This document discusses color fastness testing and quality control for textiles. It covers:
1. Color fastness is the resistance of a color to fading or bleeding from factors like washing, light, water, dry cleaning, and chemicals. It is assessed by changes in the sample color and staining of adjacent fabrics.
2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
The document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics including construction shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, elastic shrinkage, and relaxation shrinkage. It also outlines factors that can influence shrinkage like yarn construction, weave/knit type, fiber content, and tensions during processing. The standard procedure for measuring fabric shrinkage involves marking samples before and after washing and drying to calculate the percentage change in dimensions.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
This document discusses crease resistant finishes for fabrics. It defines crease resistance and crease recovery as the ability of a fabric to resist wrinkling and recover its shape after being crumpled. Crease resistant finishes involve treating fabrics with resins like DMU to form cross-links within fibers to make the fabric resist deformation and creasing without affecting properties like drape. Easy care finishes include anti-crease, wash-and-wear, and durable press treatments, which use cross-linking agents like DMDHEU during curing to impart crease resistance and shape retention after laundering.
This document provides details about various woven dyeing processes. It begins with an introduction to dyeing technology and lists the main types of fabrics - woven, knitted, and non-woven. It then outlines the typical steps in woven fabric dyeing, from inspection to packing. Several dyeing methods are described, including direct dyeing and yarn dyeing. Key dyeing machines like jet, overflow, airflow and jigger dyeing machines are explained. Limitations of jigger dyeing are also noted.
This document discusses different types of fastness testing that are important for textiles. It defines fastness as the resistance of a material's color to fading or running. It then lists 11 different types of fastness testing including color fastness to wash, light, rubbing, perspiration, chemicals, and weathering. The document focuses on describing the procedures for testing color fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration, light, and heat pressing. It emphasizes that fastness testing is essential in the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness.
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
The document discusses the process of mercerizing cotton fabrics. Mercerizing involves treating cotton yarns or fabrics with a cold or hot solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) under tension to improve properties like strength, luster, and dye affinity. Specifically, swelling the cotton fibers in the caustic soda solution changes their cross-sectional shape and increases luster when the tension is maintained during washing. There are different methods for mercerizing yarns, knits, and woven fabrics either as batches or continuously. The advantages of mercerizing include brighter dye colors, better color retention after washing, and increased strength, smoothness, and resistance to damage.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
The document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics including construction shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, elastic shrinkage, and relaxation shrinkage. It also outlines factors that can influence shrinkage like yarn construction, weave/knit type, fiber content, and tensions during processing. The standard procedure for measuring fabric shrinkage involves marking samples before and after washing and drying to calculate the percentage change in dimensions.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
This document discusses crease resistant finishes for fabrics. It defines crease resistance and crease recovery as the ability of a fabric to resist wrinkling and recover its shape after being crumpled. Crease resistant finishes involve treating fabrics with resins like DMU to form cross-links within fibers to make the fabric resist deformation and creasing without affecting properties like drape. Easy care finishes include anti-crease, wash-and-wear, and durable press treatments, which use cross-linking agents like DMDHEU during curing to impart crease resistance and shape retention after laundering.
This document provides details about various woven dyeing processes. It begins with an introduction to dyeing technology and lists the main types of fabrics - woven, knitted, and non-woven. It then outlines the typical steps in woven fabric dyeing, from inspection to packing. Several dyeing methods are described, including direct dyeing and yarn dyeing. Key dyeing machines like jet, overflow, airflow and jigger dyeing machines are explained. Limitations of jigger dyeing are also noted.
This document discusses different types of fastness testing that are important for textiles. It defines fastness as the resistance of a material's color to fading or running. It then lists 11 different types of fastness testing including color fastness to wash, light, rubbing, perspiration, chemicals, and weathering. The document focuses on describing the procedures for testing color fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration, light, and heat pressing. It emphasizes that fastness testing is essential in the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness.
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
The document discusses the process of mercerizing cotton fabrics. Mercerizing involves treating cotton yarns or fabrics with a cold or hot solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) under tension to improve properties like strength, luster, and dye affinity. Specifically, swelling the cotton fibers in the caustic soda solution changes their cross-sectional shape and increases luster when the tension is maintained during washing. There are different methods for mercerizing yarns, knits, and woven fabrics either as batches or continuously. The advantages of mercerizing include brighter dye colors, better color retention after washing, and increased strength, smoothness, and resistance to damage.
