Assesment of colour fastness
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
8 likes•4,945 views
Color fastness refers to a textile's resistance to fading or color transfer during washing, light exposure, or other processes. It is important to test dyed or printed fabrics for color fastness using standardized methods. These include using a xenotester to test light fastness, a wash wheel to test washing fastness, and a crock meter to test rubbing fastness. Perspiration fastness is tested using a perspirometer. Test results are evaluated using grey scales to rate the degree of color change or transfer on a scale of 1 to 5. Proper evaluation of color fastness helps ensure textiles maintain their color as intended for the customer.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Wet Testing of textile materials
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
Presentation on spirality & shrinkage
Spirality and shrinkage are common problems in knitted fabrics that can be influenced by various factors. [1] Spirality occurs when wales are not perpendicular to courses and is affected by yarn twist, count, fabric structure, and machine settings. [2] Shrinkage is a decrease in length or width upon washing and is mainly due to yarn swelling; it can be impacted by GSM, stitch length, and fabric type. [3] The document discusses measuring and reducing spirality and shrinkage through parameters like yarn and fabric properties as well as processing methods.
Mercerization
mecerization is one kind of optional process.It is used for increasing various properties of cotton.
Dyeing of cotton with vat dyes
This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. The water-soluble form dyes cotton fibers, and is then re-oxidized inside the fibers. The dyeing process involves steps of reduction, dyeing, oxidation, and soaping to achieve bright shades and fastness properties.
Color matching cabinet
1. The document describes a color matching cabinet used to evaluate color under different light sources and ensure accurate color matching.
2. It contains 6 standard lights including daylight, tungsten, fluorescent, and ultraviolet lights. Samples are viewed under each light to detect any differences caused by the phenomenon of metamerism.
3. The cabinet adheres to international standards for color assessment and is suitable for industries involving fabric dyeing, garment manufacturing, and other color-critical applications.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet Processing
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
Resin finishing
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Finishing 1: Padding Mangles Stentering machine
The document discusses various types of machines used in textile processing, including mangles and stenters. It describes mangles as machines that squeeze moisture from fabrics using rollers. There are several types of mangles like ordinary, friction, and water mangles. Stenters are used to dry, heat set, and impart dimensional stability to fabrics. They grip fabric edges and carry the fabric through drying chambers using traveling chains. Hot air is typically used to dry fabrics in stenters. Key components include drying chambers, overfeed systems, and mahlo devices to straighten fabrics.
Recommended
Wet Testing of textile materials
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
Presentation on spirality & shrinkage
Spirality and shrinkage are common problems in knitted fabrics that can be influenced by various factors. [1] Spirality occurs when wales are not perpendicular to courses and is affected by yarn twist, count, fabric structure, and machine settings. [2] Shrinkage is a decrease in length or width upon washing and is mainly due to yarn swelling; it can be impacted by GSM, stitch length, and fabric type. [3] The document discusses measuring and reducing spirality and shrinkage through parameters like yarn and fabric properties as well as processing methods.
Mercerization
mecerization is one kind of optional process.It is used for increasing various properties of cotton.
Dyeing of cotton with vat dyes
This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. The water-soluble form dyes cotton fibers, and is then re-oxidized inside the fibers. The dyeing process involves steps of reduction, dyeing, oxidation, and soaping to achieve bright shades and fastness properties.
Color matching cabinet
1. The document describes a color matching cabinet used to evaluate color under different light sources and ensure accurate color matching.
2. It contains 6 standard lights including daylight, tungsten, fluorescent, and ultraviolet lights. Samples are viewed under each light to detect any differences caused by the phenomenon of metamerism.
3. The cabinet adheres to international standards for color assessment and is suitable for industries involving fabric dyeing, garment manufacturing, and other color-critical applications.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet Processing
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
Resin finishing
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Finishing 1: Padding Mangles Stentering machine
The document discusses various types of machines used in textile processing, including mangles and stenters. It describes mangles as machines that squeeze moisture from fabrics using rollers. There are several types of mangles like ordinary, friction, and water mangles. Stenters are used to dry, heat set, and impart dimensional stability to fabrics. They grip fabric edges and carry the fabric through drying chambers using traveling chains. Hot air is typically used to dry fabrics in stenters. Key components include drying chambers, overfeed systems, and mahlo devices to straighten fabrics.
Dyeing of polyester and cotton blends
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Colour fastness
The document discusses the importance of testing textiles, including research and development, product evaluation, quality control, problem analysis, product comparison, proper advertising, and regulatory compliance. Testing ensures new textile products are developed properly, fabrics perform as intended, quality standards are met, issues are identified, best products are selected, advertising is accurate, and legal requirements are followed.
Styles of printing
1. Textile printing involves applying colored patterns and designs to fabric using thickened print pastes containing dyes or pigments.
2. There are several styles of printing including direct, discharge, and resist printing. Direct printing applies color directly to fabric while discharge and resist involve removing or preventing color fixation in certain areas.
3. The printing process typically involves color paste preparation, printing the fabric, fixation with steam or heat, and after-treatment including washing. Alternative techniques to printing include embroidery, knitting with colored yarns, and applique.
Grey scale, blue wool
The document discusses several scales used to measure properties of textiles related to color change and staining when exposed to various conditions:
- The Gray Scale for Color Change and Gray Scale for Staining both use gray chips to compare the amount of fading/color alteration or staining of adjacent materials after washing on a scale of 1 to 5.
- The Blue Wool Standards use a set of specially prepared blue dyeings on wool to compare lightfastness on a scale of 1 to 8 based on time taken to perceptibly fade when exposed to light.
