A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
As we know air pollution is big challenge for the world
The air pollution due to automobile is 70% of total pollution of air pollution.
We have several way for controlling automobile pollution.
The most effective way is by using catalytic converter in automobile
In short catalytic converter are used to convert the harmful gas to harmless gas
Combustible engines releases so many harmful pollutants and with the use of catalytic converters this harmful pollutants are reduced to less harmful ones.
As we know air pollution is big challenge for the world
The air pollution due to automobile is 70% of total pollution of air pollution.
We have several way for controlling automobile pollution.
The most effective way is by using catalytic converter in automobile
In short catalytic converter are used to convert the harmful gas to harmless gas
Combustible engines releases so many harmful pollutants and with the use of catalytic converters this harmful pollutants are reduced to less harmful ones.
In response to an increasing push for clean diesel emissions, medium and heavy duty diesel-powered trucks have adopted complex exhaust or emission aftertreatment systems.
These systems treat post-combustion gases after they leave the engine, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing power or performance.
What is Bharat Stage 6? Bharat Stage 6 Emission Standards | BS6 ppt file | Pr...Sandeep Kumar
This is the detailed presentation file about Bharat Stage 6 Emission Standards. It include all the information about What is Bharat Stage 6, BS6, BS VI & why it implemented & what was the process behind it. This ppt include all the details about the Standards & limits about Emission of Chemicals & exhaust gases from smoke of vehicles. Hope this will be helpful for you.
Made by- Er. SANDEEP KUMAR
Emission Control by Catalytic Converter, Jeevan B MJeevan B M
A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants. The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical engineer and expert in catalytic oil refining. In the catalytic converter, there are two different types of catalyst at work, a reduction catalyst and an oxidation catalyst.
Description of the Exhaust system along with its components such as Exhaust manifold,catalytic converter ,muffler ,exhaust tubing and oxygen sensor.The working of some of these components is also explained.
This is an overview of BS6 engine. It has a brief description on
Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES), Pollution Emission Norms BS4 Vs BS6 , How BS6 Works, How Diesel Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms, Bharat Stage Characteristics For Diesel Engines, How Petrol Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms, Bharat Stage Characteristics For Petrol Engine, BS6 Engine In Bikes, Fuel Usage, Selective Catalytic Reduction , AdBlue, Some BS6 Four Wheelers And Two Wheelers.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
This is a presentation on the emission norms present in India i.e Bharat Stage and in Europe i.e Euro. it also has a comparison between the two as well as a timeline of the two.
Advanced technologies as "DOC, DPF, SCR" to reduce Diesel engines harmful em...Omar Qasim
Diesel engines play a dominant role in transport because of their lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency. However, the high particulate matter (PM) emissions and high rat of the NOx emission of diesel engines also cause a series of environmental and social problems. several studies investigated the relationship between particulate matter emission and human health and found that 4.2 million deaths (7.6% of all global deaths) caused by outdoor fine particulate air pollution in 2015 and particulate matter (PM 2.5) was the fifth highest ranking risk factor for death in the world.
This presentation is based on how BS VI will effect the commercial vehicle industry in upcoming time. Various aspects like Emission norms, Technological challenges and solutions, cost impact and emerging opportunities for supplier companies is covered
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles on the living organisms and utilizing the principles of physics, simulation and study of biomechanical structures are carried out. Finite Element Method is one of the widely accepted tools for modeling the biomechanical structures. The femur is the only bone located within the human thigh. It is both the longest and the strongest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee. The method most surgeons use for treating femoral shaft fractures is intramedullary nailing. During this procedure, a specially designed nailing is inserted into the marrow canal of the femur. The rod passes across the fracture to keep it in position. An intramedullary nail can be inserted into the canal either at the hip or the knee through a small incision. It is screwed to the bone at both ends. This keeps the nail and the bone in proper position during healing. The Femur bone is modelled using 3-D Scanner and analysis is carried out in an ANSYS environment. The fracture fixation nailing is modelled using the commercially available Solidworks CAD software. The stress distribution at the fractured site of the femur is obtained when the system is subjected to compressive loadings along with healing stages. The effects of the use of different biomaterials for the nailing on the stress distribution characteristics are also investigated. Intramedullary nails are usually made of titanium. They come in various lengths and diameters to fit most femur bones. But the titanium is very costly metal. Hence the cost of surgery is more. Therefore aim to find best alternative metal in low cost.
In response to an increasing push for clean diesel emissions, medium and heavy duty diesel-powered trucks have adopted complex exhaust or emission aftertreatment systems.
