1. This document describes various fastness machines and techniques used to evaluate colorfastness of textiles, including the AATCC Gray Scale, Chromatic Transference Scale, spectrophotometer, ozone fading, perspirometer, cuprammonium fluidity test, Blue Wool standards, laundromat, gas fading, and chlorine fastness tests.
2. Key machines/techniques covered are the Gray Scale for visual evaluation of staining and color change, spectrophotometer for measuring color concentration, perspirometer for perspiration fastness, laundromat for washing fastness, and Blue Wool standards for lightfastness evaluation.
3. The tests subject textile samples to various conditions
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
Quality control and testing are essential processes in the textile industry to ensure products meet specifications. There are several key steps:
1) Pretreatment processes like singeing, desizing, bleaching, and mercerization are tested for parameters like chemical concentrations, temperatures, and absorbency.
2) Dyeing and printing undergo physical tests for properties like colorfastness and chemical tests.
3) Finishing is tested for characteristics such as abrasion resistance, shrinkage, weather resistance, and burn resistance. Regular quality control and testing at all stages of production are vital for maintaining textile quality standards.
The document provides information about discharge printing, which is a textile printing process where a bleaching agent is printed onto previously dyed fabrics to remove some or all of the original color. It discusses how discharge printing works, the required fabrics, discharge agents used, importance of discharge styles, discharge screen printing process, positives and negatives of discharge screen printing, and how cotton and polyester fabrics give different results. The document contains detailed technical explanations and considerations for discharge printing.
This document provides production parameters and quality control procedures for dyeing and finishing a knit fabric. It includes details on:
- Special instructions for fabric properties like shrinkage, color fastness, and pH levels.
- Dyeing parameters like temperature, pH, time, and liquor ratios for different dyeing processes.
- Quality assurance system to check fabric properties before and after processing.
- Calculations related to dyeing capacity and chemical requirements.
- Finishing target details to control fabric quality like shade, GSM, shrinkage and spirality.
The document discusses several scales used to measure properties of textiles related to color change and staining when exposed to various conditions:
- The Gray Scale for Color Change and Gray Scale for Staining both use gray chips to compare the amount of fading/color alteration or staining of adjacent materials after washing on a scale of 1 to 5.
- The Blue Wool Standards use a set of specially prepared blue dyeings on wool to compare lightfastness on a scale of 1 to 8 based on time taken to perceptibly fade when exposed to light.
- The 9-Step Chromatic Transference Scale uses five color hues and neutral grays to visually evaluate color transfer or staining, as an aid for less experienced technicians
Foam dyeing involves padding a fabric with an aqueous foam formed from dyestuff, a foaming agent, and a carrier. The padded fabric is heated to fix the dye into the fibers. This method provides improved dye uptake and fixation, higher color yields, and better fabric stability compared to conventional dyeing. Foam acts as the medium to carry and disperse dyes evenly onto fabrics. Different types of foaming agents and foam application methods are used depending on the fabric and desired results.
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
Quality control and testing are essential processes in the textile industry to ensure products meet specifications. There are several key steps:
1) Pretreatment processes like singeing, desizing, bleaching, and mercerization are tested for parameters like chemical concentrations, temperatures, and absorbency.
2) Dyeing and printing undergo physical tests for properties like colorfastness and chemical tests.
3) Finishing is tested for characteristics such as abrasion resistance, shrinkage, weather resistance, and burn resistance. Regular quality control and testing at all stages of production are vital for maintaining textile quality standards.
The document provides information about discharge printing, which is a textile printing process where a bleaching agent is printed onto previously dyed fabrics to remove some or all of the original color. It discusses how discharge printing works, the required fabrics, discharge agents used, importance of discharge styles, discharge screen printing process, positives and negatives of discharge screen printing, and how cotton and polyester fabrics give different results. The document contains detailed technical explanations and considerations for discharge printing.
This document provides production parameters and quality control procedures for dyeing and finishing a knit fabric. It includes details on:
- Special instructions for fabric properties like shrinkage, color fastness, and pH levels.
- Dyeing parameters like temperature, pH, time, and liquor ratios for different dyeing processes.
- Quality assurance system to check fabric properties before and after processing.
- Calculations related to dyeing capacity and chemical requirements.
- Finishing target details to control fabric quality like shade, GSM, shrinkage and spirality.
The document discusses several scales used to measure properties of textiles related to color change and staining when exposed to various conditions:
- The Gray Scale for Color Change and Gray Scale for Staining both use gray chips to compare the amount of fading/color alteration or staining of adjacent materials after washing on a scale of 1 to 5.
- The Blue Wool Standards use a set of specially prepared blue dyeings on wool to compare lightfastness on a scale of 1 to 8 based on time taken to perceptibly fade when exposed to light.
- The 9-Step Chromatic Transference Scale uses five color hues and neutral grays to visually evaluate color transfer or staining, as an aid for less experienced technicians
Foam dyeing involves padding a fabric with an aqueous foam formed from dyestuff, a foaming agent, and a carrier. The padded fabric is heated to fix the dye into the fibers. This method provides improved dye uptake and fixation, higher color yields, and better fabric stability compared to conventional dyeing. Foam acts as the medium to carry and disperse dyes evenly onto fabrics. Different types of foaming agents and foam application methods are used depending on the fabric and desired results.
The document discusses batch-to-batch shade variation in knit dyeing. It identifies many factors that can cause shade variation between batches, including uneven pretreatment, improper dosing, fluctuating power/temperature, dye lot variation, pH issues, and poor lab-to-bulk correlation. Maintaining standard procedures, equal parameters like liquor ratio and cycle time, proper dosing, and consistent finishing can help minimize shade variation. The goal is to control variables and ensure replicable dyeing conditions across batches.
This document discusses colourfastness testing to washing. It provides details on four ISO and AATCC test methods that evaluate how colourfast textiles are to domestic and commercial laundering. These tests subject textile samples to simulated washing cycles to test for colour change, staining of adjacent fibres, and self-staining. The document also describes the test procedures, assessments of results, and case studies demonstrating how understanding test outcomes and the end use of textiles is important for ensuring colourfastness.
This document provides information about lab dip development and dyeing processes. It begins with an overview of lab dip development, which involves matching dye samples to buyer's swatches. Key objectives of lab dip include calculating dye recipes, comparing samples to swatches, and approving the final lab dip. Common stock solutions and an example calculation for a 0.5% shade are also provided. The document then outlines the general procedure for lab dip dyeing and provides a flow chart depicting the process for sample dyeing from scouring through to softening. Additional details include a recipe and calculations for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes and information about the turquoise color including its types and the specific process flow for dyeing cotton knit fabric that
This document discusses various aspects of bleaching and optical brightening agents:
1. It describes bleaching as a process that removes natural color and introduces a complementary color for a more uniform light reflection.
