Structural Functionalism views society as a structure of interconnected institutions that work together to ensure stability and meet the needs of individuals. Theorists like Comte, Spencer, and Parsons proposed that societies function like organisms where all parts depend on each other, and any imbalance or conflict in one area is resolved for the benefit of the whole system. Critics argue that Structural Functionalism ignores social tensions, contradictions, and inequalities that can lead to change rather than stability.

1. Approaches in Social Sciences
1. Structural-Functionalism
2. Marxism
3. Symbolic Interactionism
4. Psychoanalysis
5. Rational Choice
6. Institutionalism
7. Feminist Theory
8. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
9. Human-Environment Systems

2. Structural Functionalism

3. What is
Structural
Functionalism?

4. Structural
Relatingtotheway
somethingisbuilt or organized.

5. Functionalism
Atheory that stresses the
interdependence of the patterns and
institutions of asocietyandtheir
interactioninmaintainingcultural
and social unity
.

6. Structural Functionalism
Functionalism, also called structural-
functional theory, sees society as a
structure with interrelated parts designed to
meet the biological and social needs of the
individuals in that society.

7. Structural Functionalism
*It is a sociological theory that attempts
to explain why society functions the way
it does by focusing on relationships
between various social institutions that
make up society.

9. Who are the
proponents of this
theory?

10. Theorists Responsible
*Auguste Comte
*Herbert Spencer
*Talcott Parsons
*Robert Merton
*Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell
*Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore

11. Key Ideas Behind
the Theory

12. Key Ideas
1.Systems have a property of order and
interdependent parts.
2.Systems tend towards self-maintaining
order or equilibrium.
3.The system may be static or involved in an
ordered process of change.

13. Key Ideas
4.The nature of one part of the system
has an impact on the form that other
parts take.
5.Systems maintain boundaries within
their environments.

14. Key Ideas
6.Allocation and integration are two fundamental
processes necessary for a given state of equilibrium
within a system.
7.Systems tend towards self-maintenance involving
control of boundaries and relationships of parts to
the whole, control of the environment and control of
tendencies to change the system from within.

15. Key Assumptions
about the Theory

16. Key Assumptions
*Societies and social units have order and
interdependent parts like a biological organism
held together by cooperation and orderliness.
*Societies and social units work toward the
natural or smooth working of the system, ie
towards equilibrium.

17. Key Assumptions
*Societies and social units, just as
natural(external) environments, are
separate or distinct but adapt to each
other-if one or more parts conflict
with others, others must adapt.

18. Criticisms about
the Theory

19. Criticisms
*In the 1960s, functionalism was criticized for
being unable to account for social change, or
for structural contradictions and conflict.
*It ignores inequalities including race, gender,
class, which causes tension and conflict.

20. Example

22. How these institutions create balance in the
society. Concept map