This document provides an overview of meteorological disasters including cyclones, tornadoes, hail storms, hurricanes, and blizzards. It begins with defining meteorological disasters and listing their main types. Subsequent chapters discuss the formation, characteristics, major events, and mitigation methods for each disaster type. For cyclones, specifics covered include typical structure and movement, classification systems used in India, and details on major cyclones like Hudhud. The document aims to inform about these destructive weather phenomena and how their impacts can be reduced.
This document provides information about different natural disasters including earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, and mine disasters. It defines each disaster, describes how they occur, how they are measured or classified, safety precautions to take during each one, and methods to prevent or mitigate future risks. Key details covered include how seismic waves cause earthquakes, common causes and types of landslides, how tsunamis are generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under water, and important accident causes and prevention recommendations for mine disasters.
The document discusses challenges facing nurses in disaster management. It identifies 6 main challenges based on a literature review using a scoping methodology: 1) Disaster nursing is a new specialty with few trained experts and opportunities for training. 2) Inadequate preparedness of pre-hospital care systems, hospitals, and nurses themselves. 3) Poor formal disaster education for nurses at undergraduate and graduate levels. 4) Lack of research and evidence-based practices in disaster nursing. 5) Ethical and legal issues in disaster response. 6) Unclear roles and responsibilities for nurses in disasters. The findings indicate barriers that must be addressed to improve disaster nursing.
Disasters can be natural or man-made. Natural disasters include meteorological events like floods, droughts and tornadoes, topographical events like avalanches and landslides, and environmental catastrophes like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Developing countries are most vulnerable as over 95% of disaster deaths occur there. Disaster management aims to coordinate an organization's response through strategic planning rather than direct control. It focuses on reducing risks and vulnerabilities to minimize the harmful impacts of disasters.
The document discusses key concepts related to disaster management including:
1) It defines terms like hazard, disaster, emergency, vulnerability, and risk.
2) It outlines different phases of disaster management like relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
3) It describes different types of disasters like sudden onset, slow onset, natural disasters, and human-made disasters.
Disasters can have significant negative impacts on human life, the economy, the environment, and society. The document discusses 8 key impact areas of disasters: (1) loss of human life, livelihoods, and property; (2) displacement of communities; (3) disruptions to education; (4) damage to local economies and opportunities for prosperity; (5) changes to ecology and the environment; (6) psychological trauma for survivors; (7) breakdown of social structures and support networks; and (8) risks to public health from infrastructure loss and poor sanitation. The severity of a disaster's effects are determined by the scale of its impacts across these different domains.
Disasters have wide-ranging impacts on human life, the economy, ecology and the environment, and people's psychology and health. Disasters can result in loss of human life, displacement from homes and communities, disruption of livelihoods and education, and psychological trauma from the destruction and hardship. They damage infrastructure and change the local environment, while also hindering economic activity as resources must be diverted to relief efforts rather than business and growth. The health of affected populations is also at risk due to damage to healthcare systems and sanitation, and increased potential for disease. Disasters have profound social consequences by shattering communities and social networks.
Natural Hazards, Classification and AnalysisPaul Wozney
An introduction to the concept of natural hazards,, a look at some of the ways they are classified and information about criteria used to analyze and compare natural hazards for Global Geography 12 at Charles P. Allen High School.
This document provides information about different natural disasters including earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, and mine disasters. It defines each disaster, describes how they occur, how they are measured or classified, safety precautions to take during each one, and methods to prevent or mitigate future risks. Key details covered include how seismic waves cause earthquakes, common causes and types of landslides, how tsunamis are generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under water, and important accident causes and prevention recommendations for mine disasters.
The document discusses challenges facing nurses in disaster management. It identifies 6 main challenges based on a literature review using a scoping methodology: 1) Disaster nursing is a new specialty with few trained experts and opportunities for training. 2) Inadequate preparedness of pre-hospital care systems, hospitals, and nurses themselves. 3) Poor formal disaster education for nurses at undergraduate and graduate levels. 4) Lack of research and evidence-based practices in disaster nursing. 5) Ethical and legal issues in disaster response. 6) Unclear roles and responsibilities for nurses in disasters. The findings indicate barriers that must be addressed to improve disaster nursing.
Disasters can be natural or man-made. Natural disasters include meteorological events like floods, droughts and tornadoes, topographical events like avalanches and landslides, and environmental catastrophes like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Developing countries are most vulnerable as over 95% of disaster deaths occur there. Disaster management aims to coordinate an organization's response through strategic planning rather than direct control. It focuses on reducing risks and vulnerabilities to minimize the harmful impacts of disasters.
The document discusses key concepts related to disaster management including:
1) It defines terms like hazard, disaster, emergency, vulnerability, and risk.
2) It outlines different phases of disaster management like relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
3) It describes different types of disasters like sudden onset, slow onset, natural disasters, and human-made disasters.
Disasters can have significant negative impacts on human life, the economy, the environment, and society. The document discusses 8 key impact areas of disasters: (1) loss of human life, livelihoods, and property; (2) displacement of communities; (3) disruptions to education; (4) damage to local economies and opportunities for prosperity; (5) changes to ecology and the environment; (6) psychological trauma for survivors; (7) breakdown of social structures and support networks; and (8) risks to public health from infrastructure loss and poor sanitation. The severity of a disaster's effects are determined by the scale of its impacts across these different domains.
Disasters have wide-ranging impacts on human life, the economy, ecology and the environment, and people's psychology and health. Disasters can result in loss of human life, displacement from homes and communities, disruption of livelihoods and education, and psychological trauma from the destruction and hardship. They damage infrastructure and change the local environment, while also hindering economic activity as resources must be diverted to relief efforts rather than business and growth. The health of affected populations is also at risk due to damage to healthcare systems and sanitation, and increased potential for disease. Disasters have profound social consequences by shattering communities and social networks.
Natural Hazards, Classification and AnalysisPaul Wozney
An introduction to the concept of natural hazards,, a look at some of the ways they are classified and information about criteria used to analyze and compare natural hazards for Global Geography 12 at Charles P. Allen High School.
This document provides an introduction to disasters including definitions and examples. It defines a disaster as an event that causes damage or loss of life on a large scale and requires an extraordinary response. Hazards are phenomena that have the potential to cause disruption. Various natural and man-made causes of disasters are outlined. Examples of different types of disasters are given such as earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, and more. Descriptions of specific disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes are included. Disasters are classified into categories such as water and climate related, geological, chemical and industrial. The results and consequences of disasters are injuries, emotional stress, epidemics, and economic harm. Factors that determine the impact
This document outlines various impacts of disasters on vulnerable groups including injuries, death, physical and psychological impacts, loss of livelihood, and changes to social structures. It specifically examines effects on children including health, psychological, and education impacts. Impacts on the elderly are also discussed including physical vulnerabilities and difficulties evacuating or accessing relief. People with disabilities or medical conditions are outlined as facing issues around lost medications or access to healthcare. The document calls for preparedness policies and plans to support vulnerable groups by establishing support mechanisms, needs assessments, education tailored to their needs, and involvement in decision making.
