This document provides definitions for over 50 terms related to diesel fuel and emissions. Some key terms defined include: additives, which improve fuel quality and lower emissions; aftertreatment devices, which remove pollutants from exhaust; diesel particulate matter, which are sub-micron particles in diesel exhaust; and nitrogen oxides (NOx), air-polluting gases composed of nitrogen and oxygen that play a role in smog formation. The document is a glossary that concisely defines technical terms for diesel fuel, emissions equipment, and regulations.
IRJET- Preliminary Optimization of Duel Fuel Engine using Dimethyl Ether Prem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into using dimethyl ether (DME) as a fuel additive for diesel engines to help reduce emissions. Key points:
- DME is tested as a pilot fuel for port injection in a single-cylinder diesel engine, with diesel as the main fuel, in a "dual-fuel" configuration. This allows controlling the premixed fuel-air ratio to achieve premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI).
- Preliminary results show DME can significantly reduce particulate emissions from diesel engines compared to diesel alone. However, NOx emissions may increase and require optimization of injection timing.
- DME has advantages over diesel such as being less toxic and producing lower emissions during combustion.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a review paper on performance and emission testing of a 4-stroke diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends at different pressures. The paper reviews several previous studies that tested blends of 5-30% ethanol mixed with diesel fuel. The studies found that a 10-20% ethanol blend can improve brake thermal efficiency compared to pure diesel, while also reducing emissions like NOx and smoke. Higher ethanol blends required advancing the injection timing to allow the engine to run. Ethanol-diesel blends were found to have lower density, viscosity, pour point and higher flash point compared to pure diesel. Overall, ethanol shows potential as a renewable fuel to improve engine performance and reduce emissions when blended with diesel
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
1. The document analyzes combustion and heat release characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with blends of soybean biodiesel and diesel. Soybean oil was converted to biodiesel via transesterification, producing soybean methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel.
2. Combustion tests were conducted with SOME blends (5%, 10%, 15%) using pistons with different geometries - torodial, shallow torodial, and deep torodial. The shallow torodial piston showed the best combustion characteristics, with up to 6% higher peak cylinder pressure compared to the other pistons.
3. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were measured. SOME blends
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Preliminary Optimization of Duel Fuel Engine using Dimethyl Ether Prem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into using dimethyl ether (DME) as a fuel additive for diesel engines to help reduce emissions. Key points:
- DME is tested as a pilot fuel for port injection in a single-cylinder diesel engine, with diesel as the main fuel, in a "dual-fuel" configuration. This allows controlling the premixed fuel-air ratio to achieve premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI).
- Preliminary results show DME can significantly reduce particulate emissions from diesel engines compared to diesel alone. However, NOx emissions may increase and require optimization of injection timing.
- DME has advantages over diesel such as being less toxic and producing lower emissions during combustion.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a review paper on performance and emission testing of a 4-stroke diesel engine using ethanol-diesel blends at different pressures. The paper reviews several previous studies that tested blends of 5-30% ethanol mixed with diesel fuel. The studies found that a 10-20% ethanol blend can improve brake thermal efficiency compared to pure diesel, while also reducing emissions like NOx and smoke. Higher ethanol blends required advancing the injection timing to allow the engine to run. Ethanol-diesel blends were found to have lower density, viscosity, pour point and higher flash point compared to pure diesel. Overall, ethanol shows potential as a renewable fuel to improve engine performance and reduce emissions when blended with diesel
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
1. The document analyzes combustion and heat release characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with blends of soybean biodiesel and diesel. Soybean oil was converted to biodiesel via transesterification, producing soybean methyl ester (SOME) biodiesel.
2. Combustion tests were conducted with SOME blends (5%, 10%, 15%) using pistons with different geometries - torodial, shallow torodial, and deep torodial. The shallow torodial piston showed the best combustion characteristics, with up to 6% higher peak cylinder pressure compared to the other pistons.
3. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were measured. SOME blends
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses an experimental study that investigated the effects of different fuel types (gasoline, ethanol, gasohol E10, and kerosene) on the performance and combustion characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The study found that the engine's performance was improved when using gasoline and gasohol E10 compared to ethanol and kerosene, as shown by lower specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were also measured and compared across the different fuel types tested.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
1. The document discusses the production of biodiesel from waste cottonseed oil through transesterification and its use as a fuel in compression ignition engines. Different blends of biodiesel (B10, B20, B30) were tested in a diesel engine and their performance was compared to petrodiesel.
2. Biodiesel production parameters like reaction temperature, catalyst percentage, and alcohol percentage were optimized. Fuel properties of the biodiesel like density, viscosity, and flash point were determined and found to be close to diesel standards.
3. Engine tests showed that while biodiesel blends had slightly lower performance than petrodiesel, B10 and B20 bl
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
This document summarizes a study that tested various blends of Pongamia biodiesel, diesel, and butanol with an additive as fuels in a diesel engine. The fuels tested were Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (45%) butanol 5% (B50D45Bu5), Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (40%) butanol 10% (B50D40Bu10), and Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (35%)butanol 15% (B50D35Bu15) each with 3% 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate additive. The engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions of these fuels were measured and
Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Bio...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends made from Java plum seed oil and custard apple seed oil. The key findings are:
- Biodiesel blends produced lower brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel fuel due to their lower energy content.
- Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were lower for biodiesel fuels compared to diesel, while NOx emissions were slightly higher.
- Ignition delay was shorter for Java plum seed methyl ester blends compared to custard apple methyl ester blends and diesel fuel.
- The combustion characteristics of the methyl ester blends closely followed those of
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of adding di tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP) additive to blends of Pongamia biodiesel, diesel, and butanol in a diesel engine. The study tested various blends with 5%, 10%, and 15% butanol by volume. Engine performance parameters like brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were measured, as well as exhaust emissions like NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons. The results showed that butanol addition slightly reduced fuel consumption and increased efficiency. Emissions were also improved with butanol and DTBP addition, especially for the 15% butanol blend. Therefore, the study concluded that DTBP can be used as a
Characterization on Gasoline Engine Using MTBE and DIE AdditivesIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that tested the effects of adding two oxygenated fuel additives, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and di-isopropyl ether (DIE), to gasoline in a twin cylinder spark ignition engine. The additives were each blended at 5 ml with gasoline. Test results showed that both MTBE and DIE increased brake thermal efficiency by 1-2% and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions by 7-9% and 13-25% respectively, while also increasing oxides of nitrogen emissions. The physical and chemical properties of the gasoline and additive blends were analyzed to understand their combustion characteristics.
Effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on performanc...eSAT Journals
This document reviews the effect of varying compression ratio and injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using various alternative fuels. It finds that increasing the compression ratio and injection pressure improves performance metrics like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption for all test fuels at full load. However, it also increases NOx emissions. HC and CO emissions are reduced with increased compression ratio and injection pressure. The review compares results from studies using fuels like methanol, ethanol, and biodiesel fuels at different compression ratios and injection pressures.