Textile finishing involves mechanical or chemical processes to increase a material's aesthetic and functional properties. It is done to make materials more presentable and durable for customers. There are different types of finishes including aesthetic finishes to modify appearance; functional finishes to improve performance; physical/mechanical finishes using treatments like calendaring and napping; and chemical finishes applied with chemicals and curing. Examples of specific finishes are crease-resistant for wrinkle-free fabrics, water-repellent for outdoor wear, and antimicrobial to protect against microbes. Finishing aims to enhance properties like appearance, feel, durability, and functionality.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
The document provides an overview of different textile manufacturing processes, focusing on fabric coloration methods. It discusses the two main methods - dyeing and printing. For dyeing, it describes different dye types and dyeing processes like direct dyeing, stock dyeing, yarn dyeing, and piece dyeing. It provides details on each process and the types of fabrics they are suited for. The summary highlights the key coloration methods covered in the document.
This document discusses the importance and scope of fabric testing. It begins by explaining that textile fabrics are manufactured for different end uses, each with different performance requirements. Fabric testing plays a crucial role in assessing product quality, regulatory compliance, and performance. The document then discusses how fabric testing has expanded in scope due to increasing globalization and demands from consumers. It provides examples of different types of fabric tests, including physical, chemical, and performance tests. The document emphasizes that an understanding of fabric testing is important for various textile industry professionals to make informed decisions. In summary, the document outlines the wide-ranging role of fabric testing in evaluating textiles and ensuring they meet requirements for different applications.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
This document discusses beetling and stiffening processes for linen and other fabrics. Beetling involves hammering linen with wooden blocks to flatten yarns and produce a smooth sheen. Stiffening involves applying polymeric coatings like starches, gums, or synthetic resins to fabrics to make them rigid. Natural agents for stiffening include starches, gums, and dextrins, while synthetic options are methyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, acrylates, and polystyrene. The document explains the methods and advantages of various stiffening techniques.
The document discusses pigment printing, which is a type of textile printing where insoluble pigments are fixed to fabric using a binder. Pigment printing pastes contain thickening agents, binders, and other auxiliaries. It is the most economical printing process as it does not require washing after printing. Screen printing and roller printing are common methods used to apply pigment pastes to fabric in defined patterns.
This document provides an overview of textile finishing processes. It defines textile finishing as treatments applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics to impart desired functional properties. These finishes are broadly classified into mechanical, chemical, and enzyme finishes. The document then describes various mechanical processes like calendaring and chemical processes like flame retardant treatments. It also discusses enzyme finishing and some specific thread finishing techniques.
This document discusses different types of strength tests for fabrics, including tensile, tear, and bursting strength tests. It describes various tear strength tests like the tongue tear test, tongue double tip test, trapezoid tear test, and ballistic tear test. The document provides details on how to perform the tongue double rip test and the trapezoid tear test. It also briefly mentions the elmendorf tearing test and different types of bursting strength tests.
This document provides an overview of drawing and texturizing processes in the textile industry. It begins with an introduction to filament production from man-made materials and defines drawing as a process used to orient polymer molecules and increase filament strength. Texturizing is defined as introducing crimps, loops or coils to filaments to create bulk. Common texturizing methods like false twist, draw texturizing and air jet texturizing are described. The document concludes with links to related textile technology Facebook pages.
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
Modal is a type of rayon fiber that is stronger and more dimensionally stable when wet than regular viscose rayon. It is produced through a modified viscose process involving treatment with weaker caustic soda and lower concentrations of acids and salts in the coagulating bath. This results in longer polymer chains and a more crystalline structure compared to viscose rayon. Modal fiber is commonly blended with cotton or polyester and used in textiles like towels, bed sheets, and clothing due to its soft, absorbent properties and resemblance to cotton.
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Quality is a relative term. It means customer needs is to be satisfied. Quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Testing In response to ever-changing governmental regulations and the ever-increasing consumer demand for high quality, softlines testing and textile testing help to minimize risk and protect the interest of both manufacturers and consumers. It is important that testing is not undertaken without adding some benefit to the final product.
This document describes Abdullah Al Mahfuj's profile and a presentation on measuring fabric stiffness. It introduces stiffness as a fabric property related to its ability to stand without support. The Shirley stiffness tester is described as an instrument used to measure fabric stiffness by determining the bending length of a fabric sample placed on an angled platform. The document provides specifications for the Shirley stiffness tester and describes the procedure to measure the bending length of cotton fabric samples in the warp and weft directions. The results show the bending length is 2.66 cm in the warp direction and 2.51 cm in the weft direction.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the cotton yarn strength and cotton yarn strength product (CSP) using a lea strength tester.