- The 9-Step Chromatic Transference Scale uses five color hues and neutral grays to visually evaluate color transfer or staining, as an aid for less experienced technicians
Color fastness of dyed goods .
This document provides information about various color fastness tests that are conducted on dyed textile goods. It describes tests for color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration, light, hot pressing and other factors. For each test, it outlines the objectives, equipment needed, sample preparation procedures, testing methods, and processes for evaluating results. Color fastness is an important requirement for textile customers. This document serves to explain the various methods used to test how resistant the color of dyed textiles is to different conditions and hazards.
Fastness testing of fabric
This document discusses different types of fastness testing that are important for textiles. It defines fastness as the resistance of a material's color to fading or running. It then lists 11 different types of fastness testing including color fastness to wash, light, rubbing, perspiration, chemicals, and weathering. The document focuses on describing the procedures for testing color fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration, light, and heat pressing. It emphasizes that fastness testing is essential in the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness.
Quality control and testing in wet Processing
Quality control and testing are essential processes in the textile industry to ensure products meet specifications. There are several key steps:
1) Pretreatment processes like singeing, desizing, bleaching, and mercerization are tested for parameters like chemical concentrations, temperatures, and absorbency.
2) Dyeing and printing undergo physical tests for properties like colorfastness and chemical tests.
3) Finishing is tested for characteristics such as abrasion resistance, shrinkage, weather resistance, and burn resistance. Regular quality control and testing at all stages of production are vital for maintaining textile quality standards.
Effect of finishing on Knit Fabrics
This document discusses the effect of finishing processes on knit fabrics. It describes how finishing improves physical properties like feel, strength and shrinkage. The techniques of finishing depend on factors like the fabric composition and its intended end use. Common finishing treatments aim to impart properties like softness, luster and dimensional stability. The document then examines specific finishing stages like hydroextraction, drying, slitting, stenting and compacting. Graphs show how properties like GSM and shrinkage are affected differently for various fabric types as they progress through finishing. The discussion analyzes the results and references additional sources for information on textile finishing.
DIRECT DYE
This presentation discusses direct dyes, which are water-soluble dyes used to dye cellulosic materials like cotton directly. There are two major types of direct dyes: anionic direct dyes, which are used for paper coloring and shade correction, and cationic direct dyes. Direct dyes have properties like water solubility and being anionic in nature. They dye materials through weak hydrogen and van der Waals bonding in alkaline conditions. The dyeing process involves dissolving the dye in boiling water with electrolytes before applying it to materials and boiling for 30-45 minutes. Direct dyes provide duller colors than reactive dyes and have lower wash fastness. They are used for applications where high fastness is
Fibrefiness
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
Mercerisation
Mercerization is a treatment of cotton yarn or fabric with a strong caustic soda solution that improves several qualities of the cotton. It increases luster and dye affinity, improves strength and stability, and results in smoother, rounder fibers. The process involves immersing cotton in a high concentration sodium hydroxide solution under tension control and then washing to neutralize the fabric. This summarizes the key points about mercerization from the provided document.
Dyeing of aramid fibers
The document discusses the properties and dyeing of aramid fibers such as Technora, Conex, and Kevlar. It describes how aramid fibers have good heat resistance, strength and chemical resistance but are difficult to dye. Pretreating the fibers with liquid ammonia or using polar solvents can increase dye uptake. The document also examines different dyeing methods and how parameters like temperature, time and solvent selection affect the dyeing process and properties of the dyed fibers.
Project on modern textile pretreatment
The document provides background information on reducing processing steps, time, energy, chemicals and cost in textile wet processing. The objectives are to reduce steps by using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) instead of desizing agents to achieve desizing effect, while obtaining high quality products. Chapter 1 introduces the topic and objectives. Chapter 2 will discuss literature on combining desizing, scouring and bleaching effects with H2O2.
Color fastness to perspiration & pilling of fabric
This document discusses color fastness to perspiration and pilling of fabric. It introduces color fastness to perspiration, which refers to a fabric's ability to not fade or stain when dyed fabric is perspired on. It describes the preparation of perspiration solutions for testing according to ISO standards, including acid and alkaline solutions with specific ingredients and pH levels. It also discusses how to improve perspiration fastness, such as selecting dyes with high fixation rates and good stability and controlling dyeing processes and fixation conditions. The conclusion notes that some color fastness tests may be more important than others depending on intended use, and that color fastness issues can cause problems for businesses when customers discover fading or staining
Mercerization
1. Mercerization is a finishing treatment for cotton that improves luster, hardness, and other properties by treating cotton with a strong alkaline solution.
2. It involves immersing cotton yarn or fabric under tension in a cold sodium hydroxide solution, then neutralizing it in acid. This causes swelling of the cotton fibers and increases their luster.
3. The ideal conditions for mercerization are a caustic concentration of 250-320 g/L at 18-20°C for 30-60 seconds, as this provides the best luster with minimal shrinkage.
Raising Finishing
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
Printing-Reactive & Discharge print Presentation By Sukhvir Sabharwal
Hi All,
Pls find PPT on reactive and discharge print which shows the difference to understand both print styles.
Hope this would help you !
Best,
Sukhvir
Exhaust dyeing process
Batch dyeing involves dyeing fabric in a stationary dye bath. There are three main types of batch dyeing machines. Jigger dyeing machines transfer fabric back and forth between rollers through a dye bath, applying tension. Winch dyeing machines pass rope-formed fabric over rollers through a stationary dye bath with little tension. Jet dyeing machines eliminate rollers and use jet nozzles to circulate fabric through a closed tubular system at high temperatures and pressures.
