This document provides an overview of biomass and bioenergy. It begins by defining biomass as biological material from living or recently living organisms. It then discusses various biomass sources including forestry residues, agricultural crops and residues, and municipal solid waste. The document outlines some key thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes for biomass including pyrolysis, gasification, fermentation and biomethanation. It provides details on pyrolysis and gasification processes, reaction mechanisms, product yields and types of reactors. The document also includes examples of biomass composition analysis and calculations involving biomass conversion and product yields.
Biomass can be converted into energy through thermo-chemical or bio-chemical processes. Thermo-chemical processes include combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction which use heat to convert biomass into gases, liquids and solids. Bio-chemical processes involve microorganisms breaking down biomass into fuels, including anaerobic digestion producing biogas and fermentation producing ethanol. These different conversion technologies allow biomass to be used for heat, power, transportation fuels, and chemical feedstocks depending on factors like feedstock availability and desired output.
The document discusses bio gasified coupled engines which convert bio/organic fuel into producer gas or syngas that can be used to power engines. It describes the process of biomass gasification where biomass is converted into combustible gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane through incomplete combustion. This producer gas can then be used to power gas engines or for heat applications. The document outlines the various zones in a gasifier where different chemical reactions occur during gasification and discusses reaction chemistry and technologies used.
Biomass pyrolysis is a promising renewable sustainable source of fuels and petrochemical substitutes. It may help in compensating the progressive consumption of fossil-fuel reserves. The present article outlines biomass pyrolysis. Various types of biomass used for pyrolysis are encompassed, e.g., wood, agricultural residues, sewage. Categories of pyrolysis are outlined, e.g., flash, fast, and slow. Emphasis is laid on current and future trends in biomass pyrolysis, e.g., microwave pyrolysis, solar pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, hydrogen production via biomass pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis of biomass with synthetic polymers and sewage, selective preparation of high-valued chemicals, pyrolysis of exotic biomass (coffee grounds and cotton shells), comparison between algal and terrestrial biomass pyrolysis. Specific future prospects are investigated, e.g., preparation of supercapacitor biochar materials by one-pot one-step pyrolysis of biomass with other ingredients, and fabricating metallic catalysts embedded on biochar for removal of environmental contaminants. The authors predict that combining solar pyrolysis with hydrogen production would be the eco-friendliest and most energetically feasible process in the future. Since hydrogen is an ideal clean fuel, this process may share in limiting climate changes due to CO2 emissions.
4.15 - "Technologies of Biomass Gasification" - Aleksander Sobolewski, Sławom...Pomcert
This document summarizes technologies for biomass gasification. It provides background on the Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, which conducts research on gasification. Biomass gasification is described as converting biomass into a gaseous fuel through thermochemical processes. Different types of biomass gasification reactors are presented, along with examples of small and large-scale biomass gasification technologies. Challenges associated with biomass gasification include ensuring a continuous biomass supply and dealing with gas contamination.
Hydrothermal liquefaction for bio oil and chemicals -an overview march 2019Souman Rudra
Introduction to Hydrothermal Liquefaction of biomass, History of HTL technology, HTL biocrude calculation, HTL Vs pyrolysis, Activities on HTL in the University of Agder.
Bio w properties & production techniques z wallageTuong Do
Zoe Wallage presents on biochar properties and production techniques. Biochar is produced through thermal decomposition of biomass via slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, or gasification. These processes convert biomass into biochar, bio-oil and syngas. Biochar properties depend on feedstock and production conditions like temperature and heating rate. A case study of UEA's biomass gasification CHP plant that produces electricity, heat and modest quantities of biochar as a byproduct is discussed, demonstrating biochar production from an existing energy system. The presentation concludes that biochar yield and quality varies significantly based on production method and biomass type.
Thermochemical conversion of biomass involves processes that use heat to convert biomass into other forms. This includes combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. Gasification converts biomass into a gaseous fuel called producer gas through a series of chemical reactions at high temperatures. It has advantages like efficiency and being carbon neutral, but requires precise control and feedstock preparation. Pyrolysis thermally decomposes biomass into solid, liquid, and gaseous products depending on temperature and residence time.
Biomass can be converted into energy through thermo-chemical or bio-chemical processes. Thermo-chemical processes include combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction which use heat to convert biomass into gases, liquids and solids. Bio-chemical processes involve microorganisms breaking down biomass into fuels, including anaerobic digestion producing biogas and fermentation producing ethanol. These different conversion technologies allow biomass to be used for heat, power, transportation fuels, and chemical feedstocks depending on factors like feedstock availability and desired output.
The document discusses bio gasified coupled engines which convert bio/organic fuel into producer gas or syngas that can be used to power engines. It describes the process of biomass gasification where biomass is converted into combustible gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane through incomplete combustion. This producer gas can then be used to power gas engines or for heat applications. The document outlines the various zones in a gasifier where different chemical reactions occur during gasification and discusses reaction chemistry and technologies used.
Biomass pyrolysis is a promising renewable sustainable source of fuels and petrochemical substitutes. It may help in compensating the progressive consumption of fossil-fuel reserves. The present article outlines biomass pyrolysis. Various types of biomass used for pyrolysis are encompassed, e.g., wood, agricultural residues, sewage. Categories of pyrolysis are outlined, e.g., flash, fast, and slow. Emphasis is laid on current and future trends in biomass pyrolysis, e.g., microwave pyrolysis, solar pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, hydrogen production via biomass pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis of biomass with synthetic polymers and sewage, selective preparation of high-valued chemicals, pyrolysis of exotic biomass (coffee grounds and cotton shells), comparison between algal and terrestrial biomass pyrolysis. Specific future prospects are investigated, e.g., preparation of supercapacitor biochar materials by one-pot one-step pyrolysis of biomass with other ingredients, and fabricating metallic catalysts embedded on biochar for removal of environmental contaminants. The authors predict that combining solar pyrolysis with hydrogen production would be the eco-friendliest and most energetically feasible process in the future. Since hydrogen is an ideal clean fuel, this process may share in limiting climate changes due to CO2 emissions.
4.15 - "Technologies of Biomass Gasification" - Aleksander Sobolewski, Sławom...Pomcert
This document summarizes technologies for biomass gasification. It provides background on the Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, which conducts research on gasification. Biomass gasification is described as converting biomass into a gaseous fuel through thermochemical processes. Different types of biomass gasification reactors are presented, along with examples of small and large-scale biomass gasification technologies. Challenges associated with biomass gasification include ensuring a continuous biomass supply and dealing with gas contamination.
