Population Dynamics Of Small Mammals In Virginia Foreststsandrew
Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in Virginia Forests: Testing the Impacts of Weather, Deer, Acorns, and Shrub Cover.
Researchers:
T. Bernheim, M. Fu, S. Rowland, and A. Tsai
This document summarizes a study on resource partitioning among large grazing herbivores in Mabula Game Reserve in South Africa. The study examined factors like body size, digestive strategies, grass quality, and habitat types that influence how different herbivore species partition resources. Field observations were conducted in the wet and dry seasons to record herbivore species, group sizes, and selected grass species. Grass samples were analyzed to determine nutrient quality. Preliminary results found high overlap between blue wildebeest and plains zebra, and high selection of Cynodon dactylon grass at old settlement sites by multiple species. Further analysis of habitat use and grass chemistry may provide insights into niche separation between herbivore species.
This study evaluated and compared the vegetative composition of four tern nesting colonies in Southern New England. Data was collected on plant species and coverage at Common Tern, Roseate Tern, and random nest and sampling sites. In total, 34 plant species were documented, with 16 being relatively common across multiple sites. The sites varied in plant species richness and prevalence of invasive species. Management of vegetation is important for maintaining suitable open nesting habitat for terns but requires a combination of removal, soil, and habitat construction methods.
This document analyzes dispersal syndromes of vertebrate-dispersed plants across 135 forest communities in Brazil's Atlantic forest. It finds that endozoochory (vertebrate dispersal) increases in wetter forests, while ornithochory (bird dispersal) is more common at higher altitudes. Mastozoochory (mammal dispersal) and smaller fruit size are associated with warmer forests. This analysis provides the first assessment of large-scale trends in dispersal modes across a tropical forest region, supporting hypotheses about the effects of moisture, elevation, and temperature on the relative importance of different dispersal agents.
Tracking and camera stations were used to document fisher (Martes pennanti) behavior in Vermont forests over two months. Fifty-eight photos showed 12 visits by fishers, with more activity in March during breeding season. Photos revealed behaviors like scent marking on logs and sticks. Non-invasive tracking and cameras allowed observation without disturbing fishers and provided information about their presence and behaviors.
This study analyzed a hybrid zone between black-headed grosbeaks and rose-breasted grosbeaks in South Dakota. The researchers collected 143 birds across the hybrid zone and analyzed both morphological characteristics and genetic markers. They found low frequencies of hybrids, stability in the location and width of the hybrid zone over 40 years, and evidence that hybrids have reduced fitness. This supports a model where the hybrid zone is maintained as a "tension zone" due to a balance between dispersal into the zone and selection against hybrids.
XIII World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2009Dr. Amalesh Dhar
The document summarizes research on the biodiversity and genetic structure of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations in Austria. Regeneration was found to be limited by browsing and lack of light. Pole stand health varied between sites, with differences in diameter distribution. Genetic analysis found moderate genetic variation and inbreeding within populations. Monitoring, thinning, and protection from browsing were recommended to improve regeneration and conservation status.
This research article examines how genetic and phenotypic variation affect the spring arrival dates of blackcap populations across Europe. The researchers analyzed interactions between a candidate gene for migration (ADCYAP1), wing morphology, sex, and spring arrival date in nine blackcap populations. They found female-specific effects, with longer wings associated with earlier arrival for females but not males. There was also an interaction between ADCYAP1 allele size and wing shape on female arrival date. Within one population in Freiburg, males that overwintered in northwest Europe arrived earlier than other groups. This study helps further the understanding of genetic and environmental influences on migratory traits.
Population Dynamics Of Small Mammals In Virginia Foreststsandrew
Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in Virginia Forests: Testing the Impacts of Weather, Deer, Acorns, and Shrub Cover.
Researchers:
T. Bernheim, M. Fu, S. Rowland, and A. Tsai
This document summarizes a study on resource partitioning among large grazing herbivores in Mabula Game Reserve in South Africa. The study examined factors like body size, digestive strategies, grass quality, and habitat types that influence how different herbivore species partition resources. Field observations were conducted in the wet and dry seasons to record herbivore species, group sizes, and selected grass species. Grass samples were analyzed to determine nutrient quality. Preliminary results found high overlap between blue wildebeest and plains zebra, and high selection of Cynodon dactylon grass at old settlement sites by multiple species. Further analysis of habitat use and grass chemistry may provide insights into niche separation between herbivore species.
This study evaluated and compared the vegetative composition of four tern nesting colonies in Southern New England. Data was collected on plant species and coverage at Common Tern, Roseate Tern, and random nest and sampling sites. In total, 34 plant species were documented, with 16 being relatively common across multiple sites. The sites varied in plant species richness and prevalence of invasive species. Management of vegetation is important for maintaining suitable open nesting habitat for terns but requires a combination of removal, soil, and habitat construction methods.
This document analyzes dispersal syndromes of vertebrate-dispersed plants across 135 forest communities in Brazil's Atlantic forest. It finds that endozoochory (vertebrate dispersal) increases in wetter forests, while ornithochory (bird dispersal) is more common at higher altitudes. Mastozoochory (mammal dispersal) and smaller fruit size are associated with warmer forests. This analysis provides the first assessment of large-scale trends in dispersal modes across a tropical forest region, supporting hypotheses about the effects of moisture, elevation, and temperature on the relative importance of different dispersal agents.
Tracking and camera stations were used to document fisher (Martes pennanti) behavior in Vermont forests over two months. Fifty-eight photos showed 12 visits by fishers, with more activity in March during breeding season. Photos revealed behaviors like scent marking on logs and sticks. Non-invasive tracking and cameras allowed observation without disturbing fishers and provided information about their presence and behaviors.
This study analyzed a hybrid zone between black-headed grosbeaks and rose-breasted grosbeaks in South Dakota. The researchers collected 143 birds across the hybrid zone and analyzed both morphological characteristics and genetic markers. They found low frequencies of hybrids, stability in the location and width of the hybrid zone over 40 years, and evidence that hybrids have reduced fitness. This supports a model where the hybrid zone is maintained as a "tension zone" due to a balance between dispersal into the zone and selection against hybrids.
XIII World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2009Dr. Amalesh Dhar
The document summarizes research on the biodiversity and genetic structure of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations in Austria. Regeneration was found to be limited by browsing and lack of light. Pole stand health varied between sites, with differences in diameter distribution. Genetic analysis found moderate genetic variation and inbreeding within populations. Monitoring, thinning, and protection from browsing were recommended to improve regeneration and conservation status.
This research article examines how genetic and phenotypic variation affect the spring arrival dates of blackcap populations across Europe. The researchers analyzed interactions between a candidate gene for migration (ADCYAP1), wing morphology, sex, and spring arrival date in nine blackcap populations. They found female-specific effects, with longer wings associated with earlier arrival for females but not males. There was also an interaction between ADCYAP1 allele size and wing shape on female arrival date. Within one population in Freiburg, males that overwintered in northwest Europe arrived earlier than other groups. This study helps further the understanding of genetic and environmental influences on migratory traits.