Colrfastness to washing
This document discusses colourfastness testing to washing. It provides details on four ISO and AATCC test methods that evaluate how colourfast textiles are to domestic and commercial laundering. These tests subject textile samples to simulated washing cycles to test for colour change, staining of adjacent fibres, and self-staining. The document also describes the test procedures, assessments of results, and case studies demonstrating how understanding test outcomes and the end use of textiles is important for ensuring colourfastness.
Continuous dyeing machine
This document discusses continuous dyeing machines. It begins by defining dyeing as imparting color to textiles and describing continuous dyeing as a process where textiles are fed continuously through different stages. There are three main types of continuous dyeing machines: 1) pad-steam processes which involve padding, steaming, and washing; 2) pad-dry processes involving padding, drying, and washing; and 3) thermosol processes using high temperatures around 180-220°C to dye with disperse dyes. Common manufacturers of continuous dyeing machines include Benninger and Shanghai Singularity machines. In conclusion, continuous dyeing machines can efficiently dye textiles at high speeds between 50 to 250 meters per minute and account for around
Color fastness to rubbing by Crockmeter
Color fastness is an important factor for fabric manufacturers and exporters, here slightly describe about color fastness to rubbing.
Textile testing & quality control
Testing is the process or procedure to determines the quality of a product.The testing of textile products is an expensive business. A textile commercial laboratory has to be set up and furnished with a range of test equipment.Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
More Related Content
What's hot
Dyeing of polyester and cotton blends
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Colour fastness
The document discusses the importance of testing textiles, including research and development, product evaluation, quality control, problem analysis, product comparison, proper advertising, and regulatory compliance. Testing ensures new textile products are developed properly, fabrics perform as intended, quality standards are met, issues are identified, best products are selected, advertising is accurate, and legal requirements are followed.
Styles of printing
1. Textile printing involves applying colored patterns and designs to fabric using thickened print pastes containing dyes or pigments.
2. There are several styles of printing including direct, discharge, and resist printing. Direct printing applies color directly to fabric while discharge and resist involve removing or preventing color fixation in certain areas.
3. The printing process typically involves color paste preparation, printing the fabric, fixation with steam or heat, and after-treatment including washing. Alternative techniques to printing include embroidery, knitting with colored yarns, and applique.
Grey scale, blue wool
The document discusses several scales used to measure properties of textiles related to color change and staining when exposed to various conditions:
- The Gray Scale for Color Change and Gray Scale for Staining both use gray chips to compare the amount of fading/color alteration or staining of adjacent materials after washing on a scale of 1 to 5.
- The Blue Wool Standards use a set of specially prepared blue dyeings on wool to compare lightfastness on a scale of 1 to 8 based on time taken to perceptibly fade when exposed to light.
- The 9-Step Chromatic Transference Scale uses five color hues and neutral grays to visually evaluate color transfer or staining, as an aid for less experienced technicians
Color fastness of dyed goods .
This document provides information about various color fastness tests that are conducted on dyed textile goods. It describes tests for color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration, light, hot pressing and other factors. For each test, it outlines the objectives, equipment needed, sample preparation procedures, testing methods, and processes for evaluating results. Color fastness is an important requirement for textile customers. This document serves to explain the various methods used to test how resistant the color of dyed textiles is to different conditions and hazards.
Fastness testing of fabric
This document discusses different types of fastness testing that are important for textiles. It defines fastness as the resistance of a material's color to fading or running. It then lists 11 different types of fastness testing including color fastness to wash, light, rubbing, perspiration, chemicals, and weathering. The document focuses on describing the procedures for testing color fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration, light, and heat pressing. It emphasizes that fastness testing is essential in the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness.
Quality control and testing in wet Processing
Quality control and testing are essential processes in the textile industry to ensure products meet specifications. There are several key steps:
1) Pretreatment processes like singeing, desizing, bleaching, and mercerization are tested for parameters like chemical concentrations, temperatures, and absorbency.
2) Dyeing and printing undergo physical tests for properties like colorfastness and chemical tests.
3) Finishing is tested for characteristics such as abrasion resistance, shrinkage, weather resistance, and burn resistance. Regular quality control and testing at all stages of production are vital for maintaining textile quality standards.
Effect of finishing on Knit Fabrics
This document discusses the effect of finishing processes on knit fabrics. It describes how finishing improves physical properties like feel, strength and shrinkage. The techniques of finishing depend on factors like the fabric composition and its intended end use. Common finishing treatments aim to impart properties like softness, luster and dimensional stability. The document then examines specific finishing stages like hydroextraction, drying, slitting, stenting and compacting. Graphs show how properties like GSM and shrinkage are affected differently for various fabric types as they progress through finishing. The discussion analyzes the results and references additional sources for information on textile finishing.
DIRECT DYE
This presentation discusses direct dyes, which are water-soluble dyes used to dye cellulosic materials like cotton directly. There are two major types of direct dyes: anionic direct dyes, which are used for paper coloring and shade correction, and cationic direct dyes. Direct dyes have properties like water solubility and being anionic in nature. They dye materials through weak hydrogen and van der Waals bonding in alkaline conditions. The dyeing process involves dissolving the dye in boiling water with electrolytes before applying it to materials and boiling for 30-45 minutes. Direct dyes provide duller colors than reactive dyes and have lower wash fastness. They are used for applications where high fastness is
Fibrefiness
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
Mercerisation
Mercerization is a treatment of cotton yarn or fabric with a strong caustic soda solution that improves several qualities of the cotton. It increases luster and dye affinity, improves strength and stability, and results in smoother, rounder fibers. The process involves immersing cotton in a high concentration sodium hydroxide solution under tension control and then washing to neutralize the fabric. This summarizes the key points about mercerization from the provided document.