Hydrothermal liquefaction for bio oil and chemicals -an overview march 2019Souman Rudra
Introduction to Hydrothermal Liquefaction of biomass, History of HTL technology, HTL biocrude calculation, HTL Vs pyrolysis, Activities on HTL in the University of Agder.
Bio w properties & production techniques z wallageTuong Do
Zoe Wallage presents on biochar properties and production techniques. Biochar is produced through thermal decomposition of biomass via slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, or gasification. These processes convert biomass into biochar, bio-oil and syngas. Biochar properties depend on feedstock and production conditions like temperature and heating rate. A case study of UEA's biomass gasification CHP plant that produces electricity, heat and modest quantities of biochar as a byproduct is discussed, demonstrating biochar production from an existing energy system. The presentation concludes that biochar yield and quality varies significantly based on production method and biomass type.
Thermochemical conversion of biomass involves processes that use heat to convert biomass into other forms. This includes combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. Gasification converts biomass into a gaseous fuel called producer gas through a series of chemical reactions at high temperatures. It has advantages like efficiency and being carbon neutral, but requires precise control and feedstock preparation. Pyrolysis thermally decomposes biomass into solid, liquid, and gaseous products depending on temperature and residence time.
This document provides information on various topics related to biomass energy:
1. It discusses different sources of biomass including plant and animal materials and different categories of biomass energy including direct combustion, conversion to liquid fuels, and anaerobic digestion to biogas.
2. It describes different thermo-chemical processes like gasification, pyrolysis, and combustion and bio-chemical processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation to convert biomass into energy.
3. It discusses economics considerations for biomass energy projects including justification based on issues like unemployment from industry shutdowns, waste management problems, and high energy prices.
Haloclean is Sea Marconi's proprietary pyrolysis process that converts biomass into intermediate fuels for cogeneration of heat and power. The process was developed over 10 years of research and tested on various biomass types at lab and pilot scales. A new industrial-scale Haloclean plant is now in commissioning, with the goal of coupling it to CHP units to generate electricity and heat from biomass in a flexible way depending on feedstock type and output desired.
Kunio yoshikawa innovative japanese waste to-green product technologies econo...Tung Huynh
The document discusses three innovative Japanese technologies for converting waste into valuable products:
1) Waste-to-coal technology uses hydrothermal treatment to convert municipal solid waste and medical waste into coal substitute fuel.
2) Waste-to-fertilizer technology treats sewage sludge and food waste through hydrothermal and mechanical processes to produce liquid fertilizer and solid fuel.
3) Waste-to-electricity technology gasifies chicken manure in a fixed bed updraft gasifier to generate syngas used for electricity production, while also producing biochar fertilizer.
The document discusses thermodynamic analysis of biomass gasification. It analyzes the reaction thermoneutral points (R-TNPs) for gasifying rice husk with different gasifying agents and their ratios. Key findings include:
- For CO2 alone, R-TNPs decreased with higher CO2:carbon ratios, with syngas output and CO2 conversion also decreasing. Heat requirements initially rose then fell with a heat exchanger.
- R-TNPs were not found for H2O alone at any ratio.
- With CO2+H2O, R-TNPs were only obtained at low total gasifier agent:carbon ratios. Higher ratios supported
The document discusses various biomass conversion technologies including gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization. It provides details on each process such as typical temperature and pressure ranges, residence times, and resulting product yields. Gasification is described as a partial oxidation process producing syngas with lower oxygen than combustion. Pyrolysis is divided into categories based on temperature and residence time, influencing whether the main products are solid char, liquid bio-oil, or gases. The document also examines biomass properties, thermal conversion reactions, examples of different gasifier types, and quality of syngas output.
1) Gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are three thermal conversion processes that can be used to treat solid wastes and produce combustible gases, liquid fuels, and solids like char.
2) Gasification involves partial oxidation at high temperatures to produce syngas, while pyrolysis uses thermal decomposition without oxygen to produce bio-oil. HTC uses hydrothermal conditions to produce "hydrochar".
3) Each process has advantages - gasification produces a high-quality syngas, pyrolysis flexibility to produce liquid fuels, and HTC higher solid yields than dry pyrolysis. Overall, these carbonization methods have potential for environmentally-friendly conversion of biomass into
Thermal decomposition of biomass through pyrolysis produces a mixture of gas, liquid, and solid products. Ensyn has developed a commercial pyrolysis technology called RTPTM that can rapidly convert biomass such as wood into bio-oil. Ensyn operates multiple commercial-scale RTPTM plants and produces bio-oil for downstream applications. Ensyn recovers high-value chemicals from bio-oil to sell for uses such as food and polymers, and uses the remaining bio-oil for fuel and energy applications. Ensyn's business model focuses on maximizing value by optimizing multiple product streams from pyrolyzing biomass.
Biomass pyrolysis produces bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. It involves heating biomass like wood or agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis at 450-1000°C yields 60% bio-oil that can be upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Syngas and biochar are also produced. Biochar improves soil quality and stores carbon long-term. The document discusses pyrolysis process parameters, products, applications, and provides an example of its environmental and energy benefits compared to fossil fuels according to a life cycle analysis. Bottlenecks to commercializing biomass energy in India include supply chain and policy issues.
This document discusses waste to energy gasification technology. It describes how gasification can efficiently convert biomass and waste into syngas while reducing emissions. The document outlines the various types of waste that can be gasified, as well as the advantages of gasification compared to other waste treatment technologies like incineration and biodigestion. It then profiles GreenE, a company that designs and builds gasification plants using a proprietary rotary reactor system to process organic waste and generate electricity.
High-performance CO2 sorbents from algae - presentation by Magdalena Titirici in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Presentation for the institute of engineering and technology on anaerobic digestion using poultry waste. Published paper. Sustainable development of Mauritius.
In this report we basically studied resources of biomass to produce mixed alcohol fuels, how to produce energy and mixed alcohol fuels from this process, PINCH analysis, its economics and environmental considerations.
Biomass Gasification Technology in Eastern AfricaACX
This document discusses the potential of biomass gasification technology in eastern Africa. It provides an overview of biomass gasification and utilization, including the state of the technology in Kenya. Some key challenges include a lack of reliable technology transfer, uncertainty in sustainable biomass fuel supply, and weak policies supporting bioelectricity. However, opportunities exist in combined heat and power applications for rural households and industries. Overall the document analyzes the current state and potential role of biomass gasification in climate change mitigation for the eastern Africa region.
