This document summarizes a paper presentation on disaster management during floods. It discusses: 1) The phases of flood disaster management including preparedness, impact, response, recovery and mitigation. 2) The roles of civil engineers in flood control activities like reservoir construction, river channelization, drainage improvement, and flood water diversion. 3) Current flood management practices and developments in India, including structures like dams, embankments, and drainage improvement works.

1. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
S.A.P.D. Jain Pathashala’s
Walchand Institute of Technology
WI char-2k15T
National Level Technical Symposium
PAPER PRESENTATION
“DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN-FLOOD”
Guidance:Prof.S.C.Deshmukh
Presented By:
1.BHAKTI A. NAVALE
2.BASAVARAJ V. PACHAPUR
S.E.CIVIL (WIT SOLAPUR)

2. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
INDEX
Content Page no.
1. Introduction 3
2. Definition 3
3. Classification & Types of Disasters 3
4. Disaster Management and
4.1 Flood Management Why it is necessary ?
5. Disaster Management in Flood and it’s phases. 5
5.1. Disaster Preparedness 6
5.2. Disaster Impact 6
5.3. Disaster response 6
5.3.1. Medical and Public Health Response. 7
5.3.2. Communicable diseases after flood. 7
5.4. Disaster Recovery 8
5.4.1. Rebuilding of houses 8
5.5. Disaster Mitigation 8
5.5.1. Components of disaster mitigation. 8
6. Role of Civil Engineers in controlling flood 9
6.1. Developments in disaster management in India. 10
7. Disaster management training 12
7.1. Information portals and helpline numbers 12
8. Conclusion 12
9. Referances 12

3. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
1. INTRODUCTION
Disasters are as old as Mankind.The first description of Disaster and
it’smanagement comes from mythological “Noah” and his ark.Similar Flood tales
arewidespread in- Greek Mythology, Puranas, Mesopotamian stories, and many
cultures.Disaster word is originated from Greek dus=bad & aster= star i.e.Calamity due
to position of a planet or a star.Then evolved in Italian as disastro,In French désastre
(de.zastʁ). & then disaster.
2. DEFINITION
What Is Disaster ?
It is a catastrophic situation in which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has been
disrupted and extra-ordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve
lives and or the environment
According to the united nations,disaster is “the occurrence of sudden or major
misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of the society or
community”
According to WHO Disaster is-“Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life,deterioration of health and health services on a scale,
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or
area.”
3. TYPES OF DISASTER
DISASTERS
NATURAL
DISASTERS
METEOROLOGICAL
TOPOGRAPHICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
MAN-MADE
DISASTERS
TECHNOLOGICAL
INDUSTRIAL
WARFARE

4. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
3.1 Natural Disasters:
Meteorological Disasters: Floods,Tsunami,Cyclone ,Typhoon,Snow
storm,Blizzard, Hail storm
Topographical Disasters: Earthquake,Volcanic Eruptions,Landslides,
Avalanches, Asteroids etc.
Environmental Disasters: Global warming,El Niño-Southern Oscillation,
Ozonedepletion, UVB Radiation,Solar flare
etc.
3.2 Man-Made disaster
Technological: Transport failure,Public place failure,Fire ec.
Industrial: Chemical spills,Radioactive spills etc.
Warfare: War,Terrorism,Internal conflicts,Civil unrest etc.
4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain
to various stages of a disaster at all levels. It is defined as “An applied science which
seeks, by systemic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to
prevention, emergency response, recovery and mitigation”. Encompasses all aspects of
planning for, and responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities.A
continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and
implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for-
Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.
Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences.
Capacity-building.
Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.
Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster.
Evacuation, rescue and relief.
Rehabilitation and reconstruction.
4.1 Flood Management & Why It Is Necessary ?
Flood: an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially
over what is normally dry land
India is highly vulnerable to floods.
Out of the total geographical area of 329 million hectares (mha), more than 40 mha
(i.e-12%) is flood prone in India.

5. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
The average annual flood damage in the last 10 years period from 1996 to 2005 was
Rs. 4745 crore as compared to Rs. 1805 crore, the corresponding average for the
previous 53 years.
This can be due to many reasons including a steep increase in population, rapid
urbanization growing developmental and economic activities in flood plains coupled
with global warming.
An average every year, 75 lakh hectares of land is affected, 1600 lives are lost and the
damage caused to crops, houses and public utilities is Rs.1805 crores due to floods.
The maximum number of lives (11,316) was lost in the year 1977.
The frequency of major floods is more than once in five years.
Flood Management outlay for XII Plan is below.
Outlay for XII Plan (2012-17)
5. PHASES OF DISASTER (FLOOD) MANAGEMENT
1. Disaster Preparedness
2. Disaster Impact
3. Disaster Response
4. Disaster Recovery
5. Disaster Mitigation
Sr.No. Name of Programme / Scheme Outlay(Rs.crore)
A Central Plan (CP)
I. Central Sector (CS)
i. River Management activities and Works
Related to Border Areas and UTs
1250.00
ii. Flood Forecasting 425.00
iii. Farakka Barrage Project (Transport Services) 800.00
Sub-total (CS) 2475.00
II. State Sector (SS)
i. Flood Management Programme 16000.00
Sub-total ( SS) 16000.00
Total (CP) 18475.00
B State Plan (SP) 39100.00
Grand Total ( CP+SP) 57575.00

6. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
5.1 Disaster Preparedness
Disaster preparedness - Is ongoing multisectoral activity.In integral part of the national
system responsible for developing plans and programmes for disaster management,
prevention, mitigation, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction.Co-ordination of a
variety of sectors to carry out-
Evaluation of the risk.
Adopt standards and regulations.
Organize communication and response mechanism.
Ensure all resources- ready and easily mobilized.
Develop public education programmes.
Coordinate information with news media.
Disaster simulation exercises.
5.1.1 What to do before a flood?
To prepare for a flood, you should:
Avoid building in flood prone areas unless you elevate and reinforce your home.
Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if susceptible to flooding.
Seal the walls in your basement with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage.
5.2. Disaster Impact
5.2.1. If a flood is likely to hit your area, you should:
Listen to the radio or television for information.
Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any possibility of a flash flood,
move immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for instructions to move.
Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other areas known to flood
suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical warnings
as rain clouds or heavy rain.
5.2.2. If you must prepare to evacuate, you should:
Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture. Move essential items
to an upper floor.
Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect
electrical appliances. Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in
water.
5.3.Disaster Response
Immediate reaction to disaster as the disaster is anticipated, or soon after it begins
in order to assess the needs, reduce the suffering, limit the spread and consequences of
the disaster, open up the way to rehabilitation.

7. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
By-
1.Mass evacuation
2.Search and rescue
3.Emergency medical services
4.Securing food and water
5.Maintenance of Law & Order
5.3.1Medical And Public Health Response
Pre-hospital emergency services -
Linkage to govt. incident command system.
External medical services and extrication workers.
Search and Rescue teams.
Assessment of immediate health needs.
Identification of medical & health resources.
Temporary field treatment-Prompt and proper treatment to save lives.
Consequences of Disaster
Health - Physical – Entanglement, Injuries, Disabilities, Coma ,Death.
Psychological- Cognitive,Behavioral,Social.
Structural Damage – to variable extent.
Ecological- Changes in eco system.
Economical-Financial losses.
5.3.2. Communicable Diseases After Flood
Pre Existing Diseases In The Population : dysentery, cholera, measles, tuberculosis,
malaria, intestinal parasites, scabies, skin infections.
Ecological Changes :
Altered ecology- vector borne and water borne diseases
Living conditions - plague, louse borne typhus and relapsing fever.
Stray animals and wild animal displacement-rabies.
Damage To Public Utilities :
Water supplies & sewage disposal disrupted.

8. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
Population Movements :
Introduction of new disease or vector.
In settlements - diarrheal diseases,measles,viral,hepatitis, whooping cough,
malaria etc.
Interruption In Public Health Services :
Disruption of curative and preventive services.
Interrupted vector control - malaria, dengue
Interrupted immunization - measles, whooping cough, and diphtheria.
5.4. Disaster Recovery
Repatriation - after the emergency is over, displaced people return to their place of
origin.
Rehabilitation -Restoration of basic social functions.Providing temporary shelters, Stress
debriefing for responders and victims,
Economic Rehabilitation,
Psycho-social Rehabilitation,
Scientific Damage Assessment,
Elements of recovery
1.Community recovery (including psychological).
2.Infrastructure recovery (services and lifelines).
3.Economy recovery ( financial, political ).
4.Environment recovery
5.4.1 Rebuilding Homes
Permanently repairing and rebuilding infrastructures.
Elements -
Owner Driven Reconstruction.
Speedy Reconstruction.
Linking Reconstruction with Safe Development
5.5.1. Components Of Disaster Mitigation
Hazard identification,mapping andAssessment – Estimating probability of a damaging
phenomenon of given magnitude in a given area.

9. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
Considerations for Assessment-
History
Probability of various intensities
Maximum threat
Possible secondary hazards
Vulnerability analysis –A process which results in an understanding of the types and
level of exposure of persons, property, and the environment to the effects of identified
hazards at a particular time.
Risk analysis – Determining nature and scale of losses which can be anticipated in a
particular area. Involves analysis of-
Probability of a hazard of a particular magnitude.
Elements susceptible to potential loss/damage.
Prevention –Activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon or potential hazard from
having harmful effects on either people or economic assets.
6. PRESENT STATUS OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN INDIA &
ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
The majority of damage during natural disasters is caused due to the improper
planning of cities and various infrastructure facilities, lack of site investigations, improper
structural planning and design, violation of specifications, poor quality control at
construction works, and lack of coordination between the various agencies involved in a
project.”Prevention of natural disasters is not possible but reduction in the
undesirable effects of disasters can be the only way to cope with them.”Different
measures have been adopted to reduce the flood losses and protect the flood plains.
Depending upon the nature of works, flood protection and flood management measures
may be broadly classified as under:
(a) Engineering / Structural Measures
(b) Non-Structural Measures
(c) Catchment Area Treatment
6.1 Engineering /Structural Measures
The engineering measures for flood control which bring relief to the flood prone
areas by reducing flood flows and thereby the flood levels are :
1. an artificially created reservoir behind a dam across a river
2. a natural depression suitably improved and regulated, if necessary or
3. by diversion of a part of the peak flow to another river or basin, where such
diversion would not cause appreciable damage.
4. by constructing a parallel channel bypassing a particular town/reach of the river
prone to flooding.
The engineering methods of flood protection, which do not reduce the flood flow but
reduce spilling, are:
a) embankments which artificially raise the effective river bank and thereby prevent
spilling

10. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
b) channel and drainage improvement works, which artificially reduce the flood water
level so as to keep water confined within the river banks and thus prevent spilling.
Some of the important measures for flood management are enumerated below:
6.1.1. Reservoirs
Reservoirs can moderate the intensity and timing of the incoming flood. They
store the water during periods of high discharges in the river and release it after the
critical high flow condition is over, so as to be ready to receive the next wave. Their
effectiveness in moderating floods would depend on the reservoir capacity available at
that time for absorbing the flood runoff and their proximity to the likely damage centre.
They are operated with a carefully planned regulation schedule which takes into account
both the safety of the dam and related structures and the safe carrying capacity of the
lower reaches of the river in their present condition. Reservoirs are more effective for
flood management if, apart from the incidental moderation available for any type of
storage on a river, specific flood space is earmarked, as in the case of DVC dams across
the Damodar and its tributaries. India has constructed a total of 5125 large dams and 397
large dams are under construction (as on 08-09-2011) .There are 78 large dams having
height above 100 m and capacity above 1 km%
out of which dedicated flood cushion has
been provided in only 10 dams.
6.1.2. Channelisation of Rivers
Some of the States are proposing channelisation of rivers, at least in certain
reaches, in the context of tackling the extensive meandering problems of the rivers,
activating navigational channels and training these rivers into their original courses.
While venturing to channelise rivers, thought must be given in allowing the river certain
freedom to flow and right of way to pass its flood waters and silt load within its natural
waterway. The dynamic nature of the rivers should be appreciated and preventive
measures planned accordingly instead of pinning down the river by channelising. During
XI Plan, major works of channelization were undertaken in Punjab and Himachal
Pradesh.
6.1.3. Channel Improvement
The method of improving the channel by improving the hydraulic conditions of
the river channels by desilting, dredging, lining etc., to enable the river to carry its
discharges at lower levels or within its banks has been often advocated but adopted on a
very limited extent because of its high cost and other problems. Dredging operations of
the Brahmaputra, which were undertaken in the early seventies on an experimental basis,
were discontinued because of their prohibitive cost and limited benefits. Dredging in
selected locations may perhaps be considered as a component of a package of measures
for channel improvement to check the river bank erosion subject to techno-economic
justification. It may be economically justifiable as a method for channel improvement
where navigation is involved. Dredging is sometimes advocated for clearing river mouth
or narrow constrictions.

11. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
6.1.4. Drainage Improvement
Surface water drainage congestion due to inadequacy of natural or artificial
drainage channels to carry the storm water discharge within a reasonable period causes
damages. It is often difficult to distinguish between flood and drainage congestion
situations. This problem is rather acute in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab,
Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Assam and West Bengal, J&K, Gujarat and Tamilnadu. Therefore,
improvement of drainage by construction of new channels or improvement in the
discharge capacity of the existing drainage system is recommended as an integral part of
the flood management programme in the country.
6.1.5. Diversion of Flood Waters
Diversion of flood waters takes a part of the flood discharge to another basin or to
the same basin downstream of the problem area or to a depression where it could be
stored for subsequent release. This measure can be used to manage unusual floods around
cities as in the case of flood spill channel near Srinagar and also in the lower reaches of a
river near the sea as in the case of Krishna,Godavari drainage scheme. Important schemes
under execution or under planning are the supplementary drain in Delhi, the outfall
channel in Jammu and Kashmir, the Damodar in the lower reaches in West Bengal, the
Thottapally Spillway diversion in Kerala, the Kolleru lake diversion into the sea in
Andhra Pradesh, the Kama-Pahari drain in Rajasthan and the Hulwaa drain in Uttar
Pradesh.
6.1.6. Watershed Management
The watershed management measures include developing and conserving the
vegetative and soil covers and also to undertake structural works like checkdams,
detention basins, diversion channels, etc. In the watershed management of upper
catchment, land treatment through afforestation and grass land development practices
should be supplemented by structural works for retarding the water velocity and arresting
silt.
Developments In Disaster Management In India
1. High Powered Committee set up in August 1999.
2. Until 2001 – Responsibility with Agriculture Ministry.
3. Transferred to Ministry of Home Affairs in June 2002.
4. National Disaster Management Authority established 28th September 2005.
5. Inclusion of Disaster Management in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.
6. On 23 December, 2005, Disaster Management Act .

12. WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”
7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT TRAINING
NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management) provides Web based training
courses. www.onlinenidm.gov.in
Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Framework
6 weeks course ; Fee 1500/-
Thematic- 9 Types; 4 weeks & Course fee Rs 1000/-
1.Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment
2.Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning
3.Risk Analysis
4.Climate Change & Disaster Risks
5.Earthquake Risk Reduction
6.Safe Cities etc.
Self E-learning courses- www.nidmssp.in
7.1.1 Web Portals And Helplines Related To Disasters
Dial Toll Free No. 1070
7.1.1. Contact
NDMA Control Room -26701728,730; Fax-26701729;9868891801, 9868101885
controlroom@ndma.gov.in; ndmacontrolroom@gmail.com
7.1.2. Website
Republic of India- http:// ndma.gov.in
8. CONCLUSION
In India maximum area (i.e.12.5%) is prone to flood and every year so many
peoples are facing this problem therefore ,Flood Management is very essential to
preperedness, response,recovery, reconstruction and mitigation of flood .To control any
disaster, management plays very important role because in disaster, losses are
tremendous,to control and save something is not possible without it’s pre-planning and
management. Disaster management is very challenging problem to Civil Engineers and
it’s solution is completely depends on Civil Engineers only.
9. REFERANCES
Government of India Planning Commission Report on Flood Management and
Region Specific Issues for XII plan.
“Disaster management in India” by Anand Patwardhan (IIT-Bombay).
http://www.bmtpc.org/disaster.htm
http://www.ndmindia.nic.in