Dyeing of aramid fibers
The document discusses the properties and dyeing of aramid fibers such as Technora, Conex, and Kevlar. It describes how aramid fibers have good heat resistance, strength and chemical resistance but are difficult to dye. Pretreating the fibers with liquid ammonia or using polar solvents can increase dye uptake. The document also examines different dyeing methods and how parameters like temperature, time and solvent selection affect the dyeing process and properties of the dyed fibers.
Project on modern textile pretreatment
The document provides background information on reducing processing steps, time, energy, chemicals and cost in textile wet processing. The objectives are to reduce steps by using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) instead of desizing agents to achieve desizing effect, while obtaining high quality products. Chapter 1 introduces the topic and objectives. Chapter 2 will discuss literature on combining desizing, scouring and bleaching effects with H2O2.
Color fastness to perspiration & pilling of fabric
This document discusses color fastness to perspiration and pilling of fabric. It introduces color fastness to perspiration, which refers to a fabric's ability to not fade or stain when dyed fabric is perspired on. It describes the preparation of perspiration solutions for testing according to ISO standards, including acid and alkaline solutions with specific ingredients and pH levels. It also discusses how to improve perspiration fastness, such as selecting dyes with high fixation rates and good stability and controlling dyeing processes and fixation conditions. The conclusion notes that some color fastness tests may be more important than others depending on intended use, and that color fastness issues can cause problems for businesses when customers discover fading or staining
Mercerization
1. Mercerization is a finishing treatment for cotton that improves luster, hardness, and other properties by treating cotton with a strong alkaline solution.
2. It involves immersing cotton yarn or fabric under tension in a cold sodium hydroxide solution, then neutralizing it in acid. This causes swelling of the cotton fibers and increases their luster.
3. The ideal conditions for mercerization are a caustic concentration of 250-320 g/L at 18-20°C for 30-60 seconds, as this provides the best luster with minimal shrinkage.
Raising Finishing
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
Printing-Reactive & Discharge print Presentation By Sukhvir Sabharwal
Hi All,
Pls find PPT on reactive and discharge print which shows the difference to understand both print styles.
Hope this would help you !
Best,
Sukhvir
Exhaust dyeing process
Batch dyeing involves dyeing fabric in a stationary dye bath. There are three main types of batch dyeing machines. Jigger dyeing machines transfer fabric back and forth between rollers through a dye bath, applying tension. Winch dyeing machines pass rope-formed fabric over rollers through a stationary dye bath with little tension. Jet dyeing machines eliminate rollers and use jet nozzles to circulate fabric through a closed tubular system at high temperatures and pressures.
Colrfastness to washing
This document discusses colourfastness testing to washing. It provides details on four ISO and AATCC test methods that evaluate how colourfast textiles are to domestic and commercial laundering. These tests subject textile samples to simulated washing cycles to test for colour change, staining of adjacent fibres, and self-staining. The document also describes the test procedures, assessments of results, and case studies demonstrating how understanding test outcomes and the end use of textiles is important for ensuring colourfastness.
Continuous dyeing machine
This document discusses continuous dyeing machines. It begins by defining dyeing as imparting color to textiles and describing continuous dyeing as a process where textiles are fed continuously through different stages. There are three main types of continuous dyeing machines: 1) pad-steam processes which involve padding, steaming, and washing; 2) pad-dry processes involving padding, drying, and washing; and 3) thermosol processes using high temperatures around 180-220°C to dye with disperse dyes. Common manufacturers of continuous dyeing machines include Benninger and Shanghai Singularity machines. In conclusion, continuous dyeing machines can efficiently dye textiles at high speeds between 50 to 250 meters per minute and account for around
What's hot (20)
Color fastness to perspiration & pilling of fabric
Color fastness to perspiration & pilling of fabric
Printing-Reactive & Discharge print Presentation By Sukhvir Sabharwal
Printing-Reactive & Discharge print Presentation By Sukhvir Sabharwal
Viewers also liked
Color fastness to rubbing by Crockmeter
Color fastness is an important factor for fabric manufacturers and exporters, here slightly describe about color fastness to rubbing.
Textile testing & quality control
Testing is the process or procedure to determines the quality of a product.The testing of textile products is an expensive business. A textile commercial laboratory has to be set up and furnished with a range of test equipment.Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
Textile Testing
This document discusses the importance and scope of fabric testing. It begins by explaining that textile fabrics are manufactured for different end uses, each with different performance requirements. Fabric testing plays a crucial role in assessing product quality, regulatory compliance, and performance. The document then discusses how fabric testing has expanded in scope due to increasing globalization and demands from consumers. It provides examples of different types of fabric tests, including physical, chemical, and performance tests. The document emphasizes that an understanding of fabric testing is important for various textile industry professionals to make informed decisions. In summary, the document outlines the wide-ranging role of fabric testing in evaluating textiles and ensuring they meet requirements for different applications.
Shedding
The document discusses different types of loom shedding mechanisms. It describes how tappet, dobby, and jacquard shedding mechanisms work. Tappet shedding uses cams to control heald shafts in either a positive or negative motion. Dobby shedding uses pattern chains and knives/levers to control heald shafts. Jacquard shedding uses a large number of needles and cords attached to heald eyes to form intricate patterns controlled by punched cards.
Color fastness
This document outlines tests to identify dyes and determine colorfastness. To identify dyes, test specimens are treated with solvents which cause sulphur, oxidation black and vat dyes to decolorize or change shade. Vat dyes can be restored with developer. Sodium sulphoxylate formaldehyde-glycol solution with sodium hydroxide decolorizes or alters the shade. Colorfastness to rubbing is determined by rubbing a specimen against a white cloth and comparing color transfer. Colorfastness to washing is tested by laundering specimens in a LaunderOmeter and evaluating color change and staining on a multifiber fabric.
