Classification of-meristem
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The document provides links to resources about meristematic tissue structure and classification including a detailed description and YouTube video. It also lists additional resources available on the easybiologyclass website such as lecture notes, video tutorials, PPTs, MCQs, and CSIR and GATE study materials. Visitors are directed to related sites for angiosperm taxonomy and job notifications.
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Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospems
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
phylogenetic evolution of gymnosperms
This document discusses the evolution and development of gymnosperms from earlier plant groups like pteridophytes. Some key points include:
- Gymnosperms are thought to have evolved from pteridophytes, with coditales stock coming directly from pteridophytes. Coditales then gave rise to coniferales and ginkogales.
- Male and female gametophytes of gymnosperms differ from homosporous pteridophytes in being endosporous and reduced. The male gametophyte develops from pollen grains.
- There are different theories on the origin of ovules, including the axial, sui-geneges, and
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
This document provides an overview of gymnosperms, including their general characters, classification, and examples. It discusses how gymnosperms are woody, vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruits. They are classified into 5 orders - Cycadales, Coniferales, Ephadrales, Gnetales, and Ginkgoales. Examples like cycas, conifers, ephedra, gnetum, and ginkgo biloba are described. The classification system proposed by David Bierhost in 1971 is outlined.
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Parenchyma, in plants, tissue typically composed of living cells that are thin-walled, unspecialized in structure, and therefore adaptable, with differentiation, to various functions. The cells are found in many places throughout plant bodies and, given that they are alive, are actively involved in photosynthesis, secretion, food storage, and other activities of plant life. Parenchyma is one of the three main types of ground, or fundamental, tissue in plants, together with sclerenchyma (dead support tissues with thick walls) and collenchyma (living support tissues with irregular walls).
Gymnosperm and its characteristics
Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. They are divided into four main groups. Gymnosperms have economic importance as food sources, in medicine, as ornaments, in industry, and as sources of oils. They provide edible seeds, starches, medicines, wood, fibers, resins, and oils that are used for various purposes. Gymnosperms include both large forest trees and smaller shrubs and climbers.
Endosperm
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1. Nuclear Endosperm with examples
2. Cellular Endosperm with examples
3. Helobial Endosperm with examples
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Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospems
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
phylogenetic evolution of gymnosperms
This document discusses the evolution and development of gymnosperms from earlier plant groups like pteridophytes. Some key points include:
- Gymnosperms are thought to have evolved from pteridophytes, with coditales stock coming directly from pteridophytes. Coditales then gave rise to coniferales and ginkogales.
- Male and female gametophytes of gymnosperms differ from homosporous pteridophytes in being endosporous and reduced. The male gametophyte develops from pollen grains.
- There are different theories on the origin of ovules, including the axial, sui-geneges, and
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
This document provides an overview of gymnosperms, including their general characters, classification, and examples. It discusses how gymnosperms are woody, vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruits. They are classified into 5 orders - Cycadales, Coniferales, Ephadrales, Gnetales, and Ginkgoales. Examples like cycas, conifers, ephedra, gnetum, and ginkgo biloba are described. The classification system proposed by David Bierhost in 1971 is outlined.
Parenchyma structure-and-classification-ppt
Parenchyma, in plants, tissue typically composed of living cells that are thin-walled, unspecialized in structure, and therefore adaptable, with differentiation, to various functions. The cells are found in many places throughout plant bodies and, given that they are alive, are actively involved in photosynthesis, secretion, food storage, and other activities of plant life. Parenchyma is one of the three main types of ground, or fundamental, tissue in plants, together with sclerenchyma (dead support tissues with thick walls) and collenchyma (living support tissues with irregular walls).
Gymnosperm and its characteristics
Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. They are divided into four main groups. Gymnosperms have economic importance as food sources, in medicine, as ornaments, in industry, and as sources of oils. They provide edible seeds, starches, medicines, wood, fibers, resins, and oils that are used for various purposes. Gymnosperms include both large forest trees and smaller shrubs and climbers.
Endosperm
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Types
1. Nuclear Endosperm with examples
2. Cellular Endosperm with examples
3. Helobial Endosperm with examples
Bryophytes characteristics
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.
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This document provides information about the genus Pinus. It discusses the systematic position of Pinus, describing that it is in the division Gymnospermae, class Coniferopsida, order Coniferales, and family Pinaceae. It then discusses the geographical distribution, morphology, internal stem and leaf structure, reproduction, development of microsporangium and female cone, structure of ovule, pollination, embryology, and germination of Pinus. Key details include that Pinus is widely distributed in the Northern hemisphere, has scale and needle-like foliage leaves, and reproduces through monoecious cones that produce microspores and megaspores through meiosis.