These systems treat post-combustion gases after they leave the engine, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing power or performance.
What is Bharat Stage 6? Bharat Stage 6 Emission Standards | BS6 ppt file | Pr...Sandeep Kumar
This is the detailed presentation file about Bharat Stage 6 Emission Standards. It include all the information about What is Bharat Stage 6, BS6, BS VI & why it implemented & what was the process behind it. This ppt include all the details about the Standards & limits about Emission of Chemicals & exhaust gases from smoke of vehicles. Hope this will be helpful for you.
Made by- Er. SANDEEP KUMAR
Emission Control by Catalytic Converter, Jeevan B MJeevan B M
A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants. The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical engineer and expert in catalytic oil refining. In the catalytic converter, there are two different types of catalyst at work, a reduction catalyst and an oxidation catalyst.
Description of the Exhaust system along with its components such as Exhaust manifold,catalytic converter ,muffler ,exhaust tubing and oxygen sensor.The working of some of these components is also explained.
This is an overview of BS6 engine. It has a brief description on
Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES), Pollution Emission Norms BS4 Vs BS6 , How BS6 Works, How Diesel Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms, Bharat Stage Characteristics For Diesel Engines, How Petrol Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms, Bharat Stage Characteristics For Petrol Engine, BS6 Engine In Bikes, Fuel Usage, Selective Catalytic Reduction , AdBlue, Some BS6 Four Wheelers And Two Wheelers.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
This is a presentation on the emission norms present in India i.e Bharat Stage and in Europe i.e Euro. it also has a comparison between the two as well as a timeline of the two.
Advanced technologies as "DOC, DPF, SCR" to reduce Diesel engines harmful em...Omar Qasim
Diesel engines play a dominant role in transport because of their lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency. However, the high particulate matter (PM) emissions and high rat of the NOx emission of diesel engines also cause a series of environmental and social problems. several studies investigated the relationship between particulate matter emission and human health and found that 4.2 million deaths (7.6% of all global deaths) caused by outdoor fine particulate air pollution in 2015 and particulate matter (PM 2.5) was the fifth highest ranking risk factor for death in the world.
This presentation is based on how BS VI will effect the commercial vehicle industry in upcoming time. Various aspects like Emission norms, Technological challenges and solutions, cost impact and emerging opportunities for supplier companies is covered
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles on the living organisms and utilizing the principles of physics, simulation and study of biomechanical structures are carried out. Finite Element Method is one of the widely accepted tools for modeling the biomechanical structures. The femur is the only bone located within the human thigh. It is both the longest and the strongest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee. The method most surgeons use for treating femoral shaft fractures is intramedullary nailing. During this procedure, a specially designed nailing is inserted into the marrow canal of the femur. The rod passes across the fracture to keep it in position. An intramedullary nail can be inserted into the canal either at the hip or the knee through a small incision. It is screwed to the bone at both ends. This keeps the nail and the bone in proper position during healing. The Femur bone is modelled using 3-D Scanner and analysis is carried out in an ANSYS environment. The fracture fixation nailing is modelled using the commercially available Solidworks CAD software. The stress distribution at the fractured site of the femur is obtained when the system is subjected to compressive loadings along with healing stages. The effects of the use of different biomaterials for the nailing on the stress distribution characteristics are also investigated. Intramedullary nails are usually made of titanium. They come in various lengths and diameters to fit most femur bones. But the titanium is very costly metal. Hence the cost of surgery is more. Therefore aim to find best alternative metal in low cost.