Picking[1]
El documento describe procesos y equipos relacionados con el picking o recogida de pedidos. Explica que el picking implica extraer unidades de un empaque superior y colocarlas en otro, y que agrupar pedidos mejora la eficiencia al optimizar la ruta. Describe dos métodos para agrupar pedidos: batch picking, que extrae todos los artículos juntos y luego los separa, y pick to box, que extrae y empaqueta los artículos directamente. También enumera diferentes tipos de equipos como carretillas y montacargas utilizados en el proceso de alist
Pilling on fabric surfaces
Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by abrasion in wear.
Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber
Picking and its classification
This document discusses different types of picking and picking mechanisms used in weaving. It begins with an introduction to picking, which is the process of passing the weft yarn through the warp shed during weaving. It then describes various picking mechanisms including overpicking, underpicking, and cone overpick and underpick mechanisms. The document provides details on how these different mechanisms work to insert the weft yarn through the shed. It concludes with advantages and disadvantages of different weft insertion methods like projectile, rapier, air jet, and water jet looms.
eConcepts of picking and beatup
This document provides an overview of concepts related to picking and beatup mechanisms in weaving looms. It discusses the different types of picking mechanisms, including overpick, underpick, and shuttle picking mechanisms. It describes how the shuttle is propelled across the loom width during picking using picking sticks, and then decelerated on the other side. It also covers beatup mechanisms like crank and cam beatup that use a reed to push the newly inserted weft into the fabric. Diagrams of typical picking and beatup mechanisms are included, along with discussions of loom timing, the forces involved in picking, and how the length of the connecting rod impacts loom movement.
Finishes to improve the wet fastness
This document discusses various chemical finishing methods to improve the wet fastness of dyed textiles. It begins by defining key terms like colour fastness, fading, and bleeding. It then describes the ratings system used to evaluate fastness from 1-5 or 1-8. The rest of the document discusses specific approaches to improving wet fastness for cellulosic, synthetic, and nylon textiles using techniques like intensive washing, reductive agents, cationic products, formaldehyde condensation products, and reactive compounds. It also notes some potential issues with these methods and describes evaluation standards.
Fibre and fabric reinforced composites
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate but combined produce different characteristics than the individual components. The main types are fiber reinforced and particulate reinforced composites. Fibers provide strength and stiffness while the matrix binds and protects the fibers. The interface plays an important role in coupling the fiber and matrix. Common fiber types used are glass, carbon, and aramid fibers which provide properties like strength, stiffness, and stability. Woven fabrics are often used to reinforce composites. Composites offer advantages like high strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to corrosion, while disadvantages include being more brittle than metals. Applications include aircraft, boats, automobiles, bulletproof jackets, and construction.
Woven Shedding Mechanisms
This document discusses different types of shedding mechanisms used in looms: crank, tappet, dobby, and jacquard. It explains how each works and their features. Crank is the simplest but can only produce plain weaves. Tappet controls 2-8 heald frames for simple weaves. Dobby controls more frames for medium complexity weaves. Jacquard is the most complex but can produce all fabric types by controlling thousands of heald frames individually. The timing of shed opening, early vs late, also affects weaving properties.
Picking mechnism in weaving
Describes about the picking mechanism in weaving machine and types of picking in shuttle and projectile loom
Vacuum bag molding
Vacuum bag molding is an open mold technique used for thermoset composites involving hand layup and vacuum bagging. Vacuum bagging uses a vacuum bag to apply even pressure over composite materials to consolidate them. It involves placing release fabrics, breather materials, and vacuum bags over molds with resin-coated components. Applying vacuum pressure draws air out and uses atmospheric pressure to hold components in place until the resin cures.
Textile Testing & Quality Control
Quality is a relative term. It means customer needs is to be satisfied. Quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Testing In response to ever-changing governmental regulations and the ever-increasing consumer demand for high quality, softlines testing and textile testing help to minimize risk and protect the interest of both manufacturers and consumers. It is important that testing is not undertaken without adding some benefit to the final product.
Manufacturing of fibre polymer composites
The document discusses various methods for manufacturing fiber-polymer composites. It describes processes for making carbon, glass, and aramid fibers and discusses their properties. It also explains different composite manufacturing techniques like prepreg-based processes (manual layup, automated tape laying, automated fiber placement), resin infusion processes (resin transfer molding, vacuum assisted resin transfer molding, resin film infusion, filament winding, pultrusion), and machining of composites. The document outlines the current and future scope of fiber-polymer composite manufacturing.
Ch09
The document discusses different types of composite materials including their definitions, advantages, classifications, and properties. It describes metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and polymer matrix composites. Key points include that composites can have high strength and stiffness yet be lightweight, and that their properties depend on the constituent materials, geometry, and interactions between phases.
Weaving, loom
The document discusses different types of looms used in weaving fabrics. It describes primitive looms like the vertical loom and pit loom. It then covers the development of powered looms using various energy sources like water, steam, diesel and electricity. The key components and motions of looms are explained, including shedding mechanisms like tappet, dobby and jacquard shedding. Tappet shedding is discussed in detail, outlining its working principle, advantages and limitations.
Difference between reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric
We are introducing about reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric. At present reactive dye and disperse dyes is not a single word globally now it achieved vast sector in dyeing sector. I just try to make a different reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric application based.