2. The lea strength tester measures the force required to break a 120-yard cotton yarn sample, and the CSP is calculated as the product of the yarn strength in pounds and the yarn count.
3. Twenty cotton yarn samples were tested, with the average CSP found to be 2397.16 and a CV% of 4.16%, indicating the yarn has good strength above the standard of 2200.
The document discusses various color fastness tests for textiles, including:
1) Color fastness is affected by factors like washing, light, water, chlorine, and perspiration and is assessed using grey scales.
2) Grey scales contain pairs of neutrally colored chips used to visually assess color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3) Color fastness tests assess dye resistance to factors like rubbing, washing, light and perspiration through standardized testing procedures.
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed FabricsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The printed fabrics were subjected to ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 wash fastness test and assessed for
change in colour and staining using the grey scale. The change in colour of the tested specimen and the staining
of the adjacent undyed cloths were assessed with the appropriate grey scales. The fabrics were also tested for
light fastness property. The specimen and the blue standard were exposed behind a glass and inserted into the
light fastness testing machine. Exposure was carried out for 48 hours. Based on the research carried out, it was
found that the selected foreign fabrics show a higher wash and light fastness property as compared to the local
fabrics which also show high wash and light fastness property.
Textile finishing involves mechanical or chemical processes to increase a material's aesthetic and functional properties. It is done to make materials more presentable and durable for customers. There are different types of finishes including aesthetic finishes to modify appearance; functional finishes to improve performance; physical/mechanical finishes using treatments like calendaring and napping; and chemical finishes applied with chemicals and curing. Examples of specific finishes are crease-resistant for wrinkle-free fabrics, water-repellent for outdoor wear, and antimicrobial to protect against microbes. Finishing aims to enhance properties like appearance, feel, durability, and functionality.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
The document provides an overview of different textile manufacturing processes, focusing on fabric coloration methods. It discusses the two main methods - dyeing and printing. For dyeing, it describes different dye types and dyeing processes like direct dyeing, stock dyeing, yarn dyeing, and piece dyeing. It provides details on each process and the types of fabrics they are suited for. The summary highlights the key coloration methods covered in the document.
This document discusses the importance and scope of fabric testing. It begins by explaining that textile fabrics are manufactured for different end uses, each with different performance requirements. Fabric testing plays a crucial role in assessing product quality, regulatory compliance, and performance. The document then discusses how fabric testing has expanded in scope due to increasing globalization and demands from consumers. It provides examples of different types of fabric tests, including physical, chemical, and performance tests. The document emphasizes that an understanding of fabric testing is important for various textile industry professionals to make informed decisions. In summary, the document outlines the wide-ranging role of fabric testing in evaluating textiles and ensuring they meet requirements for different applications.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
This document discusses beetling and stiffening processes for linen and other fabrics. Beetling involves hammering linen with wooden blocks to flatten yarns and produce a smooth sheen. Stiffening involves applying polymeric coatings like starches, gums, or synthetic resins to fabrics to make them rigid. Natural agents for stiffening include starches, gums, and dextrins, while synthetic options are methyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, acrylates, and polystyrene. The document explains the methods and advantages of various stiffening techniques.
The document discusses pigment printing, which is a type of textile printing where insoluble pigments are fixed to fabric using a binder. Pigment printing pastes contain thickening agents, binders, and other auxiliaries. It is the most economical printing process as it does not require washing after printing. Screen printing and roller printing are common methods used to apply pigment pastes to fabric in defined patterns.
This document provides an overview of textile finishing processes. It defines textile finishing as treatments applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics to impart desired functional properties. These finishes are broadly classified into mechanical, chemical, and enzyme finishes. The document then describes various mechanical processes like calendaring and chemical processes like flame retardant treatments. It also discusses enzyme finishing and some specific thread finishing techniques.
This document discusses different types of strength tests for fabrics, including tensile, tear, and bursting strength tests. It describes various tear strength tests like the tongue tear test, tongue double tip test, trapezoid tear test, and ballistic tear test. The document provides details on how to perform the tongue double rip test and the trapezoid tear test. It also briefly mentions the elmendorf tearing test and different types of bursting strength tests.