2. Fluorescent brightening agents are described as compounds that decompose natural colors while introducing a complementary color similar to bleaching agents.
3. The application and uses of fluorescent brightening agents are discussed for different fiber types like proteins, polyamides, polyesters, and polyacrylonitriles. Exhaustion and padding methods are covered.
Sulphur dyes contain disulfide linkages and are used to produce black, brown, and other dark shades on cellulosic materials like cotton. They are water-insoluble so must be converted to a water-soluble leuco form using a reducing agent before application. After dyeing, an oxidizing agent turns the dye back to its insoluble form within the fiber. Issues like poor fastness, bronzing, and material tendering can occur but have corrective actions like ensuring complete dissolution and reaction of the dye and proper washing after dyeing.
Flocking is defined as the application of fine particles to adhesive coated surfaces. Nowadays, this is usually done by the application of a high-voltage electric field. In a flocking machine the "flock" is given a negative charge whilst the substrate is earthed. Flock material flies vertically onto the substrate attaching to previously applied glue.
Jet dyeing machines are used to dye fabric in rope form, primarily polyester using disperse dyes. The fabric moves continuously in a loop through the machine, similar to winch dyeing. Jet dyeing machines aim to minimize drawbacks of earlier machines like winch and beam dyeing. Dyeing time is short, production is high, and water and dye liquor consumption is low compared to other machines. The jet of dye liquor creates turbulence to aid dye penetration while gently handling the fabric. Main parts include a dyeing tank, winch roller, nozzle, and heat exchanger. The dyeing process involves placing fabric in a closed tubular system and using a jet of dye liquor to transport the fabric through while
This document summarizes different types of dyeing machines used in the textile industry. It describes yarn dyeing machines like HTHP vertical tubular dyeing machines and cone yarn dyeing machines. It also discusses fabric dyeing machines such as jet dyeing machines, soft flow dyeing machines, and long tube fabric dyeing machines. Woven dyeing machines like jigger dyeing machines and knit dyeing machines like air flow dyeing machines are also outlined. The document provides specifications and features of these various dyeing machines.
Dyeing fault causes and remedies
Dyeing Fault:
Uneven dyeing:
Causes
•Due to improper pretreatment.
• Very rapid addition of dyes and chemicals.
• Lack of controlling dyeing parameters
Remedies
•Check addition of dyes and chemicals are at a steadily
increasing rate.
•Proper pretreatments.
•Check the rope turnover time.
•Proper washing after dyeing.
Running shade:
Causes
•Machine loading is higher.
•Running at lower nozzle pressure.
•High bath draining temperature.
Remedies
•Proper cycle time should be ensured.
•Nozzle pressure should be accurate.
•Bath draining temperature should be moderate.
The document discusses the production of denim fabric using slasher dyeing. It describes the slasher dyeing process which continuously passes warp yarns through indigo dye liquor troughs to dye the yarns on the warp beam. This allows for dyeing and sizing in a single operation. The document also provides details on the types of yarns, chemicals, and processes used, including scouring, dyeing with indigo and sulfur black, and sizing to strengthen and protect the yarns during weaving.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
This document defines and discusses right-first-time (RFT) dyeing. RFT dyeing aims to achieve the desired shade of a fabric in one dyeing process without needing to redo the dyeing. The document outlines the objectives, benefits, requirements and factors to consider for successful RFT dyeing. It discusses monitoring dye concentration and other variables during dyeing using specialized equipment to help ensure RFT results. Achieving RFT dyeing can increase productivity and profits while reducing costs, time, and fabric waste.
1) Mercerization is a finishing process that treats cotton fabric with a strong alkaline solution to improve luster, strength, and other properties.
2) Recent developments in mercerization include using hot alkaline solutions, ammonia, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide which can provide better dye uptake, strength, and luster compared to conventional mercerization.
3) Ultrasound assisted mercerization is also being studied as a more efficient and eco-friendly method that uses ultrasonic energy to accelerate the chemical reactions during mercerization.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
This document provides information about garment dyeing machines. It begins by explaining that garment dyeing involves dyeing fully fashioned garments after manufacturing, as opposed to using pre-dyed fabrics. It then discusses different types of machines used for garment dyeing, including paddle machines, rotary drum machines, tumbler machines, toroid machines, and the Gyrobox. The document provides details on the features and operating principles of these different machine types. It also includes images and specifications for specific garment dyeing machines from STEFAB.
This document summarizes yarn and carpet printing technologies. It discusses various yarn printing methods like solution dyeing, hang/skein dyeing, and space dyeing. For carpet printing, it describes direct printing, discharge printing, resist printing, and pigment printing methods. It also discusses chemicals and machinery used like flat-screen and rotary screen printing machines, and jet printing machines. In conclusion, it provides an overview of yarn and carpet printing processes and technologies.
Pigments are insoluble colorants that remain on the surface of fibers rather than penetrating inside. They are held in place mechanically by binders which are cured at high temperatures. For commercial use, pigments must have good heat resistance, dispersability, light/weather fastness, and be harmless and affordable. Binders are important as they bond pigment particles to fibers and form a clear film. The rubbing fastness of pigments depends on binder efficiency. Pigment dyeing involves padding dye paste onto fabric, drying, and curing at high heat to set the colors.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
This document summarizes methods for dyeing cotton yarn, including batch and continuous dyeing processes. It discusses classifying dyes and the reactive dyeing mechanism and process for cotton. Batch dyeing methods described are package, hank, and beam dyeing. Continuous dyeing methods covered are rope and slasher dyeing. A comparative study of costs for cotton yarn dyeing is also presented.
The document discusses the importance of testing textiles, including research and development, product evaluation, quality control, problem analysis, product comparison, proper advertising, and regulatory compliance. Testing ensures new textile products are developed properly, fabrics perform as intended, quality standards are met, issues are identified, best products are selected, advertising is accurate, and legal requirements are followed.
This document discusses color fastness testing and quality control for textiles. It covers:
1. Color fastness is the resistance of a color to fading or bleeding from factors like washing, light, water, dry cleaning, and chemicals. It is assessed by changes in the sample color and staining of adjacent fabrics.