The document discusses disaster management, defining it as an applied science that seeks to improve prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery measures relating to disasters through systematic analysis. It outlines key concepts in disaster management such as mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery and provides examples of activities that fall under each phase. The document also examines structural and non-structural mitigation measures as well as different approaches to disaster management.
A key concept on the subject DRRR. This entails the definition of vulnerability, types of vulnerability and the key concepts of vulnerability. A summary definition of risk and hazard are also observable.
1) Man-made disasters are caused by identifiable human actions such as negligence or deliberate acts. They can result from industrial accidents, chemical/biological/radiological incidents, or other human factors like ignorance or carelessness.
2) Some examples of common man-made disasters mentioned are oil and chemical spills, power outages, terrorist attacks, and industrial fires and explosions. Specific incidents highlighted include the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident and Bhopal chemical disaster.
3) Precautions that can help mitigate man-made disasters include using protective equipment in chemical/radiological incidents, properly maintaining infrastructure to prevent industrial accidents, and increasing awareness to discourage negligence. Historical disasters like London's Killer Fog are
The document discusses disaster management and planning. It defines disasters as crisis situations that exceed recovery capabilities. Disasters are classified as natural (earthquakes, floods) or man-made (war, accidents). Disaster management includes developing recovery plans and implementing them when disasters occur. Good disaster planning involves anticipating types of disasters, developing prevention, preparation, response and recovery measures, and drawing on community and expert wisdom. It is a collective responsibility requiring government, community and private sector cooperation.
The document discusses natural hazards and disasters around the world. It identifies common natural hazards such as floods, windstorms, earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts and volcanic eruptions. Specific hazards are also discussed for regions like Asia, the Pacific Ring of Fire, China, India and Japan. Models are presented for how natural disasters occur when hazards overwhelm a community's capabilities, and how risk from hazards is determined by vulnerability and capacity to cope. Key terms like hazard, vulnerability and risk are defined.
The document discusses various topics related to risk assessment and reduction. It notes that disaster losses have been increasing significantly in recent decades. Some key points made include: hazard x vulnerability = risk; risk is determined by the probability of an event and its consequences; vulnerability depends on factors like exposure, resilience, and coping capacity; and perceptions of risk can differ from actual measured risks.
Floods are a common natural disaster in India that occur annually in many areas. They can be caused by factors like heavy rainfall, snowmelt, dam failures, and urbanization increasing surface runoff. To control floods, methods are used like building dams and pumping stations to control water levels, constructing barriers like levees and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening or widening them, implementing land use zoning near floodplains, and taking emergency measures during floods. Countries like the US also extensively use strategies such as levees along the Mississippi River to prevent flooding in communities.
Disaster
“A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”.
(W.H.O.)
Disaster management
Disaster management can be defined as the effective organization, direction, and utilization of available counter-disaster resource.
B T Basavanthappa
Aim
• To provide prompt and effective medical care to the maximum possible in order to minimize morbidity and mortality.
Objectives
• To optimally prepare the staff and institutional resources for effective performance in disaster situation
• To make the community aware of the sequential steps that should be taken at individual and organization levels.
Cyclones are rapidly rotating storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans. They are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic/Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and tropical cyclones in the South Pacific/Indian Ocean. Cyclones form through the rising of warm, moist air which causes an area of low pressure and draws in surrounding higher pressure air, fueling the storm system through heat release. They can cause extensive damage upon making landfall through strong winds, storm surge, heavy rain, and tornadoes.
Floods are the most common natural disaster in India, caused by heavy rainfall during the southwest monsoon season that overwhelms rivers like the Ganges and Yamuna. Two major flood events highlighted are the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, where unprecedented rainfall triggered landslides and glacial lake outbursts that killed over 6,000 people, and the 2015 Chennai floods resulting from heavy northeast monsoon rains exacerbated by climate change effects like El Niño, which killed over 400 people and displaced over 1.8 million. Flood mitigation requires measures like protecting the environment from deforestation, restricting construction, modernizing early warning systems, and educating the public on safety precautions.
An avalanche is a mass of snow sliding down a mountain. There are different types including surface avalanches which involve layers of snow with different properties sliding over each other, and full depth avalanches where the entire snow cover from the ground up slides. Avalanches are caused by various environmental factors including heavy snowfall, steep slopes, vibration, warm temperatures and layers of snow and ice building up. They can damage life, property and infrastructure and cause flash flooding, but are also a natural part of mountain ecosystems. Understanding avalanche patterns and avoiding likely start zones are important for preventing danger.
This document discusses disaster mitigation and management. It begins by outlining the objectives of disaster mitigation and management. It then defines disaster management as a process aimed at reducing losses from hazards and assisting victims. The four phases of disaster management are described as mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Structural and non-structural mitigation strategies are discussed in detail, including selecting safe building sites, orientation of buildings, fire escapes, and stability of structures. The importance of mitigation in reducing risks and impacts of disasters is emphasized.
Flood control refers to methods used to reduce or prevent flood damage. Some key flood control methods include dams, diversion canals, self-closing flood barriers, river defences, and coastal defences. Dams are designed to control floods by reserving space in reservoirs to store floodwaters. Diversion canals redirect excess water to less impacted areas. Self-closing barriers deploy automatically during floods to protect areas. River defences like levees and weirs hold back high water. Coastal flooding is addressed with structures like sea walls.
Natural disasters are events caused by natural hazards like floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. that lead to damage and losses. The impact of a natural hazard depends on the vulnerability of the affected population - their ability to resist the hazard. While hazards exist naturally, it is human settlement and involvement that transforms them into disasters. Several types of natural hazards are described in detail, including earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes, floods, and thunderstorms. Common causes and effects of each hazard are summarized.
A disaster is a natural or man-made hazard that causes substantial damage and destruction. Disasters disproportionately impact developing countries due to greater vulnerabilities and risks. Disaster management aims to reduce the impacts of disasters through preparedness, mitigation and response. It involves coordinating response efforts at all levels to provide emergency aid and meet basic needs in disaster-stricken areas. Effective disaster management relies on thorough emergency planning and response coordination among different organizations.