This document provides an overview of drawing and texturizing processes in the textile industry. It begins with an introduction to filament production from man-made materials and defines drawing as a process used to orient polymer molecules and increase filament strength. Texturizing is defined as introducing crimps, loops or coils to filaments to create bulk. Common texturizing methods like false twist, draw texturizing and air jet texturizing are described. The document concludes with links to related textile technology Facebook pages.
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
Modal is a type of rayon fiber that is stronger and more dimensionally stable when wet than regular viscose rayon. It is produced through a modified viscose process involving treatment with weaker caustic soda and lower concentrations of acids and salts in the coagulating bath. This results in longer polymer chains and a more crystalline structure compared to viscose rayon. Modal fiber is commonly blended with cotton or polyester and used in textiles like towels, bed sheets, and clothing due to its soft, absorbent properties and resemblance to cotton.
Wrinkle free resin finishing is a process to apply chemical resin onto fabrics functioning crosslinking between hydrogen bonds in order to enhance stability, on other words, fabrics are prevent to wrinkling. The ability of a fabric to recover to a definite degree is called crease recovery of the fabric.Tendency of fabrics made by cellulose, regenerated cellulose and blends with synthetic fibers to wrinkle after washing, tumble drying and wearing are higher. Today everybody wishes for that his/her dress retains just ironed shape. Wrinkle free finishes provide wrinkle free and soft look fabric. Wrinkle free finishes are broadly used in the textile industry to impart wrinkle-resistance to cellulosic materials such as cotton fabric.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Quality is a relative term. It means customer needs is to be satisfied. Quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Testing In response to ever-changing governmental regulations and the ever-increasing consumer demand for high quality, softlines testing and textile testing help to minimize risk and protect the interest of both manufacturers and consumers. It is important that testing is not undertaken without adding some benefit to the final product.
This document describes Abdullah Al Mahfuj's profile and a presentation on measuring fabric stiffness. It introduces stiffness as a fabric property related to its ability to stand without support. The Shirley stiffness tester is described as an instrument used to measure fabric stiffness by determining the bending length of a fabric sample placed on an angled platform. The document provides specifications for the Shirley stiffness tester and describes the procedure to measure the bending length of cotton fabric samples in the warp and weft directions. The results show the bending length is 2.66 cm in the warp direction and 2.51 cm in the weft direction.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the cotton yarn strength and cotton yarn strength product (CSP) using a lea strength tester.
2. The lea strength tester measures the force required to break a 120-yard cotton yarn sample, and the CSP is calculated as the product of the yarn strength in pounds and the yarn count.
3. Twenty cotton yarn samples were tested, with the average CSP found to be 2397.16 and a CV% of 4.16%, indicating the yarn has good strength above the standard of 2200.
The document discusses various color fastness tests for textiles, including:
1) Color fastness is affected by factors like washing, light, water, chlorine, and perspiration and is assessed using grey scales.
2) Grey scales contain pairs of neutrally colored chips used to visually assess color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3) Color fastness tests assess dye resistance to factors like rubbing, washing, light and perspiration through standardized testing procedures.
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed FabricsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The printed fabrics were subjected to ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 wash fastness test and assessed for
change in colour and staining using the grey scale. The change in colour of the tested specimen and the staining
of the adjacent undyed cloths were assessed with the appropriate grey scales. The fabrics were also tested for
light fastness property. The specimen and the blue standard were exposed behind a glass and inserted into the
light fastness testing machine. Exposure was carried out for 48 hours. Based on the research carried out, it was
found that the selected foreign fabrics show a higher wash and light fastness property as compared to the local
fabrics which also show high wash and light fastness property.
Color fastness refers to a textile's resistance to fading or color transfer during washing, light exposure, or other processes. It is important to test dyed or printed fabrics for color fastness using standardized methods. These include using a xenotester to test light fastness, a wash wheel to test washing fastness, and a crock meter to test rubbing fastness. Perspiration fastness is tested using a perspirometer. Test results are evaluated using grey scales to rate the degree of color change or transfer on a scale of 1 to 5. Proper evaluation of color fastness helps ensure textiles maintain their color as intended for the customer.
Different fastness machines or techniques used in textilesShubham Singh
1. This document describes various fastness machines and techniques used to evaluate colorfastness of textiles, including the AATCC Gray Scale, Chromatic Transference Scale, spectrophotometer, ozone fading, perspirometer, cuprammonium fluidity test, Blue Wool standards, laundromat, gas fading, and chlorine fastness tests.