Hydrogen fuel enhancement_for_vehicles_From_www.computerittech.comTareen IT Tech
This document discusses hydrogen fuel enhancement for vehicles. It describes how adding hydrogen to vehicle engines through electrolysis of water can improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The hydrogen burns more efficiently and allows the engine to operate with leaner air-fuel mixtures, lowering temperatures and NOx production. When injected into the intake manifold, hydrogen can increase power and provide a 50% reduction in gasoline usage during idle. Overall, hydrogen supplementation provides benefits like reduced emissions and fuel consumption without major engine modifications.
The document discusses an experimental investigation comparing the combustion and emission characteristics of methyl esters from mustard oil and rice bran oil as alternative fuels in a diesel engine. A single-cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine was used to test the fuels. The results showed that at higher compression ratios, the alternative fuels had shorter ignition delay, higher peak cylinder pressure, lower heat release rate, and higher mass fraction burned compared to diesel. Emissions of smoke increased while NOx emissions decreased with the alternative fuels. The combustion parameters of the alternative fuels were affected by the changing compression ratio.
This document summarizes the results of an experimental study analyzing the performance of a diesel engine fueled with blends of light fraction pyrolysis oil (LFPO) derived from waste tires. The study included analyzing the brake specific energy consumption, exhaust gas temperature, emissions of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and smoke for the diesel engine fueled with diesel and blends containing 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 40% LFPO. The brake specific energy consumption was highest for the 10% LFPO blend while the exhaust gas temperature was highest for the 10% LFPO blend. Carbon monoxide emissions increased with higher LFPO content blends while nitric oxide decreased. Smoke emissions were highest for the 15% LFPO blend.
Performance and Emission Test on Gasoline Engine Using Cyclohexylamine and n-...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that tested the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine using two fuel additives: cyclohexylamine and n-butyl alcohol. The additives were each blended at 5 ml with gasoline and tested in a twin cylinder spark ignition engine. Test results found that both additives increased brake thermal efficiency up to 1-1.5% and increased NOx emissions. Emissions of HC and CO were reduced by 6-7% and 11-22%, respectively, for the two additives compared to gasoline alone. The document provides details on the experimental setup, testing methodology, results, and conclusions drawn.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Engines in ships, aircraft, vehicles and tanks can be much more energy efficient. This is because nano-clusters of fuel particles can be better utilized, reducing emissions and fuel wastage. The life of the engine is enhanced.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of waste plastic pyrolysis oil, ethanol, and diesel with a cetane additive. The engine was tested using blends with ratios of ethanol, waste plastic pyrolysis oil, and diesel of 5:5:90, 10:10:80, and 15:15:70 by volume. Pyrolysis is a process that converts waste plastics to fuel oil using heat in the absence of oxygen. The properties of the blended fuels were evaluated. The engine tests measured brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperatures, NOx, CO, HC, and CO2 emissions at varying loads. The 5
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The document discusses various sources of emissions from internal combustion engines and emission control strategies. It covers the primary emissions from gasoline and diesel engines like CO, HC, NOx, and PM. It also outlines emission norms for different vehicle types over different periods in countries like India. Furthermore, it analyzes the formation of different emissions like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates in detail. Lastly, it discusses approaches to control emissions like improving combustion, optimizing operating parameters, and using after-treatment devices like catalytic converters.
Diesel exhaust particulate matter is a major health and environmental concern. It consists mostly of soot, heavy hydrocarbons, and inorganic compounds. Diesel particulate filters can effectively trap particulate matter, but require regeneration to remove trapped soot. Catalytic coatings and fuel additives can lower regeneration temperatures. Oxidation catalytic converters also reduce particulate matter by oxidizing hydrocarbons. Controlling diesel particulate emissions requires improved engine and exhaust treatment technologies along with cleaner fuels and maintenance practices.
Diesel exhaust is a major source of particulate air pollution that poses health risks. It consists mostly of soot, heavy hydrocarbons, and sulfates. While engine modifications have reduced emissions, additional control technologies are needed. Diesel particulate filters can trap over 90% of particles but require regeneration. Regeneration can be passive using catalyst coatings to lower the ignition temperature, or active through external heating. Catalytic fuel additives also help control particulate by promoting soot oxidation.
- Fuel Energy is an all-in-one fuel additive that increases fuel efficiency, reduces emissions, and provides maximum engine protection. It contains components that serve as a fuel catalyst, stabilizer, demulsifier, polymerization retardant, lubricant, detergent, and corrosion inhibitor.
- It works by atomizing fuel particles for easier combustion, lowering combustion temperatures to allow for more complete fuel burning. This increases fuel efficiency while reducing harmful emissions.
- Testing shows it can increase fuel economy by 4.9%, lower emissions, and reduce maintenance costs by extending engine life and preventing sludge buildup in fuel systems.
This document discusses an experimental study that investigated the effects of different fuel types (gasoline, ethanol, gasohol E10, and kerosene) on the performance and combustion characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The study found that the engine's performance was improved when using gasoline and gasohol E10 compared to ethanol and kerosene, as shown by lower specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were also measured and compared across the different fuel types tested.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
1. The document discusses the production of biodiesel from waste cottonseed oil through transesterification and its use as a fuel in compression ignition engines. Different blends of biodiesel (B10, B20, B30) were tested in a diesel engine and their performance was compared to petrodiesel.
2. Biodiesel production parameters like reaction temperature, catalyst percentage, and alcohol percentage were optimized. Fuel properties of the biodiesel like density, viscosity, and flash point were determined and found to be close to diesel standards.
3. Engine tests showed that while biodiesel blends had slightly lower performance than petrodiesel, B10 and B20 bl
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
This document summarizes a study that tested various blends of Pongamia biodiesel, diesel, and butanol with an additive as fuels in a diesel engine. The fuels tested were Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (45%) butanol 5% (B50D45Bu5), Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (40%) butanol 10% (B50D40Bu10), and Pongamia biodiesel (50%) diesel (35%)butanol 15% (B50D35Bu15) each with 3% 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate additive. The engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions of these fuels were measured and
Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Bio...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends made from Java plum seed oil and custard apple seed oil. The key findings are:
- Biodiesel blends produced lower brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel fuel due to their lower energy content.
- Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were lower for biodiesel fuels compared to diesel, while NOx emissions were slightly higher.
- Ignition delay was shorter for Java plum seed methyl ester blends compared to custard apple methyl ester blends and diesel fuel.
- The combustion characteristics of the methyl ester blends closely followed those of
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of adding di tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP) additive to blends of Pongamia biodiesel, diesel, and butanol in a diesel engine. The study tested various blends with 5%, 10%, and 15% butanol by volume. Engine performance parameters like brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were measured, as well as exhaust emissions like NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons. The results showed that butanol addition slightly reduced fuel consumption and increased efficiency. Emissions were also improved with butanol and DTBP addition, especially for the 15% butanol blend. Therefore, the study concluded that DTBP can be used as a
Characterization on Gasoline Engine Using MTBE and DIE AdditivesIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that tested the effects of adding two oxygenated fuel additives, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and di-isopropyl ether (DIE), to gasoline in a twin cylinder spark ignition engine. The additives were each blended at 5 ml with gasoline. Test results showed that both MTBE and DIE increased brake thermal efficiency by 1-2% and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions by 7-9% and 13-25% respectively, while also increasing oxides of nitrogen emissions. The physical and chemical properties of the gasoline and additive blends were analyzed to understand their combustion characteristics.
Effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on performanc...eSAT Journals
This document reviews the effect of varying compression ratio and injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using various alternative fuels. It finds that increasing the compression ratio and injection pressure improves performance metrics like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption for all test fuels at full load. However, it also increases NOx emissions. HC and CO emissions are reduced with increased compression ratio and injection pressure. The review compares results from studies using fuels like methanol, ethanol, and biodiesel fuels at different compression ratios and injection pressures.
Hydrogen fuel enhancement_for_vehicles_From_www.computerittech.comTareen IT Tech
This document discusses hydrogen fuel enhancement for vehicles. It describes how adding hydrogen to vehicle engines through electrolysis of water can improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The hydrogen burns more efficiently and allows the engine to operate with leaner air-fuel mixtures, lowering temperatures and NOx production. When injected into the intake manifold, hydrogen can increase power and provide a 50% reduction in gasoline usage during idle. Overall, hydrogen supplementation provides benefits like reduced emissions and fuel consumption without major engine modifications.
The document discusses an experimental investigation comparing the combustion and emission characteristics of methyl esters from mustard oil and rice bran oil as alternative fuels in a diesel engine. A single-cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine was used to test the fuels. The results showed that at higher compression ratios, the alternative fuels had shorter ignition delay, higher peak cylinder pressure, lower heat release rate, and higher mass fraction burned compared to diesel. Emissions of smoke increased while NOx emissions decreased with the alternative fuels. The combustion parameters of the alternative fuels were affected by the changing compression ratio.
This document summarizes the results of an experimental study analyzing the performance of a diesel engine fueled with blends of light fraction pyrolysis oil (LFPO) derived from waste tires. The study included analyzing the brake specific energy consumption, exhaust gas temperature, emissions of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and smoke for the diesel engine fueled with diesel and blends containing 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 40% LFPO. The brake specific energy consumption was highest for the 10% LFPO blend while the exhaust gas temperature was highest for the 10% LFPO blend. Carbon monoxide emissions increased with higher LFPO content blends while nitric oxide decreased. Smoke emissions were highest for the 15% LFPO blend.
Performance and Emission Test on Gasoline Engine Using Cyclohexylamine and n-...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that tested the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine using two fuel additives: cyclohexylamine and n-butyl alcohol. The additives were each blended at 5 ml with gasoline and tested in a twin cylinder spark ignition engine. Test results found that both additives increased brake thermal efficiency up to 1-1.5% and increased NOx emissions. Emissions of HC and CO were reduced by 6-7% and 11-22%, respectively, for the two additives compared to gasoline alone. The document provides details on the experimental setup, testing methodology, results, and conclusions drawn.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Engines in ships, aircraft, vehicles and tanks can be much more energy efficient. This is because nano-clusters of fuel particles can be better utilized, reducing emissions and fuel wastage. The life of the engine is enhanced.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of waste plastic pyrolysis oil, ethanol, and diesel with a cetane additive. The engine was tested using blends with ratios of ethanol, waste plastic pyrolysis oil, and diesel of 5:5:90, 10:10:80, and 15:15:70 by volume. Pyrolysis is a process that converts waste plastics to fuel oil using heat in the absence of oxygen. The properties of the blended fuels were evaluated. The engine tests measured brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperatures, NOx, CO, HC, and CO2 emissions at varying loads. The 5
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The document discusses various sources of emissions from internal combustion engines and emission control strategies. It covers the primary emissions from gasoline and diesel engines like CO, HC, NOx, and PM. It also outlines emission norms for different vehicle types over different periods in countries like India. Furthermore, it analyzes the formation of different emissions like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates in detail. Lastly, it discusses approaches to control emissions like improving combustion, optimizing operating parameters, and using after-treatment devices like catalytic converters.
Diesel exhaust particulate matter is a major health and environmental concern. It consists mostly of soot, heavy hydrocarbons, and inorganic compounds. Diesel particulate filters can effectively trap particulate matter, but require regeneration to remove trapped soot. Catalytic coatings and fuel additives can lower regeneration temperatures. Oxidation catalytic converters also reduce particulate matter by oxidizing hydrocarbons. Controlling diesel particulate emissions requires improved engine and exhaust treatment technologies along with cleaner fuels and maintenance practices.
Diesel exhaust is a major source of particulate air pollution that poses health risks. It consists mostly of soot, heavy hydrocarbons, and sulfates. While engine modifications have reduced emissions, additional control technologies are needed. Diesel particulate filters can trap over 90% of particles but require regeneration. Regeneration can be passive using catalyst coatings to lower the ignition temperature, or active through external heating. Catalytic fuel additives also help control particulate by promoting soot oxidation.
- Fuel Energy is an all-in-one fuel additive that increases fuel efficiency, reduces emissions, and provides maximum engine protection. It contains components that serve as a fuel catalyst, stabilizer, demulsifier, polymerization retardant, lubricant, detergent, and corrosion inhibitor.
- It works by atomizing fuel particles for easier combustion, lowering combustion temperatures to allow for more complete fuel burning. This increases fuel efficiency while reducing harmful emissions.
- Testing shows it can increase fuel economy by 4.9%, lower emissions, and reduce maintenance costs by extending engine life and preventing sludge buildup in fuel systems.
- Fuel Energy is an all-in-one fuel additive that increases fuel efficiency, reduces emissions, and provides maximum engine protection. It works as a fuel catalyst, stabilizer, demulsifier, polymerization retardant, lubricant, detergent, and corrosion inhibitor.
- By breaking fuel into smaller particles and lowering combustion temperatures, it allows more complete fuel burning for improved performance and reduced emissions. It also extends the life of stored fuel, prevents sludge buildup, and keeps engines clean.
- Test results show reductions in fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon emissions along with decreased engine deposits when using Fuel Energy.
Elimination of carbon particles from exhaust gas sandipparkhe1
This document discusses a project to reduce harmful emissions from diesel engines. The objectives are to control pollution, improve fuel utilization, reduce contamination, and protect human health and the climate. It describes how diesel engines are widely used but emit pollutants that harm the environment. The project aims to reduce the toxicity of diesel exhaust before it is released into the air, which could benefit applications in hazardous areas like refineries.
Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution and produce various harmful pollutants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, sulfur oxides, and volatile organic compounds. These pollutants cause negative health impacts like respiratory disease, cancer, and can also cause acid rain and ozone depletion. To reduce these emissions, modern vehicles employ emission control techniques like catalytic converters, exhaust gas recirculation, air injection systems, evaporative emission controls, and use of alternative fuels or hybrid vehicle systems. Proper emission control is necessary to improve engine performance while reducing environmental and health impacts.