The document presents a project on producing pyrolysis oil from mahogany wood. It discusses (1) designing and constructing a batch type pyrolysis reactor to produce the oil, (2) carrying out experiments at different temperatures and recording yields, and (3) analyzing the pyrolysis oil to determine its combustible hydrocarbons, calorific values, flashpoint, and pour point. The results found the oil to be an alternative fuel source. It was thus concluded that pyrolyzing biomass can contribute to a country's economy, renewable energy needs, and a cleaner environment by converting waste wood to pyrolysis oil.
This document discusses biomass conversion processes. It defines biomass as organic matter produced by plants, including crops, crop residues, and animal manure. Biomass can be converted into energy through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Key conversion processes discussed include anaerobic digestion, which converts wet biomass into biogas; fermentation, which produces ethanol from sugars; and pyrolysis, which produces fuels when dry biomass is heated without oxygen. Both advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy are presented.
This document discusses various waste-to-energy technologies, including thermo-chemical and bio-chemical conversion methods. It begins by introducing waste-to-energy as a process of generating energy from treated waste in the form of electricity or heat. Major thermo-chemical conversion methods discussed include incineration, combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. Bio-chemical methods examined are microbial fuel cells, biomethanation, and biogas production from landfills. The document provides details on the processes involved in each method and their advantages/limitations. It aims to review waste-to-energy technologies that could help address environmental issues from waste and fossil fuels in India.
This document discusses biomass energy, which includes energy from plant and animal matter that can be converted into modern fuels, electricity, and heat. Biomass has advantages over other renewables in that it can be used in different forms like gas or electricity. Small, medium, and large-scale biomass options are described. Various biomass resources like woody, non-woody, processed waste and fuels are classified. Thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies to generate electricity, heat and fuels from biomass are also outlined.
Biomass to bioenergy by thr thermochemical and biochemical pricessesAbhay jha
Pyrolysis,carbonization, gasification and biomass conversion into the bioenergy are described in these slides. There all types of pyrolysis and carbonization and gasification which are usable into the bioenergy processing.
The document discusses different aspects of biomass pyrolysis including:
- An overview of biomass pyrolysis and the products generated including bio-oil, bio-char, and gases
- Factors that affect biomass pyrolysis like temperature, heating rate, and feedstock characteristics
- Methods for characterizing the chemical and physical properties of the pyrolysis products
- An example research study on the pyrolysis of various biomass and plastic blends
This document provides information on various topics related to biomass energy:
1. It discusses different sources of biomass including plant and animal materials and different categories of biomass energy including direct combustion, conversion to liquid fuels, and anaerobic digestion to biogas.
2. It describes different thermo-chemical processes like gasification, pyrolysis, and combustion and bio-chemical processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation to convert biomass into energy.
3. It discusses economics considerations for biomass energy projects including justification based on issues like unemployment from industry shutdowns, waste management problems, and high energy prices.
Haloclean is Sea Marconi's proprietary pyrolysis process that converts biomass into intermediate fuels for cogeneration of heat and power. The process was developed over 10 years of research and tested on various biomass types at lab and pilot scales. A new industrial-scale Haloclean plant is now in commissioning, with the goal of coupling it to CHP units to generate electricity and heat from biomass in a flexible way depending on feedstock type and output desired.
Kunio yoshikawa innovative japanese waste to-green product technologies econo...Tung Huynh
The document discusses three innovative Japanese technologies for converting waste into valuable products:
1) Waste-to-coal technology uses hydrothermal treatment to convert municipal solid waste and medical waste into coal substitute fuel.
2) Waste-to-fertilizer technology treats sewage sludge and food waste through hydrothermal and mechanical processes to produce liquid fertilizer and solid fuel.
3) Waste-to-electricity technology gasifies chicken manure in a fixed bed updraft gasifier to generate syngas used for electricity production, while also producing biochar fertilizer.
The document discusses thermodynamic analysis of biomass gasification. It analyzes the reaction thermoneutral points (R-TNPs) for gasifying rice husk with different gasifying agents and their ratios. Key findings include:
- For CO2 alone, R-TNPs decreased with higher CO2:carbon ratios, with syngas output and CO2 conversion also decreasing. Heat requirements initially rose then fell with a heat exchanger.
- R-TNPs were not found for H2O alone at any ratio.
- With CO2+H2O, R-TNPs were only obtained at low total gasifier agent:carbon ratios. Higher ratios supported
The document discusses various biomass conversion technologies including gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization. It provides details on each process such as typical temperature and pressure ranges, residence times, and resulting product yields. Gasification is described as a partial oxidation process producing syngas with lower oxygen than combustion. Pyrolysis is divided into categories based on temperature and residence time, influencing whether the main products are solid char, liquid bio-oil, or gases. The document also examines biomass properties, thermal conversion reactions, examples of different gasifier types, and quality of syngas output.
1) Gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are three thermal conversion processes that can be used to treat solid wastes and produce combustible gases, liquid fuels, and solids like char.
2) Gasification involves partial oxidation at high temperatures to produce syngas, while pyrolysis uses thermal decomposition without oxygen to produce bio-oil. HTC uses hydrothermal conditions to produce "hydrochar".
3) Each process has advantages - gasification produces a high-quality syngas, pyrolysis flexibility to produce liquid fuels, and HTC higher solid yields than dry pyrolysis. Overall, these carbonization methods have potential for environmentally-friendly conversion of biomass into
Thermal decomposition of biomass through pyrolysis produces a mixture of gas, liquid, and solid products. Ensyn has developed a commercial pyrolysis technology called RTPTM that can rapidly convert biomass such as wood into bio-oil. Ensyn operates multiple commercial-scale RTPTM plants and produces bio-oil for downstream applications. Ensyn recovers high-value chemicals from bio-oil to sell for uses such as food and polymers, and uses the remaining bio-oil for fuel and energy applications. Ensyn's business model focuses on maximizing value by optimizing multiple product streams from pyrolyzing biomass.