2. Key machines/techniques covered are the Gray Scale for visual evaluation of staining and color change, spectrophotometer for measuring color concentration, perspirometer for perspiration fastness, laundromat for washing fastness, and Blue Wool standards for lightfastness evaluation.
3. The tests subject textile samples to various conditions
The document discusses textile chemical testing and mercerization. Some key points:
1) Textile chemical testing is performed to check quality before large-scale usage and includes testing fabrics, dyes, chemicals and processes. It aims to detect faults, standardize results and create data for the future.
2) Mercerization improves properties of cotton like luster, strength and dye affinity. It involves treating cotton in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution under tension. This causes fiber swelling and longitudinal shrinkage, modifying the fiber structure.
3) Effects of mercerization include increased luster, dye absorption, reactivity to chemicals, strength and smoothness. The quality of mercerization depends
The document discusses the importance of testing textiles, including research and development, product evaluation, quality control, problem analysis, product comparison, proper advertising, and regulatory compliance. Testing ensures new textile products are developed properly, fabrics perform as intended, quality standards are met, issues are identified, best products are selected, advertising is accurate, and legal requirements are followed.
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
This document provides information about various color fastness tests that are conducted on dyed textile goods. It describes tests for color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration, light, hot pressing and other factors. For each test, it outlines the objectives, equipment needed, sample preparation procedures, testing methods, and processes for evaluating results. Color fastness is an important requirement for textile customers. This document serves to explain the various methods used to test how resistant the color of dyed textiles is to different conditions and hazards.
FASTNESSES BEHAVIOUR OF TEXTILE MATERIALMD SOHEL KHAN
This document discusses various types of textile fastness testing, including procedures and importance. It covers color fastness to light, heat pressing, chlorinated water, and wash. Color fastness to light determines how color fades under light exposure. Tests involve exposing samples to light and comparing color change. Color fastness to heat and chlorinated water involve applying heat or chlorine solutions to samples and assessing color change. Color fastness to wash determines color change and staining when samples are laundered using standard detergent solutions and procedures. Proper fastness testing is important for the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness under relevant conditions.
This document discusses colourfastness testing to washing. It provides details on four ISO and AATCC test methods that evaluate how colourfast textiles are to domestic and commercial laundering. These tests subject textile samples to simulated washing cycles to test for colour change, staining of adjacent fibres, and self-staining. The document also describes the test procedures, assessments of results, and case studies demonstrating how understanding test outcomes and the end use of textiles is important for ensuring colourfastness.
Assessment of Bleached and Unbleached Jute Yarn with Various Dyes and Paramet...CrimsonpublishersMedical
This project deals with the studies on dyeing behavior of bleached and unbleached jute yarn dyed with different dyes as well as assessment of different quality parameters like as effect of different color fastness properties, Absorbency and Weight loss. In this research work Reactive dyes (orange), Acid dyes (red), Basic dyes (yellow) and direct dyes (blue) were used. Lab dyeing machine and other fastness machines (To analyze Color Fastness to wash and Colorfastness to rubbing) were used to conduct this research work. It was found that bleached yarn had higher depth of shade and better fastness properties under the same dye concentration. Among all the dyes reactive dyes showed the better fastness property.
The document provides details on the various wet processing steps involved in knit fabric production including: inspection and stitching, bleaching, singeing, desizing, scouring, printing, dyeing, finishing, and mercerisation. It then goes on to describe each individual step in further detail covering the objectives, processes involved, and assessment methods for steps such as singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing, and finishing.
This document discusses common dyeing faults that occur in knit fabrics and their potential causes and remedies. It begins by explaining why dyeing faults can occur due to factors like uneven pretreatment, improper dosing of dyes and chemicals, and fluctuations in temperature. Several specific dyeing faults are then described such as uneven dyeing, batch-to-batch shade variations, patchy effects, and crease marks. Each fault lists possible causes and recommended remedies to prevent reoccurrence. The document concludes by noting the importance of identifying fabric and garment defects for the garment industry.
The document describes procedures for various textile testing methods, including:
1. Color fastness tests for wash, perspiration, water, and rubbing (dry and wet) which involve preparing samples, exposing them to specified solutions, and evaluating color change and staining.
2. Measuring dimensional stability by testing for shrinkage and spirality before and after washing samples based on calculated formulas.
