Thermal treatment of waste, plasma gasification, pyrolysis, bio-gasification, and deep well injection are techniques for waste disposal. Plasma gasification uses electricity and high temperatures to break down organic waste into syngas and slag without combustion. Pyrolysis involves heating waste in an oxygen-free environment to produce bio-oil, syngas, and char. Bio-gasification uses anaerobic bacteria to break down organic waste into biogas, primarily methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used for cooking and generating electricity.

1. Disposal techniques
Presented by:-
Anand Prakash
Devendra Adhikari
Sachin kumar
Vicky Das
Rigzin Norbo

2. CONTENTS
* Thermal treatment of waste
* Plasma Gasification
* pyrolysis
* Bio-gasification
* Deep well injection

3. Plasma
Gasification

4. INTRODUCTION
*Plasma arc gasification (PAG), waste-
treatment technology that uses a combination
of electricity and high temperatures to turn organic waste
into usable by-products without combustion (burning).
*Although the technology is sometimes confused with
incinerating or burning trash, plasma gasification does not
combust the waste as incinerators do.

5. PROCESSES INVOLVED IN DISPOSAL
• Waste Handling
• Plasma Gasification
• Gas Cooling & Cleaning
• Energy Generation

6. * WASTE HANDLING
Garbage trucks transfer the
waste into a storage pit.
A conveyer feeds the waste
to a shredder where it is cut
into small pieces.
The shredded waste is then
conveyed to Cupola

8. * PROCESS OF PLASMA GASIFICATION
* Shredded municipal waste is fed into plasma Gasifier (or cupola well)
* A very high voltage electrical current passes through two electrodes(solid
Graphite electrodes), creating an arc between them.
* The plasma Gasifier has maximum of 46 plasma electric torches that heat
the air to the plasma state.
* The Hard air then injected into the gasifier heating a bed of coke and
limestone to 7000ºF - 8000ºF.
* This leads to breakdown of the fuel to produce syngas.
* The syngas is isolated.
* The remaining organic components of the fuel which don’t vaporize are
converted into molten slag collected from the bottom of gasifier.
* Hazardous & medical wastes which can’t be shredded are fed separately
to the plasma reactor using a dedicated feeder.

9. * SYNGAS & SLAG
* Syngas is a simple fuel gas
comprised of carbon monoxide
(CO) and hydrogen(H2).
* Slag is a glass-like substance
which is the cooled remains of the
melted waste; it is tightly bound,
safe and suitable for use as a
construction material.

10. * GAS CLEANING & COOLING
* The newly created syngas exits through the top of plasma
gasifier and enters a Patented adductor port.
* The adductor is used as a polishing stem. At 5000ºC
plasma plume is used to destroy any contaminants in the
fuel gas.
* Inside the adductor, at molecular scale the contaminants
are broken by highly reactive plasma into their simple form
that is hydrocarbons transform into CO & H2.
* Then, the fuel gas is cooled instantly in the heat recovery
unit to avoid the possible formation of dioxins.

11. * In Heat recovery unit, the excess heat is
recaptured to create steam which can be used
later.
* The cooled syngas then moves to the Bag house
particulate removal system which separates
particulate matter from syngas.
* Syngas continues its cleaning process with
scrubbing and chemical stripping processes. They
further removes pollutants.

12. * ENERGY GENERATION
* Once the syngas is cleaned, the remaining
gas composed largely of H2 & CO is used as a
fuel to generate electricity.
*The heat recovered use to heat water
forming into steam to rotate turbine &
produce electricity.

13. WHY PLASMA GASIFICATION ?
* When municipal solid waste decomposes in landfill, gases like
methane emitted in atmosphere which is 21 times more worse then
CO2 for greenhouse effect. Plasma gasification avoids this entirely.
* Decreases overall volume of waste.
* Safe means to destroy both medical and many hazardous wastes
* Processing of organic waste into combustible syngas for electric
power and thermal energy
* Potential production of vitrified slag which could be used as
construction material.
* Air emissions can be cleaner than landfills and some incinerators.

14. DISADVANTAGES
*Large initial investment costs relative to that
of alternatives, including
landfill and incineration.
*Operational costs are high relative to that of
incineration.

15. *COMMERCIALIZATION & MILITARY USE
* Plasma arc gasification is used commercially for
waste disposal at a total of five sites worldwide.
countries like japan, canada , USA are using this
technique.
* India is also constructing its first plasma gasifier
in Tamilnadu.
* The US Navy is employing Plasma Arc reactors
on its new Aircraft carriers.

17. Pyrolysis

18. Definition
• Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of
materials at elevated temperatures in the
absence of oxygen.
• Involves change of chemical composition
and physical properties.
• Endothermic
• Irreversible.