STUDIES ON IMPACT OF ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ...Journal For Research
Field study was undertaken to study on impact of organic as well as chemical fertilizers on growth and yield components of Sunflower crop on off season. Design of experiment was randomized block design method involving five treatments and three duplications. The experimental plot size was 2m x 1m was set for cultivation of sunflower crops. A common dose of organic fertilizers such as Vermicompost (T1), NADEP compost (T2) and pit compost (T3) were used at equal rate 1.25 kg/plot (@ 0.625 kg/sq. m) in plot size 2m x 1m. Chemical fertilizers (T4) was used as stated by recommended dose of fertilizers (60:30:30 - N: P2O5: K2O Kg/ha). Not any fertilizers were added in treatment (T5) that is to be named as control. NADEP compost treatment (T2) increases maximum plant height (110.8cm/plant). It was 107.9cm/plant with application of pit compost treatment (T3) and lower plant height 98.65 cm/plant was observed with application of chemical fertilizers (T4) after 90th day. The maximum (6.38 cm/plant), minimum (5.90 cm/plant) and lower (4.85 cm/plant) of head diameter of Sunflower plant were observed with application of NADEP compost treatment (T2), vermicompost treatment (T1) and control field treatment (T5) respectively after 90th day. The highest mean weight of seeds/head (5.97gm/head) was recorded in vermicompost treatment (T10) followed by NADEP compost treatment (5.42gm/heat). The lowest weight of seeds/head (1.70gm/head) was recorded in pit compost treatment T3. The maximum dry weight of 100 seeds of sunflower crop (2.64gm/plant) was recorded in vermicompost treatment T1 followed in order by treatment T2 (2.34gm/plant), treatment T4 (2.28gm/plant), treatment T3 (1.99gm/plant) and treatment T5 (1.96gm/plant). The maximum yield of Sunflower crop (0.089 Kg/plot) was achieved in vermicompost treatment (T1) which was more than remaining fertilizer treatments and lower yield is 00.026 Kg/plot was recorded in plot treated with pit compost treatment (T3). It was concluded that, application of vermicompost increases yield of Sunflower crop followed by in order NADEP compost, pit compost, chemical fertilizers and control. Therefore it can be showed that use of organic fertilizers in agricultural field give progressive response compared to chemical fertilizers.
This paper presents a unique experiment based on a very small and emerging sector of automotive industry, i.e. reverse Trikes or three wheeled vehicles. A REVERSE TRIKE is a vehicle which has two wheels up front and one in the back. A reverse trike is basically a vehicle having two wheels in the front and one on rear side. Most cars have the engine driving the rear wheel and leave steering to the front ones. Some are eco-friendly human powered vehicle with a compounded electric drive system and some are powered by I.C. Engines. The incidence of accidental deaths has shown an increasing trend during the period 2003-2012 with an increase of 51.8% in the year 2012 as compared to 2002; Because of the fact that that these vehicles are very safe to drive and will be very less to become accident prone these three wheelers could be the future of the automotive sector, In the early 20th century three-wheelers gained in popularity as low-cost, lightweight vehicle that is, until about the late 1920s, when cars generally started going more along the four-wheel track. The main aim of this research paper is to evaluate the performance of a three wheeled vehicle based on leaning mechanism and to develop a transition mechanism namely tilt lock system which can transform the leaning vehicle into non- leaning and vice versa according to the requirement. The conceptual design of the project model is based on the study of several literatures related to reverse trike. The mechanisms used for available reverse trikes are very costly and electronics based. So we want to design the mechanism which can overcome the drawbacks of the existing design of a conventional vehicle and also it should take benefit of the three-wheeled transportation and it should also contain the features of an electric vehicle because it is environment friendly. Now for making the system cost effective we have incorporated mechanical leaning system in our design so as eliminate the costly electronic components. The main advantage of this mechanism is that it makes the vehicle more stable during high speed turns so that even a reverse trike can take a turn like a sports bike by leaning to its side. The results of experimental testing are presented to illustrate the real balancing performance of the combined steering and tilting approach used for the Leaning reverse trike that is very economical and fairly simple to drive. In this research it is found that the performance, handling and safety of the Leaning Reverse Trike are much better than any other commercially available three wheelers. The actual fabricated prototype is named as “KLISIâ€Â
In this study, Static structural analysis of a molar tooth was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element package ANSYS version 14.5 was used for the solution of the problem. The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. Sometimes we are using artificial teeth instead of human molar tooth during broken. Here we optimize the molar teeth using different materials like acrylic, porcelain, silver and zirconia. Taking into consideration of forces acting on the top of the first molar teeth, the deformation, strain and stress are tabulated. And here we are studying about the molar teeth.