Gujarat provincial architecture developed between 1300-1572 AD under the Ahmad Shahi Sultan dynasty. Major developments included the Jami Masjid of Bharuch (early 14th century) which incorporated elements of demolished Hindu temples. The Jami Masjid of Cambay (1325) showed Delhi influences. The peak was the Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad (1423) with its 300 pillars and domed roof. Other notable structures included the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque for its intricate stone jali screens and the leaning Jhulta Minarets of Ahmedabad.
This document provides an introduction to disasters including definitions and examples. It defines a disaster as an event that causes damage or loss of life on a large scale and requires an extraordinary response. Hazards are phenomena that have the potential to cause disruption. Various natural and man-made causes of disasters are outlined. Examples of different types of disasters are given such as earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, and more. Descriptions of specific disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes are included. Disasters are classified into categories such as water and climate related, geological, chemical and industrial. The results and consequences of disasters are injuries, emotional stress, epidemics, and economic harm. Factors that determine the impact
This document outlines various impacts of disasters on vulnerable groups including injuries, death, physical and psychological impacts, loss of livelihood, and changes to social structures. It specifically examines effects on children including health, psychological, and education impacts. Impacts on the elderly are also discussed including physical vulnerabilities and difficulties evacuating or accessing relief. People with disabilities or medical conditions are outlined as facing issues around lost medications or access to healthcare. The document calls for preparedness policies and plans to support vulnerable groups by establishing support mechanisms, needs assessments, education tailored to their needs, and involvement in decision making.
The document discusses disaster management, defining it as an applied science that seeks to improve prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery measures relating to disasters through systematic analysis. It outlines key concepts in disaster management such as mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery and provides examples of activities that fall under each phase. The document also examines structural and non-structural mitigation measures as well as different approaches to disaster management.
A key concept on the subject DRRR. This entails the definition of vulnerability, types of vulnerability and the key concepts of vulnerability. A summary definition of risk and hazard are also observable.
1) Man-made disasters are caused by identifiable human actions such as negligence or deliberate acts. They can result from industrial accidents, chemical/biological/radiological incidents, or other human factors like ignorance or carelessness.
2) Some examples of common man-made disasters mentioned are oil and chemical spills, power outages, terrorist attacks, and industrial fires and explosions. Specific incidents highlighted include the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident and Bhopal chemical disaster.
3) Precautions that can help mitigate man-made disasters include using protective equipment in chemical/radiological incidents, properly maintaining infrastructure to prevent industrial accidents, and increasing awareness to discourage negligence. Historical disasters like London's Killer Fog are
The document discusses disaster management and planning. It defines disasters as crisis situations that exceed recovery capabilities. Disasters are classified as natural (earthquakes, floods) or man-made (war, accidents). Disaster management includes developing recovery plans and implementing them when disasters occur. Good disaster planning involves anticipating types of disasters, developing prevention, preparation, response and recovery measures, and drawing on community and expert wisdom. It is a collective responsibility requiring government, community and private sector cooperation.
The document discusses natural hazards and disasters around the world. It identifies common natural hazards such as floods, windstorms, earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts and volcanic eruptions. Specific hazards are also discussed for regions like Asia, the Pacific Ring of Fire, China, India and Japan. Models are presented for how natural disasters occur when hazards overwhelm a community's capabilities, and how risk from hazards is determined by vulnerability and capacity to cope. Key terms like hazard, vulnerability and risk are defined.
The document discusses various topics related to risk assessment and reduction. It notes that disaster losses have been increasing significantly in recent decades. Some key points made include: hazard x vulnerability = risk; risk is determined by the probability of an event and its consequences; vulnerability depends on factors like exposure, resilience, and coping capacity; and perceptions of risk can differ from actual measured risks.
Floods are a common natural disaster in India that occur annually in many areas. They can be caused by factors like heavy rainfall, snowmelt, dam failures, and urbanization increasing surface runoff. To control floods, methods are used like building dams and pumping stations to control water levels, constructing barriers like levees and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening or widening them, implementing land use zoning near floodplains, and taking emergency measures during floods. Countries like the US also extensively use strategies such as levees along the Mississippi River to prevent flooding in communities.
Disaster
“A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”.
(W.H.O.)
Disaster management
Disaster management can be defined as the effective organization, direction, and utilization of available counter-disaster resource.
B T Basavanthappa
Aim
• To provide prompt and effective medical care to the maximum possible in order to minimize morbidity and mortality.
Objectives
• To optimally prepare the staff and institutional resources for effective performance in disaster situation
• To make the community aware of the sequential steps that should be taken at individual and organization levels.
Cyclones are rapidly rotating storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans. They are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic/Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and tropical cyclones in the South Pacific/Indian Ocean. Cyclones form through the rising of warm, moist air which causes an area of low pressure and draws in surrounding higher pressure air, fueling the storm system through heat release. They can cause extensive damage upon making landfall through strong winds, storm surge, heavy rain, and tornadoes.
Floods are the most common natural disaster in India, caused by heavy rainfall during the southwest monsoon season that overwhelms rivers like the Ganges and Yamuna. Two major flood events highlighted are the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, where unprecedented rainfall triggered landslides and glacial lake outbursts that killed over 6,000 people, and the 2015 Chennai floods resulting from heavy northeast monsoon rains exacerbated by climate change effects like El Niño, which killed over 400 people and displaced over 1.8 million. Flood mitigation requires measures like protecting the environment from deforestation, restricting construction, modernizing early warning systems, and educating the public on safety precautions.
An avalanche is a mass of snow sliding down a mountain. There are different types including surface avalanches which involve layers of snow with different properties sliding over each other, and full depth avalanches where the entire snow cover from the ground up slides. Avalanches are caused by various environmental factors including heavy snowfall, steep slopes, vibration, warm temperatures and layers of snow and ice building up. They can damage life, property and infrastructure and cause flash flooding, but are also a natural part of mountain ecosystems. Understanding avalanche patterns and avoiding likely start zones are important for preventing danger.
This document discusses disaster mitigation and management. It begins by outlining the objectives of disaster mitigation and management. It then defines disaster management as a process aimed at reducing losses from hazards and assisting victims. The four phases of disaster management are described as mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Structural and non-structural mitigation strategies are discussed in detail, including selecting safe building sites, orientation of buildings, fire escapes, and stability of structures. The importance of mitigation in reducing risks and impacts of disasters is emphasized.
Flood control refers to methods used to reduce or prevent flood damage. Some key flood control methods include dams, diversion canals, self-closing flood barriers, river defences, and coastal defences. Dams are designed to control floods by reserving space in reservoirs to store floodwaters. Diversion canals redirect excess water to less impacted areas. Self-closing barriers deploy automatically during floods to protect areas. River defences like levees and weirs hold back high water. Coastal flooding is addressed with structures like sea walls.