TEXTILE TESTING
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
Viewers also liked (20)
Difference between reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric
Difference between reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric
Similar to Assesment of colour fastness
Color fastness .pdf
This document discusses color fastness testing and quality control for textiles. It covers:
1. Color fastness is the resistance of a color to fading or bleeding from factors like washing, light, water, dry cleaning, and chemicals. It is assessed by changes in the sample color and staining of adjacent fabrics.
2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
Different fastness machines or techniques used in textiles
1. This document describes various fastness machines and techniques used to evaluate colorfastness of textiles, including the AATCC Gray Scale, Chromatic Transference Scale, spectrophotometer, ozone fading, perspirometer, cuprammonium fluidity test, Blue Wool standards, laundromat, gas fading, and chlorine fastness tests.
2. Key machines/techniques covered are the Gray Scale for visual evaluation of staining and color change, spectrophotometer for measuring color concentration, perspirometer for perspiration fastness, laundromat for washing fastness, and Blue Wool standards for lightfastness evaluation.
3. The tests subject textile samples to various conditions
Garment testing book
This document provides test methods for evaluating various properties of textiles, including:
- Color fastness to water, laundering, perspiration, pressing, and rubbing
- Tearing strength, drape, bursting strength, grab strength, and strip strength
- Procedures are described for preparing samples and conducting each test, with apparatus and formulas provided. Results are evaluated using grey scales or by measuring maximum force values.
textile chemical testing
The document discusses textile chemical testing and mercerization. Some key points:
1) Textile chemical testing is performed to check quality before large-scale usage and includes testing fabrics, dyes, chemicals and processes. It aims to detect faults, standardize results and create data for the future.
2) Mercerization improves properties of cotton like luster, strength and dye affinity. It involves treating cotton in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution under tension. This causes fiber swelling and longitudinal shrinkage, modifying the fiber structure.
3) Effects of mercerization include increased luster, dye absorption, reactivity to chemicals, strength and smoothness. The quality of mercerization depends
Fastness Testing.pptx
The document discusses various color fastness tests for textiles, including:
1) Color fastness is affected by factors like washing, light, water, chlorine, and perspiration and is assessed using grey scales.
2) Grey scales contain pairs of neutrally colored chips used to visually assess color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3) Color fastness tests assess dye resistance to factors like rubbing, washing, light and perspiration through standardized testing procedures.
Online and offline test
The document describes procedures for various textile testing methods, including:
1. Color fastness tests for wash, perspiration, water, and rubbing (dry and wet) which involve preparing samples, exposing them to specified solutions, and evaluating color change and staining.
2. Measuring dimensional stability by testing for shrinkage and spirality before and after washing samples based on calculated formulas.
3. Determining the pH of dyed fabric by cutting samples, soaking them, and measuring the pH of the resulting solution.
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed Fabrics
Abstract: The printed fabrics were subjected to ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 wash fastness test and assessed for
change in colour and staining using the grey scale. The change in colour of the tested specimen and the staining
of the adjacent undyed cloths were assessed with the appropriate grey scales. The fabrics were also tested for
light fastness property. The specimen and the blue standard were exposed behind a glass and inserted into the
light fastness testing machine. Exposure was carried out for 48 hours. Based on the research carried out, it was
found that the selected foreign fabrics show a higher wash and light fastness property as compared to the local
fabrics which also show high wash and light fastness property.
4.1.04 application of a vat dye
This document provides instructions for applying a vat dye to cotton fabric using a padding method. It describes padding the fabric with a dispersion of the insoluble vat dye and dispersing agents. The padded fabric is then immersed in a reducing bath to convert the dye to its soluble leuco form, allowing it to penetrate the cotton fibers. After reduction, the fabric is oxidized to regenerate the insoluble dye inside the fibers. Samples are taken of the fabric after padding, reduction/oxidation, and an additional soaping step. The samples are tested for colorfastness to crocking.
FASTNESSES BEHAVIOUR OF TEXTILE MATERIAL
This document discusses various types of textile fastness testing, including procedures and importance. It covers color fastness to light, heat pressing, chlorinated water, and wash. Color fastness to light determines how color fades under light exposure. Tests involve exposing samples to light and comparing color change. Color fastness to heat and chlorinated water involve applying heat or chlorine solutions to samples and assessing color change. Color fastness to wash determines color change and staining when samples are laundered using standard detergent solutions and procedures. Proper fastness testing is important for the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness under relevant conditions.
Qc t of surgical products
This document discusses quality control tests for various types of surgical dressings. It describes different types of surgical dressings classified based on function and materials used. Tests are outlined to identify materials like cotton and wool that are commonly used in dressings. These include absorbency, fluorescence and solubility tests. Additional tests for finished products are also summarized, such as count of threads, weight, tensile strength and tests to check for foreign matter and water soluble extractives. Rubber and oil impregnated dressings are also briefly discussed.
Textile dyeing practices including finishing
This document provides an overview of dyeing and finishing practices for textile fabrics. It discusses dyeing cotton, synthetic, and wool fabrics using different dye types like reactive dyes, acid dyes, and disperse dyes. It also covers laboratory dyeing procedures and color matching techniques. The document then explains various finishing processes like sanforizing, calendaring, and compacting that are used to improve fabric properties and aesthetics.
Pad Batch Dyeing Method.pptx
The document describes various pad batch dyeing methods used for dyeing fabrics, including cold pad batch, pad steam, pad dry thermosol, and pad dry thermofix processes, providing details on the procedures, conditions, advantages, and schematic diagrams of each method. A group of students submitted the document to their professor in the Department of Textile Engineering at Khulna University of Engineering & Technology as part of a class project.