BYPASSING OF DEPLOYMENT DIFFICULTIES OF IP TRACEBACK TECHNIQUES USING NEW PAS...Journal For Research
Because so many decades World Wide Web has been used broadly in numerous fields, network safety problems include the main matter. IP traceback is just the actual method to understand the actual purpose, it reconstructs IP packets traversed path inside the World Wide Web to determine their own roots. IP Traceback may be an important ability for characteristics sources of attacks and Starting protection measures for the Internet. This paper discovers different IP Traceback approaches. This comparative paper provides as well as extends many technologies to prevent the secured information from the network issues by using different IP traceback techniques.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINI CEMENT PLANT...Journal For Research
This research is about analyzing the chemical and physical characteristics of cement and concrete. Cement can be classified based on its chemical properties. The sample taken for this research work is Kamal OPC 53 grade mini cement plant and Ultratech OPC 53 grade major cement plant. The difference can be analyzed by determining the chemical composition of the cement and its effect on physical properties of cement and concrete. Secondly, it is not necessary that in every structural member of a building, the cement used needs to be same. To determine that which cement is more suitable for which structural element this analysis is beneficial. Again, if any new type of admixture needs to be introduced in the concrete, it is important to understand the chemical composition of cement and how the new admixture may react with the cement. Also, this research is about how the changes in chemical composition of cement affect the physical properties of cement and concrete. It is noticed that due to lack in standardization of cement, even the same sample of cement gives different result.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH DOLOCHAR AS COAR...Journal For Research
Aggregate is one of the main ingredients in producing concrete. It covers major portion of the total for any concrete mix. The strength of the concrete produced is dependent on the properties of aggregates used. However, the construction industry is increasingly making higher demands of this material because of which it may result in scarcity or unavailable in the future. Hence need for an alternative coarse aggregate arises. The aim for this project is to determine the strength and durability characteristics of structural concrete by replacing coarse aggregates with Dolochar (Scrap material obtained from the manufacturing process of sponge iron), which will give a better understanding on the properties of concrete with these aggregates. The scope of this project is to investigate the possibility of using Dolochar material as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in structural concrete. The experimental investigation were carried out using detailed strength and durability related tests such as compressive strength test of cubes, acid resistance test and Permeability tests were conducted by replacing the coarse aggregates in concrete mixes by Dolochar. Tests were also conducted on the concrete testing cubes for 3,7 and 28 Days. From the experimental investigation it was found that Dolochar material can be used as an alternative for coarse aggregate in concrete However further investigations have to be made to study long term effects.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM A BULK DRUG MANUFACTURING IND...Journal For Research
A study has been carried out on aerobic biological treatment of a bulk drug industrial effluent which is highly acidic in nature and shows high value of BOD5 (≈ 36000 mg/l), COD (≈ 84000 mg/l). Chemical treatment conducted for neutralizing the pH followed by biological treatment using a lab-scale reactor with acclimatized bacterial consortia isolated from natural soil has confirmed its feasibility for biological treatment. About 99% removal of COD from starting value of around 8000 mg/l has been achieved. The COD value in different hydraulic retention time (HRT) has been brought down to less than 100 mg/l in treated effluent, showing high removal of dissolved organics by aerobic biological treatment.
A SURVEY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLUSTERING BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS...Journal For Research
In most of today’s application the wireless sensor network (WSN) play an important role.WSN is an autonomous system to monitor physical and environmental conditions. It can sense and compute the information or data or message that transmitted through it. Important design issue of the Wireless sensor networks energy consumption and lifetime of the network. The design of different routing protocol is another important design issue in WSN. There are mainly broad types of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. This paper mainly deals with different types of cluster based routing protocols in WSN. Clustering algorithms are mainly defined to reduce the energy consumption and improves the life time of the network.
Excess demand of natural resources on account of expeditious urbanization and the scrapping problem of agricultural waste have paved the way for research in usage of organic waste in the construction industry. Scores of organic waste materials have found their usage in concrete as substitute alternatives for cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and reinforcing materials. This paper highlights and examines some of the organic waste material used as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete which is being defined and termed as organic waste concrete in present context. The paper aims at evaluating the strength characteristics of organic waste concrete by using different organic wastes and thus understanding the feasibility of using each organic waste. Distinct properties of fresh and hardened concrete, their reliability when admixed with organic wastes are examined. It has been observed that the organic waste concrete containing groundnut shell, rice husk ash, saw dust ash demonstrated more desirable workability than their other substitutes did. Organic waste concrete containing bagasse ash, sawdust ash attained their required strength by 20% of replacement as fine aggregate which were maximum among all organic waste type concrete. Accurate comparison was predicted among compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of organic waste concrete. Introduction of bagasse ash as fine aggregate in concrete improved the resilience to chloride tapping. After the careful investigation, it is of substantial conclusion that additional exploration and testing is justified on all fine aggregates substituting organic waste, which would give further certainty on their exploitation in concrete.
In this study, Static structural analysis of a molar tooth was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element package ANSYS version 14.5 was used for the solution of the problem. The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. Sometimes we are using artificial teeth instead of human molar tooth during broken. Here we optimize the molar teeth using different materials like acrylic, porcelain, zirconia and silver. Taking into consideration of forces acting on the top of the molar teeth, the deformation, strain and stress are tabulated. And here we are studying about the molar teeth as well as developing our skills in software like solid works and ansys.