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Sclerenchyma structure-and-classification-ppt
In sclerenchyma. Mature sclerenchyma cells are usually dead cells that have heavily thickened secondary walls containing lignin. The cells are rigid and nonstretchable and are usually found in nongrowing regions of plant bodies, such as the bark or mature stems.
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* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
Structure & Types of ovule
The ovule is a multicellular oval-shaped structure which originates from the placenta and lies inside the chamber of the ovary.
Gymnosperms – Naked
Angiosperms – Integumented
A fully mature ovule consists of the stalk or funicle and the body.
The body of the ovule shows two ends –
Basal end - Chalaza &
Upper end - Micropylar end
Hilum - The point of attachment of the funicle with the body
Body of the ovule
Integuments
Nucellus &
Embryo Sac
Integuments
Protecting layers
Unitegmic or bitegmic
Micropyle-small opening at the apex of the integument, Entrance for Pollen tube.
Nucellus
Parenchymatous, nourishing
Embryo sac/female gametophyte - oval, at the micropylar end; contains egg apparatus.
Egg Apparatus
Egg cell or ovum – Central, forms the female gamete
Synergids - nonfunctional, short-lived
Antipodal cells – 3, non functional, short-lived
Nucleus – 2, Polar nuclei, one fuses with male gamete and grows into the endosperm of the seed.
Types of Ovule
Orthotropous
Anatropous
Hemianotropous
Campylotropous
Amphitropous
Circinotropous
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
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Pteridospermales are characteristic gymnosperm plants that bore fern like foliage and posses unprotected seeds.
Bryophytes
This document summarizes the key characteristics of bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. It describes their structures, life cycles, habitats, and classification. Bryophytes are small non-vascular plants that grow in moist shady places and require water to complete their life cycles. They differ from vascular plants in lacking true roots, vascular tissue and a cuticle. Their life cycles involve an alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
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Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
TYPES OF OVULES.pptx
The ovules is also known as megasporongia which are borne on a cushion-like tissue called placenta in the ovary. One or more than one ovules are present inside the ovary.
Funaria
Funaria is a genus of approximately 210 moss species, with 18 found in India. Funaria hygrometrica, or "cord moss", is the most common. It grows in dense patches in moist, shady areas during rainy seasons. The gametophyte stage is dominant and produces an erect, branched structure up to 3 cm tall with flat, spirally arranged leaves. It reproduces via spores and alternates between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Internally, the stem has an epidermis, cortex and central cylinder providing structure and transport, while the leaves are one cell thick except for the midrib.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
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Meristems are regions of active cell division that give rise to the different cell types in plants. There are two types of meristems - primary meristems result in growth in length through cell division while secondary meristems result in growth in width. Plants are composed of three main tissue types - dermal tissues which form the outer layers, ground tissues which make up the internal structure, and vascular tissues which transport water and nutrients. These tissues are made up of specialized cell types that carry out functions like protection, photosynthesis, storage, and transport.
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Pteridophytes are classified into 4 divisions - Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta. Psilophyta includes the most primitive whisk ferns and Lycophyta includes club mosses and spike mosses. Sphenophyta contains the single living genus Equisetum, or horse tails. Pterophyta, or ferns, is the largest and most widely distributed division containing many families and over 10,000 living species distributed worldwide. Each division contains multiple classes that further specify characteristics such as plant body structure, leaf and spore structures, and reproductive systems.
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The document describes the anatomy of dicot and monocot roots and leaves. It discusses the tissues found in dicot roots such as the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and pith. It also describes the tissues in monocot roots like the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and vascular tissue. For dicot and monocot leaves, it explains the tissues like epidermis, mesophyll and vascular bundles. It provides a detailed summary of the internal structures of a dicot leaf like the sunflower leaf and of a monocot leaf like the grass leaf.
Seminar on osmunda,dryopteris, 2
The document provides details about the seminar topics Osmunda, Dryopteris, Cyathea, and Pteridium. It describes the taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, reproduction and key features of each genus. For Osmunda, it focuses on O. regalis and provides descriptions of its sporophytic plant body and dimorphic leaves. For Dryopteris, it discusses 39 species found in India and their uses. It also describes the rhizome, root, and leaf internal structures. For Pteridium, it covers its widespread distribution and development from sporophyte to gametophyte. Finally, it notes Cyathea occurs in tropical rainforests and has a stout stem covered with
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Collenchyma is a cell and tissue type in which the primary walls are unevenly thickened and consist of homogeneous, more or less elongated living cells; it provides mechanical support to the plant organs where present
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A fungus (plural: fungi) is a kind of living organism: yeasts, moulds and mushrooms are types of fungi. The fungi are a separate kingdom of living things, different from animals and plants. Fungi have cells with nuclei. Their cell walls contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants, which contain cellulose.
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Shoot Apex
The stem consists of nodes and internodes. Axillary and apical buds form branches and elongate the shoot tip. The shoot apex contains a dome-shaped apical meristem that produces leaves and axillary buds. It is organized into an outer layer called the tunica and inner region called the corpus. Leaf primordia develop from the sides of the apical meristem.