2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
The document discusses batch-to-batch shade variation in knit dyeing. It identifies many factors that can cause shade variation between batches, including uneven pretreatment, improper dosing, fluctuating power/temperature, dye lot variation, pH issues, and poor lab-to-bulk correlation. Maintaining standard procedures, equal parameters like liquor ratio and cycle time, proper dosing, and consistent finishing can help minimize shade variation. The goal is to control variables and ensure replicable dyeing conditions across batches.
This document discusses colourfastness testing to washing. It provides details on four ISO and AATCC test methods that evaluate how colourfast textiles are to domestic and commercial laundering. These tests subject textile samples to simulated washing cycles to test for colour change, staining of adjacent fibres, and self-staining. The document also describes the test procedures, assessments of results, and case studies demonstrating how understanding test outcomes and the end use of textiles is important for ensuring colourfastness.
This document provides information about lab dip development and dyeing processes. It begins with an overview of lab dip development, which involves matching dye samples to buyer's swatches. Key objectives of lab dip include calculating dye recipes, comparing samples to swatches, and approving the final lab dip. Common stock solutions and an example calculation for a 0.5% shade are also provided. The document then outlines the general procedure for lab dip dyeing and provides a flow chart depicting the process for sample dyeing from scouring through to softening. Additional details include a recipe and calculations for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes and information about the turquoise color including its types and the specific process flow for dyeing cotton knit fabric that
This document discusses various aspects of bleaching and optical brightening agents:
1. It describes bleaching as a process that removes natural color and introduces a complementary color for a more uniform light reflection.
2. Fluorescent brightening agents are described as compounds that decompose natural colors while introducing a complementary color similar to bleaching agents.
3. The application and uses of fluorescent brightening agents are discussed for different fiber types like proteins, polyamides, polyesters, and polyacrylonitriles. Exhaustion and padding methods are covered.
Sulphur dyes contain disulfide linkages and are used to produce black, brown, and other dark shades on cellulosic materials like cotton. They are water-insoluble so must be converted to a water-soluble leuco form using a reducing agent before application. After dyeing, an oxidizing agent turns the dye back to its insoluble form within the fiber. Issues like poor fastness, bronzing, and material tendering can occur but have corrective actions like ensuring complete dissolution and reaction of the dye and proper washing after dyeing.
Flocking is defined as the application of fine particles to adhesive coated surfaces. Nowadays, this is usually done by the application of a high-voltage electric field. In a flocking machine the "flock" is given a negative charge whilst the substrate is earthed. Flock material flies vertically onto the substrate attaching to previously applied glue.
Jet dyeing machines are used to dye fabric in rope form, primarily polyester using disperse dyes. The fabric moves continuously in a loop through the machine, similar to winch dyeing. Jet dyeing machines aim to minimize drawbacks of earlier machines like winch and beam dyeing. Dyeing time is short, production is high, and water and dye liquor consumption is low compared to other machines. The jet of dye liquor creates turbulence to aid dye penetration while gently handling the fabric. Main parts include a dyeing tank, winch roller, nozzle, and heat exchanger. The dyeing process involves placing fabric in a closed tubular system and using a jet of dye liquor to transport the fabric through while
This document summarizes different types of dyeing machines used in the textile industry. It describes yarn dyeing machines like HTHP vertical tubular dyeing machines and cone yarn dyeing machines. It also discusses fabric dyeing machines such as jet dyeing machines, soft flow dyeing machines, and long tube fabric dyeing machines. Woven dyeing machines like jigger dyeing machines and knit dyeing machines like air flow dyeing machines are also outlined. The document provides specifications and features of these various dyeing machines.
Dyeing fault causes and remedies
Dyeing Fault:
Uneven dyeing:
Causes
•Due to improper pretreatment.
• Very rapid addition of dyes and chemicals.
• Lack of controlling dyeing parameters
Remedies
•Check addition of dyes and chemicals are at a steadily
increasing rate.
•Proper pretreatments.
•Check the rope turnover time.
•Proper washing after dyeing.
Running shade:
Causes
•Machine loading is higher.
•Running at lower nozzle pressure.
•High bath draining temperature.
Remedies
•Proper cycle time should be ensured.
•Nozzle pressure should be accurate.
•Bath draining temperature should be moderate.
The document discusses the production of denim fabric using slasher dyeing. It describes the slasher dyeing process which continuously passes warp yarns through indigo dye liquor troughs to dye the yarns on the warp beam. This allows for dyeing and sizing in a single operation. The document also provides details on the types of yarns, chemicals, and processes used, including scouring, dyeing with indigo and sulfur black, and sizing to strengthen and protect the yarns during weaving.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
This document defines and discusses right-first-time (RFT) dyeing. RFT dyeing aims to achieve the desired shade of a fabric in one dyeing process without needing to redo the dyeing. The document outlines the objectives, benefits, requirements and factors to consider for successful RFT dyeing. It discusses monitoring dye concentration and other variables during dyeing using specialized equipment to help ensure RFT results. Achieving RFT dyeing can increase productivity and profits while reducing costs, time, and fabric waste.
1) Mercerization is a finishing process that treats cotton fabric with a strong alkaline solution to improve luster, strength, and other properties.
2) Recent developments in mercerization include using hot alkaline solutions, ammonia, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide which can provide better dye uptake, strength, and luster compared to conventional mercerization.
3) Ultrasound assisted mercerization is also being studied as a more efficient and eco-friendly method that uses ultrasonic energy to accelerate the chemical reactions during mercerization.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
This document provides information about garment dyeing machines. It begins by explaining that garment dyeing involves dyeing fully fashioned garments after manufacturing, as opposed to using pre-dyed fabrics. It then discusses different types of machines used for garment dyeing, including paddle machines, rotary drum machines, tumbler machines, toroid machines, and the Gyrobox. The document provides details on the features and operating principles of these different machine types. It also includes images and specifications for specific garment dyeing machines from STEFAB.
This document summarizes yarn and carpet printing technologies. It discusses various yarn printing methods like solution dyeing, hang/skein dyeing, and space dyeing. For carpet printing, it describes direct printing, discharge printing, resist printing, and pigment printing methods. It also discusses chemicals and machinery used like flat-screen and rotary screen printing machines, and jet printing machines. In conclusion, it provides an overview of yarn and carpet printing processes and technologies.