This document discusses various technologies used to reduce emissions from diesel engines, including particulate filters, catalytic converters, and exhaust gas recirculation systems. It describes the functions of key after-treatment systems like diesel particulate filters, diesel oxidation catalytic converters, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce particulate matter and gaseous emissions. The document also outlines current and future trends in implementing retrofit technologies like diesel oxidation catalytic converters, particulate filters, and selective catalytic reduction systems. It provides details on the design and operation of components like catalytic converters, exhaust gas recirculation valves, and their role in meeting emission standards.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Advanced technologies as "DOC, DPF, SCR" to reduce Diesel engines harmful em...Omar Qasim
Diesel engines play a dominant role in transport because of their lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency. However, the high particulate matter (PM) emissions and high rat of the NOx emission of diesel engines also cause a series of environmental and social problems. several studies investigated the relationship between particulate matter emission and human health and found that 4.2 million deaths (7.6% of all global deaths) caused by outdoor fine particulate air pollution in 2015 and particulate matter (PM 2.5) was the fifth highest ranking risk factor for death in the world.
The document discusses the introduction of the new API CJ-4 diesel engine oil category. It was developed in response to new EPA emissions standards requiring diesel particulate filters (DPFs) on all on-highway diesel engines in the U.S. as of 2007. The API CJ-4 category includes limits on sulfated ash, phosphorus, and sulfur to ensure compatibility with DPFs and adequate engine durability when using ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. The category consists of nine engine tests and six bench tests, making it the most robust API category developed. The document reviews the development and requirements of the API CJ-4 category.
The document is a seminar report submitted for a master's degree in mechanical engineering. It discusses air pollution from internal combustion engines and methods to control emissions. It covers topics like types of pollutants from gasoline and diesel engines, their harmful effects, measurement techniques, and solutions like improving engine design, using cleaner fuels, and installing post-combustion control devices.
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
The document discusses various technologies used to reduce vehicle emissions, including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), catalytic converters, air injection, fuel evaporative emission control, hybrid vehicles, and alternate fuels. EGR works by recirculating a portion of exhaust gases back into the engine cylinders to reduce combustion temperatures and nitrogen oxide emissions. Catalytic converters use catalyzed chemical reactions to convert toxic pollutants like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in exhaust into less toxic substances. Other technologies aim to control evaporative emissions from the fuel system and reduce emissions through the use of hybrid powertrains or alternative low-emission fuels.
This document experimentally investigates the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a conventional diesel engine and a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine fueled with diesel and biodiesel (made from jatropha oil). Biodiesel was tested in both the conventional engine and an engine modified with a 0.5mm ceramic thermal barrier coating. Testing was conducted under identical operating conditions. Results showed the LHR engine had higher efficiency and cylinder pressures but also higher NOx emissions compared to the conventional engine. When fueled with biodiesel, the LHR engine performed similarly to when fueled with diesel, though brake thermal efficiency was marginally lower and NOx emissions were higher for biodiesel due to increased in
Annual Fossil Fuel Clean Air Initiative Usajmelanson
The document discusses a technology called GESiTM that can reduce emissions from vehicles and generators powered by gasoline, natural gas, and other fuels by up to 100%. It provides details on the technology and its benefits, including that it has been tested on vehicles and generators and shown reductions in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. The technology involves installing a device called a "Dry Selective Catalyst" on the exhaust that treats the emissions.
This document summarizes a study on using ethanol-diesel emulsions to reduce emissions from a diesel engine. The study used a single cylinder diesel engine to test emulsions with 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol by volume. Emissions of smoke, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides were reduced marginally, while combustion started earlier and the pressure rise increased slightly. In general, the emulsions showed potential for reducing emissions from diesel engines.
The document discusses air pollution from internal combustion engines and methods to control pollutant formation. It defines key terms like air pollution, emissions, and criteria pollutants. It then describes the major pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons that are emitted from gasoline and diesel engines. The document outlines various solutions that can be used to reduce emissions, such as improving engine design, using cleaner fuels, installing emission control devices, and promoting practices like proper vehicle maintenance and more efficient driving. Measurement techniques for analyzing pollutants are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel engine and fleet performance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives are to provide expert answers on biodiesel use, introduce diesel technician training resources, and discuss fleet experiences with biodiesel. Key topics covered include biodiesel properties, engine manufacturer positions on biodiesel blends, and technical guidance from a biodiesel evaluation team on ensuring proper fuel quality and maintenance practices when adopting biodiesel.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel vehicle maintenance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The learning objectives are to provide technical instruction on biodiesel's impact on vehicle maintenance, troubleshooting, and fuel filtration. Topics covered include the fuel system, lubrication oil, cold weather performance, and lower emissions with biodiesel. Biodiesel is noted to have similar properties to diesel, with benefits such as natural lubricity and lower sulfur levels.
This document provides information on a training course titled "Biodiesel Fuel Quality & BQ-9000" presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives of the course are to instruct attendees on diesel and biodiesel fuel properties, how these properties affect fuel quality and filtration, and details on the BQ-9000 biodiesel quality program. Key topics that will be covered include ASTM biodiesel specifications, critical fuel quality parameters and their importance, biodiesel's enhanced lubricity, and its performance in low temperature operation.
This document discusses the benefits of biodiesel fuel. It provides 10 key reasons why customers are using biodiesel, including that it is categorized as an advanced biofuel under the Renewable Fuel Standard, has significantly lower carbon emissions than petroleum diesel, has a high energy balance returning over 5 units of energy for every 1 unit used to produce it, and supports sustainability and energy security by providing a domestic fuel source. The document is intended to educate technicians and customers on the technical and environmental benefits of biodiesel.
The document provides an overview of the National Biodiesel Board and biodiesel. It discusses that the NBB lobbies for and markets biodiesel in the US, funded by soybean farmers, grants, and biodiesel producers. The presentation aims to educate technicians about biodiesel production, quality standards, benefits including environmental and performance, and OEM support of biodiesel blends. It emphasizes that biodiesel must meet ASTM D6751 specifications and come from BQ-9000 certified suppliers to function properly in diesel engines.
This document provides an overview of a technical training course on exhaust after-treatment and biodiesel. The course will cover changes in diesel engine emissions regulations, basics of diesel engine emissions and required hardware changes, methods of exhaust after-treatment, interactions between fuels and fuel systems, and resources. It will aim to provide industry experts to answer questions and introduce the National Biodiesel Board's diesel technician training program.
The document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel fuel quality presented by the National Biodiesel Board. It discusses key diesel and biodiesel fuel properties, ASTM standards for biodiesel including D6751 and D975, the BQ-9000 quality program, factors that affect fuel quality such as contaminants, and results from various surveys of biodiesel fuel quality. The goal is to educate people on ensuring high quality biodiesel production and use.
The document provides information about a technical training course on biodiesel fleet studies presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The NBB receives funding from soybean check-off programs, government grants, and biodiesel producer contributions for technical, regulatory, marketing, and lobbying efforts. The course objectives are to provide access to industry experts, introduce their diesel technician training program, and provide information on fleets using biodiesel blends. Learning outcomes include identifying public and private fleets using biodiesel, explaining changes to fleet maintenance programs when switching to biodiesel, and properly diagnosing and recommending biodiesel use.