A numerical analysis of understory plant associations in a Pinus wallichiana ...Innspub Net
The present investigation describes the structure and vegetation composition of the forest located in Murree Hills, Punjab, Pakistan. The study area is a part of Himalayans moist temperate forest. The vegetation zone entirely consists of shrubs or medium size trees. The plants give the appearance of a vast flower bed, composed principally of herbaceous species. These species are adapted to withstand the extremes of cold and desiccation. Study area range in altitude from 2100m-2300 m (A.S.L.). A total of 65 species, belonging to 62 genera and 39 families were recorded from 40 stands. Angiosperms contributed a major share while Pteridophytes contributed little to the floristic richness of the area. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics including Cluster Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and correlation co-efficient to detect the relations between altitudinal and some environmental factors with composition and structure of the plant communities. DCA axis 1 and axis 2 were used to interpret the data. Four vegetation types were delineated by Cluster Analysis which was then plotted on the first two axes a scattered diagram. The outcome of the cluster was confirmed by using DCA. There were significant differences in the flora composition as well as the edaphic factors along the altitudinal gradient. The results of the present investigation suggest a direct altitudinal and soil chemical factors pH, EC, cations and anions on the vegetation variation. Topography predicts species composition of the study area.
Obstacle Size and Trail–Clearing Activity in Leaf–Cutter Ants, Atta colombicaMaxson Jarecki
This study found that there is a power curve relationship between the length of leaf obstacles placed on Atta colombica ant trails and the time taken by the ants to remove the obstacles. Leaf obstacles over 5cm in length were cut into pieces using the same techniques the ants use for leaf harvesting. Though there were no significant differences found between forests with different rainfall levels or between morning and afternoon time periods, the small sample size means a larger study could reveal differences based on humidity, temperature, and other microclimate variables. Further research is needed to fully examine the effects of these factors on individual ant obstacle removal rates.
The study examined the home range of the bark scorpion Centruroides vittatus in Laredo, Texas using mark-recapture methods from 2009-2010. A total of 31 scorpions were collected and marked. The minimum convex polygon and local convex hull methods were used to estimate home range sizes. Males were found to have significantly larger home ranges and travel greater distances than females. Recapture rates were around 50% overall. The study provided a basis for further examining factors that influence scorpion home range sizes and patterns of microhabitat use.
patterns and determinants of floristic variation across lowland forests of bo...Valderes Sarnaglia
This document analyzes patterns of floristic variation across 220 forest plots in lowland Bolivia and relates this to environmental factors. It finds that floristic variation is strongly associated with differences in water availability and temperature, with climate having a stronger influence than soil properties. Analysis identifies five distinct floristic regions in lowland Bolivia. A total of 82 tree and palm species are identified as strong indicators of environmental preferences for one of the five regions. The study concludes that species composition may shift substantially with predicted changes in climate.
Article 'Response of moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) to livestock grazing in Mongolian rangelands' by Khishigdelger Enkhtura, Martin Pfeiffera, Ariuntsetseg Lkhagvaa, Bazartseren Boldgiva
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
QTL Mapping for Gray Leaf Spot ResistanceManjit Kang
This document summarizes a study that mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to gray leaf spot (GLS) in a tropical maize population. Researchers crossed a tropical GLS-resistant line (YML 32) with a temperate GLS-susceptible line (Ye 478) to produce an F2:3 population. They evaluated the population for GLS disease resistance and flowering time at two locations in Yunnan province, China. Seven QTL for GLS resistance and six QTL for flowering time were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8. Most QTL for GLS resistance overlapped with QTL for flowering time. The largest-effect QTL
This study used radio telemetry to track 37 male wood thrush birds over two breeding seasons in coastal Virginia. The researchers then collected data on prey availability and habitat structure within the birds' home ranges. They developed models to examine how prey availability and habitat structure related to the birds' space use patterns within their home ranges. The best model included both prey and habitat variables. Areas of high wood thrush use were associated with greater biomass of spiders and worms, which correlated with higher soil moisture. Bird use also related positively to forest canopy height and snag basal area, and negatively to red oak count and pine basal area. Evaluation of the models found that habitat structure variables explained more variation in bird space use than prey availability alone. This
This document presents a study investigating patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with divergent migratory orientations in Europe. The study analyzed variation at microsatellite markers in over 500 blackcaps from 12 populations across Europe. The populations exhibited different migratory strategies, including southwest/southeast and northwest/southwest divides. The results found little genetic differentiation between southwest and southeast migrating populations, suggesting gene flow occurs across the large migratory divide region. In contrast, populations with northwest versus southwest migration in southern Germany showed significant but weak genetic differentiation, indicating a stronger isolating mechanism. Patterns of isolation-by-distance also differed between eastern and western blackcap populations. The genetic structure provides
This document summarizes research on the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) in Pacific Northwest forests of the USA. Key points:
- Flying squirrels are a keystone species that disperse fungi and are an important prey source. They tend to be most abundant in old growth forests over 100 years old.
- Life history attributes like body mass, reproduction, and density vary between geographic regions and between managed and old growth forests.
- The author conducted long-term research trapping and tracking flying squirrels across different forest types to understand patterns of abundance and ecology. This research provides insights for forest management to conserve biodiversity.
Stimating long-term forage production using precipitation pattern in Dehshir ...Innspub Net
Knowledge on changes of the factors affecting range forage production is the main prerequisite for understanding the processes and optimal management of rangelands. In this research, the effects of precipitation variables, were studied on long-term forage production of somedominant range species, in Dehshirrangelands, Yazd province, during 9 years (2004 to 2012). Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between annual production and different precipitation pattern. According to the results, rainfall of past year in addition to rainfall of growing season has the greatest impact on forage production in site of Dehshir. Plant with platability class (I) and platability class (III) correlated with previous rainfall, respectively (r2 = 0.9 & 0.88), andplatability class (II) with growing season rainfall (r2 = 0.7o). Long- term production is estimated at 243.15 (kg/ha).
Simultaneous pollinator occurence (hymenoptera, agaoninae) in a threatened sp...Robert Mts
This study found evidence that two species of Pegoscapus wasps simultaneously pollinate Ficus mexiae, a threatened fig species in Brazil. The researchers analyzed 57 syconia from two F. mexiae trees and found that both Pegoscapus sp. 1 and Pegoscapus sp. 2 emerged from the syconia, with Pegoscapus sp. 2 being more abundant. While both wasp species were found to contribute to pollination and seed production, their relationship seems competitive, as their abundances were negatively correlated. This provides preliminary evidence that F. mexiae relies on both wasp species for pollination, and maintains diversity in Neotropical figs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Regional and global elevational patterns of microbial species richness and ev...sediman
Although elevational gradients in microbial biodiversity have attracted increasing attention recently, the generality in the patterns and underlying mechanisms are still poorly resolved. Further, previous studies focused mostly on species richness, while left understudied evenness, another important aspect of biodiversity. Here, we studied the elevational patterns in species richness and evenness of stream bio lm bacteria and diatoms in six mountains in Asia and Europe. We also reviewed published results for elevational richness patterns for soil and stream microbes in a literature analysis. Our results revealed that even within the same ecosystem type (that is, stream) or geographical region, bacteria and diatoms showed contrasting patterns in diversity. Stream microbes, including present stream data, tend to show signi cantly increasing or decreasing elevational patterns in richness, contrasting the ndings for soil microbes that typically showed nonsigni cant or signi cantly decreasing patterns. In all six mountains for bacteria and in four mountains for diatoms, species richness and evenness were positively correlated. e variation in bacteria and diatom richness and evenness were substantially explained by anthropogenic driven factors, such as total phosphorus (TP). However, diatom richness and evenness were also related to di erent main drivers as richness was mostly related to pH, while evenness was most explained by TP. Our results highlight the lack of consistent elevational biodiversity patterns of microbes and further indicate that the two facets of biodiversity may respond di erently to environmental gradients.
This study investigated the interactions between summer dormancy and fungal endophyte infection in tall fescue grass. Field trials were conducted in Arkansas and Texas comparing populations that were summer dormant, incompletely summer dormant, and summer active, with and without fungal endophytes. The summer dormant populations exhibited less growth, lower water content, and greater senescence during the summer months compared to the summer active population. The summer dormant populations also had much higher survival rates, even without irrigation. The presence of fungal endophytes did not influence the expression of summer dormancy or survival of the dormant populations.