19. pyrolysis

20. Introduction
• Pyrolysis is commonly used to convert organic materials into a
solid residue containing ash and carbon, small quantities of
liquid and gases.
• It is rapidly developing biomass thermal conversion
technology.
• Pyrolysis technology provides an opportunity for the
conversion of municipal solid wastes, agricultural
residues, scrap tires, non-recyclable plastics, etc. into clean
energy.
• It offers an attractive way of converting urban wastes into
products which can be effectively used for the production of
heat, electricity and chemicals.

21. Process involved
• Mechanical preparation and separation of
glass, metals and inert materials prior to
processing the remaining waste in a pyrolysis
reactor.

22. • The process requires an external heat source
to maintain the high temperature required. So
heating the prepared material in an inert
atmosphere (absence of oxygen) is the second
step.
• Products are obtained in form of syngas (gas),
bio oil (liquid), and char (solid).

23. Types of Pyrolysis
• There are three types of pyrolytic reactions differentiated by
the processing time and temperature of the biomass.
1. Slow pyrolysis.
2. Flash pyrolysis.
3. Fast pyrolysis.

24. Slow pyrolysis
• Slow pyrolysis is characterized by low temperatures and slow
biomass heating rates.
• The heating temperatures ranges from 0.1 to 2°C per second.
• The prevailing temperatures are nearly 500°C.
• During slow pyrolysis, tar and char are released as main
products as the biomass is slowly devolatilized.
• The products are tar= 45%, char= 45%, gas= 10%.

25. Flash pyrolysis
• Flash pyrolysis occurs at rapid heating rates and moderate
temperatures between 400 and 600°C.
• Flash pyrolysis produces fewer amounts of gas and tar when
compared to slow pyrolysis.
• Hence, products are 50-70% bio-oil, 10-30%char and 15-20%
gas.

26. Fast pyrolysis
• This process is primarily used to produce bio-
oil and gas.
• During the process, biomass is rapidly heated
to temperatures of 650 to 1000°C depending
on the desired amount of bio-oil or gas
products.

27. Products obtained
• Three types of products are formed in pyrolysis:
1. Bio oil.
2. Syngas.
3. Char.

28. Bio oil
• Bio oil is a dark brown liquid and can be
upgraded to either engine fuel or through
gasification processes to a syngas and then
biodiesel.
• Pyrolysis oil may also be used as liquid fuel for
diesel engines and gas turbines to generate
electricity.
• Bio oil is also a vital source for a wide range of
organic compounds.

29. Syngas
• Syngas is a mixture of energy-rich gases
(combustible constituents include carbon
monoxide, hydrogen and methane).
• Diesel engines, gas turbines, steam turbines
and boilers can be used directly to generate
electricity and using syngas and pyrolysis oil.
• Syngas may also be used as a basic chemical in
petrochemical and refining industries

30. Char
• The solid residue from MSW pyrolysis, called char, is a
compound of carbon.
• Char is almost pure carbon and can be used in the
manufacture of activated carbon filtration media (for water
treatment applications) or as an agricultural soil amendment.

31. advantages
• It is a simple technology for processing a wide variety of
feedstocks.
• It reduces wastes going to landfill and greenhouse gas
emissions.
• It has the potential to reduce the country’s dependence on
imported energy resources by generating energy from
domestic resources.
• Waste management with the help of modern pyrolysis
technology is inexpensive than disposal to landfills.
• It creates several new jobs for low-income people based on
the quantities of waste generated in the region, which in
turn provides public health benefits through waste clean
up.

32. A TYPE OF DISPOSAL
TECHNIQUE

33. * Best technique to despose
livestock Dung & plant wastes?
BIOGAS

34. o Formation of biogas
o Design of biogas plant
o Uses
o Environment
o Biogas in india

35. What is Biogas?
o It mainly consist of methane CH4,carbon
dioxide CO2,hydrogen sulphide H2S
o It produces when aneorobic decomposition of
organic waste take place (ex. Livestock Dung ,
grass etc)
o When microrganisms decompose organic waste
in the absence of oxygen then biogas produces .

36. Main constituent and their percentage
are as follows
• Methane (55-70)%
• Carbon dioxide (30-45)%
• Hydrogen sulphide (0.1-0.5)%
• Nitrogen (0-10)%
• Oxygen trace
• Carbon monoxide trace

37. Biogas plant

39. Different parts of biogas plant
1.Reception tank- from where the livestock dung
or cow manure are supplied to the reactor tank
2. Reactor tank or digestor-it is the main part of
biogas plant ,where all the reaction take place
such as hydrolysis,fermentation and
methanogenisis.
o Tank should be insulated and can be made of
steel or concrete
• 3.Storage tank-
o One tank is used to store biogas
o Other is used to to store slurry manure

40. Formation of biogas
1. Hydrolysis – when long chain molecules like
carbohydrates , protiens, fat breaks down to
monomers like glucose , xylose,amino acids
2. Fermentation-
 50% of monomers breaks down to acetic acid
 20% breaks down to carbon dioxide
 30% converted into short chain volatile fatty acids
like
Formic acid, acetic acid,propione etc

