung beetle species from other parts of the world can further improve manure recycling in US past
This document discusses the importance of the class Insecta. It notes that insects make up 70-90% of all animal life and have existed for 250-500 million years. Insects can be classified based on their economic importance into those of no economic importance and those of economic importance. The latter group includes injurious insects like crop pests, storage pests, and disease vectors as well as beneficial insects like productive insects (e.g. silkworms, honey bees), those used for medicine, food, ornamentation, scientific research, and roles as parasitoids, predators, pollinators, weed killers, and scavengers.
This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
Integrating Native Pollinators into Wildlife Conservation Practices slide notesNancy Adamson
These slide notes accompany a slideshow of the same name prepared by Nancy Lee Adamson (Xerces Society), many other Xerces Society staff, & Carol Heiser (VA Department of Game & Inland Fisheries), for Virginia Master Naturalists promoting meadow establishment for pollinator & upland game conservation, with input & support from Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries biologists & the USDA-NRCS East National Technology Support Center.
Honey bees are crucial pollinators for many fruits and vegetables. They pollinate about 30% of the food consumed in the US. However, honey bee populations have declined by 30-50% over the last 20 years due to various factors like pesticides, malnutrition, mites, and viruses. If honey bee populations continue to decline, it could significantly impact food prices and availability. There are steps people can take to help honey bees, such as planting bee-friendly gardens and donating to research on solving colony collapse disorder.
The document discusses pollinators and their role in plant reproduction and biodiversity. It notes that most flowering plants rely on animals for cross-pollination, with the main pollinators being insects, birds, bats, and some reptiles and amphibians. Bees are identified as the most important group of pollinators, pollinating over 73% of leading food crops worldwide. The document provides information on different types of pollinator insects including bees, flies, butterflies, moths, wasps, and beetles. It emphasizes the crucial role pollinators play in sustainable agriculture and food security.
This document provides information on several common filth-breeding fly species. It describes their identifying characteristics, breeding habitats, life cycles and control methods. Several flies are discussed including house flies, flesh flies, blow flies, bottle flies, filter flies, soldier flies, fruit flies and hump-backed flies. For most species, their full life cycle from egg to adult takes 1-3 weeks. They typically breed in decaying organic matter like animal waste, garbage or rotting fruits and vegetables. The best control methods involve sanitation and eliminating breeding sources through clean-up and use of tight-fitting garbage containers. Chemical sprays can also help control adult fly populations.
This document provides information on several common filth-breeding fly species. It describes their identifying characteristics, breeding habitats, life cycles and control methods. Several flies are discussed including house flies, flesh flies, blow flies, bottle flies, filter flies, soldier flies, fruit flies and hump-backed flies. For most species, their full life cycle from egg to adult takes 1-3 weeks. They typically breed in decaying organic matter like animal waste, garbage or rotting fruits and vegetables. The best control methods emphasized are sanitation to remove breeding sources and destroying larval development sites. Chemical sprays may also be used to control adult fly populations.
evs project on study of birds,insects and plantsRaghu Roy
The document provides information about a student's environmental study project on common birds, insects, and plants in West Bengal, India. It includes descriptions of 5 common birds: Baya Weaver, Common Bulbul, Blue Magpie-Robin, Indian Ring-Necked Parrot, and Rock Dove. It also describes 5 common insects: Indian Meal Moth, Mosquito, Dust Mite, Pill Bug, and Earwigs. Finally, it discusses 5 common plants: Margosa Tree, Aloe Vera, and Periwink. For each bird, insect, and plant described, it provides details about size, shape, color, habitat, diet, and impact. The purpose of the project was
Economic zoology deals with applying zoological knowledge to benefit humanity, such as cultivating animals for food and controlling pests. It covers topics like beneficial and harmful insects, crop pests, apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, aquaculture, venomous animals, and livestock/vector-borne diseases. Insects provide an estimated $57 billion in ecological services annually to justify greater conservation investments. Beneficial insects include pollinators that transfer crop pollen, valued at $3 billion in the US alone, and predators that control pests. Parasitic wasps, flies, and other insects also help limit pest populations. Productive insects include silkworms, honey bees, and lac
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Economic importance of birds
1.
2. FOR FOOD
IN AGRICULTURE
COMMUNICATION
FOR HUNTING
COMPETITION GAMES
FOR COMPANY
BEAUTY OR ATTRACTION
IMPORTANCE OF BIRDS IN NATURE
3. FOR FOOD
Birds are the prime source of food for humans. They produce eggs and
also meat. There are many types of birds used for meat purposes like
turkey, hen, ducks, geese, quails, etc.
The meat of birds is consumed as a daily food in many countries,
depending on the type of bird available.
Their meat is called white meat and unlike red meat (beef or mutton). It is
said to be healthier for the heart as it has a less fat content. Even those
with the risk of obesity and cardiac problems can also eat it.
Further, the eggs are part of daily meals, cakes, ice creams even among
vegetarian countries. Unlike vegetarians, some eggetarians refrain from
eating meat but eat eggs.
Eggs are rich in protein and hence advised for consumption by patients
suffering from debilitating diseases.