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This document discusses heterospory and the seed habit in plants. It begins by introducing heterospory as the production of two different types of spores, microspores and megaspores, which is considered a prerequisite for seed formation in plants. It then describes how certain plant species like Selaginella show heterospory, with microsporangia producing many microspores and megasporangia containing just a few megaspores. The highest evolved species of Selaginella, S. apoda, has progressed towards characteristics of seed plants like retaining its single megaspore within the sporangium for fertilization. In summary, the key steps in the evolution of the seed habit involved the development
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This ppt contains all about the genus Pellia of Bryophytes. It contains about the systematic position, habitat, distribution,
Classification of Gymnosperms (K.R.Sporne).pptx
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
Structure & Types of ovule
The ovule is a multicellular oval-shaped structure which originates from the placenta and lies inside the chamber of the ovary.
Gymnosperms – Naked
Angiosperms – Integumented
A fully mature ovule consists of the stalk or funicle and the body.
The body of the ovule shows two ends –
Basal end - Chalaza &
Upper end - Micropylar end
Hilum - The point of attachment of the funicle with the body
Body of the ovule
Integuments
Nucellus &
Embryo Sac
Integuments
Protecting layers
Unitegmic or bitegmic
Micropyle-small opening at the apex of the integument, Entrance for Pollen tube.
Nucellus
Parenchymatous, nourishing
Embryo sac/female gametophyte - oval, at the micropylar end; contains egg apparatus.
Egg Apparatus
Egg cell or ovum – Central, forms the female gamete
Synergids - nonfunctional, short-lived
Antipodal cells – 3, non functional, short-lived
Nucleus – 2, Polar nuclei, one fuses with male gamete and grows into the endosperm of the seed.
Types of Ovule
Orthotropous
Anatropous
Hemianotropous
Campylotropous
Amphitropous
Circinotropous
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
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Pteridospermales are characteristic gymnosperm plants that bore fern like foliage and posses unprotected seeds.
Bryophytes
This document summarizes the key characteristics of bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. It describes their structures, life cycles, habitats, and classification. Bryophytes are small non-vascular plants that grow in moist shady places and require water to complete their life cycles. They differ from vascular plants in lacking true roots, vascular tissue and a cuticle. Their life cycles involve an alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
Classification of brayophyta
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
TYPES OF OVULES.pptx
The ovules is also known as megasporongia which are borne on a cushion-like tissue called placenta in the ovary. One or more than one ovules are present inside the ovary.
Funaria
Funaria is a genus of approximately 210 moss species, with 18 found in India. Funaria hygrometrica, or "cord moss", is the most common. It grows in dense patches in moist, shady areas during rainy seasons. The gametophyte stage is dominant and produces an erect, branched structure up to 3 cm tall with flat, spirally arranged leaves. It reproduces via spores and alternates between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Internally, the stem has an epidermis, cortex and central cylinder providing structure and transport, while the leaves are one cell thick except for the midrib.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
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The document provides details about the seminar topics Osmunda, Dryopteris, Cyathea, and Pteridium. It describes the taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, reproduction and key features of each genus. For Osmunda, it focuses on O. regalis and provides descriptions of its sporophytic plant body and dimorphic leaves. For Dryopteris, it discusses 39 species found in India and their uses. It also describes the rhizome, root, and leaf internal structures. For Pteridium, it covers its widespread distribution and development from sporophyte to gametophyte. Finally, it notes Cyathea occurs in tropical rainforests and has a stout stem covered with
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Pigmentation in-algae-ppt-
Three major classes of photosynthetic pigments occur among the algae: chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins
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Plants have distinct morphological features that are important for their survival and reproduction. Their structures can be divided into roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each of these plant organs have specific functions that allow the plant to absorb water and nutrients, transport resources, photosynthesize, and reproduce.
Process of-ecological-succession
Ecological succession describes the process of change in the species that make up the biological community in an ecosystem over time. The document provides information on ecological succession and stages of succession, and includes links to lecture notes, tutorials, study materials, and other resources on the topic available on the easybiologyclass website. It encourages visiting the website for more details on ecological succession and related topics in biology.
kingdom fungi ( heterotrophs )
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- 16. For detailed description of this topic: Please Click on.. http://www.easybiologyclass.com/meristematic-tissue-structure-and- classification-key-points/ For video tutorial (YOUTUBE): DNA Repair Introduction, Please Click on.. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnBCyFpPG5c
- 17. Visit our website: www.easybiologyclass.com for: Lecture notes Video tutorials Biology PPTs Biology MCQs CSIR and GATE Study Materials Job Notifications Question Bank Many more… Our sister concern: www.angiospermtaxonomy.com