3. Determining the pH of dyed fabric by cutting samples, soaking them, and measuring the pH of the resulting solution.
This document provides test methods for evaluating various properties of textiles, including:
- Color fastness to water, laundering, perspiration, pressing, and rubbing
- Tearing strength, drape, bursting strength, grab strength, and strip strength
- Procedures are described for preparing samples and conducting each test, with apparatus and formulas provided. Results are evaluated using grey scales or by measuring maximum force values.
This document outlines tests to identify dyes and determine colorfastness. To identify dyes, test specimens are treated with solvents which cause sulphur, oxidation black and vat dyes to decolorize or change shade. Vat dyes can be restored with developer. Sodium sulphoxylate formaldehyde-glycol solution with sodium hydroxide decolorizes or alters the shade. Colorfastness to rubbing is determined by rubbing a specimen against a white cloth and comparing color transfer. Colorfastness to washing is tested by laundering specimens in a LaunderOmeter and evaluating color change and staining on a multifiber fabric.
This document provides instructions for applying a vat dye to cotton fabric using a padding method. It describes padding the fabric with a dispersion of the insoluble vat dye and dispersing agents. The padded fabric is then immersed in a reducing bath to convert the dye to its soluble leuco form, allowing it to penetrate the cotton fibers. After reduction, the fabric is oxidized to regenerate the insoluble dye inside the fibers. Samples are taken of the fabric after padding, reduction/oxidation, and an additional soaping step. The samples are tested for colorfastness to crocking.
This study analyzed the effects of different resin treatments on the quality of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dye. Cotton fabric was dyed with reactive dye and then treated with one of six different resins. Tests were conducted to evaluate the wrinkle recovery, tensile strength, dimensional stability, stiffness, abrasion resistance, and color strength of the treated fabrics. Melamine formaldehyde resin treatment resulted in higher crease recovery angle, better smoothness, and higher bending length due to greater crosslinking with cellulose. Color strength decreased after resin finishing, but fastness properties were unaffected. Resin treatment improved some quality properties of dyed cotton fabric at the cost of reduced color strength.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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2. 2
Color fastness is the resistance of the color to fading or
bleeding by different agencies like washing, light,
Water, dry cleaning, perspiration, ironing, acid, alkali
etc.
Color fastness is usually assessed separately with
respect to:
1.Changes in the color of the specimen being tested,
that is color fading
2.Staining of undyed material which is in contact with
the specimen during the test, that is bleeding of color.
Color Fastness
3. 3
A dyed or printed material may loose its color due to
the following causes-
Decomposition of the dye molecules in the fibers (light
fading)
Removal of dye molecule into the external medium
(washing)
Friction on the outer surface of the dyed materials
(rubbing)
Reaction with acid, alkali or perspiration (perspiration
Color Fastness
4. 4
4
Different Types of Color Fastness
Color Fastness to Wash
Color Fastness to Light
Color Fastness to Rubbing/Crocking
Color Fastness to Perspiration (Acid/Alkali)
Color Fastness to Saliva
Color Fastness to Water (Hot)
Color Fastness to Water (Cold)
Color Fastness to Sea Water
Color Fastness to Chlorinated Water
Color Fastness to Bleaching (H2
O2
/ Hypochlorite)
Color Fastness to Alkali/Acid Spotting
Color Fastness to Dry Cleaning
Color Fastness to Hot Pressing
5. 5
Factors affecting the color fastness properties
The molecular structure (e.g. size) of a dye molecule.
The manner in which the dye is bonded to the fiber (i.e. the dye-fiber bond
The amount of dye present in the fiber, i.e. depth of the shade.
The chemical nature of fiber.
The presence of other chemicals in the materials such as softener, binder,
additives etc.
The actual conditions prevailing during exposure.
7. 7
Assessment of Color Fastness:
Changes in the color of the specimen being tested, that is color
fading;
Staining of undyed material which is in contact with the
specimen during the test, i.e. bleeding of color.
8. 8
Color change grey scales
These scales consist of five pairs of grey colored material
numbered from 1 to 5.
Number 5 grey scale has two identical greys (no contrast),
number 1 grey scale shows the greatest contrast,
and numbers 2, 3 and 4 have intermediate contrasts.
After appropriate treatment the specimen is compared with
the original untreated material and any loss in color is graded
with reference to the grey scale. When there is no change in
the color of a test specimen it would be classified as ‘5’; if
there is a change then it is classified with the number of the
scale that shows the same contrast as that between the
treated and untreated specimens.