This document summarizes a study on mammal densities in the Kalahari region of Botswana and how they are impacted by seasons and land use. The study compares mammal densities across four different land use areas - Communal Grazing Areas, Fenced Ranches, Wildlife Management Areas, and National Parks. Previous studies have shown that human activities like livestock grazing can negatively impact wildlife by reducing resources and fragmenting the landscape. The goal of this study was to investigate how spatial and temporal variations in mammal densities relate to different types of human land use. Large and medium herbivores and carnivores were found to be most affected by human activities, while smaller mammals were least affected. Seasonal and regional environmental differences had less impact than the
This document discusses a study that tested whether the endemic palm Phoenix pusilla could act as a nurse plant species in degraded tropical dry evergreen forests in India. The study found that P. pusilla improved soil and microclimate conditions, which enhanced seed germination, seedling emergence, and establishment of other woody species. Specifically, P. pusilla's presence increased soil organic matter and water retention while decreasing temperature and light levels. This nucleated the succession of a more species-rich woody plant community, indicating P. pusilla's potential for use in restoration efforts and its importance for biodiversity conservation in these landscapes. The study highlights how traditional ecological knowledge can help identify effective nurse species.
This document summarizes research on biodiversity in secondary forests that have grown after abandoned agriculture. It finds that the rate of forest recovery can vary significantly depending on regional conditions like soil fertility, previous land use intensity, and availability of seed sources. Specifically, studies have found secondary forests can regain similar species diversity to old-growth forests in as little as 14-30 years in some areas, while remaining distinct even after 150 years in others. Key factors influencing the recovery rate include soil quality, intensity of prior agricultural practices, presence of remnant trees, and dispersal of generalist pioneer species.
The Challenge
Deciding what to publish, how to publish it, for whom, in what format, are the modern day marketing challenges facing all businesses.
What’s on the slide deck?
In this slideshow I'll take you through 6 Steps To A Solid Content Marketing Plan, referencing a tried and tested framework that pulls together 6 interlinked and interdependent marketing and publishing disciplines:
1. Know your audience
2. Audit your content
3. Map your content to your buyer
4. Create your editorial calendar
5. Promote your content
6. Measure your performance
What will you learn?
You'll discover some the best content marketing tools and techniques and their inventors and see my recommendations for using them in your daily marketing business to deploy purposeful content marketing to help you attract customers and grow your business.
A numerical analysis of understory plant associations in a Pinus wallichiana ...Innspub Net
The present investigation describes the structure and vegetation composition of the forest located in Murree Hills, Punjab, Pakistan. The study area is a part of Himalayans moist temperate forest. The vegetation zone entirely consists of shrubs or medium size trees. The plants give the appearance of a vast flower bed, composed principally of herbaceous species. These species are adapted to withstand the extremes of cold and desiccation. Study area range in altitude from 2100m-2300 m (A.S.L.). A total of 65 species, belonging to 62 genera and 39 families were recorded from 40 stands. Angiosperms contributed a major share while Pteridophytes contributed little to the floristic richness of the area. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics including Cluster Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and correlation co-efficient to detect the relations between altitudinal and some environmental factors with composition and structure of the plant communities. DCA axis 1 and axis 2 were used to interpret the data. Four vegetation types were delineated by Cluster Analysis which was then plotted on the first two axes a scattered diagram. The outcome of the cluster was confirmed by using DCA. There were significant differences in the flora composition as well as the edaphic factors along the altitudinal gradient. The results of the present investigation suggest a direct altitudinal and soil chemical factors pH, EC, cations and anions on the vegetation variation. Topography predicts species composition of the study area.
Obstacle Size and Trail–Clearing Activity in Leaf–Cutter Ants, Atta colombicaMaxson Jarecki
This study found that there is a power curve relationship between the length of leaf obstacles placed on Atta colombica ant trails and the time taken by the ants to remove the obstacles. Leaf obstacles over 5cm in length were cut into pieces using the same techniques the ants use for leaf harvesting. Though there were no significant differences found between forests with different rainfall levels or between morning and afternoon time periods, the small sample size means a larger study could reveal differences based on humidity, temperature, and other microclimate variables. Further research is needed to fully examine the effects of these factors on individual ant obstacle removal rates.
The study examined the home range of the bark scorpion Centruroides vittatus in Laredo, Texas using mark-recapture methods from 2009-2010. A total of 31 scorpions were collected and marked. The minimum convex polygon and local convex hull methods were used to estimate home range sizes. Males were found to have significantly larger home ranges and travel greater distances than females. Recapture rates were around 50% overall. The study provided a basis for further examining factors that influence scorpion home range sizes and patterns of microhabitat use.
patterns and determinants of floristic variation across lowland forests of bo...Valderes Sarnaglia
This document analyzes patterns of floristic variation across 220 forest plots in lowland Bolivia and relates this to environmental factors. It finds that floristic variation is strongly associated with differences in water availability and temperature, with climate having a stronger influence than soil properties. Analysis identifies five distinct floristic regions in lowland Bolivia. A total of 82 tree and palm species are identified as strong indicators of environmental preferences for one of the five regions. The study concludes that species composition may shift substantially with predicted changes in climate.
Article 'Response of moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) to livestock grazing in Mongolian rangelands' by Khishigdelger Enkhtura, Martin Pfeiffera, Ariuntsetseg Lkhagvaa, Bazartseren Boldgiva
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
QTL Mapping for Gray Leaf Spot ResistanceManjit Kang
This document summarizes a study that mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to gray leaf spot (GLS) in a tropical maize population. Researchers crossed a tropical GLS-resistant line (YML 32) with a temperate GLS-susceptible line (Ye 478) to produce an F2:3 population. They evaluated the population for GLS disease resistance and flowering time at two locations in Yunnan province, China. Seven QTL for GLS resistance and six QTL for flowering time were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8. Most QTL for GLS resistance overlapped with QTL for flowering time. The largest-effect QTL
This study used radio telemetry to track 37 male wood thrush birds over two breeding seasons in coastal Virginia. The researchers then collected data on prey availability and habitat structure within the birds' home ranges. They developed models to examine how prey availability and habitat structure related to the birds' space use patterns within their home ranges. The best model included both prey and habitat variables. Areas of high wood thrush use were associated with greater biomass of spiders and worms, which correlated with higher soil moisture. Bird use also related positively to forest canopy height and snag basal area, and negatively to red oak count and pine basal area. Evaluation of the models found that habitat structure variables explained more variation in bird space use than prey availability alone. This
This document presents a study investigating patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with divergent migratory orientations in Europe. The study analyzed variation at microsatellite markers in over 500 blackcaps from 12 populations across Europe. The populations exhibited different migratory strategies, including southwest/southeast and northwest/southwest divides. The results found little genetic differentiation between southwest and southeast migrating populations, suggesting gene flow occurs across the large migratory divide region. In contrast, populations with northwest versus southwest migration in southern Germany showed significant but weak genetic differentiation, indicating a stronger isolating mechanism. Patterns of isolation-by-distance also differed between eastern and western blackcap populations. The genetic structure provides
This document summarizes research on the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) in Pacific Northwest forests of the USA. Key points:
- Flying squirrels are a keystone species that disperse fungi and are an important prey source. They tend to be most abundant in old growth forests over 100 years old.
- Life history attributes like body mass, reproduction, and density vary between geographic regions and between managed and old growth forests.
- The author conducted long-term research trapping and tracking flying squirrels across different forest types to understand patterns of abundance and ecology. This research provides insights for forest management to conserve biodiversity.