HOMOMORPHIC AUTHENTICABLE RING SIGNATURE MECHANISM FOR PUBLIC AUDITING ON SHA...Journal For Research
With cloud storage services, it is commonplace for data to be not only stored in the cloud, but also shared across multiple users. However, public auditing for such shared data  while preserving identity privacy remains to be an open challenge. In this paper, we propose the first privacy-preserving mechanism that allows public auditing on shared data stored in the cloud. In particular, we exploit ring signatures to compute the verification information needed to audit the integrity of shared data. With our mechanism, the identity of the signer on each block in shared data is kept private from a third-party auditor (TPA), who is still able to publicly verify the integrity of shared data without retrieving the entire file. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed mechanism when auditing shared data.
Exhaust system of an automobile is an essential system, incorporated to remove exhaust gases
from the engine in a manner to reduces the exhaust emissions in the environment.
Selection of powertrain for vehicle is depends upon vehicle type & application of vehicle. To achieve performance of vehicle, engine torque at maximum revolutions, Transmission ratio, Axle ratio & tire plays important role. In order to understand vehicle performance in theoretical calculation there should be proper selection of power train aggregates. All these aggregates technically will evaluate the actual vehicle performances. For example, trucks are seldom run at their rated maximum speed. In fact, they are usually operated with engine speed at maximum torque or at the speed where fuel consumption is minimized. In climbing hills, there may be occasions when the engine revolution is raised to its maximum to produce the maximum horsepower; however, the most efficient method of operation is to use the range of engine speed, which maximizes torque. If an engine's speed range, producing maximum torque, is extremely narrow, a slight increase of rpm will cause a substantial loss of power and sign of poor performance characteristic. In other words, engines with high maximum torque and horsepower are not necessarily the most "powerful engine." Factors other than the maximum values of the torque and horsepower must be evaluated in determining the practical performance of engines. Furthermore, a high performance engine must be combined with the correct transmission and differential in order to produce the desired running performance. It is necessary to understand the factors affecting its ease of operations. This Paper tells how to integrate powertrain and judge performance of vehicle according to application and type of vehicle by reading performance curves and calculation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Emission Characteristics and Performance of Catalytic Converter A Reviewijtsrd
In recent years, several strategies such as fuel treatment, engine modification, EGR and catalytic converter have been introduced to control emissions from vehicles. Catalytic converter equipment is efficient and commonly used. Catalytic converters reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from internal combustion engines and allow more strict pollution standards to be met. In this study paper different methods and strategies to increase efficiency of catalytic converter is discussed. The efficiency of the catalytic converter is updated according to literature survey improvements in design, shape and content. The hexagonal monolith shape was found to have better mechanical efficiency than the square shape. Catalytic converters based on nickel have cut HC by 40 percent and CO by 35 percent. Nobel metals are toxic and costly, so we can use non noble metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, etc. Ashish Kumar Soni "Emission Characteristics and Performance of Catalytic Converter: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38176.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/38176/emission-characteristics-and-performance-of-catalytic-converter-a-review/ashish-kumar-soni
Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by U...YogeshIJTSRD
The use of fossil fuels in automobiles mainly HC, CO and NOX which produce harmful green house gases. The main objective of catalytic converter is to reduce and control effect of harmful pollutants by converting toxic CO and NOX to non toxic CO2and H2O. CFD analysis is done in the present study of catalytic converter by taking three different materials for the make of catalytic converter such as stainless steel, Grey cast iron and aluminum at the time by varying different fluids such as methane, ethane and nitrogen at varying speeds of 2000 and2500R.P.M. V. Saran Tej | M. Rakesh Kumar | N. Satya Sandeep | N. Sai "Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by Using Transient and CFD Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43784.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/43784/design-and-development-of-catalytic-converter-for-reduction-of-pollution-by-using-transient-and-cfd-analysis/v-saran-tej
Effect of Adding Oxygen Containing Additives to Unleaded Gasoline on Exhaust ...ijiert bestjournal
As world population grew,power plants,factories a nd ever increasing automobiles began to pollute the air to the extent that it was no longer acceptable. During the late 1940s,air pollution as a problem was fir st recognized in the Los Angeles basin in California . Two causes of this were the large population densit y and the natural weather conditions of area. Smoke and other pollutants from many industries and automobiles combined with the fog that was common in this ocean area and smog resulted. By the 1960s emission standards were beginning to be enforced in Californ ia. Then various ways are investigated to reduce em issions from an IC engine. Oxygen containing additives are used to improve gasoline�s performance and reduce exhaust emissions is one of them. The main objectiv e of this work is to find can Dimethyl Carbonate is used to reduce emission? In view of the above,it is decide d to investigate the effect of adding Dimethyl Carb onate to unleaded gasoline on exhaust emission. The experime ntal setup to test blended fuel is prepared with mu lti cylinder four stroke spark ignition engine. The res ults indicate that CO and HC exhaust emissions are lower with the use of Dimethyl carbonate gasoline blended fuels as compared to the use of unleaded gasoline. The effect of above additive on NOx is insignificant.