Powders fineness determination
POWDER FINENESS, VISCOSITY DETERMINATION
DENSITY DETERMINATION IN COSMETIC RAW
MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS
Steps of Wet Processing Technology
This document provides an overview of wet processing techniques in the textile industry, including scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing. It discusses the various types of processes under each technique, provides examples of chemicals and equipment used, and includes diagrams to illustrate how each process works. The conclusion emphasizes that wet processing requires well-trained workers and developments are ongoing to improve quality, competitiveness, and sustainability while satisfying customer needs. Links to related Facebook pages on textile manufacturing topics are also provided.
Assessment of Bleached and Unbleached Jute Yarn with Various Dyes and Paramet...
Assessment of Bleached and Unbleached Jute Yarn with Various Dyes and Paramet...CrimsonpublishersMedical
This project deals with the studies on dyeing behavior of bleached and unbleached jute yarn dyed with different dyes as well as assessment of different quality parameters like as effect of different color fastness properties, Absorbency and Weight loss. In this research work Reactive dyes (orange), Acid dyes (red), Basic dyes (yellow) and direct dyes (blue) were used. Lab dyeing machine and other fastness machines (To analyze Color Fastness to wash and Colorfastness to rubbing) were used to conduct this research work. It was found that bleached yarn had higher depth of shade and better fastness properties under the same dye concentration. Among all the dyes reactive dyes showed the better fastness property.
Effects of resin treatments on the quality
This study analyzed the effects of different resin treatments on the quality of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dye. Cotton fabric was dyed with reactive dye and then treated with one of six different resins. Tests were conducted to evaluate the wrinkle recovery, tensile strength, dimensional stability, stiffness, abrasion resistance, and color strength of the treated fabrics. Melamine formaldehyde resin treatment resulted in higher crease recovery angle, better smoothness, and higher bending length due to greater crosslinking with cellulose. Color strength decreased after resin finishing, but fastness properties were unaffected. Resin treatment improved some quality properties of dyed cotton fabric at the cost of reduced color strength.
Fixing agent
Fixing agents are important textile auxiliaries that improve the color fastness of dyes. They form insoluble colored materials with dyes on fabrics to improve washing fastness, perspiration fastness, and sometimes sun fastness. Common fixing agents include cationic agents and crosslinking agents. Fixing agents are applied after dyeing by dipping or padding fabrics in solutions containing 1-6% of the agent. This treatment improves fastness to washing, perspiration, friction and other stresses. Proper application and testing ensures fixing agents provide their fastness benefits without color changes or issues.
Fixing agent
Fixing agent is one of the important textile auxiliaries in dyeing and printing industry, which can improve the color fastness of dye in fabric. On the fabric, it can form insoluble colored material with dye, thus to improve the color of washing, perspiration fastness, and sometimes can improve its sun fastness.
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, dyeing and finishing technology has also been significantly improved. Due to the expansion of international textile trade and the improvement of people's living standards and environmental awareness, it's more required of textiles comfort, clean and safety. Since the 1970s, Germany first launched the "Blue Angel" plan, the world's developed countries (Japan, the United States, etc.) have passed and implemented the related laws, regulations, and rules for the various indicators of textiles. Green textiles require that in the printing and dyeing process prohibit the use of carcinogenic, teratogenic, poor biodegradability of poor and some aromatic amine intermediates banned in the regulations. At the same time, the use of additives not contain heavy metal ions and not producing free formaldehyde is also required, which means the use of "green auxiliaries”.
Classification
The commonly used color fixing agent for dyeing and printing in textile has cationic fixing agent, such as Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Cetylpyridinium Bromide; fixing agent Y; polyamine contraction (silk fixing agent la); crosslinking fixing agent; non formaldehyde dye fixing agent, and phenolic sulfonate formaldehyde condensate used for nylon (polyamide) fabrics instead of tannin as fixing agents.
Preparation
Take the fixing agent y as an example: After adding the quantitative double cyanide amine to the atmospheric pressure reaction kettle to dissolve, in order to quantify the formaldehyde solution in the constant agitation slowly drops into the reactor, finally uses the ammonium chloride neutralization, produces the certain solid quantity transparent viscous liquid to be the finished product. This method produces the formaldehyde fixing agent, the solid color effect is good but there is free formaldehyde pollution problem, which is now banned in many products.
Evaluation of effective jute dyeing process with basic dye and reactive dye
Abstract In this thesis, the reactive dye was applied to jute fabric for achieving good color fastness property to rubbing, washing and perspiration. Color fastness property to rubbing, washing and perspiration of jute fabric dyed with basic and reactive dyes were evaluated and compared in this study. Results show that, the jute fabric dyed with reactive dye could overcome the short coming of poor color fastness property to rubbing, washing and perspiration due to jute fabric dyeing with basic dye. Finally, the advantages of saving production cost and getting diversified products from jute because of improving color fastness were implemented throughout this system. Index Terms: Jute fabric, Reactive dye, Basic dye, Color fastness
Industrial visit report
The students visited Texan Lab in Gurgaon to observe fabric quality testing. They learned about various tests including breaking strength, tearing strength, bursting strength, pilling propensity, air permeability, abrasion resistance, and colorfastness. The manager and assistant manager explained the purpose and process for each test. The students observed fabric testing and received an overview of different dyes and dyeing processes. The industrial visit provided valuable practical knowledge about evaluating and ensuring fabric quality in the apparel industry.
Similar to Assesment of colour fastness (20)
Different fastness machines or techniques used in textiles
Different fastness machines or techniques used in textiles
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed Fabrics
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed Fabrics
Assessment of Bleached and Unbleached Jute Yarn with Various Dyes and Paramet...