Stimating long-term forage production using precipitation pattern in Dehshir ...Innspub Net
Knowledge on changes of the factors affecting range forage production is the main prerequisite for understanding the processes and optimal management of rangelands. In this research, the effects of precipitation variables, were studied on long-term forage production of somedominant range species, in Dehshirrangelands, Yazd province, during 9 years (2004 to 2012). Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between annual production and different precipitation pattern. According to the results, rainfall of past year in addition to rainfall of growing season has the greatest impact on forage production in site of Dehshir. Plant with platability class (I) and platability class (III) correlated with previous rainfall, respectively (r2 = 0.9 & 0.88), andplatability class (II) with growing season rainfall (r2 = 0.7o). Long- term production is estimated at 243.15 (kg/ha).
Simultaneous pollinator occurence (hymenoptera, agaoninae) in a threatened sp...Robert Mts
This study found evidence that two species of Pegoscapus wasps simultaneously pollinate Ficus mexiae, a threatened fig species in Brazil. The researchers analyzed 57 syconia from two F. mexiae trees and found that both Pegoscapus sp. 1 and Pegoscapus sp. 2 emerged from the syconia, with Pegoscapus sp. 2 being more abundant. While both wasp species were found to contribute to pollination and seed production, their relationship seems competitive, as their abundances were negatively correlated. This provides preliminary evidence that F. mexiae relies on both wasp species for pollination, and maintains diversity in Neotropical figs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Regional and global elevational patterns of microbial species richness and ev...sediman
Although elevational gradients in microbial biodiversity have attracted increasing attention recently, the generality in the patterns and underlying mechanisms are still poorly resolved. Further, previous studies focused mostly on species richness, while left understudied evenness, another important aspect of biodiversity. Here, we studied the elevational patterns in species richness and evenness of stream bio lm bacteria and diatoms in six mountains in Asia and Europe. We also reviewed published results for elevational richness patterns for soil and stream microbes in a literature analysis. Our results revealed that even within the same ecosystem type (that is, stream) or geographical region, bacteria and diatoms showed contrasting patterns in diversity. Stream microbes, including present stream data, tend to show signi cantly increasing or decreasing elevational patterns in richness, contrasting the ndings for soil microbes that typically showed nonsigni cant or signi cantly decreasing patterns. In all six mountains for bacteria and in four mountains for diatoms, species richness and evenness were positively correlated. e variation in bacteria and diatom richness and evenness were substantially explained by anthropogenic driven factors, such as total phosphorus (TP). However, diatom richness and evenness were also related to di erent main drivers as richness was mostly related to pH, while evenness was most explained by TP. Our results highlight the lack of consistent elevational biodiversity patterns of microbes and further indicate that the two facets of biodiversity may respond di erently to environmental gradients.
This study investigated the interactions between summer dormancy and fungal endophyte infection in tall fescue grass. Field trials were conducted in Arkansas and Texas comparing populations that were summer dormant, incompletely summer dormant, and summer active, with and without fungal endophytes. The summer dormant populations exhibited less growth, lower water content, and greater senescence during the summer months compared to the summer active population. The summer dormant populations also had much higher survival rates, even without irrigation. The presence of fungal endophytes did not influence the expression of summer dormancy or survival of the dormant populations.
This document summarizes a study on mammal densities in the Kalahari region of Botswana and how they are impacted by seasons and land use. The study compares mammal densities across four different land use areas - Communal Grazing Areas, Fenced Ranches, Wildlife Management Areas, and National Parks. Previous studies have shown that human activities like livestock grazing can negatively impact wildlife by reducing resources and fragmenting the landscape. The goal of this study was to investigate how spatial and temporal variations in mammal densities relate to different types of human land use. Large and medium herbivores and carnivores were found to be most affected by human activities, while smaller mammals were least affected. Seasonal and regional environmental differences had less impact than the
This document discusses a study that tested whether the endemic palm Phoenix pusilla could act as a nurse plant species in degraded tropical dry evergreen forests in India. The study found that P. pusilla improved soil and microclimate conditions, which enhanced seed germination, seedling emergence, and establishment of other woody species. Specifically, P. pusilla's presence increased soil organic matter and water retention while decreasing temperature and light levels. This nucleated the succession of a more species-rich woody plant community, indicating P. pusilla's potential for use in restoration efforts and its importance for biodiversity conservation in these landscapes. The study highlights how traditional ecological knowledge can help identify effective nurse species.
This document summarizes research on biodiversity in secondary forests that have grown after abandoned agriculture. It finds that the rate of forest recovery can vary significantly depending on regional conditions like soil fertility, previous land use intensity, and availability of seed sources. Specifically, studies have found secondary forests can regain similar species diversity to old-growth forests in as little as 14-30 years in some areas, while remaining distinct even after 150 years in others. Key factors influencing the recovery rate include soil quality, intensity of prior agricultural practices, presence of remnant trees, and dispersal of generalist pioneer species.
The Challenge
Deciding what to publish, how to publish it, for whom, in what format, are the modern day marketing challenges facing all businesses.
What’s on the slide deck?
In this slideshow I'll take you through 6 Steps To A Solid Content Marketing Plan, referencing a tried and tested framework that pulls together 6 interlinked and interdependent marketing and publishing disciplines:
1. Know your audience
2. Audit your content
3. Map your content to your buyer
4. Create your editorial calendar
5. Promote your content
6. Measure your performance
What will you learn?
You'll discover some the best content marketing tools and techniques and their inventors and see my recommendations for using them in your daily marketing business to deploy purposeful content marketing to help you attract customers and grow your business.
The document discusses drug addiction and its effects. It addresses different types of drugs like alcohol, heroin, cocaine, meth, and marijuana. It explains how drugs affect the brain and describes signs of addiction. The document also discusses rehabilitation options and concludes that it is important for people to say no to drugs to avoid a potentially lifelong struggle with addiction.
44% of marketing managers struggle to measure content ROI
This inability to measure the ROI of content marketing motovated me to write the leading content marketing ROI guide for Smart Insights http://bit.ly/content--roi-guide, which gives in-depth guidance on how to calculate the cost of content marketing and measure the return on investment.
In these slides I outline the simple yet effective costing model, and show you how, by breaking out the component costs of content into labour, production and distribution, you can work out your content marketing cost, which provides the basis for evaluating your content marketing ROI. I also demonstrate the lag between content marketing creation and the pay back and how you need to keep focused on great content creation and distribution, until your content marketing ROI is positive.
This presentation comes from the Content Marketing Essentials webinar series I produced for Idio, the content intelligence platform, built to help marketers think and act more strategically with their content marketing.
In 15 minutes I want to impart a content marketing framework that small business owners and managers can take back to the office and implement.
I draw on my first-hand experience of running content marketing training programmes and my work with more than 200 small businesses in Devon and Somerset, to demonstrate the “why” and the “how” of content marketing.
I want participants to go away with an understanding of why it’s best to abstain from creating new content, until they have a content marketing plan.
Participants will leave with:
An understanding of the value of content
An understanding of the value of buyer personas
A process for uncovering content themes
A structure to create valuable content
Seasonal changes on termite foraging behaviour under different habitats in ru...Alexander Decker
1. The study examined the effect of wet and dry seasons on termite foraging behavior and abundance in cropland, forest, and grassland habitats in Rufiji District, Tanzania over one year.
2. Termite abundance was significantly different between the three habitats, with the highest abundance found in croplands. However, termite species richness was not significantly different between habitats.
3. Termite abundance was higher during the wet season than the dry season across all habitat types due to increased food and moisture availability. Species richness was also generally higher in the wet season.