Pigments are insoluble colorants that remain on the surface of fibers rather than penetrating inside. They are held in place mechanically by binders which are cured at high temperatures. For commercial use, pigments must have good heat resistance, dispersability, light/weather fastness, and be harmless and affordable. Binders are important as they bond pigment particles to fibers and form a clear film. The rubbing fastness of pigments depends on binder efficiency. Pigment dyeing involves padding dye paste onto fabric, drying, and curing at high heat to set the colors.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
This document summarizes methods for dyeing cotton yarn, including batch and continuous dyeing processes. It discusses classifying dyes and the reactive dyeing mechanism and process for cotton. Batch dyeing methods described are package, hank, and beam dyeing. Continuous dyeing methods covered are rope and slasher dyeing. A comparative study of costs for cotton yarn dyeing is also presented.
The document discusses the importance of testing textiles, including research and development, product evaluation, quality control, problem analysis, product comparison, proper advertising, and regulatory compliance. Testing ensures new textile products are developed properly, fabrics perform as intended, quality standards are met, issues are identified, best products are selected, advertising is accurate, and legal requirements are followed.
This document discusses color fastness testing and quality control for textiles. It covers:
1. Color fastness is the resistance of a color to fading or bleeding from factors like washing, light, water, dry cleaning, and chemicals. It is assessed by changes in the sample color and staining of adjacent fabrics.
2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
Color fastness refers to a textile's resistance to fading or color transfer during washing, light exposure, or other processes. It is important to test dyed or printed fabrics for color fastness using standardized methods. These include using a xenotester to test light fastness, a wash wheel to test washing fastness, and a crock meter to test rubbing fastness. Perspiration fastness is tested using a perspirometer. Test results are evaluated using grey scales to rate the degree of color change or transfer on a scale of 1 to 5. Proper evaluation of color fastness helps ensure textiles maintain their color as intended for the customer.
This document discusses different types of fastness testing that are important for textiles. It defines fastness as the resistance of a material's color to fading or running. It then lists 11 different types of fastness testing including color fastness to wash, light, rubbing, perspiration, chemicals, and weathering. The document focuses on describing the procedures for testing color fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration, light, and heat pressing. It emphasizes that fastness testing is essential in the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness.
The document discusses various color fastness tests for textiles, including:
1) Color fastness is affected by factors like washing, light, water, chlorine, and perspiration and is assessed using grey scales.
2) Grey scales contain pairs of neutrally colored chips used to visually assess color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3) Color fastness tests assess dye resistance to factors like rubbing, washing, light and perspiration through standardized testing procedures.
This document outlines tests to identify dyes and determine colorfastness. To identify dyes, test specimens are treated with solvents which cause sulphur, oxidation black and vat dyes to decolorize or change shade. Vat dyes can be restored with developer. Sodium sulphoxylate formaldehyde-glycol solution with sodium hydroxide decolorizes or alters the shade. Colorfastness to rubbing is determined by rubbing a specimen against a white cloth and comparing color transfer. Colorfastness to washing is tested by laundering specimens in a LaunderOmeter and evaluating color change and staining on a multifiber fabric.
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
Textile dyeing practices including finishingMithila Eranda
This document provides an overview of dyeing and finishing practices for textile fabrics. It discusses dyeing cotton, synthetic, and wool fabrics using different dye types like reactive dyes, acid dyes, and disperse dyes. It also covers laboratory dyeing procedures and color matching techniques. The document then explains various finishing processes like sanforizing, calendaring, and compacting that are used to improve fabric properties and aesthetics.
The document discusses textile chemical testing and mercerization. Some key points:
1) Textile chemical testing is performed to check quality before large-scale usage and includes testing fabrics, dyes, chemicals and processes. It aims to detect faults, standardize results and create data for the future.
2) Mercerization improves properties of cotton like luster, strength and dye affinity. It involves treating cotton in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution under tension. This causes fiber swelling and longitudinal shrinkage, modifying the fiber structure.
3) Effects of mercerization include increased luster, dye absorption, reactivity to chemicals, strength and smoothness. The quality of mercerization depends
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed FabricsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The printed fabrics were subjected to ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 wash fastness test and assessed for
change in colour and staining using the grey scale. The change in colour of the tested specimen and the staining
of the adjacent undyed cloths were assessed with the appropriate grey scales. The fabrics were also tested for
light fastness property. The specimen and the blue standard were exposed behind a glass and inserted into the
light fastness testing machine. Exposure was carried out for 48 hours. Based on the research carried out, it was
found that the selected foreign fabrics show a higher wash and light fastness property as compared to the local
fabrics which also show high wash and light fastness property.
This document provides information about various color fastness tests that are conducted on dyed textile goods. It describes tests for color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration, light, hot pressing and other factors. For each test, it outlines the objectives, equipment needed, sample preparation procedures, testing methods, and processes for evaluating results. Color fastness is an important requirement for textile customers. This document serves to explain the various methods used to test how resistant the color of dyed textiles is to different conditions and hazards.
Presentation on Dyeing of Modified Polyester Fabric at Low Temperature.pptxMahmudSharifBhuiyan
This document discusses dyeing modified polyester fabric at lower temperatures than conventional methods. The objectives are to reduce dyeing temperature, energy consumption, and costs while maintaining dye quality. An experiment is described that dyes polyester knit fabric with disperse dye at temperatures from 80-120°C using auxiliary chemicals. Color parameters and fastness properties are evaluated. The results show dyeing at 100°C produces good color with minimal difference from higher temperatures and acceptable fastness levels, allowing for energy and cost savings.
This document provides test methods for evaluating various properties of textiles, including:
- Color fastness to water, laundering, perspiration, pressing, and rubbing
- Tearing strength, drape, bursting strength, grab strength, and strip strength
- Procedures are described for preparing samples and conducting each test, with apparatus and formulas provided. Results are evaluated using grey scales or by measuring maximum force values.
FASTNESSES BEHAVIOUR OF TEXTILE MATERIALMD SOHEL KHAN
This document discusses various types of textile fastness testing, including procedures and importance. It covers color fastness to light, heat pressing, chlorinated water, and wash. Color fastness to light determines how color fades under light exposure. Tests involve exposing samples to light and comparing color change. Color fastness to heat and chlorinated water involve applying heat or chlorine solutions to samples and assessing color change. Color fastness to wash determines color change and staining when samples are laundered using standard detergent solutions and procedures. Proper fastness testing is important for the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness under relevant conditions.
This document discusses color and dyeing processes. It begins by defining color and the visual perception of color. It then discusses different types of dyes used for cellulose fibers like cotton, including reactive dyes, direct dyes, vat dyes, sulfur dyes, and naphthol dyes. The document also covers dyeing processes like exhaust dyeing, fiber dyeing, yarn dyeing, printing, and pigment dyeing. It provides information on factors to consider for dye selection and achieving consistent dyeing results.