9. 9
Degree of staining grey scales
A different set of grey scales is used for measuring staining.
Fastness rating 5 is shown by two identical white samples (that is no
staining) and rating 1 shows a white and a grey sample. The other
numbers show geometrical steps of contrast between white and
series of greys. A piece of untreated, unstained , undyed cloth is
compared with the treated sample that has been in contact with
the test specimen during the staining test and a numerical
assessment of staining is given.
A rating of 5 means that there is no difference between the treated
and untreated material.
If the result is in between any two of the contrasts on the scale, a
rating of, for example, 3-4 is given.
Sets of grey scales, examples of which are shown in Fig(in next slide)
10. 10
Instruments for the Assessment of Color Fastness
1. Visual Assessment
Color change grey scales.
Degree of staining grey scales.
15. 15
Grey Scale Rating
Fastness Grade Shade Change of
Tested Sample
Colour
Fastness of the
Sample
Staining condition
of the white cotton
cloth
Grade-5 No Change Excellent No Staining
Grade-4 Slight loss in Depth Good Very Slight Staining
Grade-3 Appreciable loss in
depth
Fair Moderate Staining
Grade-2 Significant loss in
Depth
poor Significant Staining
Grade-1 Great Loss in Depth Very Poor Deep Staining
16. 16
Test standards
Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC)
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC).
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)
International Wool Textile Organisation (IWTO).
British Standard (BS)
American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM)
Australian Standard (AS)
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
(Deutsches)German Institute for standardization (Norm) (DIN)
Swiss Norm (SN)
Bangladesh Standard & Testing Institution (BSTI)
17. 17
Color Fastness to Washing
The resistance to the loss of the color of any dyed or printed material in
washing is referred to as its wash fastness.
Poor wash fastness properties is due to
If dye materials have not penetrated inside the inter polymer chain space of
fiber or
have not attached to the fiber with strong attractive force
18. 18
•The variety of washing methods available,
•Washing condition varies from one country to another,
•When material being washed,
•End use of the product,
•The development of detergents and bleaches.
Varieties of test methods
19. 19
Soaps and detergents
Most detergents contain mild oxidising agents, softeners, optical brightening agents,
salts
Oxidising agents cause degradation of the dye molecules.
The dispersing nature of different detergents can also reduce the level of
cross-staining to an adjacent fabric
ECE Non Phosphate Detergent A
IEC Non Phosphate Detergent A
ECE Phosphate Reference Detergent B
IEC Phosphate Reference Detergent B
Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate
21. 21
Where yarn or loose fiber is to be tested, a mass of the yarn or loose fibre
approximately equal to one-half of the combined mass the adjacent fabrics
is taken. Then is placed between a 10 cm X 4 cm piece of the multifiber
adjacent fabric and a 10 cm X 4 cm piece of non-dyeable fabric and sew
them along all four sides.
Yarn & Fibre:
22. 22
ISO Wash Fastness test Condition
Test
Method
Temp.
( 0
C)
Time
(min)
M:L No. of
Steel
Balls
Chemicals
Reproduce Action
of
ISO
105-C01
40±2 30
1:50
0 Soap Hand Washing
ISO
105-C02
50±2 45
1:50
0 Soap
Repeated Hand
Washing
ISO
105-C03
60±2 30
1:50
0
Soap
+Na2
CO3
Medium Cellulosic
Wash
Severe Wool Wash
ISO
105-C04
95±2 30
1:50
10
Soap+
Na2
CO3
Severe Cellulosic
Wash
ISO
105-C05
95±2 240
1:50
10
Soap+
Na2
CO3
Very Severe
Cellulosic Wash
23. Determination of color fastness of a fabric to washing
• For determining color fastness of a fabric to washing, th
fabric is washed with detergent usually along with an
undyed fabric. Then color fastness is assessed separately
with respect to:
• Changes in the color of the sample tested (that is color
fading) and
• Straining of the undyed fabric which is in contact with
the specimen during the test (that is bleeding of color)
• Instruments required:
• 1. Rotawash/Gyrowash
2. Stainless steel balls
3. Multi-fiber fabric
4. Grey Scales
5. Sewing machine
23
25. Procedure:
• 1. Fabric is usually tested in the form of a composite
specimen, made up of the test specimen placed in the contact
with undyed fabric usually in the form of multi-fiber strip, of
the same size. For this, the sample fabric is sewed with the
multi-fiber strip.