Notes on the diet of seven terretrial frogs in three agroecosystemsRodrigo Souza Santos
- Seven species of terrestrial frogs were studied across three agroecosystems (corn, soybean, and rubber tree plantations) and forest remnants in Brazil.
- A total of 94 frogs were captured representing 7 species from three families. The most common species was Physalaemus nattereri, comprising 56% of captures.
- Stomach contents of 80 frogs revealed 10 prey categories including ants, spiders, beetles, termites and others. Termites were the most abundant prey item followed by ants, beetles and spiders.
- The generalist predator P. nattereri, consumed ants and termites more frequently than other prey items. Adults and juveniles
The document summarizes a study on seed dispersal by frugivorous bats in Guyana. The study found:
- 20 plant species were identified in bat fecal and stomach samples, with the most common being Ficus nymphaeifolia, Piper bartlingianum, Cecropia latiloba, and C. sciadophylla.
- Cecropia latiloba, an early successional plant species, was previously unknown to be dispersed by bats.
- Bats of the genera Artibeus and Carollia accounted for most sample collections, with Artibeus associated with dispersing Ficus and Cecropia, while Carollia dispersed Piper and Solanum
Identification of Species of genus Zootecus on the basis of morphologySafi Ur Rehman Qamar
This study identified 3 species of land snails belonging to the genus Zootecus found in soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 snail specimens were collected from various areas and identified based on morphological characteristics. The 3 identified species were Zootecus insularis, Zootecus chion, and Zootecus agrensis. Detailed descriptions of each species' shell morphology were provided. This was the first study to systematically identify Zootecus species in Pakistan.
This document summarizes two field studies that evaluated how well different invertebrate taxa performed as environmental or biodiversity indicators compared to plants, vertebrates, and each other. The studies were conducted on restored bauxite and mineral sand mines in Western Australia. At both sites, ant assemblage composition reflected trends in other taxa to a greater degree than plants, vertebrates, or birds. Taking into account data yield per unit effort, ants performed moderately well as environmental indicators and extremely well as biodiversity indicators. Overall, most invertebrate groups provided a better return on effort than vertebrates as bioindicators.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
This study analyzed the diet and habitat use of five frugivorous bird species in agroforest home gardens, secondary forests, and pastures in Brazil. The researchers found that overall habitat use frequency was higher in secondary forests than home gardens or pastures for four of the five bird species. However, the number of feeding bouts was higher in home gardens than forests for all species except one. Differences in monthly feeding activity were only statistically significant for two species. The total number of food taxa was larger in home gardens than forests. The results support agroforestry systems as an important habitat for frugivorous birds.
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
The document summarizes baseline ecological surveys conducted in 2014 at the University of Portland's River Campus riparian zone, a former Superfund site undergoing restoration. Surveys inventoried 22 woody plant species (90% in poor health), recorded 139 herbaceous plant species from 42 families including 29% natives, and observed 31 avian species and 3988 invertebrates from 16 orders. Methods were developed to monitor vegetation, birds, and insects to establish baseline data and assess ecological recovery over time. While mainly exotic species were present, several native plants and species were colonizing. Future surveys will compare data to these baselines to evaluate restoration success and riparian habitat recovery.
Population dynamics of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard cropInnspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Brassica compestris crop through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the mustard crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. Conclusively, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play important role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/population-dynamics-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-mustard-crop/
Spies - Influence of phorid fly (Family Phoridae) sound on the behavior of le...Nicolas Spies
This study examined how the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes responds behaviorally to the sound of phorid flies, which are parasitoid insects that prey on A. cephalotes. The researcher observed 4 variables in 17 A. cephalotes nests when exposed to 3 stimuli: no sound, the sound of cicadas, and the sound of phorid flies. The variables observed were the number of minor workers entering and exiting nests, the number of minor workers on foraging material, and the speed of foraging material entering nests. While some differences were observed across stimuli for the variables, the only statistically significant difference was in the number of minor workers exiting nests, which increased when
First record of Euphorbia golondrina L. C. Wheeler (Euphorbiaceae) in CameroonInnspub Net
New record of Euphorbia golondrina L.C. Wheeler, a species previously recorded as endemic for Mexico and the United States of America during the late 1930s and subsequently considered extirpated is presented for Cameroon and Africa. The present record obtained from a phytodiversity inventory carried out in Wabane sub division of the mount Bambouto Caldera and other sites in Cameroon, extends the distribution of E. golondrina to the southwest region of Cameroon and adds new marginal occurrence sites for this species. This study presents taxonomic comments, distribution maps and pictures of the species. The affinities of this species are discussed and its position within Chamaesyce’s subgenus of the genus Euphorbia is indicated. The current status of the species in Cameroon is elucidated, and recommendations for its conservation are offered.
This study examined the diversity and abundance of fruit-feeding butterflies across four habitat types in a Costa Rican cloud forest: primary forest, natural secondary regrowth forest, planted secondary regrowth forest, and pastureland. The researchers trapped 174 butterflies of 27 species over six weeks. They found that planted secondary regrowth forest had the highest species richness, diversity, and evenness, indicating reforestation efforts were improving diversity. Climate change may be causing butterflies to move to new elevations.
This document summarizes a study on biodiversity change along a gradient of human impact within the Ferlo Biosphere Reserve in northern Senegal. The study analyzed woody vegetation across 110 plots in the core area, buffer zone, and transition area. A total of 49 species across 16 families were identified. Species abundance and diversity indices revealed that the buffer zone and transition area, which experience greater human activity, had higher diversity and stand organization than the core area. The four most abundant species comprised 68% of total individuals. The study found biodiversity varied along the human impact gradient within the reserve.
Food and feeding habit of etroplus suretencis.harshath dgHarshath DG
Etroplus suratensis, commonly known as Karimeen, is an important food fish found in the coastal regions of India and Sri Lanka. The document summarizes two papers on the food and feeding habits of E. suratensis. The first paper finds that E. suratensis is predominantly an algal grazer that feeds on filamentous algae. Its extremely long gut allows it to efficiently digest plant and algal matter. The second paper also finds filamentous algae and decayed organic matter dominate the diet. Feeding intensity varies seasonally and is related to the fish's breeding cycle and food availability. Both papers conclude E. suratensis is well-adapted to utilize different food sources
Influence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the influence of seasonality and different types of Eucalyptus plantations on the abundance and diversity of litter insects in Rwanda. The study found that the order Hymenoptera was generally the most abundant across seasons. Abundance and diversity varied between plantation types and was generally higher in some Eucalyptus species compared to the native Entandrophragma excelsum. Diversity was highest in the dry season and declined in the rainy seasons, indicating heavy rain negatively impacts litter insects. The variability in insects is attributed to changing habitat conditions across seasons and plantation types.
Reproductive phenologies in a diverse temperate ant faunaMelissa Geraghty
This document summarizes a study on the reproductive phenology (timing of reproduction) of ants in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The study addressed three questions: 1) Are the reproductive flights of closely related ant species more staggered in time compared to distantly related species? 2) Are the flights of individual ant species synchronous or asynchronous? 3) Does reproductive timing vary with elevation or between years? The study found that closely related species tended to have similar flight times, flights were generally synchronous within species, and flight phenology varied with elevation but not greatly between years. It provides background on ant reproduction and mating systems and describes the methods used to analyze flight data collected from Malaise traps over multiple years.
The document summarizes a study on the ecology and life cycle of the sorghum chafer beetle (Pachnoda interrupta) in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
- The beetle has one generation per year. Eggs hatch within 15 days on average. Larval and pupal stages last around 60 and 18 days, respectively.
- Adults emerge in September and mate in June. Females lay around 1.3 eggs per day for 11 days.