Evaluation of effective jute dyeing process with basic dye and reactive dyeeSAT Journals
Abstract In this thesis, the reactive dye was applied to jute fabric for achieving good color fastness property to rubbing, washing and perspiration. Color fastness property to rubbing, washing and perspiration of jute fabric dyed with basic and reactive dyes were evaluated and compared in this study. Results show that, the jute fabric dyed with reactive dye could overcome the short coming of poor color fastness property to rubbing, washing and perspiration due to jute fabric dyeing with basic dye. Finally, the advantages of saving production cost and getting diversified products from jute because of improving color fastness were implemented throughout this system. Index Terms: Jute fabric, Reactive dye, Basic dye, Color fastness
Studies on the Dyeing Of Wool and Nylon Fabrics with Some Acid DyesIOSR Journals
Abstract : Wool and nylon fabrics were dyed using four different types of acid dyes of various colours i.e Lugani 101 (black), brown 3RG, nylomine (navy blue), methyl orange. Generally both wool and nylon fabrics exhibited higher percentage exhaustion. Relatively, nylon showed higher percentage exhaustion compared to wool. Also the dyed wool and nylon fabrics possess good fastness towards bleaching rubbing, pressing and perspiration but poor fastness to higher and washing
This project report summarizes research on dyeing cotton fabric with natural dye extracted from henna leaves. The project involved extracting dye from henna through grinding and heating the leaves, then using the dye solution to dye cotton fabric that had undergone scouring and bleaching pretreatments. Tests on the dyed fabric found it achieved good color fastness to both rubbing and washing. While the natural dyeing process produced promising results, the report also notes some limitations including difficulties maintaining proper temperature and pH controls during processing.
This document discusses textile testing and quality control. It begins by defining textile testing as examining the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of textiles. Quality control ensures products meet requirements by regulating variables that affect quality. Textile testing is important for research, material selection, process monitoring, product evaluation, and more. Different types of textile testing include fiber, yarn, and fabric tests. Sampling methods like random and zoning techniques are used to obtain representative samples. Factors like humidity, time, temperature affect moisture regain and content, which are measures of the water in a material.
This document describes research on dyeing silk fabric with natural dye extracted from black cardamom peel. Three mordanting techniques were tested: pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting, and post-mordanting using alum mordant in an acidic medium. Color fastness to light, washing, crocking, and perspiration were evaluated. Results showed that post-mordanting produced the best color fastness. The dyed fabrics exhibited good color fastness properties. Using natural dyes from agricultural byproducts provides environmental and economic benefits compared to synthetic dyes.
Similar to Different fastness machines or techniques used in textiles (20)
The document provides a research synopsis on assessing the market potential for customized bras in India. It includes the following sections: background of research, problem definition, literature review, research gap, objectives, methodology, scope of study, and findings. The methodology section describes using a descriptive research design with primary survey data collection and secondary research. Chi-square tests and logistic regression are used to analyze relationships between variables like breast shape and willingness to spend on customized bras. The findings suggest there is potential for a customized bra market in India to address fit issues.
The document describes a Traffic Light System (TLS) implemented at a garment factory to monitor quality and identify problems at production lines. The TLS involves:
1. An in-line auditor inspecting random samples from each operation daily and assigning color codes (green, yellow, red) based on defects found.
2. Actions like stopping production for red lights to address issues. Top defect-making operations are discussed at meetings.
3. End-line inspection also identifies defect-making operations. Data is captured on forms and charts to track performance over time, with the goal of reducing defects and achieving Right First Time production.
The document discusses lean manufacturing concepts like bottlenecks, 5S, and visual factory. It provides examples of how these were implemented at Radnik Exports factory. Specifically:
1) Bottleneck analysis was regularly conducted to identify slow operations on sewing lines and find solutions like adding workers or improving skills. This improved line throughput.
2) The 5S methodology was applied across departments to organize and clean workspaces, reducing defects, setup times and improving safety.
3) Visual controls like traffic light systems were introduced to identify defects early and control quality at sewing lines, significantly lowering the defect rate.
The document discusses ergonomic assessments of various workstations in a garment manufacturing facility. Environmental factors like temperature, noise levels and lighting are discussed. Various operations like manual marker making, sewing, end line inspection and trimming are analyzed. The analyses find that postures for tasks like attaching buttons and picking fabric pieces require improvements to reduce risks of musculoskeletal disorders. Recommendations include providing tables at proper heights and making other workplace adjustments.
1. Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs to fit workers rather than forcing workers' bodies to fit jobs. It aims to reduce physical stress and prevent injuries.
2. Standing for prolonged periods at work can cause health issues like leg swelling and back pain due to lack of movement. Garment inspectors who stand all day are especially at risk.
3. Recommendations for reducing risks of standing work include providing footrests, allowing short walks every 15 minutes, and implementing work-rest schedules to allow the body to recover from physical stress.
This document provides details about the operations at Komal TexFab factory in Narol, including manpower management, supervisor responsibilities, line balancing techniques, operator requirements, quality control, and suggestions for improvement. The factory uses contractors to provide skilled workers on a piece-rate basis. Supervisors ensure production meets quality standards and provide training. Line balancing aims to maximize efficiency and involves identifying bottlenecks. Quality control involves supervisors checking work at each stage of production to maintain standards. Suggestions include improving methods and providing workers with training.
Marks & Spencer participates in various sustainability benchmarks and indices to measure its progress on sustainability goals. These include investor-focused indices like FTSE4Good and industry benchmarks assessing responsible business practices. Marks & Spencer aims to achieve leadership positions in the benchmarks it participates in and reports transparently on its sustainability performance. The benchmarks provide an external perspective on performance and help identify areas for improvement.
The document summarizes the six phase manufacturing process of cement. It begins with the extraction of raw materials like limestone, clay, and sand. These raw materials then undergo grinding, proportioning, and blending. They are then preheated and fed into a kiln where they are heated to high temperatures and undergo chemical reactions to form clinker. The clinker is cooled, ground to a fine powder, and gypsum is added to form cement. The cement is then packed and shipped. The document also discusses the environmental impacts of the cement industry such as emissions, energy and water consumption, and how sustainability is a priority.