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
Similar to CATALYTIC CONVERTER IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST EMISSION (20)
Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Actuator in a Typical Aerospace vehicle | J4...Journal For Research
An Aerospace Vehicle is capable of flight both within and outside the sensible atmosphere. An Actuation System is one of the most important Systems of an Aerospace vehicle. This paper study involves detailed study of various controls Actuation System and Design of a typical Hydraulic Actuation Systems. An actuator control system concerned with electrical, electronic or electro mechanical. Actuator control systems may take the form of extremely simple, manually-operated start-and-stop stations, or sophisticated, programmable computer systems. Hydraulic Actuation System contains Electro Hydraulic Actuators, Servo Valves, Feedback Sensing elements, Pump Motor package, Hydraulic Reservoir, Accumulator, various safety valves, Filters etc. The main objective of this study involves design of Hydraulic Actuator and selection of various other components for the Actuation Systems of an Aerospace Vehicle. Design of the system includes design of Hydraulic actuator and also the Modeling and Analysis of actuator using sophisticated Software.
Experimental Verification and Validation of Stress Distribution of Composite ...Journal For Research
Now a day in all sector weight reduction is most important criteria for lowering the cost & high performance. For weight reduction composite material is good option to solve weight related problems. In this paper we describe analysis of composite glass fibre material with mild steel material comparison. For analysis purpose we can use FEA software. The objective of this paper is compare things like different loading conditions stress distribution etc.
Image Binarization for the uses of Preprocessing to Detect Brain Abnormality ...Journal For Research
Computerized MR of brain image binarization for the uses of preprocessing of features extraction and brain abnormality identification of brain has been described. Binarization is used as intermediate steps of many MR of brain normal and abnormal tissues detection. One of the main problems of MRI binarization is that many pixels of brain part cannot be correctly binarized due to the extensive black background or the large variation in contrast between background and foreground of MRI. Proposed binarization determines a threshold value using mean, variance, standard deviation and entropy followed by a non-gamut enhancement that can overcome the binarization problem. The proposed binarization technique is extensively tested with a variety of MRI and generates good binarization with improved accuracy and reduced error.
A Research Paper on BFO and PSO Based Movie Recommendation System | J4RV4I1016Journal For Research
The objective of this work is to assess the utility of personalized recommendation system (PRS) in the field of movie recommendation using a new model based on neural network classification and hybrid optimization algorithm. We have used advantages of both the evolutionary optimization algorithms which are Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Bacteria foraging optimization (BFO). In its implementation a NN classification model is used to obtain a movie recommendation which predict ratings of movie. Parameters or attributes on which movie ratings are dependent are supplied by user's demographic details and movie content information. The efficiency and accuracy of proposed method is verified by multiple experiments based on the Movie Lens benchmark dataset. Hybrid optimization algorithm selects best attributes from total supplied attributes of recommendation system and gives more accurate rating with less time taken. In present scenario movie database is becoming larger so we need an optimized recommendation system for better performance in terms of time and accuracy.
IoT based Digital Agriculture Monitoring System and Their Impact on Optimal U...Journal For Research
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Need of rice transplanting machine is growing nowadays because of unique feature seeding in well sequence and well manners. This will save too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machine is farmers and they are having poor economic background. To feed growing population is a huge challenge. Importation of rice will lead to drain out the economy of the country. Mechanization of paddy sector will lead to higher productivity with releasing of work force to other sectors. The objective of this project is to design a paddy transplanting mechanism to transplant paddy seedling by small scale farmers in the country. Hence, this is considered as an activity that needed mechanization. For mechanization the modeling and simulation evaluated for hand operated rice seeding machine, which is help the farmers to planting more and more amount of rice in good quality with low energy consumption and less harm to the environment. India is predominately an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. It Produce about 80 million tons rice annually which is about 22% of the world rice production. Culturally transplanting of young seeding is preferred over direct seeding for better yield and better crop management practice. But this operation requires large amount of manpower (about 400 Man-Hour/ha) and task is very laborious involving working in stopping posture and moving in muddy field.