- Beetles hibernate from December to June in moist, shaded soil under trees at depths from 5-43cm. Potential hibernation areas include forests and riversides.
- Breeding occurs
Eng ivy Response to Goat Browsing 2010 3(2)178-181Claudia Ingham
This study evaluated the effectiveness of using goats to control the invasive plant English ivy (Hedera spp.) in Oregon. Goats were allowed to browse in fenced plots for one day each in 2006 and 2007. English ivy cover was measured before and after browsing. Plots that were browsed once or twice had significantly lower English ivy cover compared to unbrowsed control plots. Browsing English ivy for two consecutive years was more effective at reducing cover than a single browsing. Overall, the study found that high-intensity goat browsing can help control English ivy invasion.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
1. Taiwan J For Sci 26(1): 33-43, 2011 33
Research paper
Seasonal Variation in the Foraging Behaviors of the
Grey-cheeked Fulvetta due to Diet Changes in the Fushan
Experimental Forest, Northeastern Taiwan
Chao-Chieh Chen,1) Lien-Siang Chou2,3)
【Summary】
A seasonal change in the diet of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia) was found in
a previous study. In this study, we investigated seasonal variations in the foraging behavior of the
Grey-cheeked Fulvetta between breeding and non-breeding seasons in the Fushan Experimental
Forest, northeastern Taiwan. Attack behaviors, food types, and habitat characteristics of foraging
locations of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta were recorded throughout a complete annual cycle. The re-
sults showed that seasonal variations of all aspects of foraging parameters were significant, includ-
ing attack behavior, food type, vegetation level, perch size, and the phenology of plants used by the
Grey-cheeked Fulvetta. During the breeding season, the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta made significantly
more-diverse foraging maneuvers for insects, and more often foraged in the subcaopy of larger
trees and in areas with sparser vegetation. On the contrary, the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta applied more
leg-powered maneuvers for more plant matter at the outer parts of smaller trees or shrubs in the
understory during the non-breeding season. The patterns of resource use paralleled phenological
changes in the plant species, with more new leaves on trees upon which the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta
foraged in the breeding season, and more fruit on trees in the non-breeding season. In conclusion,
seasonal variations in foraging behaviors of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta were significant and mainly
attributed to diet changes between the breeding and non-breeding seasons. This study is in accor-
dance with the changing-availability hypothesis and can provide empirical evidence for adaptive
evolution of birds’ foraging strategies.
Key words: Alcippe morrisonia, diet, fruit, habitat, phenology.
Chen CC, Chou LS. 2011. Seasonal variation in the foraging behaviors of the Grey-cheeked Ful-
vetta due to diet changes in the Fushan Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan. Taiwan J
For Sci 26(1):33-43.
1)
Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100
Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan. 高雄醫學大學生物醫學暨環境生物學系,80708高雄
市十全一路100號。
2)
Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4,
Taipei 10617, Taiwan. 國立台灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所,10617台北市羅斯福路四段1號。
3)
Corresponding author, e-mail:chouls@ntu.edu.tw 通訊作者。
Received July 2010, Accepted October 2010. 2010年7月送審 2010年10月通過。
2. 34 Chen and Chou─Seasonal variations in foraging by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta
研究報告
福山試驗林繡眼畫眉覓食行為之季節變化
陳炤杰1) 周蓮香2,3)
摘 要
本研究探討繡眼畫眉(Alcippe morrisonia)食性之季節變化是否會導致覓食行為的改變。我們比
較林業試驗所福山試驗林繡眼畫眉在繁殖季與非繁殖季覓食行為及棲地利用之差異。結果發現攝食行
為、食物類別、利用植層、棲枝大小及利用植株之物候等在繁殖季與非繁殖季間都具有顯著差異。繡
眼畫眉在繁殖季使用較多樣化的攝食行為,取食較多節肢動物,較常在亞冠層,較高大的樹,但枝葉
密度較稀疏處覓食。相對地,繡眼畫眉在非繁殖季時則使用較多以腳為動力的攝食行為,吃較多的植
物性食物,且在較低矮的樹或灌叢外層覓食。另外,繡眼畫眉覓食行為上的季節變化也跟整個福山森
林植物的物候變化吻合,繁殖季時利用較多具新葉的植株,而非繁殖季則偏向在結果的樹上覓食。整
體來說,繡眼畫眉在繁殖季與非繁殖季在覓食行為上表現出顯著差異,而這樣的差異很可能導因於不
同季節中環境可供繡眼畫眉利用的食物類別差異所致。本研究結果符合changing-availability假說,也
可提供為動物在攝食策略上適應演化的實際例證。
關鍵詞:Alcippe morrisonia、食性、果實、棲地、植物物候。
陳炤杰、周蓮香。2011。福山試驗林繡眼畫眉覓食行為之季節變化。台灣林業科學26(1):33-43。
INTroDuCTIoN
Seasonal variation is an important aspect ences in foraging behaviors of these species
of the foraging ecology of birds (Austin 1976, between seasons, especially 2 species which
Smith et al. 1978, Brennan and Morrison frequently forage on the ground in winter.
1990, Ford et al. 1990, Padilla et al. 2009). That study suggested that seasonal changes
Seasonal changes in foraging behavior of in foraging behaviors of birds may be greatly
birds were found across species (Baker and affected by the abundance and distribution of
Baker 1973, Austin 1976, Morrison 1980, food resources (Ford et al. 1990, Murakami
Bilcke 1984, Miles 1990, Murakami 2002, 2002).
Whelan and Maina 2005) and habitats (Ala- Some studies indicated that birds may
talo 1980, Ford et al. 1990, Lundguist and consume food in proportion to its availability
Manuwal 1990, Jedlicka 2006, Lorenz and (changing-availability hypothesis), and thus
Sullivan 2009). However, most studies were increase fruit consumption in fall and win-
conducted in temperate regions where trees ter when insects are scarce (Morton 1973,
lose most of their foliage during wintertime Thompson and Willson 1979, Wheelwright
(Willson 1970) and thus comparisons are 1988). Seasonal changes in foraging behav-
quite obvious. Ford et al. (1990) compared iors of birds attributable to fluctuations in
seasonal changes in foraging behaviors of 3 food resources between different seasons are
passerines in evergreen eucalypt woodlands straightforward (Wolda 1978, Morrison and
in Australia, and they also found clear differ- With 1987, Poulin et al. 1992); however, such
3. Taiwan J For Sci 26(1): 33-43, 2011 35
relationships are seldom tested with field data tion is up to 4000 mm (Fushan Experimental
(e.g., Herrera 1982, Kirkwood and Robertson Forest 2010). Fushan Experimental Forest
1997). Recently, Pechacek (2006) reported is a humid, subtropical forest. The canopy
that seasonal variations in foraging behav- is dominated by trees of the Lauraceae and
iors of the Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker Fagaceae families, especially Castanopsis
(Picoides tridactylus) were clearly related to carlesii, Machilus thunbergii, Engelhardtia
changes in the diet composition in different roxburghiana, Meliosma squimulata, and
seasons. Litsea acuminata. Plants of the Myrsinaceae
Seasonal changes in the diet composi- (e.g., Maesa tenera), Melastomataceae (e.g.,
tion of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta in northern Melastoma candidum), and Rubiaceae (Lasi-
Taiwan were clearly illustrated through a gut anthus fordii) are common in the understory.