The document provides an overview of biodiesel technical training on understanding diesel fuel presented by the National Biodiesel Board. It discusses the objectives to understand diesel and biodiesel fuel quality standards and their effects on engine performance and emissions. Key points covered include ASTM fuel specifications for diesel including cetane number, distillation temperatures, viscosity, carbon residue and sulfur content which impact engine operation. It also discusses emissions regulations that have made diesel fuel requirements more stringent over time.
The document presents the findings of an agricultural off-road biodiesel demonstration project in Saskatchewan. It evaluates the use of biodiesel blends (B5-B20) in agricultural tractors and equipment. Fuel was sampled from producer bulk tanks and equipment fuel tanks at various farms. Testing evaluated fuel quality parameters such as oxidation stability, acid levels, and water content. Results showed biodiesel blends maintained acceptable fuel quality with no operational issues reported throughout the winter demonstration period.
The document provides information for diesel technicians about biodiesel, including its production process, properties, standards, and benefits. It summarizes that biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification that combines vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerin. Biodiesel can be blended with petrodiesel in any amount, has similar fuel properties as petrodiesel but with improved lubricity and lower emissions. Industry standards like ASTM D6751 and the voluntary BQ-9000 program help ensure biodiesel quality.
The document discusses biodiesel production methods. There are three routes: base catalyzed transesterification using alcohol which is the most common and economic method; direct acid catalyzed esterification; and converting the oil to fatty acids then alkyl esters. The base catalyzed process reacts a fat or oil with an alcohol like methanol using a catalyst like sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce biodiesel and glycerine in a low temperature and pressure process with high conversion rates.
The document analyzes the effect of biodiesel on exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles. It uses statistical analysis of existing emissions test data to estimate how regulated pollutants like NOx, PM, HC and CO change as the percentage of biodiesel in fuel is increased. For a 20% biodiesel blend, estimates indicate NOx increases 2% while PM, HC and CO decrease over 10%, 20% and 10% respectively. Fuel economy is also estimated to decrease 1-2% with a 20% biodiesel blend. The analysis focuses on heavy-duty highway engines as most available data is from these, but effects may differ for future engine technologies and nonroad/light-duty engines.
The document provides guidance for biodiesel producers and blenders regarding EPA regulations. It outlines EPA's registration requirements for biodiesel producers under 40 CFR Parts 79 and 80. Producers must submit forms, provide information on feedstocks and processes, and ensure biodiesel meets ASTM D6751 standards. It also provides guidance for biodiesel blenders on handling, storage and quality concerns. EPA is working to better understand biodiesel's effects on emissions and harmonize fuel standards through testing programs and engagement with standard-setting organizations.
The document is a resource guide from the U.S. Department of Energy that provides information on heavy vehicles and engines with alternative fuel and advanced powertrain options. It includes contact information for vehicle and engine manufacturers, organizations involved in alternative fuels, and government agencies. It also has a glossary of terms, emission standards chart, and listings of alternative fuel engine and vehicle models.
Biodiesel has been extensively tested by the EPA and is shown to significantly reduce harmful emissions compared to conventional diesel. EPA data shows biodiesel reduces particulate matter by 47% and carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons each by about 50%. It also essentially eliminates sulfur emissions and reduces cancer-causing PAHs and nPAHs by 75-90%. The only pollutant that may increase is NOx, which increases about 10% for pure biodiesel but biodiesel allows use of technologies to control NOx not possible with conventional diesel.
The City of Keene, NH has been using B20 biodiesel in its vehicles and equipment for over 5 years. It started with a small grant from the state of NH and has since used over 200,000 gallons of B20 biodiesel. B20 runs in existing unmodified diesel engines, integrates with existing fuel infrastructure, and provides benefits like reduced emissions, lubricity, and being renewable. The City has 68 vehicles and pieces of equipment running on B20 with no reported problems.
1. Diesel Fuel Glossary of Terms: from www.DieselNet.com
Additives
Chemicals added to fuel in very small quantities to improve and maintain fuel quality
and/or to lower emissions.
Aftercooling / Intercooling
Cooling the engine intake air after the turbocharger and prior to introduction into the
cylinder. Aftercooling increases engine power and lowers NOx emissions.
Aftertreatment Devices
Devices which remove pollutants from exhaust gases after the gas leaves combustion
chamber (e.g., catalytic converters or diesel particulate filters). The term “exhaust gas
aftertreatment” is considered derogatory by some in the emission control industry, but
there is no consensus on the use of such alternatives as “post-combustion treatment”
or “exhaust emission control”.
Air Quality Management District (AQMD)
Administrative districts organized in California to control air pollution. Nationwide in
the U.S., AQMDs are parallel to the areas designated for classification against the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Generally, AQMDs and their national
parallel encompass multiple jurisdictions and closely follow the definition of
Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
Air Toxics
Toxic air pollutants, as classified by pertinent regulations. Examples of substances
classified as air toxics by the US Clean Air Act include acetaldehyde, benzene, 1,3-
butadiene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic organic matter (POM). California air toxics
regulations also classify diesel exhaust particulates as a toxic air contaminant.
Alternative Fuel
Fuel other than petroleum diesel or gasoline.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
A non-profit organization that establishes specifications and standard test methods for
a broad range of materials and products. ASTM standards are recognized as definitive
guidelines for quality of motor fuels.
Articulated Pistons
Two-piece pistons incorporating an entirely separate piston crown or dome with a
separate skirt, and linking the two together with the piston pin. Many 1994 and later
engines incorporate steel crown/aluminum skirt articulated pistons.
Bi-Fueled Vehicle
A vehicle with two separated fuel systems designed to run on either conventional fuel
or an alternative fuel using only one fuel at a time.
Biodiesel
The mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid
feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, for use in compression ignition
2. (diesel) engines. Manufactured by transestrification of the organic feedstock by
methanol.
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)
The work accomplished during one engine cycle divided by the engine swept volume.
It is essentially the engine torque normalized by the engine displacement. The word
“brake” denotes the actual torque/power available at the engine flywheel as measured
on a dynamometer. Thus, BMEP is a measure of the useful power output of the
engine.
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
BSFC is the ratio of the engine fuel consumption to the engine power output (as
measured at the flywheel). BSFC has units of grams of fuel per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh)
or pounds mass of fuel per brake horsepower-hour (lb/bhp-hr). BSFC is a measure of
engine efficiency.
California Air Resources Board (CARB)
A state regulatory agency charged with regulating the air quality in California.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
A colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas. It is one of main products of fossil-fuel
combustion. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to the potential for
global warming.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
A colorless, odorless and toxic gas. It blocks the lungs’ ability to obtain oxygen. CO is
produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and is a major part of air pollution.
Compression ignition (diesel) engines generate significantly lower CO emissions than
spark ignited engines.
Carcinogens
Substances known to cause cancer.
Catalyst
A substance which influences the rate of a chemical reaction but is not one of the
original reactants or final products, i.e. it is not consumed or altered in the reaction.
Catalysts are used in many processes in the chemical and petroleum industries.
Emission control catalysts are used to promote reactions that change exhaust
pollutants from internal combustion engines into harmless substances.