Biomass pyrolysis produces bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. It involves heating biomass like wood or agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis at 450-1000°C yields 60% bio-oil that can be upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Syngas and biochar are also produced. Biochar improves soil quality and stores carbon long-term. The document discusses pyrolysis process parameters, products, applications, and provides an example of its environmental and energy benefits compared to fossil fuels according to a life cycle analysis. Bottlenecks to commercializing biomass energy in India include supply chain and policy issues.
This document discusses waste to energy gasification technology. It describes how gasification can efficiently convert biomass and waste into syngas while reducing emissions. The document outlines the various types of waste that can be gasified, as well as the advantages of gasification compared to other waste treatment technologies like incineration and biodigestion. It then profiles GreenE, a company that designs and builds gasification plants using a proprietary rotary reactor system to process organic waste and generate electricity.
High-performance CO2 sorbents from algae - presentation by Magdalena Titirici in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Presentation for the institute of engineering and technology on anaerobic digestion using poultry waste. Published paper. Sustainable development of Mauritius.
In this report we basically studied resources of biomass to produce mixed alcohol fuels, how to produce energy and mixed alcohol fuels from this process, PINCH analysis, its economics and environmental considerations.
Biomass Gasification Technology in Eastern AfricaACX
This document discusses the potential of biomass gasification technology in eastern Africa. It provides an overview of biomass gasification and utilization, including the state of the technology in Kenya. Some key challenges include a lack of reliable technology transfer, uncertainty in sustainable biomass fuel supply, and weak policies supporting bioelectricity. However, opportunities exist in combined heat and power applications for rural households and industries. Overall the document analyzes the current state and potential role of biomass gasification in climate change mitigation for the eastern Africa region.
The document presents a project on producing pyrolysis oil from mahogany wood. It discusses (1) designing and constructing a batch type pyrolysis reactor to produce the oil, (2) carrying out experiments at different temperatures and recording yields, and (3) analyzing the pyrolysis oil to determine its combustible hydrocarbons, calorific values, flashpoint, and pour point. The results found the oil to be an alternative fuel source. It was thus concluded that pyrolyzing biomass can contribute to a country's economy, renewable energy needs, and a cleaner environment by converting waste wood to pyrolysis oil.
This document discusses biomass conversion processes. It defines biomass as organic matter produced by plants, including crops, crop residues, and animal manure. Biomass can be converted into energy through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Key conversion processes discussed include anaerobic digestion, which converts wet biomass into biogas; fermentation, which produces ethanol from sugars; and pyrolysis, which produces fuels when dry biomass is heated without oxygen. Both advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy are presented.
This document discusses various waste-to-energy technologies, including thermo-chemical and bio-chemical conversion methods. It begins by introducing waste-to-energy as a process of generating energy from treated waste in the form of electricity or heat. Major thermo-chemical conversion methods discussed include incineration, combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. Bio-chemical methods examined are microbial fuel cells, biomethanation, and biogas production from landfills. The document provides details on the processes involved in each method and their advantages/limitations. It aims to review waste-to-energy technologies that could help address environmental issues from waste and fossil fuels in India.
This document discusses biomass energy, which includes energy from plant and animal matter that can be converted into modern fuels, electricity, and heat. Biomass has advantages over other renewables in that it can be used in different forms like gas or electricity. Small, medium, and large-scale biomass options are described. Various biomass resources like woody, non-woody, processed waste and fuels are classified. Thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies to generate electricity, heat and fuels from biomass are also outlined.
Biomass to bioenergy by thr thermochemical and biochemical pricessesAbhay jha
Pyrolysis,carbonization, gasification and biomass conversion into the bioenergy are described in these slides. There all types of pyrolysis and carbonization and gasification which are usable into the bioenergy processing.
The document discusses different aspects of biomass pyrolysis including:
- An overview of biomass pyrolysis and the products generated including bio-oil, bio-char, and gases
- Factors that affect biomass pyrolysis like temperature, heating rate, and feedstock characteristics
- Methods for characterizing the chemical and physical properties of the pyrolysis products
- An example research study on the pyrolysis of various biomass and plastic blends
Biomass can be converted into energy through direct combustion, gasification, or biochemical processes. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to produce heat, while gasification converts it into a combustible gas mixture through incomplete combustion. Biochemical processes use bacteria and microorganisms to produce fuels like methane from raw biomass through fermentation or anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion of wet biomass produces biogas, which is around 55-65% methane, through decomposition by anaerobic bacteria.
Biomass is a renewable energy resource that can be converted into bioenergy through various thermochemical and biochemical processes. Thermochemical processes like pyrolysis and gasification involve heating biomass to produce syngas, bio-oil, and char. Gasification occurs with limited oxygen and produces a combustible gas mixture. Biochemical processes include anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Anaerobic digestion breaks down biomass without oxygen to produce biogas and digestate. Fermentation converts biomass into biofuels like bioethanol. Both thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies are being improved to promote bioenergy development by upgrading fuel quality and enhancing reaction mechanisms.
This document discusses biomass and biogas. It defines biomass as plant matter created through photosynthesis. Biomass includes terrestrial and aquatic plants, crop residues, and organic waste. Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass by bacteria. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. The document outlines the three stages of biogas production and describes common types of biogas digesters, including floating dome, fixed dome, Janata, and Deenbandhu models. It discusses the applications of biogas for lighting, cooking, and electricity generation.
Biomass Energy it's uses and future aspectsCriczLove2
Biomass is renewable organic material from plants and animals that can be directly burned or converted into liquid and gaseous fuels. Common biomass sources include wood, agricultural crops and waste, biogenic materials in municipal solid waste, and animal manure. Biomass is converted into energy through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like pyrolysis and gasification, chemical processes like biodiesel production, and biological processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation. The type of biomass feedstock and its characteristics like moisture content, pH, temperature, total solids, and volatile solids affect the efficiency of biomass conversion processes and amount of biogas or fuel produced.
The document discusses various renewable energy sources including hydroelectric, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and biomass power systems. It focuses on biomass power, describing how biomass can be converted into fuel through various processes like anaerobic digestion, gasification, and pyrolysis. These conversions produce fuels like methane, ethanol, biodiesel, and syngas that can then be used for electricity generation or transportation. Key components of biomass power systems like anaerobic digesters and gasifiers are also explained.