This document discusses maintenance management and phenomenon and mechanism analysis, specifically P-M analysis. P-M analysis was developed in Japan as a way to physically analyze chronic losses and their underlying causes. It involves 8 steps: 1) clarifying the phenomenon, 2) conducting a physical analysis, 3) defining constituent conditions, 4) studying correlations with production inputs, 5) establishing optimal conditions, 6) surveying causal factors, 7) determining abnormalities, and 8) proposing improvements. The document provides examples of using P-M analysis to identify abnormalities that cause failures in machines. It also discusses factors that could cause P-M analysis to be unsuccessful if not properly implemented.
The document discusses the joint venture between Trent Limited and Inditex (the parent company of Zara) to bring Zara stores to India. Some key points:
1) Trent Limited owns 49% of the joint venture while Inditex controls 51%. Zara regards its stores as an important part of its business model.
2) The joint venture allows Zara to enter the large and competitive Indian market while complying with foreign investment regulations. It combines Zara's fashion expertise with Trent's knowledge of the local market.
3) In its first few years, the joint venture has been very successful, achieving break-even faster than other foreign retailers in India and seeing strong sales growth. However,
This document presents a business plan for Alcmene Apparels LLP, an athleisure apparel manufacturing company. It discusses the athleisure market opportunity in India given the large young population and government support for textile industries. The plan includes details on the company mission, goals, target customers, operations, manufacturing capacity, financial projections and exit strategy. It aims to leverage India's advantages to become a leading global athleisure manufacturer.
Ritesh Agarwal founded OYO Rooms in 2013 at age 17 to provide affordable, reliable accommodations. OYO Rooms operates in over 100 Indian cities using an asset-light model where it partners with hotels to standardize and list rooms on its app. The company focuses on budget hotels, uses technology to optimize the customer experience, and has experienced exponential growth in bookings. OYO Rooms aims to transform the hospitality industry and provide standardized rooms at affordable prices across India.
Ergonomics principles used in cutting tools in the RMG industryShubham Singh
This document discusses ergonomic considerations for cutting tools used in the ready-made garment industry. It identifies factors like power triggers, vibration, and proper gripping that should be considered when evaluating cutting equipment. It provides guidelines for reducing fatigue, like ensuring good balance and posture when cutting. Common problems with tools like band cutters, die cutters, and electric cutters are described, such as improper workstation heights requiring excessive reaching. Possible solutions are suggested, such as adjusting workstation heights and orientations and adding anti-vibration elements to tools.
Henry Ford was an American industrialist and founder of Ford Motor Company. In 1908, he introduced the Model T, which became the first affordable automobile for middle-class Americans due to Ford's use of the assembly line for mass production. Ford developed the moving assembly line where workers remained stationary while parts moved down the line, allowing each worker to specialize in a single repeated task. This revolutionary technique dramatically reduced production costs and time, increasing profits. By 1914, Ford could produce a car every 93 minutes and pay workers $5 per day, more than doubling the company's profits.
Amdavad Haat in Ahmedabad promotes Indian handicrafts through stalls run by state governments. It aims to provide artisans a platform to sell their products and increase tourism. The haat is governed by a board and partners with state organizations involved in handicrafts. It faces competition from other domestic and international sellers but an online platform could help promote the haat's authentic crafts to a wider audience.
The document discusses Twitter and how it can be used effectively for business purposes. Some key points:
- Twitter is a microblogging platform that allows users to post short messages called tweets. It has over 300 million users globally.
- Features include tweets, retweets, hashtags, verified accounts, and mobile apps. The format focuses on concise updates within a 140 character limit.
- Businesses can use Twitter for customer service, marketing, monitoring competition, thought leadership, and driving sales. Objectives should be measurable like number of tweets, clicks, and conversions.
- Effective strategies include responding to customer tweets, managing positive and negative messages, researching the target market and competition, and posting regular
Fibre2Fashion is a B2B marketplace serving the textile industry that was founded in 2000. It offers various services including business listings, reports, events, and magazines. The company aims to provide up-to-date industry information and connect buyers and suppliers globally. It has offices in India and internationally. Fibre2Fashion lists over 1800 products across 13 categories and sees traffic from over 190 countries. It verifies suppliers and offers quality assurance and inspection services to facilitate reliable transactions between members.
helps in return,
shipping,
orders or
anything else
via mail or
direct call.
They also
provide
facilities like
FAQs and
check the
delivery time
by entering
the PIN.
Virtual
Presence:
helps in return,
shipping, orders
or anything else
via mail or
direct call. They
also provide
facilities like
FAQs and check
the delivery
time by
entering the
PIN.
Physical
Presence:
Customer care
executives are
available at
stores to help
customers.
Physical
Presence:
Customer care
executives are
available at
stores to help
customers.
Benchmarking : An essential Quality toolShubham Singh
The document describes a case study on benchmarking the manufacturing processes of garment manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka. Key steps included identifying relevant key performance indicators (KPIs) through industry visits, collecting data via questionnaires from 27 factories, developing conceptual performance measurement models, and calculating performance rankings across factories using multi-criteria decision making techniques like TOPSIS and AHP. The final performance rankings identified gaps and weakest areas to target for improvement through action plans. Benchmarking is presented as an essential quality tool for companies to assess performance against competitors and drive continuous improvement.
Corporate Restructuring through Quality InitiativesShubham Singh
This document summarizes a case study conducted at a garment factory in Bangladesh called Vision Composite Knit Limited. The study aimed to minimize sewing defects in the factory's products using Six Sigma methodology. The measure phase found a defect rate of 12.61% originating mainly from the sewing section. Analysis identified the major defects and their causes. Improvements like training, equipment upgrades, and process changes were implemented. This reduced the defect rate to 7.7% and improved the factory's sigma level, showing the effectiveness of Six Sigma in minimizing defects and improving quality.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Different fastness machines or techniques used in textiles
1. 1
Dyeing & Printing
Benchmark Assignment IV
On
Different Fastness Machines or Techniques
Submitted to: Ms. Ettishri Rajput Submitted by: Bittu Singh
Radhe Kumar
Shubham Singh
2. 2
1. AATCC Gray Scale
i. Gray Scale for Staining
Used for evaluating staining on undyed textiles
Consists pairs of white and gray color chips each representing a difference in
contrast, shade or strength
Fastness grades of the scale are determined by a particular formula
Fastness grade 5 – two identical white reference chips mounted side by side
having reflectance of not less than 85% - no difference in color contrast
Fastness grade 4.5 – white chip paired with neutral gray chip
ii. Gray Scale for Color change
Used in visual evaluation of changes in color of textiles resulting from
colorfastness tests
Scale is placed along the edges of the two fabrics: tested and untested, and
visual differences are compared
Specimen are viewed at an angle of 45 degrees in the Color Matching Cabinet
Grade 5 – if there is no perceived difference between color or contrast
3. 3
2. Chromatic Transference Scale
Used to visually evaluate color transfer or staining
Consists of five hues from the Munsell Book of color : red, yellow, blue, green, purple
Facilitates evaluation when used by a less experienced technician
Rows are placed and aligned on white cardboard – every color shows a similar
gradation in depth in a vertical line
A circular opening is provided in the color scale
Fabric with transferred color should be placed behind the cardboard
Fabric to be tested should be backed with a number of layers of clean test cloth
The specimen is moved up and down until it most closely approximates chroma of
one of the chips
If the specimen fall between two chips of varied intensity, a half step grade may be
assigned such as 1.5
Grade 5 – no color transfer
Grade 1 – greatest amount of color transfer
3. Spectrophotometer
Photometric device that measures spectral transmittance and spectral reflectance
Compares light leaving from the object with that incident on it at each wavelength
Principle – amount of light absorbed by a medium is proportional to the concentration
of the absorbing material – gives the amount of color concentration
Components :
A stable source of radiant energy
4. 4
A wavelength selector to isolate a desired wavelength from the source
Transparent container for the sample
A radiation detector to convert the radiant energy received to a measurable
signal
A readout device that displays signal from the detector
Procedure: It is set to a level of maximum light absorption, light absorbance is
measured, a standard curve of Absorbance vs. Concentration is plotted.