Cetane Index
A calculated value, derived from fuel density and volatility, giving a reasonably close
approximation to cetane number.
Cetane Number
A measure of ignition quality of diesel fuel. The higher the cetane number the easier
the fuel ignites when injected into an engine. Cetane number is determined by an
engine test using two reference fuel blends of known cetane numbers. The reference
fuels are prepared by blending normal cetane (n-hexadecane), having a value of 100,
with heptamethyl nonane, having a value of 15.
CFR (Cooperative Fuel Research) Engine
3. A single cylinder, overhead valve, variable compression ratio engine used for
measuring octane or cetane quality.
Clean Air Act (CAA)
In the U.S., the fundamental legislation to control air pollution. The original Clean Air
Act was signed in 1963. The law set emissions standards for stationary sources, such
as factories and power plants. Criteria pollutants included lead, ozone, CO, SO2, NOx
and PM, as well as air toxics. The CAA was amended several times, most recently in
1990. The Amendments of 1970 introduced motor vehicle emission standards for
automobiles and trucks.
Clean-Fuel Vehicle (CFV)
A vehicle that has been certified to meet clean-fuel standards of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990.
Cloud Point (CP)
A measure of the ability of a diesel fuel to operate under cold weather conditions.
Defined as the temperature at which wax first becomes visible when diesel fuel is
cooled under standardized test conditions (ASTM D2500).
Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP)
A measure of the ability of a diesel fuel to operate under cold weather conditions.
Defined as the lowest temperature at which diesel fuel will pass through a fine wire
mesh screen of the test apparatus.
Common Rail Injection
A diesel fuel injection system employing a common pressure accumulator, called the
rail, which is mounted along the engine block. The rail is fed by a high pressure fuel
pump. The injectors, which are fed from the common rail, are activated by solenoid
valves. The solenoid valves and the fuel pump are electronically controlled. In the
common rail injection system the injection pressure is independent from engine speed
and load. Therefore, the injection parameters can be freely controlled. Usually a pilot
injection is introduced, which allows for reductions in engine noise and NOx emissions.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Natural gas compressed to a volume and density that is practical as a portable fuel
supply.
Compression Ignition (CI)
The form of ignition that initiates combustion in a diesel engine. The rapid
compression of air within the cylinders generates the heat required to ignite the fuel
as it is injected.
Converted Vehicle
A vehicle, originally designed to operated on gasoline or diesel, that has been modified
or altered to operate on an alternative fuel.
Cordierite
A ceramic material of the formula 2MgO-2Al2O3-5SiO2 which is used for automotive
flow-through catalyst substrates and ceramic wall-flow diesel filters.
4. Dedicated Vehicle
A vehicle designed to operate solely on one alternative fuel, as opposed to a converted
vehicle which was later altered to use an alternative fuel.
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
Catalyst promoting oxidation processes in diesel exhaust. Usually designed to reduce
emissions of the organic fraction of diesel particulates, gas-phase hydrocarbons, and
carbon monoxide.
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
A device which physically captures diesel particulates preventing their discharge from
the tailpipe. Collected particulates need to be removed from the filter, usually by
continuous or periodic oxidation in a process called “regeneration”.
Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM)
Sub-micron size particles found in diesel exhaust. Most emission regulations specify
DPM measurement methods in which particulates are sampled on filters from cooled
exhaust gas. The cooling causes condensation of vapors in the gas sampling train.
Thus, the DPM is composed of both solid and liquid particles and is generally classified
into three fractions: (1) inorganic carbon (soot), (2) organic fraction (often referred to
as SOF or VOF), and (3) sulfate fraction (hydrated sulfuric acid).
Dimethyl Ether (DME)
The simplest ether CH3-O-CH3. Can be manufactured from natural gas or from a
renewable organic feedstock. DME is a prospective alternative diesel fuel.
Direct Injection (DI)
In diesel engines with direct injection the combustion chamber is not divided and fuel
is injected directly to the cylinder.
DOD
The U.S. Department of Defense.
DOE
The U.S. Department of Energy.
DOT
The U.S. Department of Transportation.
Dual-Fuel Vehicle
A vehicle designed to operate on a combination of alternative fuel, such as
compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and conventional
fuel, such as diesel or gasoline. These vehicles have two separate fuel systems, which
inject both fuels simultaneously into the engine combustion chamber.
Electronic Control Module (ECM)
A microprocessor that determines the beginning and end of each injection cycle on
every cylinder. The ECM determines both fuel metering and injection timing in
response to such parameters as engine crankshaft position and rpm, engine coolant
and intake air temperature, and absolute intake air boost pressure.
5. Elemental Carbon (EC)
Inorganic carbon, as opposed to carbon in organic compounds, sometimes used as a
surrogate measure for diesel particulate matter, especially in occupational health
environments. Elemental carbon usually accounts for 40-60% of the total DPM mass.
Emission Credit Trading
A program administered by the Environmental Protection Agency under which low
polluters are awarded credits which may be traded on a regulated market and
purchased by polluters who are in noncompliance for emissions until compliance can
be achieved.
EPACT
The U.S. Energy Policy Act of 1992.
EV
Electric vehicle.
Evaporative Emissions
Hydrocarbon vapors that escape from a fuel storage tank or a vehicle fuel tank or
vehicle fuel system.
Federal Test Procedure (FTP)
Test cycle(s) used in the U.S. for emission testing and certification of engines and
vehicles. The chassis dynamometer cycle for light duty vehicle testing is commonly
referred to as FTP-75. The engine dynamometer cycle for testing of heavy-duty (HD)
engines is known as HD FTP, or FTP Transient cycle.
Flash Point
The temperature at which a combustible liquid gives off just enough vapor to produce
a vapor/air mixture that will ignite when a flame is applied. The flash point is
measured in a standardized apparatus using standard test methods, such as ASTM
D93 or ISO 2719.
Flexible-Fueled Vehicle
A vehicle with the ability to operate on alternative fuels, 100 percent petroleum-based
fuels, or a mixture of alternative fuel and petroleum-based fuels.
Fossil Fuel
Any naturally occurring organic fuel formed in the Earth’s crust, such as petroleum,
coal and natural gas.
Fuel cycle
The processes involved in extracting a fuel in its native form, converting it to a useful
product, transporting it to market, and consuming it at its final destination.
Gas Turbine
A turbine powered by a gas, such as the hot gas produced in combustion processes.
Gas Turbine Engine
A combustion engine utilizing a turbine, such as a jet engine.
Genset
Generator set, a generating system comprising a combustion engine driving an
electrical generator.
6. Geometric Surface Area (GSA)
In monolith catalyst substrates, the total channel surface area per unit of substrate
volume.
Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)
The maximum loaded weight (including the vehicle itself, passengers, and cargo) for
which a vehicle is designed, as specified by the manufacturer. Often used as a
criterion of vehicle size for the purpose of legislation; the exact definition may vary
depending on the jurisdiction.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Hybrid-electric vehicle. Various types of electric vehicles that use another power
source to propel the vehicle or generate power for an electric drive train, or a
combination of the two types.