This document discusses biomass as a renewable energy source. It defines biomass as natural material from living or dead organisms that can be converted to energy. Biomass energy is stored in organic compounds that can be converted into heat, gases, solids, liquids or chemicals through combustion, gasification or pyrolysis. Examples of biomass feedstocks include wood, agricultural waste and municipal solid waste. The document also outlines the biomass energy cycle and various biomass conversion technologies and their processes.
biomas pyrolysis,its features properties methods and current context in India and world with life cycle analysis.Biomass as renewable energy source for pollution free environment and sustainable development of society.Biochar for farming and Bagesse for cogeneration in industries
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from living or recently living organisms. It can be used to generate electricity or produce heat through combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification. Biomass has environmental advantages like being renewable, reducing landfills and greenhouse gases. Biomass emits carbon dioxide during decay or use, but living biomass absorbs carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, resulting in a closed carbon cycle with no net emissions. Various technologies can convert biomass into energy sources like biogas, biohydrogen, biodiesel, and solid biomass fuels.
1. Hazardous wastes must be deposited in secure landfills with at least 3 meters of separation between the waste and groundwater, and a double liner system with leachate collection.
2. Things that can be practiced to reduce waste include source reduction, recycling, reuse, and improving waste disposal facility design and management.
3. Common waste disposal methods include landfilling, incineration, anaerobic digestion, composting, pyrolysis, and gasification. Each method breaks down waste in different ways to reduce volume and produce byproducts that can be used.
This document discusses biomass as an energy source. It defines biomass as materials produced by biological systems that contain carbon compounds and stored solar energy. Sources of biomass include agriculture, forestry, food processing, and municipal/industrial waste. Biomass can be converted to energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, pyrolysis, and densification into pellets or briquettes. Biomass currently supplies 14% of the world's primary energy and technologies are being developed to increase its contributions and produce liquid and gaseous fuels from biomass.
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from living or recently living organisms. Energy can be extracted from biomass through combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis and gasification. This generates thermal energy that is mostly used for electricity or heat. Biomass has environmental advantages like being renewable, reducing landfills and greenhouse gases. Biomass emits carbon dioxide during decay or use as an energy source, but living biomass absorbs carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, resulting in a closed carbon cycle with no net emissions. Key biomass characteristics that impact energy production include heat value, moisture content, composition, size and density. Biomass can be converted through various processes like densification, combustion, pyrolysis, biochemical
The document discusses anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater. It provides an overview of the historical development of anaerobic waste treatment and increasing popularity since the 1970s energy crisis. The document describes the multi-step microbial process of anaerobic digestion involving acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. It compares anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes and discusses factors important for efficient anaerobic treatment such as temperature, pH, nutrients and microbial populations.
Anaerobic treatment and biogas (short).pptArshadWarsi13
The document discusses anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater. It provides an overview of the historical development of anaerobic waste treatment and increasing popularity since the 1970s energy crisis. The document describes the multi-step microbial process of anaerobic digestion involving acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. It compares anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes and lists some of the best industrial wastewaters suited for anaerobic treatment. The document also discusses important environmental factors like temperature and pH that must be maintained for efficient anaerobic treatment.
The document discusses anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater. It provides an overview of the historical development of anaerobic waste treatment and increasing popularity since the 1970s energy crisis. The document describes the multi-step microbial process of anaerobic digestion involving acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. It compares anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes and discusses factors important for efficient anaerobic treatment such as temperature, pH, nutrients and microbial populations.
Thermal treatment of waste, plasma gasification, pyrolysis, bio-gasification, and deep well injection are techniques for waste disposal. Plasma gasification uses electricity and high temperatures to break down organic waste into syngas and slag without combustion. Pyrolysis involves heating waste in an oxygen-free environment to produce bio-oil, syngas, and char. Bio-gasification uses anaerobic bacteria to break down organic waste into biogas, primarily methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used for cooking and generating electricity.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This document summarizes a project proposal for a biomass gasification plant in Pakistan. It discusses the motivation, basic chemistry, advantages of syngas, availability of raw materials, effects of temperature and residence time on syngas production, particulate matter, tars, sulfur, nitrogen compounds in biomass gasification. It also describes the gasification process selected, purification of syngas using hot gas cleanup technology, equipment list, environmental considerations, and concludes with recommendations for syngas production from biomass.
1. The document discusses the topics of fermentation technology and processes. It covers definitions of fermentation, important fermentation products, fermenter types, medium composition, inoculation, and microbial rates and stoichiometry.
2. Key aspects of fermentation covered include the use of stirred tank bioreactors, types of fermenters including batch, fed-batch and continuous reactors, and important industrial fermentation products like ethanol, lactic acid, and antibiotics.
3. Microbial rates are quantified as specific rates and yields, and stoichiometric equations are used to represent microbial growth coupling catabolism and anabolism based on substrate utilization and energy generation.
Fermentation is a form of metabolism where microorganisms break down organic compounds without oxygen. This document outlines the key topics in fermentation technology including: fermentation processes, microbial rates, stoichiometry of microbial growth and product formation, and important fermentation products. It also provides examples of stoichiometric calculations for microbial growth including determining yields, degrees of reduction, and setting up general stoichiometric equations using conservation principles.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
3. 21st Century Energy Challenges:
• to meet the growing energy demand for
transportation, heating and industrial processes
• to provide raw materials for chemical industries
(in sustainable ways with minimal environmental
impact)
Solutions:
• Efficiency improvement in existing technologies
• Alternative fuels and renewables
• Net negative emissions technologies (NETs)
• Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS)
3
6. Biomass refers to the mass of living organisms, including
plants, animals, and microorganisms, or, from a
biochemical perspective, cellulose, lignin, sugars, fats,
and proteins.
Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy
production (electricity or heat), or in various industrial
processes as raw substance for a range of products.
What is biomass ?