Assessment of Bleached and Unbleached Jute Yarn with Various Dyes and Paramet...
Evaluation of effective jute dyeing process with basic dye and reactive dye
Evaluation of effective jute dyeing process with basic dye and reactive dye
Assesment of colour fastness
- 1. Presentation by:- Rashmi.R 1st MHSc (TAD )
- 2. Assessment of Color Fastness in Textiles
- 3. Fastness is the resistance of a textile material to specific chemical agencies. Poor color fastness in textile products is a major source of customer complaint. The fastness of a color can vary with the type of dye, the particular shade used, the depth of shade and how well the dyeing process has been carried out. Dyes can also behave differently when in contact with different agents, for instance dyes which may be fast to dry-cleaning may not be fast to washing in water. It is therefore important to test any dyed or printed product for the fastness of the colors that have been used in its decoration. Fastness
- 4. Colorfastness A distinction should be made between dyeing(internal pigmentation) and printing(external pigmentation). The buyer has a right to expect dyed fabrics to withstand the deterioration elements or influences to which the finished cloth will be subjected such as:- Sunlight Perspiration Washing Friction
- 5. Evaluation of fastness properties of a dye is done by measuring:- Washing- Wash Wheel Light- Xenoster Rubbing - Crock meter Perspiration- Perspirometer Evaluation of Fastness Properties
- 6. Fastness To Sunlight XENOMETER XENOSTER •This is used to test the light fastness of the dyed fabric. •color fastness to light, By Xenotester
- 7. Commercial testing agencies frequently use standard tests to light fastness specially designed powerful carbon arc lamp has the same effect as that of sunlight. Samples to be tested revolved around this lamp for definite period of exposure. After processing, comparison in the change in color of the specimen with the changes that have occurred in the standard pattern under suitable illumination is carried out to determine the fastness of light. Function of Xenometer
- 8. The best way in which to determine fastness to launder a fabric. A10 x 4 cm swatch of the dyed fabric is taken and is sand wiched between two adjacent fabrics and stitched. The sample and the adjacent fabric were washed together. Five different types of washing are specified as different washing methods. •The solution should be preheated to the required temperature of washing. After soaping treatment, the specimen is removed, rinse twice in cold water , Squeezed and dried in air at a temperature not exceeding 60°C. the value is evaluated with the help of grey scales. Fastness to Laundering
- 9. Features of Washing Fastness Tester:- •It is fabricated out of quality stainless steel. •Possess electric heater to heat water in water bath. •The microprocessor based programmer is provided for temperature control. Buzzer to indicate the completion of the process cycle or step. WASH FASTNESS
- 11. FASTNESS TO RUBBING The test is quite:- Sensitive and for getting consistent result, it is necessary to use Standard crock meter Cloth, Maintain uniform pressure for applying rubbing strokes and number of strokes.
- 12. Crock meter is used for testing the transference of color from the surface of one material to another by either wet or dry rubbing.
- 13. In this there are two types of Crocking:- Dry crocking:- A 2” square of colored fabric rubbed against a piece of white sheeting. Any discoloration of the fabric itself, the color is not fast to dry crocking. Wet crocking:- A piece of white sheeting should be dampened and rubbing against the piece of untested colored fabric. Any discoloration of the white cloth should be noted. If this occurs, the color is not fast to wet crocking. COLOUR FASTNESS TO RUBBING
- 14. Fastness to perspiration •The fastness of colored fabric with reference to alkaline and ac idic perspiration was evaluated. For the alkaline (pH‐8) and aci dic (pH‐5.5) liquors were prepared and the composite specimen s were dipped in acidic and alkaline solution separately for 30 minutes. Good and uniform penetration of the solution was ens ured. The liquor was poured off and the excess water and air b ubbles, if any were removed by passing the specimens in betwe en two glass rods. Composite specimens were then placed bet ween glass/acrylic plates with a pressure of 12 kpa per spirometer. The perspirometer,was kept for four hours at a temperature of 37 ( ±20C). Afterwards, the fabrics were removed, separated and drie d in air below 60°C. The values were rated as per the grey scale. T he details of the values assigned for these properties are:
- 15. •5 =Negligible (Excellent) •4 =Slightly changed (Good) •3 =Noticeable changed (Fairly good) •2 =Considerably changed (Fair) •1 =Much changed (Poor) The values were rated as per the grey scale. The details of the values assigned for these properties are:-
- 16. Perspirometer
- 17. There are two types of pressing:- Hot pressing Wet pressing Color fastness to Pressing
- 18. Hot pressing
- 19. Soak the test specimen and a piece of cotton adjacent fabric in distilled water and squeeze it to maintain 100% pick up. Place the soaked cotton fabric on top of the dry test specimen and repeat Wet pressing
- 20. COLOUR FASTNESS ASSESSMENT BY USE OF GREY SCALE
- 21. A different set of grey scales is used for measuring staining. Fastness rating -5 is shown by two identical white samples and rating 1 shows a white and a grey sample. The other numbers show geometrical steps of contrast between white and a series of greys. A piece of untreated, unstained, undyed cloth is compared with the treated sample that has been in contact with the test specimen during the staining test and a numerical assessment of staining is given. A rating of 5 means that there is no difference between the treated and untreated material. If the result is in between any two of the contrasts on the scale, a rating of, for example, 3-4 is given. Sets of grey scales, examples of which are shown in Fig: can be supplied by the British Standards Institution.
- 23. References:- Wingate Isabel Barnum and Mohler, Textile Fabrics and their selection Book,1984 , New Jersey, page (187-192). textilelearners@gmail.com- Google search engine
- 24. THANK YOU…………