4. Birds are grown to make monetary gains through
business. They are raised for their meat and eggs.
They are economically very viable for poultry farmers.
As they contribute to food, the poultry business seems
to be evergreen without losses unless affected by
diseases.
ECONOMIC
CONTRIBUTION
5. IN AGRICULTURE
Birds are not directly employed by a man in agriculture. But they
naturally serve some benefits like
a) Pollination: Birds help in cross-pollination. They carry male
gametes of one plant and drop them on to female gametes of
another plant. Thus they help in sexual reproduction plants. Besides
birds, even the insects and wind serve the purpose. But birds play a
prominent role. Cross-pollination helps in the formation of healthy
seeds.
b) Fertility: Birds excreta is rich in uric acid. This can readily convert to
ammonia and acts as fertile manure to plants. The birds around the
farm may contribute less to the manure. But the waste from poultry, if
added to the soil, dramatically enhances fertility.
c) Pest control: Birds rely on insects and their larva to feed
themselves and their babies. So during crop season, there is extensive
growth of insect population due to favorable conditions. Birds keep the
growth under control and help the crop from pest attack.
d) Rodent control: Unlike insects, rodents are a big problem for
plants. Rodents eat away the yield of the crop. Birds like eagles keep
an eye on these rodents and carry away for consumption. Thus they
keep the rodent growth under control, which in turn helps the farmers.
6. COMMUNICATION
When the man did not have a phone or automobiles for his
transport, birds were widely used for communication. Pet birds
like pigeons, parrots were used to communicate with distant
people. They were used to deliver small letters tied around
their neck to nearby villages and towns.
This mode of communication was a swift, reliable, and
inexpensive method. Since the family had some birds, they
could communicate with their relatives by using them.
7. FOR HUNTING
Birds like eagles are used for hunting wild animals
like foxes, rabbits, etc. The owner of the bird
releases it to catch a running animal. The birds
swiftly fly in the air and attack the animal and
arrests it so as its owner takes the prey.
8. COMPETITION GAMES
These are banned in most parts
of the world. Here hens,
especially males, are allowed to
fight for fun and gambling. This is
a cause of violence for the birds.
So many governments banned
bird fights.
9. FOR COMPANY
Birds are grown as pets by many. They help one
avoid loneliness and provide a company. Even we
come across many stories where the birds help in
tracking the culprits of mischief, and some birds
also speak, etc.
10. BEAUTY OR ATTRACTION
Birds are also kept for increasing the appeal of
premises. In places like hotels, exhibitions,
recreation centers, etc. They are easy to maintain,
as they require less food and water.
11. IMPORTANCE OF BIRDS IN NATURE
Birds are part of Nature. They contribute to the ecosystem and environment.
They help follow ways to Nature.
1. Food chain
Birds are part of the food chain. They are carnivores here. They keep a check
on the overpopulation of rodents, insects and even snakes. Small birds, in
general, eat up insects and their larva. While large ones like eagles hunt and
kill rodents and snakes (reptiles) for food.
2. Scavengers
We might have come across birds circled a corpse of animals. Even in a forest,
once an animal is left out by lions and tigers, the rest is consumed by birds.
Birds are natural scavengers. They help keep the Nature clean of dead and
decay matter. Even they do not leave out grains or fruits which are thrown out
into open places.
3. Seed propagation
Birds are the key to seed propagation. Hence we see plants growing
spontaneously at different locations on the soil. The birds eat the fruit or seeds
of the plants. Some of them remain undigested and get excreted as such.
When these seeds reach the ground, they can germinate in favorable
conditions. Thus birds help in natural seed dispersal and plant propagation.
4. Beauty to Nature: Birds are some of the creatures which add charm to
the environment. Hence we see much painting with birds and even
photographs of birds to reflect beauty.
13. AS DISSEMINATORS OF DISEASES
Birds are suspected to disseminate viruses of certain
diseases like the Kyasamer Forest Disease (K.F.D.)
of Mysore, work on which is going on at the Virus
Research Centre, Poona in collaboration with the
Bombay Natural History Society.
HISTOPLASMOSIS disease is generally found to
develop around old chicken houses. Its pathogen
Histoplasma capsulatium prefers undistributed litter
in and around old chicken houses or in undistributed
droppings under Birds-roosts. The spore of the
causative organism lodge in the lungs/liver/spleen of
Man/Dog/Horse etc.
14. AS THREAT OF AIRCRAFT
Different species of birds are great menace to the
Aeroplanes. They are responsible for several
collisions and air crashes of Civil and Military Air
crafts.
Vulture and kites cause damage by directly striking
against the air craft while the small ones do so by
getting sucked into air intake of the Jet Engine.
15. BIRDS AS A PEST
Birds are the pest of Many Crops.
For example : Parrots eat and cut the Ripe and Semi-
ripe fruits and thus cause heavy damage to various
Horticulture and Agriculture crops. e.g., Maize, Juar,
Wheat, Guava, Mango and Cashew fruits also.
Parrots have a habit of flying in flocks and alighting
on crops in flocks.