content analysis by Chou et al. (1998). The Epiphytes such as Asplenium antiquum Maki-
Grey-cheeked Fulvetta predominantly eats no, Pseudodrynaria coronans (Mett.) Ching,
insect prey in the breeding season (spring and Aeschynanthus acuminatus Wall., and Hoya
summer, March to August), but dramatically carnosa (L. f.) R. Br. are also very common
shifts to plant matter in the non-breeding sea- at Fushan, possibly due to the forest’s high
son (fall and winter, September to January). humidity. A detailed description of the study
Chen and Chou (1999) further confirmed such site can be found in King and Hsia (1997).
a seasonal variation in food consumption by Birds were observed with binoculars
the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta through foraging from a system of 5 trails which radiate from
observations. In addition, Chen and Chou the administrative center and run in different
(2008) identified that the Grey-cheeked Ful- directions through 3 major parts of the study
vetta is a generalized frugivore, which takes site: a botanical garden, an administration
food opportunistically and may forage more area, and natural forests. The total length of
or less according to the abundance of food the trails that we surveyed monthly was about
resources available. In this paper, we further 15 km.
tested if the foraging ecology of the Grey-
cheeked Fulvetta differs between breeding recording method
and non-breeding seasons. In particular, we The first author conducted fieldwork for
examined the impacts of diet changes on for- 3~10 d mo-1 from June 1997 to May 1998, a
aging behaviors of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta complete annual cycle. Most foraging data
across seasons. were collected during the morning hours, be-
tween 06:00 and 10:00, with some additional
METhoDS data collected in the late afternoon. When
a Grey-cheeked Fulvetta was detected, the
Study area observer followed it closely with binoculars
This study was conducted in the Fushan until an attack behavior could be clearly iden-
Experimental Forest (24°34’N, 121°34’E), a tified. Then data on the attack behavior, food
research site of the Taiwan Forestry Research type (plant matters or arthropods), and habi-
Institute. The study areas were located at an tat characteristics of the foraging site were
elevation of about 600~800 m, northeastern recorded. Habitat variables, including veg-
Taiwan. Fushan’s annual average temperature etation level, vegetation density, perch size
is 18.5℃, and the yearly average precipita- (diameter), position in the crown, foraging
4. 36 Chen and Chou─Seasonal variations in foraging by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta
height, plant height, diameter at breast height phenology between the breeding and non-
(dbh), and phenology of the plant, were mea- breeding seasons. A t-test (SAS Institute
sured at the foraging location. 1989) was performed for each of the 4 numer-
The classification of attack behaviors ical variables (vegetation density, foraging
followed Remsen and Robinson (1990). height, plant height, and dbh) to determine
Gleaning is the collection of food items from if the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta took food from
a nearby substrate without full extension of different microhabitats between the breeding
the legs or neck, whereas reaching requires and non-breeding seasons. The significance
full extension of the legs or neck. Birds can level was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests,
also use hanging by suspending the body by and all values below are reported as the mean
the feet to reach food that cannot be reached ±SE.
from any other perched position. Gleaning,
reaching, and hanging are leg-powered ma- rESuLTS
neuvers, which birds use to attack prey along
a perch, and thus Remsen and Robinson In terms of seasonal variation, more
(1990) classified them as near-perch maneu- wing-powered maneuvers (sallying) were
vers. On the other hand, sallying is a wing- used in the breeding season than in the non-
powered maneuver, or aerial maneuver, which breeding season; in contrast, more leg-
directs the bird’s attack at a flying insect or powered maneuvers (gleaning, reaching, and
food item that cannot be eaten by near-perch hanging) were applied in the non-breeding
maneuvers. Concerning habitat variables, season than in the breeding season (χ 2 =
we divided the forest into 3 levels: canopy, 35.60, p < 0.0001; Fig. 1). Overall, the Grey-
subcanopy, and understory. The vegetation
density, modified from Remsen and Robinson
(1990), was estimated as the percentage of a
1-m sphere centered on the foraging location,
occupied by foliage. The vegetation density
was estimated at intervals of 10%. Perch
size was estimated as < 1 or > 1 cm, and the
position in the crown was separated into the
inner or outer half of the crown horizontally.
The phenology of the plant used was noted
when the plant bore new leaves, flowers, or
fruit. Foraging height and plant height were
estimated to the nearest meter, and dbh was
estimated to the nearest centimeter.
In this analysis, we compared the for-
aging data of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta Fig. 1. relative frequencies of foraging
between the breeding (March to June) and behaviors used by the Grey-cheeked
non-breeding seasons (October to January). Fulvetta between breeding and non-
Chi-squared tests (SAS Institute 1989) were breeding seasons in the Fushan
applied for attack behavior, food type, veg- Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan
etation level, perch size, crown position, and from June 1997 to May 1998.
5. Taiwan J For Sci 26(1): 33-43, 2011 37
cheeked Fulvetta used significantly more (40.1%) in the non-breeding season. A signifi-
leg-powered maneuvers than wing-powered cant difference was found in vegetation level
maneuvers to obtain food in both the breed- use between seasons (χ2 = 43.43, p < 0.0001;
ing and non-breeding seasons (χ2 = 31.63, p < Fig. 4). Nevertheless, the Grey-cheeked Ful-
0.0001). vetta took food from the canopy at similar
Concerning food type, significantly
more insects (about 80%) were taken in the
breeding season than in the non-breeding
season (Fig. 2), and vice versa for plant mat-
ter. Seasonal variation in food type use was
conspicuous (χ 2 = 82.64, p < 0.0001) for
the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta. In addition, a
significant association was found between
attack behaviors and food type use. Wing-
powered maneuvers were highly associated
with insectivorous prey, whereas leg-powered
maneuvers were applied more frequently by
the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta while taking plant
matter (χ2 = 40.22, p < 0.0001). A scatterplot
of the proportion of insectivorous prey and
proportion of wing-powered maneuvers was Fig. 2. relative frequencies of food
best fitted by an exponential equation (Fig. 3). types used by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta
In terms of the vegetation level, the between breeding and non-breeding
Grey-cheeked Fulvetta foraged more often in seasons in the Fushan Experimental
the subcanopy (46.7%; Fig. 4) in the breeding Forest, northeastern Taiwan from June
season, whereas it shifted to the understory 1997 to May 1998.
Fig. 3. relationship between the proportion of insect prey eaten and the proportion of
aerial maneuvers used by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta in the Fushan Experimental Forest,
northeastern Taiwan from June 1997 to May 1998 (n = 12 mon).
6. 38 Chen and Chou─Seasonal variations in foraging by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta
Fulvetta foraged on plants bearing more new
leaves in the breeding season than in the non-
breeding season (χ2 = 52.15, p < 0.0001; Fig.
Fig. 4. relative frequencies of the
vegetation levels used by the Grey-
cheeked Fulvetta between the breeding
and non-breeding seasons in the Fushan
Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan
from June 1997 to May 1998. Fig. 5. relative frequencies of the
horizontal positions of plants used by
frequencies in both the breeding and non- the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta between the
breeding seasons (38.6 and 36.8%, respec- breeding and non-breeding seasons in the
tively). Fushan Experimental Forest, northeastern
Taiwan from June 1997 to May 1998.
The Grey-cheeked Fulvetta mainly for-
aged in the outer parts of the tree crown in
both the breeding and non-breeding seasons
(66.3 and 76.7%, respectively). A seasonal
variation was detected because the Grey-
cheeked Fulvetta foraged more in inner parts
in the breeding season than in the non-breed-
ing season (χ2 = 6.13, p < 0.05; Fig. 5).
The Grey-cheeked Fulvetta mostly for-
aged on perches with a diameter of < 1 cm in
both the breeding and non-breeding seasons
(72.8 and 90.3%, respectively). However, a
significant difference was found in perch size
use by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta between
the breeding and non-breeding seasons (χ2 = Fig. 6. relative frequencies of perch
24.13, p < 0.0001; Fig. 6). That is because sizes (diameter) used by the Grey-
more perches of < 1 cm in diameter were cheeked Fulvetta between the breeding
used in the non-breeding season than in the and non-breeding seasons in the Fushan
breeding season. Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan
Concerning phenology, the Grey-cheeked from June 1997 to May 1998.