Natural disasters are events caused by natural hazards like floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. that lead to damage and losses. The impact of a natural hazard depends on the vulnerability of the affected population - their ability to resist the hazard. While hazards exist naturally, it is human settlement and involvement that transforms them into disasters. Several types of natural hazards are described in detail, including earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes, floods, and thunderstorms. Common causes and effects of each hazard are summarized.
A disaster is a natural or man-made hazard that causes substantial damage and destruction. Disasters disproportionately impact developing countries due to greater vulnerabilities and risks. Disaster management aims to reduce the impacts of disasters through preparedness, mitigation and response. It involves coordinating response efforts at all levels to provide emergency aid and meet basic needs in disaster-stricken areas. Effective disaster management relies on thorough emergency planning and response coordination among different organizations.
Gujarat provincial architecture developed between 1300-1572 AD under the Ahmad Shahi Sultan dynasty. Major developments included the Jami Masjid of Bharuch (early 14th century) which incorporated elements of demolished Hindu temples. The Jami Masjid of Cambay (1325) showed Delhi influences. The peak was the Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad (1423) with its 300 pillars and domed roof. Other notable structures included the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque for its intricate stone jali screens and the leaning Jhulta Minarets of Ahmedabad.
Este documento presenta un análisis financiero del Grupo Aval, un conglomerado financiero colombiano. Se analizan métricas financieras como ventas, utilidades, activos y rentabilidad, encontrando que el Grupo Aval generalmente se ubica por encima del promedio del sector. El documento concluye recomendando invertir en el Grupo Aval debido a su buen desempeño financiero y su potencial para generar mayores beneficios en el futuro.
The document provides information on Deccan architecture which originated from the Sultanate of Delhi and Persian influences. It was further developed during the Bahmani and Qutub Shahi dynasties in the cities of Gulbarga, Bidar, and Golconda. Some key monuments discussed include the Jami Masjid and tombs in Gulbarga demonstrating early Deccan styles. Bidar is described as having a mixture of Persian and Delhi elements seen in structures like the royal palaces and tomb of Ali Barid. Golconda art reached its peak under the Qutub Shahis with fully developed bulbous domes and ornate tombs and the iconic Charminar mosque.
Palei is a village in Rajasthan, India that experiences extreme temperatures over 45°C in summers and 5°C in winters. Despite these conditions, the local people have sustained living there for centuries through vernacular architecture and building techniques. Their buildings use local stone and mud construction with thick walls, narrow streets, and courtyards to moderate temperatures without mechanical cooling or heating. The structures also have features like jalis, verandas, and trees for shade to further control the climatic conditions.
Lucknow is the capital of Uttar Pradesh, located in northern India along the Gomti River. It has a population of over 3.6 million and was formerly the capital of the Awadh region. Lucknow is known for its refined culture, cuisine like kebabs and biryani, and fine crafts such as chikan embroidery. Important historical monuments include the Bara Imambara, Hussainabad Imambara, and Residency, which was besieged during the 1857 uprising against British rule.
Aditya singh(REDESIGN PAREKH HOUSE PROJECT) 3RD SEM. B.ARCH(I.D)aditya singh
PAREKH HOUSE..............
THE ARCHITECTURAL SECTION WE EVOLVED FOR THE HOUSING IN THE CABINETRY
TOWNSHIP AT KOTA CREATES A PYRAMIDAL INTERIOR SPACE CLOSING OFF THE SKY. THUS MINIMIZING HEAT INPUT.
SINCE IT IS MAINLY TO BE USED DURING THE HOT SUMMER AFTERNOON. WE CALLED
IT THE SUMMER SECTION. CONVERSELY, A REVERSE PYRAMID, OPEN UP TO THE SKY WAS
THE WINTER SECTION, USABLE IN THE COLD SEASON. AND ON SUMMER EVENING.
THE SITE FOR THE PAREKH HOUSE IN AHMADABAD FACE NORTH- WHICH MEANS THERE WOULD
BE CONSIDERABLE HEAT INTAKE FROM THE EAST AND WEST FACED WHICH LIE ALONG THE LONGER
AXIS. IN ORDER TO DEAL WITH THIS, WE DEVELOPED A PLAN WHICH CONSIST OF 3 BAYS – SO
THAT THE SUMMER SECTION IN THE CENTER IS PROTECTED BY THE WINTER SECTION ON ONE
SIDE AND THE SERVICE BAY (FOR CIRCULATION, KITCHEN AND TOILET) ON THE OTHER.
THE HOUSE IS CONSTRUCTED OF BRICK BEARING-WALLS SUPPORTING FORM. FINISHED
CONCRETE SLAB, WITH THE ELEVATIONS SA DIAGRAMMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF THE CLIMATIC
CONCEPTS WHICH GENERATED THIS DESIGN.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang konfigurasi jaringan komputer yang terdiri dari dua router dan dua PC untuk tujuan testing konektivitas antara PC-1 dan PC-2 melalui router. Diberikan tabel IP address untuk setiap perangkat dan dilakukan konfigurasi pada router dan PC untuk menghubungkan kedua segmen jaringan. Kemudian dilakukan testing konektivitas menggunakan perintah ping antara PC-1 dan PC-2 untuk memverifikasi konfigurasi j
O documento descreve oito passos para ter sucesso no marketing multinível, incluindo: definir seu sonho, assumir compromissos, fazer uma lista de nomes, classificar e convidar, compartilhar a oportunidade, fazer acompanhamento, buscar aconselhamento e duplicar o padrão.
El anime se originó en Japón en la década de 1960 de la mano de Osamu Tezuka. Desde entonces, la producción y distribución de anime ha crecido constantemente tanto en Japón como a nivel internacional. Actualmente, el anime se distribuye a través de cines, televisión, DVD, Blu-ray e Internet y abarca numerosos géneros dirigidos a diversas audiencias.
This document discusses various types of natural disasters including earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts and tsunamis. It outlines disaster management strategies for each type of event. For earthquakes, it recommends preparing homes located in seismic zones and taking cover during shaking. For cyclones, it suggests developing emergency kits and evacuating to shelters when warnings are issued. Flood management involves both hard engineering like dams and soft techniques like afforestation. Droughts are addressed through rainwater harvesting, watershed management and irrigation. Tsunami preparedness requires early warning systems and coordination between response agencies. The overall goal of disaster management is to reduce damage through preparedness, mitigation and coordinated response.