4. Ozone Fading
Determines the resistance of color on textile material due to the action of ozone
present in atmosphere
Primarily applied on textile materials which has been dyed with indigo dyes and
bleached materials which are treated with optical brightener
Radiations emitted by light sources used in garment stores also contain fair amount
of ozone
Ozone fading – influenced by temperature and moisture content
Principle : Sample is exposed in a chamber generating ozone at a specified ppm for
one or two cycles and then compared for yellowness
5. 5
Denim samples – exposed for two cycles, white – exposed for one cycle
5. Perspirometer
To determine color fastness of dyed or printed fabric against perspiration
Fabric sample is exposed to action of both the alkaline and acidic reagents
Sample is in contact with undyed fabrics and placed between plastic plates under a
fixed load inside an oven maintained at 370 degree Celsius
Components – made of stainless steel and finished in black enamel paint – corrosion
resistant
Can also be used for testing color fastness against sea-water and water
6. 6
Color fastness to perspiration should be at least level 3 or 4
Specially applied for sportswear and heavy dresses
Level 3 or 4 not desired when fabric is light-colored or is a blend with more than 20% silk
Comparison of test specimen is done using gray-scales
First sample – solution of pH 8 – liquor ratio of 20:1 – time allotted 30 minutes at room
temperature
Second sample – solution of pH 5.5
Apparatus – in oven for 4 hours at 37 degree Celsius
Samples to be dried at temperature not exceeding 6- degree Celsius
6. Cuprammonium fluidity test :
It is a method for determining the fluidity of lignified fibers
To evaluate chemical degradation of cotton cellulose during scouring, bleaching etc.
Pyrogallol enables the solution to be filtered in the presence of air before determining
the fluidity
Insoluble residue is weighed after drying to calculate concentration of dissolved dry
material
Fluidity gives an estimate of the degree of chemical degradation caused by agencies
such as heat, light, acid, bleaching solutions etc.
Amount of insoluble matter decreases with increasing degradation
Conditional cotton sample is exactly weighed and dissolved in Cuprammonium
Hydroxide solution
Measurement is done on a calibrated viscometer at a specific temperature
Fluidity values between 5-8 are considered to be satisfactory for normal bleached
fabric
Preparation of solution per 1000 ml : should contain 235-240 grams of Ammonia(NH3)
& 14.9-15.1 grams of Copper – satisfactory for cellulosic fibres
7. 7
7. Blue Wool standards
Measures and calibrates the permanence of coloring dyes
Uses – In printing industry as a measure of lightfastness of ink colorants - In polymer
industry for measurement of pigment and color stability
Two identical samples are taken – one is placed in the dark and the other is placed in
equivalent of sunlight for a 3-month period – amount of fading is then measured by
comparison
Rating between 0 and 8 is awarded – 0 denotes extremely poor colorfastness – 8 when
no change in color
General ratings :
Apparel – 4
Furnishings – 6
Polymer materials – 7
Fading kits – consist of 8 swatches of blue wool dyed to various levels – also consist
of 8 strips of wool mounted side by side on a small card – each strip is colored with a
blue dye that fades after exposure to a known amount of light
Dyes – two to three times longer to begin fading as the next lower reference
Reference1 – will begin to fade in 3 hours to 3 days
Reference 3 – will begin to fade in 5 days to 2 weeks
Reference 6 – will begin to fade in 6 to 16 weeks
Reference 8 – will begin to fade in 6 to 15 months
8. 8
The following table gives exact match between the 8 Blue Wool standards & 5 ASTM
lightfastness categories.
Blue Wool standard ASTM category Description
8 900 Excellent – pigment remains unchanged
for more than 100 years of light exposure
7 300 Excellent – pigment remains unchanged
for more than 100 years of light exposure
6 100 Very good – pigment will remain
unchanged for more than 50 years
5 32 Fair – pigment will remain unchanged for
15-50 years
4 10 Fair – pigment will remain unchanged for
15-50 years
3 3.6 Poor – pigment will begin to fade in 2 to 15
years
2 1.3 Poor – pigment will begin to fade in 2 to 15
years
1 0.4 Very poor – pigment begins to fade in 2
years or even less
8. Laundromat
For determining color-fastness of textile materials to washing
Colorfastness to washing – resistance of a material to change to any one of its color
characteristics when subjected to washing
Specimen with an attached adjacent fabric is subjected to washing under specific
conditions – the extent of change in color is assessed and expressed in fastness
numbers
9. 9
A 10X4 cm swatch of the colored fabric is taken and is sandwiched between two
adjacent fabric and stitched
Solution for washing should be prepared to the required temperature of washing
Liquor-material ratio is 50:1
Soaping treatment of the specimen followed by rinsing in cold water – air-dry at a
temperature not exceeding 60 degree Celsius
Change in color is evaluated with the help of Gray scales
10. 10
Different types of washing has been covered in the table below.
Method Washing
severity
Soap + Soda
in grams/liter
Time in
minutes
Temperature Steel balls
IS:687:79 Very mild like
hand wash
5 30 38-42 Nil
IS:3361:79 5 times more
severe than
method 1
5 45 48-52 Nil
IS:764:79 Mild washing 5+2 30 58-62 Nil
IS:765:79 Severe
washing
5+2 30 93-97 10
IS:3417:79 Severe
washing
5+2 240 93-97 10
9. Gas Fading
i. General Procedure
The specimens are placed in the gas filled chamber for a particular time
along with the control fabric.