Hydraulic/Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI)
A type of unit injector actuated by engine oil pressure rather than the camshaft. A
very high oil pressure (up to 3,000 psi) is created by a separate oil pump. This high
pressure is routed to every injector through a gallery. The engine’s Electronic Control
Module varies the pressure in response to engine speed and other parameters.
Hydromechanical Injection
An injection system in which mechanical parts work through hydraulic pressure to
meter and time the injection of fuel. No electronics are incorporated into
hydromechanical injection systems.
Ignition Delay
The length of time or number of degrees of crankshaft rotation between the beginning
of injection and ignition of the fuel.
In-Direct Injection (IDI)
In diesel engines with in-direct injection the fuel is injected to an auxiliary pre-
chamber. Combustion starts in the prechamber and propagates to the cylinder.
Inherently Low Emission Vehicle (ILEV)
Any vehicle that is certified to meet transitional low-emission vehicle standards
established by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and does not emit any
evaporative emissions.
Injection Period
The time, measured in degrees of crankshaft rotation, between the beginning and end
of injection. On engines with hydromechanical injection systems, it is controlled by the
opening and closing of ports in the injector body or by the action of a plunger forcing
fuel out of a cup. On electronic injection systems, it is determined directly or indirectly
by the action of a solenoid valve.
In-Line Injection Pump
An injection pump with a separate cylinder and plunger for each engine cylinder. Each
plunger is rotated by a rack to determine metering via ports in the body of the pump
and helical cuts on the pump plungers. The plungers are driven off a camshaft, which
7. usually incorporates a centrifugal or electronically controlled timing advance
mechanism.
Inspection and Maintenance Programs (IM)
In-use emission testing programs, primarily for passenger cars, used by some U.S.
states to identify vehicles that cause excessive emissions which contribute to air
pollution.
Intumescent Mat
Ceramic fiber mat which irreversibly expands after exposed to high temperature.
Usually contains vermiculite. Intumescent mats are used in the canning of catalytic
converters and diesel filters to hold the ceramic substrate inside the steel canister.
In-Use Deterioration (IUD)
The effect of time and use on vehicle performance and emissions.
Lean NOx Catalyst (LNC)
Catalyst designed to reduce nitrogen oxides from diesel or spark-ignited engine
exhaust gases under net oxidizing conditions, i.e., in the presence of excessive
amount of oxygen.
Light Duty Vehicle (LDV)
A passenger car or small truck.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Natural gas that has been refrigerated to cryonic temperatures where the gas
condenses into a liquid.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of low-boiling hydrocarbons that exists in a
liquid state at ambient temperatures when under moderate pressures (less than 1.5
MPa or 200 psi). LPG is a by-product from the processing of natural gas and from
petroleum refining. Major components of LPG are propane (min. 85% content in the
U.S.), butane and propylene.
Low Emission Vehicle (LEV)
A vehicle that is certified to meet the LEV emission standards set by the California Air
Resources Board (CARB).
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Ambient standards for six pollutants including ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, lead, particulate matter, and oxides of sulfur specifically regulated under the
U.S. Clean Air Act of 1990. Urban areas are required to achieve attainment in regards
to ambient concentrations of these criteria pollutants.
Natural Gas (NG)
A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of various non hydrocarbon
components existing in the gas phase or in solution with crude oil in natural
underground reservoirs. The main component of natural gas is methane.
8. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Several air-polluting gases composed of nitrogen and oxygen which play an important
role in the formation of photochemical smog. Nitrogen oxides are collectively referred
to as “NOx”, where “x” represents a changing proportion of oxygen to nitrogen.
Internal combustion engines are significant contributors to the worldwide nitrogen
oxide emissions. For the purpose of emission regulations, NOx is composed of
colorless nitric oxide (NO), and the reddish-brown, very toxic and reactive nitrogen
dioxide (NO2). Other nitrogen oxides, such as nitrous oxide N2O (the anesthetic
“laughing gas”), are not regulated emissions.
NMHC
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons.
NMOG
Non-Methane Organic Gases.
Nonattainment Area
A region that exceeds the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for
one or more criteria pollutants. Such regions, or areas, are required to seek
modifications to their State Implementation Plans (SIPs), setting forth a reasonable
timetable using means that are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to achieve attainment of NAAQS by a certain date. Under the Clean Air Act, if a
nonattainment area fails to attain NAAQS, the EPA may superimpose a Federal
Implementation Plan (FIP) with stricter requirements. Also, the EPA may impose fines,
construction bans, or cut-offs in Federal grant revenues until the area achieves
applicable NAAQS.
On-Board Diagnostics (OBD)
A system on board of the vehicle that monitors emission control components and
alerts the driver (e.g., by a dashboard light) if malfunctions or emission deterioration
occurs. The OBD system involves a number of sensors and a data processor, which is
typically integrated with the vehicle’s electronic management system.
Open Frontal Area (OFA)
In monolith catalyst substrates, the part of the total substrate cross-section area
which is available for the flow of gas. The OFA is frequently expressed as a percentage
of the total substrate cross-section and sometimes also called the substrate void
fraction.
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
Manufacturers of equipment (such as engines, vehicles, etc.) that provide the original
product design and materials for its assembly and manufacture. OEMs are directly
responsible for manufacturing and modifying the products, making them commercially
available, and providing the warranty.
Overhead Cam
A camshaft used for operating both valves and unit injectors, located on top of or
within the cylinder head. Such camshafts are driven by a multi-gear geartrain off the
crankshaft. They simplify the design of the cylinder head and eliminate pushrods,
allowing for much larger, open intake and exhaust ports and better breathing.
9. Oxygen Storage Capacity (OSC)
A capacity of the catalyst washcoat to store oxygen at lean and to release it at rich
condition. Typically provided by cerium oxide (ceria), which oscillates between an
oxidized and reduced state, depending on the exhaust gas chemistry. The OSC is an
important component of three-way catalysts, used to extend the catalyst window.
Oxygenated Fuel
Any fuel substance containing oxygen, such as ethanol, methanol, or biodiesel.
Oxygenated fuel tends to give a more complete combustion of its carbon into carbon
dioxide (CO2), thereby reducing emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
Oxygenated fuels may result in increased nitrogen oxides emissions.
Ozone (O3)
An oxygen molecule with three oxygen atoms. The stratosphere ozone layer, which is
a concentration of ozone molecules located at 10 to 50 kilometers above sea level, is
in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Oxygen molecules absorb ultraviolet (UV) light to
form ozone which, in turn, decomposes back to oxygen. These processes absorb most
of the ultraviolet light from the sun, shielding life from the harmful effects of UV
radiation. Ozone is normally present at ground level in low concentrations. In cities
where high level of air pollutants is present, the action of the sun’s ultraviolet light
can, through a complex series of reactions, produces harmful concentrations of the
ground level ozone. The resulting air pollution is known as photochemical smog.
Particulate Matter (PM)
Particles formed by incomplete combustion of fuel. Compression ignition (diesel)
engines generate significantly higher PM emissions than spark ignited engines. The
particles are composed of elemental carbon, heavy hydrocarbons (SOF), and hydrated
sulfuric acid (“sulfate particulates”).