7. Taiwan J For Sci 26(1): 33-43, 2011 39
7). In contrast, the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta p < 0.005 for all). The Grey-cheeked Fulvetta
foraged more on trees containing fruits in took food from significantly denser habitats in
the non-breeding season than in the breeding the non-breeding season than in the breeding
season (χ2 = 53.43, p < 0.0001; Fig. 7). Nev- season. On the other hand, the Grey-cheeked
ertheless, no difference was found in the fre- Fulvetta foraged at lower locations and used
quency of the occurrence of flowers on plants trees of smaller size (both height and dbh) in
used between the breeding and non-breeding the non-breeding season than in the breeding
seasons. season.
Comparing the means of each of the 4
numerical habitat variables (vegetation den- DISCuSSIoN
sity, foraging height, plant height, and dbh;
Table 1), the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta showed Compared to the non-breeding season,
significant differences in all variables between the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta uses several fold
the breeding and non-breeding seasons (t-test, more aerial maneuvers (sallying) in the breed-
ing season. Aerial maneuvers are highly as-
sociated with insect-catching, and thus such a
shift in foraging techniques can be attributed
to the high proportion (ca. 80%) of insect
prey taken in the breeding season. Apparently,
Grey-cheeked Fulvettas adjust their foraging
techniques to their main prey type in differ-
ent seasons. In Germany, Pechacek (2006)
found that Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers
change foraging behavior according to sea-
sonal changes in food availability. The wood-
pecker takes mostly bark beetles outside the
breeding season, but preys mainly on wood-
boring longhorn beetle larvae during the
Fig. 7. Phenology of plants used by the breeding season (Pechacek and Kristin 2004).
Grey-cheeked Fulvetta between the Consequently, seasonal variations in foraging
breeding and non-breeding seasons in the behaviors of birds may result from changes
Fushan Experimental Forest, northeastern in the availability of food resources across
Taiwan from June 1997 to May 1998. different seasons (Wolda 1978, Herrera 1982,
Table 1. Comparison of foraging habitat measurements (mean±SE) of the Grey-cheeked
Fulvetta between breeding and non-breeding seasons in the Fushan Experimental Forest,
northeastern Taiwan from June 1997 to May 1998
Habitat variable Breeding n Non-breeding n t1)
Vegetation density (%) 29.1±1.1 184 44.8±1.6 280 -4.73***
Height (m) 4.64±0.20 184 3.90±0.14 280 3.10**
Plant height (m) 7.32±0.27 185 5.64±0.21 276 5.00***
dbh (cm) 10.0±0.6 178 6.7±0.4 264 4.70***
1)
t statistic, probability: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
8. 40 Chen and Chou─Seasonal variations in foraging by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta
Ford et al. 1990, Murakami 2002, Pechacek nins and are more palatable and nutritious
2006). for insects (Feeny 1970), and thus the peak
Foraging flexibility may ensure that birds of insect abundance usually coincides with
have a diversity of food items, thus enhanc- leaf flushing (Lowman 1982). In contrast,
ing their survival rate during critical periods the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta foraged mostly
of the year (Martin and Karr 1990, Tebbich et in smaller trees and in the understory level,
al. 2004). The Grey-cheeked Fulvetta is not in outer parts of the crown, and from < 1-cm
stereotyped in foraging techniques but adopts twigs covered with fruit in the non-breeding
different kinds of foraging methods to exploit season. These measurements imply the con-
the most-abundant food available in differ- sumption of many fruits from shrubs in the
ent seasons. Foraging flexibility may even non-breeding season. Chen and Chou (1999)
make the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta competitive showed that the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta eats
in resource exploitation and dispersal ability fruit from 34 plant species, mostly from small
(Greenberg 1990), and eventually may have fruiting plants and bushes, such as Maesa
resulted in its extensive geographic distri- tenera, Villebrunea pedunculata, Melastoma
bution (Collar and Robson 2007, Zou et al. candidum, and Polygonum chinense.
2007) and dominant status over many other Seasonal variations become conspicu-
forest species (Yen 1990, Chou et al. 1998). ous from tropical zones to temperate regions.
High energy demands during breeding Although Fushan is an evergreen forest, the
will inevitably influence food choice, habitat difference in average monthly temperatures
selection, and even foraging behaviors of between summer and winter can reach 10℃
birds (Karasov 1996, Bujoczek and Ciach (Central Weather Bureau 2010), and seasonal
2009). Whelan and Maina (2005) found that variations are considered clear. The coldest
bark-foraging birds select different habitats day in January has a temperature closer to 5℃,
in which to forage between the breeding and and insects become scarcer on such winter
non-breeding season; they especially prefer days (Wang 2008). This change represents a
larger-diameter trees in the breeding season. challenge that the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta has
Grey-cheeked Fulvettas predominantly feed to cope with. Nevertheless, fruiting is com-
insects to their nestlings (Lin 1996), and such mon after the breeding season in temperate
a demand will definitely motivate adults to zones (Morton 1973, Stiles 1980) and even
forage in habitats with more insects in the at subtropical Fushan (Lin et al. 1997). At
breeding season. Fushan, plants progress naturally from more
The selection of vegetation level and new leaves in spring to more fruit in fall (Lin
plant characteristics by the Grey-cheeked et al. 1997), and this basic trend in fruit avail-
Fulvetta indicates a divergence in food type ability across seasons will definitely affect the
usage in different seasons. During the breed- foraging behavior of birds. The Grey-cheeked
ing season, the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta used Fulvetta consumed more insects in the breed-
larger trees and foraged mainly in the sub- ing season, but more plant matter in the non-
canopy and canopy levels, in the outer parts breeding season. This result supports the
of crowns and from < 1-cm twigs with new changing-availability hypothesis which states
leaves. These characteristics of the vegeta- that birds may consume food in proportion to
tion are all related to the insect prey of a its availability in different seasons (Morton
perch gleaner. New leaves contain fewer tan- 1973, Thompson and Willson 1979, Wheel-
9. Taiwan J For Sci 26(1): 33-43, 2011 41
wright 1988). are also grateful to TT Lin, TY Chen, and CE
The Grey-cheeked Fulvetta was con- Chang for assisting us with the identification
sidered to be an opportunistic frugivore by of plant species.
Chen and Chou (2008), and Howe (1993)
indicated that generalized frugivores use fruit LITErATurE CITED
opportunistically to complement their insect
diets. The Grey-cheeked Fulvetta takes fruit Alatalo rV. 1980. Seasonal dynamics of re-
opportunistically while searching for insects source partitioning among foliage-gleaning
and only eats a moderate amount of fruit passerines in northern Finland. Oecologia
compared to other fruit specialists (Chen and 45:190-6.
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ACKNowLEDGEMENTS foraging ecology between generalized and spe-
cialized frugivorous birds in Fushan Experi-
This study was supported by the Na- mental Forest, Taiwan. Taiwan J For Sci 23:
tional Science Council under postdoctoral 233-42.
fellowship grants NSC86-2811-B-002-043R Chou LS, Chen CC, Loh S. 1998. Diet analy-
and NSC87-2811-B-002-0041. We thank the sis of the Gray-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe
administration of the Fushan Experimental morrisonia) at Fushan Experimental Forest in
Forest for its support during the study. We Taiwan. Acta Zool Taiwanica 9:59-66.
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