The test is conducted at 140*F for approximately 2-3 hours.
The relative humidity is normally kept low due to the heating of gases.
Gas fading termination: when blue sample turns a specific purple color.
11. 11
ii. Test Procedure
Place the specimen (2x4 inches) and control sample (2x2 inches) in the gas
fading chamber.
Heat the chamber to about 140*F by using Bunsen burner.
Leave the specimens in the chamber until the color changes from blue to
purple.
Use the Gray scale to determine the color fastness rating.
iii. Procedure (emery method)
Place the emery paper and the specimen on the tester.
The pressure on the diaphragm is set to be 3 psi and place a 3 pound load
on the head.
Start the tester and allow it to run for 100 continuous cycles.
Remove the specimen and vacuum it an order to remove fiber and
abrading residue.
12. 12
Hand rinse the specimen by bolting it between two white cotton fibre hand
iron at 300*F.
Repeat the procedure for other specimen, using Gray scale find the colour
fastness.
10.Chlorine Fastness
i. Theory
For evaluating colorfastness of washing of textiles done in presence of
chlorine
The test standard carried out is ISO 105 E03.
Chlorinated Pool water fastness is getting more importance
in towel industry for swimwear and also for yarn dyeing.
Designed to evaluate the resistance to Chlorinated Pool Water of any
colored textile substrate.
Test specimen is treated in diluted Chlorine solution under specified
conditions of available chlorine content, time and pH condition.
13. 13
ii. Apparatus
Gyro wash
Grey scale
Color matching chamber
Glass beaker
Stainless steel container
pH meter
iii. Reagent
Distilled water or de-ionized water.
NaOCl solution (100 gm/l, 50 gm/l, 20 gm/l of active chlorine at pH
7.5±0.05)
iv. Sample preparation
A textile material (Dyed Goods) sample should be cut at 10 cm into 4 cm.
v. Procedure
Put the specimen into the steel containers and added in the sodium
hydrochloride solution with liquor ratio 1:100 based on the
appropriate concentration of active chlorine used.
14. 14
↓
Close the container and put it inti the mechanical device (Gyro wash)
and agitate at 27±20C for 1 hour in darkness.
↓
Remove the specimen from the container and squeeze it.
↓
Dry the specimen by hanging it in air at room temperature in quiet
light.
11.Colour matching box
Color Matching Cabinet booth is used for visual assessment of colour
under 6 standard lights and comes with doors.
It is a color measuring instrument used for color-quality assurance in
industrial products
Color Matching Cabinet, Light Box, is suitable for yarn, fabric dyeing
plant, and garment manufacturer and exporters.
15. 15
Suitable for staining, change in color test by using grey scales during
color fastness test.
i. Features of Color Matching Cabinet
Cabinet is made of Teakwood, Ply Board & Sun mica, with strict
adherence to international standards.
Supplied with major tube lights & bulbs for quick and accurate colour
assessment.
Fitted with Electronic/ballasts for instant start & power saving to
safeguard the expensive & sensitive tube lights & bulbs
No warm-up, No flick, No heat emission, Elapsed Time displaying of
each light source.
ii. Colour Matching Cabinet Confirms with following international standards
ISO 3664, BS 950, ASTM D 1729, DIN 6173
12.Crock meter – Crocking fastness
In order to determine the color fastness of dyed or printed textiles or leather, this
test is used for the determination of color fastness against rubbing, either under dry
or under wet conditions.
16. 16
i. Features of crock meter
To determine the Color Fastness of textiles.
The equipment consists of a counter.
It is provided with a flat peg.
It also consists of an operating handle.
Tests the color fastness of the textile in a very accurate manner.
ii. Specification of Crock meter
Diameter of the Rubbing Finger : 16 mm & 25 mm
Load on the Finger : 9 N & 20 N
Size of Crocking Cloth : (5 x 5) cms & (7 x7) cms
Length of the Traverse : 100 ±5 mm
Counter (Re-settable) : 4-Digit Counter
Size of Test Specimen : 25 x 5 Cm
Overall Dimension of the Unit : 600 (W) x 190 (D) x 200 (H) mm
Net Weight of the Unit: 4 Kg. (9 lbs.)
Construction : Cold-rolled steel
iii. Working principle of Crock meter
The Crock meter consists of a rigid flat metallic platform on which the
test specimen can be held firmly and an abrading finger which rubs
against it under a specified load.
The platform is fixed over the base of the equipment and lies in a
horizontal plane.
The test specimen is held firmly over an abrasive paper which is pasted
on the upper face of the platform, with the help of two pins holding it
at both ends.
The abrading finger has a flat circular rubbing face which is covered
with 4 piece of white abradant fabric during the test.
The abradant fabrics picks up colour lost by the test specimen during
rubbing.
17. 17
It is held over the finger with the help of a tapered ring.
Motion to the finger is given through a reciprocating arm with runs
and two ball bearings to minimize friction and to apply a uniform load
on the finger.
The arm is moved by a manually operated crank and connecting line.
The equipment is finished in dark metallic paint and bright chrome
plating to give it a corrosion resistant finish
13.Snag Testing
Test for evaluation of snagging performance
Suitable for a range of woven and knitted fabrics made from textured or
un-textured yarns, containing staple or continuous filaments
Not suitable for open construction, heavy or stiff fabrics
Snagging – a visible color contrast is visible between a snag and a fabric
that has no defects
Snags – composed of different combinations of protrusions and distortions
A snag is created when an object pulls, plucks, scratches or drugs a group
of fibres/yarns from normal pattern
Fabric specimen in tubular form are placed on a cylindrical drum
A mace(spiked ball) is allowed to bounce randomly against specimen
Observed resistance to snagging is reported on a scale ranging No. 5(no
snagging) to No. 1(very severe snagging)
Used to test snagging resistance of most apparel and home furnishing
fabrics
Snagging resistance of a fabric should be tested before and after
laundering or dry-cleaning
Procedure : all specimen are tested in standard atmospheric conditions –
specimen are inspected for any blemish – blemished specimen are
replaced with good and fresh specimen – a tubular specimen is placed
onto the felt-covered drum with its face outwards – mace is positioned to
allow freedom of movement over entire surface – counter is set for 600
revolutions – visual standards for evaluation are chosen