Biomass is biological or organic material
derived from living, or recently living organisms
including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Properties:
• Solid carbon-based fuel (like coal):H:C ~1.5,
O:C ~1 containing
• Metals, S, N , minor elements come from soil
• High moisture (>30%)
• Low energy density (<10 MJ/kg wet basis)
• Diffuse, expensive to harvest, ship
• Annual cycle: biomass available only at
harvest time, may need to be stored
6
7. Total solar energy that the earth stores in plants through photosynthesis: 2200 EJ/year
Global energy demand: 500 EJ/year
• Out of 2200 EJ, 300 EJ/year is currently being exploited by human, of which approximately 230 EJ/year is
used for food, animal feed, fiber, and energy and the 70 EJ/year is lost during harvest or burnt in
anthropogenic field fires (Ref: Pour, 2019)
• Any projection of bioenergy potential higher than 250 EJ/year (40-50% of global primary energy demand)
exceeds the biophysical limits
• Natural upper limit of harvestable bioenergy is further constrained by technical, economic, environmental,
and social complications
(exa = 1018)
7
8. Biomass sources
8
• Forestry crops and residues- firewood, wood pellets, and
wood chips
• Agricultural crops and residues— corn, soybeans, sugar
cane, switchgrass, woody plants, and algae, and crop and
food processing residues, energy crops
• Biogenic materials in municipal solid waste— paper, cotton,
and wool products, and food, yard, and wood wastes, leaf
litter
• Animal residues, manure, and human sewage, dead animals
• Industrial and mill residues- wastes from food, dairy,
textiles, and sugar industry; lumber and furniture mill
sawdust and waste, black liquor from pulp and paper mills
10. Ref: The National Energy Education Project
Molecular mass (g/mole):
H2O = 18; CO2 = 12x1 + 16x2 = 44
Glucose (C6H12O6) = (12x6 + 1x12 + 16x6 = 180)
10
11. Biomass composition
Cellulose: (C6H10O5)n, n ranges from
500-10000
Hemicellulose: (C5H8O4)m ; m
ranges from 50-200
Lignin: heterogeneous
and varies from
species to species;
approx. formula for
aspen wood:
(C31H34O11)n
11
12. • Biomass, also termed as,
lignocellulosic biomass
- Mainly obtained from plants
- Constitute more than 80% of the
total biomass
12
14. 14
Proximate analysis of a fuel provides the percentage of the material that burns in a gaseous state (volatile matter), in the
solid state (fixed carbon), and the percentage of inorganic waste material (ash).
Biomass is heated under various conditions for variable amounts of time to determine moisture, volatile matter, fixed
carbon, and ash yield.
Ultimate analysis determines the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur in the material, as found in the gaseous products
of its complete combustion, the determination of ash in the material as a whole, and the estimation of oxygen by
difference.
16. Van Krevelen Plot
Van Krevelen diagrams characterize source rock organic matter or coal or biomass on a plot of atomic O/C versus
atomic H/C from elemental analysis
16
19. • Combustion: the material is in an oxygen-rich atmosphere, at a very high operating temperature, with
heat as the targeted output.
• Gasification takes place in an oxygen-lean atmosphere, with a high operating temperature, and gaseous
products being the main target (syngas production in most cases).
• Hydrothermal liquefaction occurs in a non-oxidative atmosphere, where biomass is fed into a unit as an
aqueous slurry at lower temperatures, and bio-crude in liquid form is the product.
• Pyrolysis is conducted usually at 400-600°C in the absence of oxygen, and produces gases, bio-oil,
and char; it is one of the first steps in gasification and combustion.
19
22. Pyrolysis
Pyro = heat
Lysis = break down
22
Process Schematic
Pyrolysis is thermal breakdown
of big molecules into smaller
molecules. It is a complex
process involving numerous
reactions over a range of
temperatures 300-700°C, often
in absence of oxygen.
23. Types of Pyrolysis
23
Slow pyrolysis – Fixed bed reactor; Batch reactor
Fast pyrolysis – Bubbling Fluidized bed reactor
Flash pyrolysis – Circulating Fluidized bed; Entrained Flow reactor
24. Small particles offer negligible resistance to internal heat transfer and their
temperature can be assumed to be uniform during pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of a
large biomass particle is a complex process and involves following steps:
• Transfer of heat to the surface of the particle from its surrounding
usually by convection and radiation
• Conduction of heat through the carbonized layer of the particle
• Carbonization of the virgin biomass over a range of temperature inside
the particle
• Diffusion of the volatile products from inside to the surface of the
particles, and
• Transfer of the volatile products from the surface of the particle to the
surrounding inert gas.
24
(Radiation,
Convection)
(Diffusion)
Mechanism
25. Pyrolysis process control parameters
Important pyrolysis process control parameters include:
• Heating rate (length of heating and intensity),
• Prevailing temperature and pressure
• The presence of ambient atmosphere
• The chemical composition of the fuel (e.g., the biomass resource),
• Physical properties of the fuel (e.g. particle size, density),
• Residence time and the existence of catalysts.
These parameters can be regulated by selection among different reactor types and heat transfer modes
25
Variation in products with temperature,
residence time, and heating rate
26. 26
Based on the movement of solids through the reactor during pyrolysis:
• No solid movement through the reactor during pyrolysis (Batch reactors)
• Moving bed (Shaft furnaces)
• Movement caused by mechanical forces (e.g. rotary kiln, rotating screw etc.)
• Movement caused by fluid flow (e.g., fluidized bed, entrained bed etc.)
Types of reactors
Rotating cone Bubbling fluidized bed Recirculating fluidized bed Suction based
Reactor
type
Mode of heat
transfer
Fluidized
bed
90% conduction;
9% convection;
1% radiation
Circulating
fluidized
bed
80% conduction;
19% convection;
1% radiation
Entrained
flow
4% conduction;
95% convection;
1% radiation
27. 27
Numerical 1: A biomass sample composition on mass basis (ultimate analysis on as received basis) is as follows:
C: 37.5 (%),
H: 8.8 %,
O: 27.6 %,
N: 0.30 %,
S: 0.20 %,
Moisture: 20.5% and
Ash: 5.1%.
Find the molecular formula of the biomass on i) as received
basis and ii) on dry and ash free basis.