IRJET- Mediterranean Cyclones and Offshore StructuresIRJET Journal
This document discusses Mediterranean cyclones and their potential impact on offshore structures. It provides background on medicanes, which are mesoscale cyclones that form in the Mediterranean basin and show similarities to tropical cyclones. The document analyzes a cyclone that occurred in October 2019 and calculates its maximum probable wave height. It finds that this wave height was less than the design criteria for existing fixed offshore platforms in the region, so evacuation was not required. The results could help investigate future cyclones and inform the design of offshore structures in the Mediterranean.
The document provides information about natural disasters, specifically earthquakes and tropical cyclones. It defines earthquakes and tropical cyclones, describes their causes and effects, and lists measures to minimize damage. For example, it explains that earthquakes are caused by plate tectonic movement and can cause infrastructure damage, while tropical cyclones derive energy from warm ocean waters and can bring strong winds and flooding to coastal areas.
Cyclones and Tropical Cyclone class 7 social scienceTakshila Learning
A cyclone is a system of wind that moves rapidly inward with a low-pressure area in the middle In meteorology, it refers to a large mass. Know more about cyclones in detail
The document discusses cyclones and provides details about their structure, formation, classification and impact in India. It notes that cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low-pressure area and are usually accompanied by violent storms. They are classified into tropical and extra-tropical cyclones. The document also examines cyclones that have impacted India in recent years, such as Amphan in 2020 and Fani in 2019, and discusses measures taken to manage cyclones.
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are large storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by strong winds that spiral inward toward the eye of the storm. They develop when warm, moist air rises and condenses, releasing latent heat that powers the storm. Tropical cyclones strengthen over warm ocean waters due to evaporation that fuels thunderstorms and heavy rain. They weaken rapidly when moving over land away from their heat source. Major tropical cyclone basins are monitored by regional warning centers that track storms and issue advisories.
Tropical Low Pressure Systems are intense low pressure systems with closed circulation also known as hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones. They form over warm ocean waters and have diameters between 200-650km. They contain an eye that is calm at the center surrounded by an eyewall with the strongest winds and thunderstorms. For a disturbance to develop into a full storm, it needs warm ocean waters, atmospheric disturbances, and conditions that allow the transfer of heat away from the storm.
Tropical Low Pressure Systems are intense low pressure systems with closed circulation also known as hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones. They form over warm ocean waters and have diameters between 200-650km. They contain an eye that is calm at the center surrounded by an eyewall with the strongest winds and thunderstorms. For a disturbance to develop into a full storm, it needs warm ocean waters, atmospheric disturbances, and conditions that allow the transfer of heat away from the storm.
This document discusses disaster readiness and risk reduction related to hydrometeorological hazards such as tropical cyclones and storm surges. It provides information on tropical cyclone structure and formation, classifications of tropical cyclones, effects of tropical cyclones including strong winds, storm surge, and heavy rain. It also discusses mitigation strategies for reducing the destructive effects of tropical cyclones such as determining prone areas, land use planning, effective warning systems, and forecasting. Additionally, it covers storm surge risks in the Philippines and mitigation through prediction, mapping, and barriers. The document is an educational presentation on hydrometeorological hazards for a science course.
The document discusses tropical storms and hurricanes, including:
1. The Saffir-Simpson scale which categorizes hurricanes based on wind speed intensity from 1 to 5.
2. The primary impacts of hurricanes include high winds, intense rainfall causing flooding, and storm surge which can result in 90% of hurricane deaths.
3. Prediction of hurricanes is limited but seasonal forecasts can provide estimates of overall storm activity for a given season, while short term forecasts track individual storms. Landfall location is difficult to predict due to variable storm tracks.
Cyclones are spinning storms that form over warm tropical oceans and rotate around areas of low pressure. There are three main types of cyclones: tropical cyclones, polar cyclones, and mesocyclones. Tropical cyclones include hurricanes and typhoons. Cyclones form due to the rising of warm, moist air over ocean surfaces which causes low pressure areas. As surrounding high pressure air moves in, it picks up heat and moisture and the spinning storm system intensifies. Several factors influence cyclone formation and intensity. India experiences many destructive cyclones each year along its eastern and western coasts.
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND DAMAGE MITIGATION FOR RCC BUILDINGS DUE TO NON S...Johana Sharmin
This presentation was prepared to portray vulnerability assessment and damage mitigation for RCC buildings due to Non-Seismic Hazards in Bangladesh for the internal meeting of DDC office in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This is entirely based on the PWD-JICA manual for CNCRP project. In this presentation, we emphasized wind load and flood water calculation, their impact on our regular RCC building, and mitigation measures. The excel files are not included for the confidentiality purpose. This presentation helped our colleagues who were not interested in reading the manuals. I felt joyful and curious while I worked in this presentation with my colleague.
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BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Climatological Disaster
1. 1
METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER
Guided by: Prof. Apeksha Jain
AKANSHA AWASTHI
(14ARCH001)
MOHINI AGARWAL
(14ARCH015)
RAGINI SAHU
(14ARCH010)
2016-2017
Department of architecture
Anand College of Architecture, Keetham
2. 2
Certificate
This is to certify that the Architecture Research on the topic “Meteorological Disaster” is
submitted by ‘Akansha Awasthi, Mohini Agarwal and Ragini Sahu’ as a part of five years
graduate programme in architecture at Anand College of Architecture, Agra is a record of
original work carried out by her under professional guidance. The content included in this
dissertation report has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for award of any
other degree or diploma programme.
Guided by:
Prof. Apeksha Jain
Anand College of Architecture
Akansha Awasthi
14ARCH001
Mohini agarwal
14ARCH015
Ragini Sahu
14ARCH010
(Student)
Anand College of Architecture, Agra
Date: 17-09-16
3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to
complete this report. A special gratitude to our Prof. Ms. Apeksha Jain who continuously guided
our group, encouraging us and giving us suggestions regarding our report presentation.thank you for
your comments and advices.
AKANSHA AWASTHI
MOHINIAGARWAL
RAGINI SAHU
Department of architecture
Anand College of Architecture, Keetham
4. 4
ABSTRACT
Meterological Disasters are violent and sudden change in earth’s environment related to
or caused by earth’s atmosphere.It is a hazard caused by short-lived, micro- to meso-scale
extreme weather and atmospheric conditions that last from minutes to days.The report
discusses about meteorological disasters (CYCLONES, HURRICANES, TORNADO, BLIZZARDS
AND HAIL STORM), their generation, types, major happenings in and outside India and
mitigation methods that can be adopted.