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DakNet, is an ad hoc network and an internet service planted on the applied science, which uses wireless technology to provide an asynchronous digital connectivity, it is the intermediate of wireless and asynchronous service that is the beginning of a technical way to universal broadband connectivity. The major process is it provides the broadband connectivity as wider. This paper broadly describes about the technology, architecture behind and its working principles.
Line following is one of the most important aspects of Robotics. A Line Follower Robot is an autonomous robot which is able to follow either a black or white line that is drawn on the surface consisting of a contrasting color. It is designed to move automatically and follow the made plot line. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. It will move in a particular direction Specified by the user and avoids the obstacle which is coming in the path. Autonomous Intelligent Robots are robot that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. It is an integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering. LDR sensors based line follower robot design and Fabrication procedure which always direct along the black mark on the white surface. The robot uses several sensors to identify the line thus assisting the bot to stay on the track. The robot is driven by DC motors to control the movements of the wheels.
The project is to ask college related queries and get the responses through a chatbot an Artificial Conversational Entity. This System is a web application which provides answer to the query of the student. Students just have to query through the bot which is used for chatting. Students can chat using any format there is no specific format the user has to follow. This system helps the student to be updated about the college activities.
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Coimbatore (11.0168°N,76.9558°E) is a fast developing cosmopolitan city with large number of industries and educational institutions. The development has lead to a large number of vehicles causing heavy traffic. The traffic congestion at Coimbatore has been a major problem which causes traffic jams and accidents. The major reason for traffic has been the mofussil buses that operate in the city. Around 1300 mofussil buses enter into the city, these buses play an important role in traffic congestion. The best solution is to construct a centralized bus stand at the outskirts of the city. This would reduce the traffic, accidents and also leads to development of the outskirts of the city. A suitable location near the city with sufficient road access to connecting cities has been chosen and the bus terminus has been designed, modeled with all facilities and features.
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Cyclone is the most commonly used device to separate dust particles from gas and dust flow. The performance of cyclone separator can be measured in terms of collection efficiency and pressure drop. Parameters like Inlet Flow velocity, the particle size distribution in feed, dimensions of inlet and outlet ducts and cyclone affects the performance of cyclone significantly. Various Mathematical models used for calculation of cut off diameter of separator, flow rate, target efficiency and no. of vortex inside the cyclone to design and study to check the performance of existing cyclone separator. Also new dimensions can be design with help of models. Here, in this study the efficiency achieved with Lapple model cumulatively 86.47%.
During past few years, brain tumor segmentation in CT has become an emergent research area in the field of medical imaging system. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size and location of tumor. An efficient algorithm is proposed in this project for tumor detection based on segmentation and morphological operators. Firstly quality of scanned image is enhanced and then morphological operators are applied to detect the tumor in the scanned image. The problem with biopsy is that the patient has to be hospitalized and also the results (around 15%) give false negative. Scan images are read by radiologist but it's a subjective analysis which requires more experience. In the proposed work we segment the renal region and then classify the tumors as benign or malignant by using ANFIS, which is a non-invasive automated process. This approach reduces the waiting time of the patient.
USE OF GALVANIZED STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY- CAR SURVEY RESULTS AT COASTAL A...Journal For Research
An extensive study of automotive body corrosion was conducted in Mumbai area to track corrosion performance of currently used materials of construction for automotive, especially cars with low end cost. The study consisted of a wide range of areas, starting from a closed car parking to several coastal and other humid regions such as Juhu Beach, Varsova beach and other adjoining areas. Data such as visible perforations, paint blisters, and surface rust were seen especially at vulnerable areas such as doors, mudguards, bonnet areas etc. Also, a comparison was done with low cost cars built with normal steel with those built using galvanized steels.
The main objective of our work is to deliver the goods at proper time by an unmanned drone. An Autonomous drone for delivering the goods such as bombs, medical kids, and foods mainly for military uses. This drone was used for dispatching the bombs and armed guns in battle field. And it is also used for delivering the medicines and foods for soldiers in our country borders.