Atomic weights:
C: 12; H: 1; O: 16; N: 14; S: 32;
H2O: 18; Ash: 56
Basis: 100 g biomass Dry and ash free basis
(As received basis)
(Dry and ash free basis)
CxHyOzNaSb
Find x, y, z, a, b
C: 37.5 g = 37.5/12 = 3.125 moles
H: 8.8 g = 8.8/1 = 8.8 moles
O: 27.6 g = 27.6/16 = 1.725 moles
N: 0.30 g = 0.3/14 = 0.02142 moles
S: 0.20 g = 0.20/32 =0.00625 moles
Moisture (H2O): 20.5 g = 20.5/18 = 1.139 moles
Ash: 5.1 g = 5.1/56 =0.091 moles
O from moisture (H2O) = 1.139 moles
H from moisture (H2O) = 2*1.139 = 2.278 moles
C3.125H11.078O2.864N0.02142 S0.00625 Ash0.091
28. 28
Bio-oil / Pyrolysis Oil
• For bio-oil, fast pyrolysis is the most preferred process and the fluidized bed reactor is the most preferred set-up
• Can convert 65–75% of the dry original fuel in liquid
• Pyrolysis oil or bio-oil is a liquid, typically dark red-brown to almost black
29. 29
• Energy density of bio-oil is lower than
fossil oil because of higher water and
oxygen contents
• Quality of bio-oil from lignocellulose is too
poor for a direct use as transportation fuel
• Upgrading of crude bio-oil (reduce oxygen
content and increase the hydrogen
content): through distillation and/or
catalytic hydrotreatment
30. 30
Numerical 2: On slow pyrolysis, forest wood produced 35% bio-oil, 40% char and 25% gas. Molecular formula of
the char is CH0.56O0.28N0.013 and of bio-oil is CH1.47O0.36N0.005. Gas composition is as follows: H2:20 %, CO2:36 %,
CO:25 % and CH4:19 %. Determine the percentage of carbon converted to bio-oil.
Assume basis: 100 g wood: 35 g bio-oil, 40 g char, 25 g gas
32. Gasification
• Gasification is thermochemical decomposition of organic material in a limited oxygen atmosphere (20 to
40% of stoichiometric value) to obtain producer gas as main product; though some liquids and tars,
charcoal and mineral matter (ash or slag) are also formed as byproducts.
• It adds value to low value biomass by converting them to marketable fuels and products.
• Gasification agent is the oxidant or an oxygen carrier for the gasification process e.g. atmospheric air,
pure oxygen, steam, CO2, metal oxides
• Composition of the producer gas is dependent on the type of feedstock, gasification process, gasification
agent, gasification temperature, and catalysts.
32
Air,
Steam,
CO2, O2
+ BIOMASS
CO, H2, CO2, H2O, CH4, C2H4
Unconverted tars
Syngas or Synthesis gas: CO, H2 mixture
Producer gas
33. 33
Equivalence ratio (ER) is defined as the ratio of actual air-
fuel ratio and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. ER is thus the net
effect of airflow rate, feed consumption rate and the run
duration.
ER =
Actual air volume supplied per kg of biomass
Stoichiometric air volume per kg of biomass
The stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (m3/kg of biomass) at
normal conditions:
SR = 0.0889*(C + 0.375*S) + 0.265*H - 0.0333*O
where C, H, S, and O are the respective dry ash free mass
percentages of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen in the
biomass feed. These values can be found from the ultimate
analysis of the feed.
34. 34
Shen et al. 2017, Sustainable Energy Fuels
• Processes taking place in the drying,
pyrolysis and reduction zones are driven
by heat from the combustion zone
• Dry biomass enters the pyrolysis zone
from the drying zone
• Pyrolysis converts the dried biomass into
char, tar vapor, water vapor and non-
condensable gases
• In the reduction/gasification zone, the
products of complete oxidation (i.e. CO2,
H2O, etc.) undergo reduction by the
carbonized biomass/char
• In fluidized bed gasifiers, because of
mixing, separate reaction zones do not
exist, and all processes take place
simultaneously throughout the reactor
volume, although intensity may vary
depending on the location
Process mechanism
35. 35
Chemical Reactions
• During gasification of biomass, a number of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions take place.
• There is a combination of number of primary reactions as well as secondary reactions (in which the products of the
primary reactions also take part), resulting in combustible gaseous products.
• Some basic reactions of gasification:
Gasification reactions are reversible. The direction of the reaction and its conversion are subjected to the constraints of
thermodynamic equilibrium and reaction kinetics.
36. 36
Types of gasifiers
• Fixed bed: Updraft, Downdraft, Cross draft depending on the flow of gas through the bed (moving bed)
• Fluidized bed: Bubbling, Circulating
• Entrained flow
37. 37
Updraft
The solid and the gas circulate in opposite directions. The solid descends slowly and the gasifying agents (air and oxygen
and steam) circulate in an upward direction. When the biomass descends, it is heated by the gas stream until it reaches
the combustion zone where the maximum temperature is reached, suffering a subsequent cooling prior to the discharge
of the ash. A fairly polluted gas is obtained since the low temperatures of the gases (250–500 °C) do not allow the
decomposition of oils, tars and gases formed (phenols, ammonia and H2S)
Downdraft
The solid and the gas circulate in the same direction inside the gasifier. The biomass, which is introduced through the
upper part, is subjected to a progressive increase in temperature, drying at the beginning and pyrolysis below. This
temperature pattern is originated due to the high temperatures generated in the lower part of the reactor, through the
partial combustion of the products that get there (gases, tars and coal). A fairly cleaner gas with lower tar contents is
produced.
Crossdraft
In this case, the oxidizing agent is introduced through one side of the reactor, the synthetized gas leaves the diametrically
opposite side. This gasifier has certain advantages over the previous ones since it has lower starting times, it can operate
with dry and wet fuels, and the temperature of the gas obtained is relatively high, so that the composition of the gas
produced contains small amounts of H2 and CH4, but higher tar contents.
38. 38
Biomass
Air
Producer Gas
Fluidized
Bed
Air
Riser
Biomass
Cyclone
Return
Leg
Producer Gas
Bubbling Circulating
Fixed bed gasifiers are simpler, less expensive, and
produce a lower heat content producer gas; preferred
for lower capacities. Fluidized bed gasifiers are more
complicate, more expensive, but produce a syngas
with a higher heating value; preferred for higher
throughput.
(a) EF gasifier (b) Duel FB gasifier (c) Plasma gasifier
Slag
Plasma
torch
Syngas
Biomass
Syngas
Slag
Oxygen
Steam
Biomass
Gasifier
Steam
Combustor
Air
Flue gas
Other gasifier types
39. 39
Bubbling fluidized bed:
The bed material (which could be a mixture of inert particles such as sand along with finely ground biomass) rests on a
distributor plate (either perforated or porous type) through which the fluidizing medium (e.g. air) is passed at a velocity
of about five times that of minimum fluidization velocity. Typical temperature in the bed is about 700–900 °C. The feed,
which is finely grained biomass, is introduced just above the distributor plate. The biomass first undergoes pyrolysis in
the hot bed above the distributor to form char and gaseous products due to devolatilization. The char particles are
lifted along with fluidizing air and undergo gasification in relatively upper portions of the bed. Due to contact with high
temperature bed, the high molecular weight tar compounds formed are cracked; thus, reducing the net tar content of
the producer gas to less than 1–3 g/Nm3.