5. 5
CONTENTS –
1-METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER…...........................................................................8
TYPES OF METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER……………………………………………………………………………………..8
2-CYCLONE……………………………………………………………………………………………..9
2.1- ETYMOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….9
2.2- GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS…………………………………………………………………………………9
2.3- TYPES OF CYCLONES…………….……………………………………………………………………………………………10
2.4- MAJOR CYCLONE IN INDIA……………………………………………………………………………………………11
2.5- MAJOR CYCLONE OUTSIDE INDIA ……………………………………………………………………………………12
2.6- FACTORS OF VULNERABILITY………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.7- MITIGATION METHODS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………12
3- TORNADO…………………………………………………………….……………………………...16
3.1- ETYMOLOGY……………………………………………………..….…………………………………………………………..16
3.2- GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS……………………………………………………………………………….16
3.3- TYPES OF TORNADO…………………………………………………….……………………………………………………16
3.4-MAIN REGIONS OF OCCURRENCE…………………………………….………………………………………………..17
3.5- MAJOR TORNADO IN INDIA……………………………………………………………………………………………….17
3.6- MAJOR TORNADO OUTSIDE INDIA …………………………………………..……………………………………….17
3.7- MITIGATION METHODS FROM TORNADO…………………………………..…………………………………….17
4- HAIL STORMS……………………………………………………………………………………...18
4.1- GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS………………………………………………….……………………………18
4.2-DETECTION OF HAIL STORM………………………………………………………………..…………………………….18
4.3-HAZARDS DUE TO HAIL STORM…………………………………………………………………..……………………..18
4.4- MAJOR HAILSTORM IN INDIA ……………………………………………………………………………………………18
6. 6
4.5- MAJOR HAILSTORM IN WORLD…………………………………………………………………………………………19
4.6 MITIGATION METHODS……………………………………………………………………………………..………………19
5-HURRICANE………………………………………………………………………………………….20
5.1ETYMOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........20
5.2- PARTS OF HURRICANE……………………………………………………………………………………………….………20
5.3 HOW STORMS BECOME A HURRICANE.…………………………………………………………………………….20
5.4 HOW ARE HURRICANE FORMED…………………………………………………………………………….…………..20
5.5 HOW ARE HURRICANES NAMED………………………………………………………………………………..………20
5.6 CATEGORIES OF HURRICANES…………………………………………………………………………………………….20
5.7 EFFECTS OF HURRICANES……………………………………………………………………………………………………21
6.BLIZZARDS…………………………………………………………………………………………..22
6.1 DEFINITION……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….22
6.2 WHY IS BLIZZARD DANGEROUS………………………………………………………………………………………….22
6.3 FORMATION OF BLIZZARD……………………………………………………………………..…………….…………….22
6.4- NOR' EASTER BLIZZARDS………………………………………………………………………………………..…………22
6.5- AMERICAN BLIZZARDS………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
6.6- IMPACTS OF BLIZZARDS……………………………………………………………………………………………….……23
6.7- PREVENTION FROM BLIZZARDS…………………………………………………………………………………………23
WEBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………….24
7. 7
SYNOPSIS:
NEED OF STUDY:
Studying about various meteorological disasters, what impact they have on human, animal and
plant life as well as finding out the various mitigation methods that can help us for disaster
preparedness and rehabilitation after it has occurred.
AIM OF STUDY:
To know what is a meteorological disaster, its types, the loss it causes to environment and the
measures e can use to protect ourselves from it.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:
1- To study about meteorological disaster and its types.
2- To study its impact on environment.
3- To find out the mitigation measures of protecting ourselves when disaster occurs.
SCOPE OF STUDY:
This report covers ‘Meteorological disaster and its types: Hurricane, cyclone, tornado,
hailstorm, and blizzard. It discusses about the loss and how it affects the society.it also
discusses about the measures we can use for disaster preparedness and also what we should
do when disaster occurs and after it has passed away.
LIMITATION:
The report relies on the secondary sources available like books and internet and does not
involves any case study in it.
8. 8
CHAPTER- 1
METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER-
Violent and sudden change in earth’s environment related to or caused by earth’s
atmosphere.
It is destructive and is caused by extreme weather.
The study of processes resulting from climate change is based not only on the analysis of
air temperature, precipitation and snow cover, but also on extreme weather events
(high and low temperatures, sandstorms, heavy snowfall and rainfall, floods, mudflows,
avalanches, hailstone falls).
A hazard caused by short-lived, micro- to meso-scale extreme weather and atmospheric
conditions that last from minutes to days.
TYPES OF METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER
1- Cyclone
2- Tornado
3- Hailstorm
4- Hurricane
5- Blizzard
9. 9
CHAPTER 2- CYCLONE
Source: en.wikipedia.org
2.1- ETYMOLOGY—
The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake. It
was coined by Henry Paddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and
the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea.
The name changes acc. to the region of occurrence:
- Hurricane in Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific
- Typhoon in Northwest Pacific
- Tropical cyclones in South Pacific and Indian Ocean
2.2- GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS
Fig: Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a
loopover warm ocean waters.
Source: en.wikipedia.org
10. 10
Cyclonesare causedbyatmosphericdisturbances around a low-pressure area distinguished by
swiftandoftendestructive aircirculation. Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms
and bad weather. The air circulates inward in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern
hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.
The low-pressure centerisalsoreferredtoas the 'eye' of the storm, the ‘Eye’ of the storms has
three basic shapes: (i) circular;(ii) concentric; and (iii) elliptical.
If the water in the cloud builds up enough, it may fall back to the ground as rain and
draw cool air down with it as a downdraft. When they work together, that warm
updraft and cool downdraft create a storm cell. As this process continues, the cloud
grows and we eventually get a large thunderstorm cloud.
This thunderstorm cloud is now ready to diversify into other storms like tropical
cyclones and tornadoes. But this can't happen unless the air in the cloud starts spinning
horizontally. If this occurs over the tropical ocean, this is called a tropical depression
Cyclogenesis describes the process of cyclone formation and intensification
2.3- TYPES OF CYCLONES:
Cyclones are classified as:
(i) Polar cyclones- These cyclones occur in polar regions like Greenland, Siberia and Antarctica.
They are usually stronger in winter months. They mainly occur in areas that aren't very
populated, so any damage they do is usually pretty minimal.
(ii) Tropical cyclones.- These cyclones occur over tropical ocean regions i.e. the regions between the
Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer.
The criteriabelowhasbeenformulatedbythe IndianMeteorological Department(IMD),whichclassifies
the lowpressure systems in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea on the basis of capacity to damage.
Type of Disturbances Wind Speed in Km/h
Low Pressure Less than 31
Depression 31-49
Deep Depression 49-61
Cyclonic Storm 61-88
11. 11
Severe Cyclonic Storm 88-117
Super Cyclone More than 221
Source: www.ndma.gov.in/
They are further divided into the following categories according to their capacity to cause damage:-
Cyclone Category Wind Speed in Km/h Damage Capacity
01 120-150 Minimal
02 150-180 Moderate
03 180-210 Extensive
04 210-250 Extreme
05 250 and above Catastrophic
Source: www.ndma.gov.in/
Cyclones vary in diameter from 50 to 320 km but their effects dominate thousands of square
kilometers of ocean surface and the lower atmosphere. The perimeter may measure 1,000 km
but the powerhouse is located within the 100-km radius nearer the Eye.