41. 3.Methanogenisis
Two type of groups are
responsible for
methane production
o One produce acetic acid to
methane
o Other produce methane from
carbon dioxide

42.  Uses
 Biogas mainly methane can be used as cooking
purpose
 It can drive engine that can generate electricity
 It can produce heat through heat boiler
 The slurry that remains left after utilisation can
be used as fertilisers

44. Environment
1. Optimum condition for biogas productiON
• Temperature should be lie in the range (36-38) degree
celcius
• PH should lie between 6.5-8
2. Impact on environment
• It produces some amount of hydrogen sulphide and
carbon dioxide which is harmful for environment
• if there is leakage of unburnt methane it can be explosive
• Or it will contribute in green house effect

45. Biogas in India
India was the earliest biogas producer
50 lakh biogas plant have been installed in
India and china reached to 2 crores.
Government provide subsidy up to 17000
rupees for the installation of biogas plant
If awareness about the biogas plant could
be increased then India can be largest
biogas producers

46. Deep Well Injection

47. -DEFINITION AND TYPE OF WASTE
-CATEGORIES
-ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
-EPA REGULATIONS
-USES OF INJECTION WELL
-CONSTRUCTION
-CASE STUDY
-CONCLUSION
Content:-

48. DEFINITION:-
An injection well is a device that places fluid deep
underground into impermeable rock formations, such
as sandstone or limestone, or into or below the
shallow soil layer. The fluid may
be water, wastewater, brine (salt water), or water
mixed with chemicals.
Injection well construction is based on the type and
depth of the fluid injected. For example, wells that
inject hazardous wastes or CO2 into deep isolated
formations have sophisticated construction and non
hazardous waste inject usually in shallow depth.

49. Oil waste injection in deep wells

50. Categories
EPA’s regulations group injection wells into six groups or “classes.”
Classes I - IV and VI include wells with similar functions, construction, and
operating features. This allows consistent technical requirements to be
applied to these well classes.
Class I – Industrial and municipal waste disposal
Class II – Oil- and gas-related injection wells
Class III – Injection wells for solution mining
Class IV – Shallow hazardous and radioactive injection wells
Class V – Wells used to inject fluids into or above underground sources
of drinking water
Class VI – Wells used for geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide

52. Advantages
Quickly removes large volumes of liquid.
Provides a long-term solution that can operate over
decades.
Uses proven methods and technologies from the oil
and gas industry.
Provides a financially competitive solution, with low
ongoing operation and maintenance costs.
Does not impact drinking water sources, thereby
avoiding regulatory issues that affect other alternatives.

53. Disadvantage
Leaks or spills at surface
Encourage waste production
Existing fractures or earthquake
can allow wastes to escape into
ground water table.

54. EPA REGULATIONS
The rule is designed to protect Underground Sources of
Drinking Water (USDW). Treatment facilities would have to
demonstrate that their injection programs would not
contaminate any USDW in a manner that would cause it to
exceed primary drinking water regulations and other health-
based standards.
Under current UIC regulations, existing municipal injection
wells that have exhibited movement of fluids into the
USDW, regardless of fluid quality, must cease deep
injection as the only legal remedy to compliance.

55. USES:-
•Storing CO2
•Disposing of waste
•Enhancing oil production
•Mining
•Preventing salt water intrusion
Widespread use of injection wells began in the 1930s to
dispose of brine generated during oil production. Injection
effectively disposed of unwanted brine and preserved surface
waters. In some formations injection enhanced the recovery
of oil.

56. Construction of deep well
Risk Conference 2008, Cephalonia, Greece,
5-7 May
56
Pi=95 bar
Q=250-300 l/min
Ph=145 bar
Fracture gradient=1,74 bar/10 m
Injected up to date
150,000 m3
Marl
Sandstone
F=15 %

57. CASE STUDY:- SOLVING SELENIUM
MITIGATION

58. ~PROBLEM- discharges brine waste into salton
sea.
-tests shows high Se contamination level.
- impacting aquatic lives.

59. ~Using deep well injection over RO treatment mainly
due to Long term solutions and low life cycle costs
~Running tests for 2 yrs so as to prove specific porosity ,
permeability , eff. Thickness and depth.
~Isolating the waste far beneath the surface.
~Developed two wells with 2200 &2700 ft. in depth
with 850 gallons per minute.

60. COST ESTIMATION

61. Layne Christensen installing deep injection wells
for Imperial Irrigation District located in El Centro,
California

62. Farmers ​setting up a deep well ​injection
technology at a ​farm in ​Bukkapatnam ​village
in ​Anantapur ​district
IN INDIA

64. CONCLUSION
Waste management can be defined as the "collection,
removal, processing, and disposal of materials
considered waste" . Waste can be put into landfills,
thermally decomposed, recycled, or composted. The
most sustainable way to manage waste is to recycle
and compost.