Circulating fluidized bed:
They are an extension of the concept of bubbling bed fluidization. In this case, the velocity of the fluidizing air is much
higher than the terminal settling velocity of the bed material. Thus, the entire bed material (biomass + inert material
such as sand) is lifted by the fluidizing air. The exhaust of the gasifier is a relatively lean mixture of solids and gas. This
exhaust is admitted into a cyclone separator where solids are disengaged from the gas and are returned to the bed
through a down comer pipe.
40. 40
Air and Steam/Air: Low calorific value gas ( 4 – 6 MJ/m3)
O2 and Steam: Medium calorific value gas ( 12 – 18 MJ/m3)
Composition of the producer gas is dependent on the type of gasification process, feedstock, gasification agent,
gasification temperature, and catalysts.
41. 41
The lower heating value (MJ/m3) of producer gas is calculated using the LHVs and mole fractions (yi) of CO, H2 and CH4
LHVgas = yH2
∗10.7426 + yCO∗12.59852 + yCH4
∗35.8226
Gasifier Efficiency
• For engine applications, gas is often cooled. Cold gas efficiency is used for such applications, defined as the ratio of
energy content of producer gas to the energy content of the biomass
Cold gas efficiency (%) =
(Volumetric flowrate∗LHV)producer gas
(Consumption rate∗LHV)biomass
∗100
• For thermal applications, the gas is not cooled before combustion and the sensible heat of the gas is also useful.
The thermal or hot gas efficiency is used for such applications, which is defined as:
Hot gas efficiency (%) =
Sensible heatpg + (Volumetric flowrate∗LHV)𝑝𝑔
(Consumption rate∗LHV)biomass
∗100
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡pg = mpg∗Cppg∗(Tpg−Tref/atm)
42. 42
Numerical 1: Dry Bagasse (C: 45%; H: 15%; O: 35%; N: 0.4%; S: 0.1%; Ash: 4.5%) is processed at a rate of 5 kg/h in a fixed
bed gasifier in presence of air at 10 kg/h. Find the ER, and cold and hot gas efficiencies of the gasifier, if the gas composition
is as follows: CO: 20%, H2: 10%, CO2: 15%; N2: 50%; CH4: 5%. Producer gas comes out at 500 C at flow rate of 12 kg/h.
Assume density of air as 1.2 kg/m3, density of gas as 1 kg/m3,
Cp of gas as 1 KJ/kgK, LHV of bagasse as 15 MJ/kg.
LHVgas(MJ/m3) = yH2
∗ 10.7426 + yCO∗12.59852 + yCH4
∗35.8226
Cold gas efficiency (%) =
(Volumetric flowrate∗LHV)producer gas
(Consumption rate∗LHV)biomass
∗100
Hot gas efficiency (%) =
Sensible heatpg + (Volumetric flowrate∗LHV)𝑝𝑔
(Consumption rate∗LHV)biomass
∗100
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡pg = mpg∗Cppg∗(Tpg−Tref/atm)
ER =
Actual air volume supplied per kg of biomass
Stoichiometric air volume per kg of biomass
SR = 0.0889*(C + 0.375*S) + 0.265*H - 0.0333*O
where C, H, S, and O are the respective dry ash free percentages
SR = 7.13
ER = 0.233
LHV of pg = 5.385 MJ/m3
Sensible heat of pg = 5.7 MJ
HE = 93.76 %
CGE = 86.16 %
43. 43
Biomass Fuels,
Wastes
Combustion
Turdine
Gas
Cleanup
Fuels &
Chemicals
Electric
Power
Generator
Heat Recovery
Steam Generator
Steam
Recovered
Solids
Steam
Steam
Turbine
Generator
Electric
Power
Synthesis Gas
Conversion
Particulate
Removal
Shift
Reactor
Particulate
Sulfur Byproduct
Air
Compressor
Air
Separator
Air
Oxygen
Gasifier
Exhaust
Fuels
&
Chemicals
Power
Generation
Process schematic with applications
Removal of tar, which is the most
problematic parameter, increases the
overall cost of gasification set-up.
Different cleaning methods can be
employed for removing tar from
producer gas:
- Wet or wet-dry scrubbing
- Catalytic reforming
- Thermal cracking
44. 44
Fuel
Treatment, bulk density, moisture
(MC)
Tar (g/m3)
Ash
(%)
Gasifier Experience
Coconut
shell
Crushed (1-4 cm), 435kg/m3
MC =11.8%
3 0.8 downdraft
Excellent fuel. No slag
formation
Coconut
husks
Pieces 2 - 5 cm, 65kgm3 Insignificant 3.4 downdraft
Slag on grate but no
operational problem
Com cobs 304 kg/m3 , MC = 11% 7.24 1.5 downdraft
Excellent fuel. No
slagging
Com fodder Cubed, 390 kg/m3, MC= 11.9% 1.43 6.1 downdraft
Sever slagging and
bridging
Cotton
stalks
Cubed, 259kg/m3 , MC= 20.6% 5 17.2 downdraft Severe slag formation
Peat Briquettes, 555kg/m3, MC=13% _ _ downdraft Severe slagging
Rice hulls Pelleted, 679 kg/m3, MC = 8.6% 4.32 14.9 downdraft Severe slagging
Sugarcane Cut 2-5 cms, 52 kg/m3 Insignificant 1.6 downdraft
Slag on hearth ring.
Bridging
Gasification characteristics of different types of waste agricultural biomass
47. 47
Economics
▪ Biomass Pellets HHV = 20 MJ/kg; LPG HHV = 50 MJ/kg; Ratio = 2.5
▪1 LPG cylinder (14 kg LPG, cost Rs. 800) energy equivalent to 70 kg pellets (14x2.5 = 35/0.5 gasifier
efficiency 50%).
▪ Targeted Pellets Cost: Rs. 5/kg for 1 TPD capacity
▪ Approx. Cost of Rs. 7/kg pellets (Rs. 500 for 70 kg) make it economical than LPG on O&M cost
▪ Gasifier (10 kg/h) Cost: 1.5 lakhs
▪ For a kitchen consuming 3 LPG cylinders a day, 1 cylinder could be substituted saving approx. Rs.
300/day
▪ Payback period: less than 2 years
Sonal K Thengane, IIT Roorkee, IAH-302