2.4- MAJOR CYCLONE IN INDIA
In India more cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal than the Arabian Sea and the ratio is
approximately 4:1. Tropical cyclones occur in the months of May-June and October-
November
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud[nb 1] was a strong tropical cyclone that caused
extensive damage and loss of life in eastern India and Nepal during October 2014.
12. 12
Hudhud originated from a low pressure system that formed under the influence of an
upper-air cyclonic circulation in the Andaman Sea on October 6. Shortly before landfall
near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, on October 12, Hudhud reached its peak strength
with three-minute wind speeds of 175 km/h (109 mph) and a minimum central pressure
of 960 mbar (28.35 inHg). The system then drifted northwards towards Uttar
Pradesh and Nepal, causing widespread rains in both areas and heavy snowfall in the
latter.
Hudhud caused extensive damage to the city of Visakhapatnam and the neighbouring
districts of Vizianagaram and Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh.
2.5- MAJOR CYCLONE OUTSIDE INDIA
Two tropical cyclones hit central and southern Mozambique around Jan 11 2015.
Tropical storm Dando hit the southern African country with gusts of up to 120
kilometres (75 miles) per hour and rainfall of over 200 millimetres (nearly eight inches).
According to the National Institute of Meteorology , Funso, another cyclonic storm had
winds exceeding 195 kilometres per hour causing heavy rainfall and much damage to
life and property.
The impact from cyclones extends over a wide area, with strong winds and heavy rains.
However, the greatest damage to life and property is not from the wind, but from
secondary events such as storm surges, flooding, landslides and tornadoes.
2.6- FACTORS OF VULNERABILITY
Man made factors:
Settlement located in low lying coastal areas (direct impact);
Poor building design, or construction;
Insufficient lead time for warning and evacuation;
Non compliance with evacuation procedures;
Inadequate shelter.
2.7- MITIGATION METHODS :
If the building begins to break up, immediately seek shelter under a strong table or bench or
under a heavy mattress.
Do not use electrical appliances which have been wet until they are checked for safety
Boil or purify your water until supplies are declared safe
Stay away from damaged powerlines, fallen trees and flood water
13. 13
`
Choose the location carefully to avoid the full force of
the wind or flood Use building layout with a simple regular shape,to
avoid concentration of pressure.
Build the roof at an angle of 30° to 45° to prevent it
being lifted off by the wind.
Avoid wide roof overhangs; separate the veranda
structure from the house.
14. 14
Make sure the foundations, walls, and roof structure
are all firmly fixed together.
Reinforce the bracing in the structure; strengthen
walls and joints/ junctions to increase stiffness.
Make sure the roof covering is firmly attached to the
roof structure to prevent it from lifting.
If doors & shutters cannot be shut, make sure there
are opposing openings to reduce pressure build up.
15. 15
Source: www.dwf.org
Use doors and shutters that can be closed.
Plant trees around the house as wind breaks and
reduce flow of water, but not too close.
16. 16
CHAPTER 3-
TORNADO
A Twirling Funnel Tornado Generation Of Tornado
Source: en.wikipedia.org
3.1- ETYMOLOGY-
Originated from Spanish word ‘TRONADA’ meaning thunderstorm.
Generated due to occurrence of different temperature and humidity at a time.
3.2- GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS
When cold air meets warm air, it traps warm air beneath it hindering upward motion of
warm air.
Warm air starts rotating as it is unable to move upwards, the warm air then pushes the cold
air below it giving rise to a tornado.
It is always in contact with ground as well as cloud base (cumulonimbus cloud- dark cloud
of great vertical extent charged with electricity).
Tornadoes can last from 3 hours to just few minutes and appear like funnel whose wider
end is cloud base and the shorter end touches ground.
Contains cloud of dust and debris which also makes it visible.
The wind sped can vary from 100km/h- 500km/h, diameter 0.8- 3 km and can travel up to
hundreds of kilometers.
3.3- TYPES OF TORNADO
Three main types- 1- Land spout
2- Water spout
17. 17
3- Vortex tornado
3.4-MAIN REGIONS OF OCCURRENCE
Mainly occurs in tropical ‘areas close to equator’ and the areas of Tornado Alley of United
States. It is never reported in ‘Antarctica’.
It can also be seen in areas of south, central and eastern Asia, east- central and northern
South America, north-west and south- east Europe, southern Africa, southeastern and
Western Australiaand New Zealand.
3.5- MAJOR TORNADO IN INDIA
Happened in Sylhet district, Assam on 7May, 1934.
200 people died, 500 injured and many went missing.
Death roll was heavier in remote areas and bodies of humans and animals were seen
floating in River Surma.
3.6- MAJOR TORNADO OUTSIDE INDIA
Happened on 18 March, 1925 travelling 7 km in Missouri, Illinois and Indiana.
695 people died and thousands injured, rated F 5 on Fujita scale.
3.7- MITIGATION METHODS FROM TORNADO
Take shelter in basement or any underground area or under a table on opposite direction of
moving of tornado.
Avoid corners of room, stay in center.
Take shelter in room made of RCC or brick with heavy floor or roof.
Establish an alarm system.
18. 18
CHAPTER 4-
HAIL STORMS
4.1- GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS
Thunderstorm producing hail when shower on ground is known as hail storm.
Formed when strongly moving air meets with low level of freezing water droplets in cloud
with temperature below 0
Solid form of precipitation, contains irregular balls of ice (5 mm in diameter) called
hailstone.
Hailstone is made of alternative thin (white and opaque) and thick layer and gives
appearance like onion in cross section.
A Hailstorm Hailstone with Rings
Source: en.wikipedia.org
4.2-DETECTION OF HAIL STORM
Detected by weather radar which is complemented by data of current climatic conditions.
METAR code is used to determine the size of hailstones or they are generally measured by
comparing with small stones or coins.
4.3-HAZARDS DUE TO HAIL STORM
It causes harm to crops, glass or shingled roofs, skylights of aircraft, automobiles etc.
Aircrafts face maximum damage caused by hail when the hailstones cross the diameter of
13 mm.
Hail also cause fatal head trauma to humans.
4.4- MAJOR HAILSTORM IN INDIA
19. 19
Happened on 13 April, 1888 in Uttar Pradesh.
Killed 230 humans and nearly 1600 goats and sheeps.
Size of hailstones was of size of an orange.