Petroleum
A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms. Examples include crude oil,
lease condensate, unfinished oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas plant
liquids.
Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM)
A class of air toxics defined in the US Clean Air Act as compounds with more than one
benzene ring and a boiling point of 100°C and higher. Includes practically all of diesel
PAH material.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more (up to five or six) benzene rings joined in
various, more or less clustered forms.
Pour Point
A measure of the ability of a diesel fuel to operate under cold weather conditions.
Defined as the temperature at which the amount of wax out of solution is sufficient to
gel the fuel when tested under standard conditions (ASTM D97).
Precombustion Chamber
10. A small, auxiliary combustion chamber connected by a narrow orifice with the main
chamber. Fuel is injected into the prechamber and ignites there, causing hot gases to
expand into the main chamber (cylinder).
Propane (C3H8)
A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. Propane is a colorless paraffinic gas
that boils at a temperature of -42°C. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas
streams.
Pump-Line-Nozzle Fuel System
A fuel system using a single injection pump driven off the geartrain on the front of the
engine that also drives the camshaft. The central injection pump feeds a separate
injection nozzle located in the cylinder head above each cylinder. Lines which must be
of exactly equal length link each pump plunger with the associated nozzle. Each nozzle
incorporates a needle valve and the orifices which actually handle atomization.
Purge Test
A test used to determine if fuel vapors are properly drawn from the evaporative
canister and the fuel tank into the engine for combustion. If the purge system is not
working properly, the evaporative canister can become saturated and vent
hydrocarbons into the atmosphere.
Reformulated Gasoline (RFG)
Gasoline whose composition has been changed, from that of gasolines sold in 1990, to
(1) include oxygenates, (2) reduce the content of olefins, aromatics and volatile
components, and (3) reduce the content of heavy hydrocarbons to meet performance
specifications for ozone-forming tendency and for release of toxic substances
(benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons) into the air from both evaporation and tailpipe emissions.
Renewable Energy
Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible, unlike fossil fuels. It
includes conventional hydro-electric, wood, bio-feedstocks, waste, geothermal, wind,
photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy.
Respirable Combustible Dust (RCD)
A method of measuring ambient DPM exposures using a combustion process. Used in
underground mines in Canada.
Rotary Injection Pump
A lower-cost injection pump used with pump-line-nozzle systems. The pump has a
central plunger system (usually consisting of two opposing plungers) that provides fuel
to every cylinder during the required injection period. A plate located near the top of
the pump rotates, opening an appropriate orifice at the right time for distribution to
each cylinder’s injection nozzle through a separate line. It is usually used with
automotive or agricultural engines that have lower performance and durability
requirements than the heavy-duty truck diesels.
SCAQMD
11. South Coast Air Quality Management District.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Term frequently used as a synonym for catalytic reduction of NOx in diesel exhaust or
flue gases by nitrogen containing compounds, such as ammonia or urea. Such SCR
systems are commercially available for stationary applications and are being
developed for mobile diesel engines. Since “selective catalytic reduction” is a generic
term which also applies to other reactions, its use may lead to confusion in some
situations.
Size Selective Sampling (SSS)
A method of measuring ambient DPM exposures through a mechanical separation
(inertial impaction) of particles into two fractions: above and below (typically) 0.8 µm,
followed by gravimetric analysis. Based on air quality research in underground mining,
it is believed that the particle fraction below the 0.8 µm cut point can be attributed to
diesel exhaust.
Soluble Organic Fraction (SOF)
The organic fraction of diesel particulates. SOF includes heavy hydrocarbons derived
from the fuel and from the engine lubricating oil. The term “soluble” originates from
the analytical method used to measure SOF which is based on extraction of particulate
matter samples using organic solvents.
Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV)
A vehicle that meets the SULEV emission standards set by the California Air Resources
Board. The SULEV standards are more stringent than the ULEV standards.
Supercharger
A compressor device to compress the combustion air or the air/fuel mixture before it
enters the engine cylinder. Superchargers are typically driven by the engine itself,
through a system of gears, a belt drive, or by an electrical motor.
Swirl Combustion
A combustion chamber configuration which uses curved mixing ridges in the intake
ports and/or a re-entrant piston bowl (a bowl whose top edges curve inward). Some
swirl combustion chambers have a larger rim around the outside of the piston and a
more compact combustion chamber or bowl. The swirl is used to reduce particulate
emissions.
Total Particulate Matter (TPM)
The total particulate matter emissions including all fractions of diesel particulates, i.e.
the carbonaceous, organic (SOF), and sulfate particulates.
Transitional Low Emission Vehicle (TLEV)
A vehicle that is certified to meet the TLEV emission standards established by the
California Air Resources Board (CARB). The TLEV standards are less stringent than the
LEV standards.
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
12. Time-weighted average concentration of an air pollutant at the workplace for a
conventional 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workers
may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects.
Total Carbon (TC)
The sum of the elemental carbon and organic carbon associated with diesel
particulates. Typically amounts to 80-85% of the total DPM mass.
Turbine
A rotary machine which extracts mechanical shaft power from the working fluid (gas or
liquid) using rotor vanes.
Turbo Lag
The time delay between injecting fuel to accelerate and delivering air to the intake
manifold by the turbocharger. This phenomenon may cause black smoke emissions in
some turbocharged diesel engines during acceleration.
Turbocharging
A process of compressing the engine intake air charge in order to allow more air and
fuel into the cylinder and, thus, to increase the engine power output. The compressor,
called the turbocharger, is driven by an exhaust gas propelled turbine.
Turbo Generator
Gas turbine combined with an electrical generator.
Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV)
A vehicle that meets the ULEV emission standards set by the California Air Resources
Board. The ULEV standards are more stringent than the LEV standards.
Unit Injector
An injector which is camshaft-driven and incorporates a plunger. The plunger works in
conjunction with orifices in the injector body to determine the beginning and end of
injection. The plungers has a helix and is rotated by a rack so the beginning and end
of injection can occur closer together or farther apart, thus shortening or lengthening
the injection period and changing metering. A special pump which supplies fuel
through an orifice to the injector operates at a pressure which is precisely controlled
depending on the changes in engine speed.
VMT
Vehicle miles traveled.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Hydrocarbon-based emissions released through evaporation or combustion. The term
VOC is usually used in regard to stationary emission sources.
Volatile Organic Fraction (VOF)
The organic fraction of diesel particulate matter as determined by vacuum
evaporation. It may or may not be equivalent to the SOF fraction. Depending on the
exact analytical procedure, the VOF may include the organic material (SOF) as well as
some of the sulfate particulates which, being composed primarily of hydrated sulfuric
acid, are also volatile.
White Smoke
13. The smoke emitted during a cold start from a diesel engine, composed mainly of
unburnt fuel and particulate matter.
Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV)
A vehicle that is certified to meet the most stringent emission standards established by
the California Air Resources Board (CARB). These standards require zero regulated
emissions of nonmethane organic gases (NMOGs), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen
oxides (NOx). A ZEV is most likely powered by electricity, fuel cells or hydrogen.