2. Solution is prepared according to recipe.
3. The composite specimen, solution and 25 steel balls are
placed in the washing pot, which is then closed with a lid.
4. The pot is placed in the bath of Gyrowash/Rotawash and
the bath is heated up to 40°c.
5. The specimen is treated with detergent for 30 minutes with
a rotational movement of the pot and taken out after 30
minutes.
6. The specimen is (first )rinsed (with hot water and then)with
cold water and then dried in oven at 60°c.
7. The fabric sample and the multi-fiber fabric are separated.
The fabric is assessed for color fading and multi-fiber fabric is
assessed for staining with the help of color change grey scales
and degree of staining grey scales. 25
26. 26
1. Color Change
Assessment of Wash Fastness
Before Washing After Washing
2. Color Staining
Before Washing After Washing
27. 27
Color fastness to rubbing ISO 105 X12
Evaluate the transfer of colorant from the surface of a colored fabric to another
surface or to an adjacent area of the same fabric when it is applied to surface
friction or rubbed against a rough surface.
Two types of tests are normally done-
Dry rubbing test
Wet rubbing test
The tests are done at 200
C±20
C and
Relative humidity 65%±2%.
28. 28
The crocking cloth against which the test sample will be rubbed is a white, bleached,
but without finished and undyed cotton fabric.
For wet rubbing test, this cloth is wetted with distilled water and to keep 100% pick
up, excess water is removed by blotting paper
The size of these fabrics is 5 cm x 5 cm. This is an ISO recommended fabric.
Fig: Crock meter
Crocking Cloth
29. 29
Cut the sample as long as that can cover the metallic mounting plate
(standard size 14 cm x 5 cm).
Two test specimens are required for dry rub and two for wet rub.
For dry rub test, one specimen will be placed to warp direction and the other
to weft direction.
For wet test, two samples were placed similarly.
Then the test specimen is rubbed to and fro (10 x 10 rub, 1 rub/sec) by
means of crock meter finger.
Fabric sample Preparation:
30. 30
30
•Compare the contrast between untreated and treated white crocking cloth
with the staining grey scale.
•Again, color contrasts of rubbed and unrubbed dyed samples are compared
with colour change grey scale.
For both types of rubbing test, the fastness is rated from 1 to 5, where 1
means the worst rubbing fastness and 5 means excellent rubbing fastness.
Evolution:
31. 31
Color Fastness to Perspiration
ISO 105 E04:1993
The garments which come into contact with the body and where perspiration
is heavy (like neck, under arm etc), may suffer local discolouration.
Fastness to perspiration is the resistance of color of textile against the
discolouration effect of textile against acidic or alkaline perspiration.
32. 32
Name of the Chemical Acid Alkaline
l- Histadine mono-hydrochloridemono-hydrate
(C6
H9
O2
N3
HCl.H2
O)
0.5 gm 0.5 gm
Sodium chloride (NaCl) 5 gm 5gm
Sodium hydrogen orthophosphate dehydrate
(Na2
HPO4
.2H2
O)
2.5 gm 2.2 gm
Distilled water 1000 ml 1000 ml
PH 8 5.5
Reagent for Preparation of Artificial Perspiration
34. 34
Wet out the composite test specimen in mentioned perspiration solution
separately at room temperature, liquor ratio 50:1and kept for 30 minutes.
Pour off excess solution and place this composite test specimen between
two glasses or acrylic plates under a pressure of 12.5kPa and then place in
an oven for 4 hr at 37± 20
C.
Remove the specimen & hank to dry in warm air not exceeding 600
C.
Don’t press or iron the specimen or the multifibre test fabric.
Test Procedure
35. 35
Colour Fastness to Light
Light fastness test measures the resistances to fading of dyed textile
maaterial when exposed to sunlight.
Exposure to sunlight is a test of the behavior of the sample under actual
condition of use, but it takes long time.
The test specimen is exposed for a certain time (12h, 20h, 24h, 36h, 72h etc
or as customer demand) under the light and compared the changes with the
original unexposed specimen.
36. 36
Spectral composition of light from the source, especially the
amount of ultra violate light present.
The temperature & humidity of the air in contact with the
sample.
Presence of any residual chlorine in the fiber.
Chemical in the surrounding air during testing.
The rate of fading on exposure of a dyeing is sensitive to-