4.5- MAJOR HAILSTORM IN WORLD
Happened on 13 April, 1360 in France.
1000 soldiers died.
Day is known as ‘Black Monday’.
4.6 MITIGATION METHODS
Install a hail net made of wires.
Move to a covered area or shading.
Establish an alarm system.
20. 20
CHAPTER 5-
HURRICANE
5.1-ETYMOLOGY
The word hurricane has been derived from Spanish word 'huracán' which is derived
from the name of Taino stormgod 'Jurácan who is belived tosend strong winds to the
Tainos to rain upon them when he is upset.
Hurricanes are large spiralling storms. They are fastest than cheetah and can damage
buildings and trees.
They are formed over warm ocean waters.
It is a powerful spiral weather that results from low pressure systems.
5.2-PARTS OF HURRICANE
Eye is the center of the storm where the wind is light.
Eyewall is the ring of thunderstorms which swirls around the eye. It has the strongest wind
and heaviest rainfall.
Rain bands go far out from the eyewall and stretch for hundreds of miles
5.3 HOW STORMS BECOME A HURRICANE
A tropical depression becomes a tropical storm if its winds reach 63 km/hr (39 mph).
A tropical storm becomes a hurricane if its winds reach 119 km/hr (74 mph).
5.4 HOW ARE HURRICANE FORMED
Warm ocean waters provide the energy a storm needs to become a hurricane.
26oC surface temperature is needed for a storm to become a hurricane.
Winds also contribute in formation of hurricane.
5.5 HOW ARE HURRICANES NAMED
Names make it easier to keep track of hurricanes.
Hurricanes are named in alphabetical order.
There are six list of names which are reused every year.
Hurricanes are also called typhoons or cyclones in other parts of the world.
5.6 CATEGORIES OF HURRICANES
Category 1: Winds 119-153 km/hr (74-95 mph) - faster than a cheetah
21. 21
Category 2: Winds 154-177 km/hr (96-110 mph) - as fast or faster than a baseball pitcher's
fastball
Category 3: Winds 178-208 km/hr (111-129 mph) - similar, or close, to the serving speed of
many professional tennis players
Category 4: Winds 209-251 km/hr (130-156 mph) - faster than the world's fastest
rollercoaster
Category 5: Winds more than 252 km/hr (157 mph) - similar, or close, to the speed of some
high-speed train.
5.7 EFFECTS OF HURRICANES
Storm surge is the fast uprising of sea level that happens when a hurricane approaches the
coast.
Heavy Rainfall is produced by hurricanes.
Tornadoes are often produced by hurricanes.
Hurricanes can cause high winds.
Source: pmm.nasa.gov Source: eo.ucar.edu
22. 22
CHAPTER 6-
BLIZZARDS
6.1 DEFINITION
Blizzards are dangerous wind storms which can result in very low visibilities.
Officially, the National Weather Service defines a blizzard as a storm which contains large
amounts of snow OR blowing snow, with winds in excess of 35 mph and visibilities of less
than 1/4 mile for an extended period of time (at least 3 hours).
The word blizzard was first used by a newspaper to describe a dangerous snowstorm.
6.2 WHY IS BLIZZARD DANGEROUS
It creates life threatening conditions.
travelling by automobile becomes impossible due to whiteout i.e. more powdery snow.
Wind chill factor which means the amount of cold one feels due to combination of wind and
temperature is also very dangerous effect of blizzards and can result in frostbite or
hypothermia.
Power outrages can occur pipes may freeze and regular fuel sources may be cut off.
www.accuweather.com
It had been used to describe a canon shot or a volley of musket fire.
Blizzards last for typically three hours or more.
Ground blizzards occur when loose snow or ice is lifted by strong winds
6.3 FORMATION OF BLIZZARD
Three things are needed to form a blizzard- cold air, moisture and warm rising air.
For snow to fall the temperature at clouds and ground must be cold otherwise it wall
change to rain or freezing rain.
Blowing air evaporates water and the cold air is not able to hold much water
For a blizzard to form, warm air must rise over cold air.
Wind pulls cold air towards equator and brings warm air towards ple which results in
precipitation or blizzards when warm and cold air meet causing blizzard.
6.4- NOR' EASTER BLIZZARDS
They are macro scale storm from east coast of US and Atlantic Canada.
23. 23
6.5- AMERICAN BLIZZARDS
When cold, moist air from the Pacific Ocean moves eastward to the Rocky Mountains and
the Great Plains, and warmer, moist air moves north from the Gulf of Mexico
When the rapidly moving cold front from Hudson Bay area in Canada collides with warmer
air coming north from the Gulf of Mexico, strong surface winds, significant cold
air advection, and extensive wintry precipitation occur.
Rocky Mountains onto the Great Plains is particularly vulnerable to blizzards due to few
trees or other obstructions to reduce wind and blowing
6.6- IMPACTS OF BLIZZARDS
Whiteout where there is no visible horizon and multiple reflection allows the sense of
direction and distance to be lost.
wind chill factor
Inundation and Flooding- after blizzards the snow melts and there is a risk of flooding in the
coastal areas. It destroys plant and animal population.
Water cycle gets destabilized.
Quick drop in temperatures can damage forests and the vegetation can die.
The on-going wet and damp conditions encourage the spread of mold and fungi.
Transportation is impossible, electrical wires go down, property ids damaged and economy
is hurt
6.7- PREVENTION FROM BLIZZARDS
Check the Forecast and Watch the Weather.
Do not travel much during winter weather and make sure the vehicle is in good working
condition.
Source: extremeweatherwars.weebly.com
source: eo.ucar.ed
24. 24
WEBLIOGRAPHY
Cyclones:
http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/media-public-awareness/disaster/natural-
disaster/cyclones.html
https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/natural-disasters/cyclones
http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/tropical_cyclones/en/
http://www.disaster.qld.gov.au/EA/cyclone.asp
http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction
Tornado and hailstorms:
"Hallam Nebraska Tornado". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. 2005-10-02. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
"Tornado: Global occurrence". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Edwards, Roger et al. (May 2013). "Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and
Future."Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. pp. 641-653. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Hail". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-
07-15.
Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Hailstorm". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved
2009-08-29.
Meteorological Service of Canada (November 3, 2010). "Severe Thunderstorm criteria".
Environment Canada. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
Hurricanes :
http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/hurricanes/
https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-hurricanes
www.webbins.com/blog/hurricane-safety
http://whyfiles.org/2012/horrific-hurricanes/
http://www.yikudo.com/diagram/diagram-of-large-hurricane-storm
Blizzards:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard
www.accuweather.com
http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/
http://extremeweatherwars.weebly.com/
eo.ucar.ed