SURVEY ON A MODERN MEDICARE SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS | J4RV3I12024Journal For Research
Since the population of the world is aging rapidly, how to provide appropriate health care to the elderly and unwell people becomes an important issue and draws high attention from medical, academic and industrial fields of the society. The Internet of Things (IoT) drives the evolution of the Internet and is regarded as a great potential to improve quality of life for the surging number of elderly people, significantly. As Android operating system gains immense popularity nowadays, it is a trend to make use of it for the wider access of IoT utility. This project presents a health monitoring system prototype based on IoT, with the increasing use of sensors by medical devices, remote and continuous monitoring of a patient’s health. This network of sensors and other mobile communication devices referred to as the Internet of Things for Medical Devices (IoT-MD), is poised to revolutionize the functioning of the healthcare industry. Untimed medicine administration can always show adverse effects on the health of the patients. The proposed system is designed to help these patients to take the required medicine in the right proportion at the right time. The basic ideology is integrating the principle of IoT with weight-based slot sensing on a normal pillbox. To make it more state-of-the-art, it is inbuilt with a Wi-Fi module for alerting the patient and also the chemist at the needed instant using IoT.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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CATALYTIC CONVERTER IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST EMISSION
1. Journal for Research| Volume 02 | Issue 10 | December 2016
ISSN: 2395-7549
All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org 29
Catalytic Converter in Automobile Exhaust
Emission
Anupam Mukherjee Kunal Roy
Student Student
Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering
Haldia Institute of Technology, West-Bengal, India Haldia Institute of Technology, West-Bengal, India
Jayabrata Bagchi Konika Mondal
Student Student
Department of Chemistry Department of Mathematics
Sripat Singh College, West-Bengal, India Krishnath College, West-Bengal, India
Abstract
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different
types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These
vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to
generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for
production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a
proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for
reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc.
Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient
combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like
the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the
engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic
converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
Keywords: Automobile Exhaust System, Catalytic Converter in Exhaust System, Necessity of Catalytic Converter
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Always been disputed among the ecologists over the centuries and recent years is pollution of air. As the technology carry on
sprouting and extending, it brings along many unwanted hazardous effects on topof its wide ranging applications. The vehicle
exhaust limit takes a main production part for the emission of polluted gases. As we know that a number of vehicles voyages
thousands of miles per year for the purpose of carrying various needs and demands. Subsequently, an increase in the number of
vehicles led to the increase of pollutants in air [1].
Various combustion products and by-products are formed due to the partial combustion in the engine. The products formed
from incomplete combustion of engine are hydrocarbons (HC), CO (carbon mono-oxide), NOx (oxides of nitrogen) and the by-
product formed from it is ground-level ozone due to reaction with hydrocarbons in the presence ofnitrogen oxides and sunlight,
which is responsible mainly for smog. Also ozone is hazardous for our respiratory system. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons
have also contribution for the formation of ozone and acid rain. Carbonmonoxide creates obstruction for the flow of oxygen in
the blood stream and it isvery much dangerous heart patient. Carbon dioxide does not affect human health directly,it goes about
as a "Green-house gas" that traps the world's warmth vitality and produces global warming as industrialization and urbanization
has assumed an immense part in making work for ordinary individuals[16].An exhaust system is the most important part of
automobile as it takes a vital role in environment. Roughly 1/3 of the contamination the air is from the automobile fleet. So it is
of considerable hugeness to control car contamination to accomplish the objective of cleaner air, which ought to help for
lessening of green-house gasses. [2,3].
Exhaust System in Automobiles
The major persistence of the exhaust system is to eject burned gases or exhaust to the tail of the vehicle and to inhibit the sound
of engine ignition. Exhaust system in automobiles take a very significant role to abate the environmental contamination.
2. Catalytic Converter in Automobile Exhaust Emission
(J4R/ Volume 02 / Issue 10 / 007)
All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org 30
Fig. 1: Exhaust System in Automobile System.
Major Components of Exhaust System
Exhaust manifold.
Catalytic converter.
Resonator.
Muffler.
Exhaust tail.
Working Process of Exhaust System
Exhaust gasses are gathered from the barrel head in the motor by an exhaust manifold. The exhaust manifold goes about as a
channel, redirecting fumes gasses from all barrels of the motor then discharges them through a solitary opening, frequently
alluded to as the front pipe. This exhaust gasses then go through a catalytic converter which expels hurtful components including
carbon monoxide and hydrogen monoxide which are changed over into dormant gasses. The gasses then go through a silencer or
muffler. It's exclusive when you hear an auto with a harmed silencer that you understand what a colossal contrast it makes to
diminishing clamor levels. The silencer on your fumes contains a misleadingly basic arrangement of tubes that are finely tuned to
mirror the sound waves created by the motor with the goal that they counteract each other. The silencer will consume after some
time and when it in the end builds up a gap, regardless of how little, the sound waves are no longer constrained through the tubes
and escape outside – making a ton of commotion simultaneously. At last the fumes exhaust exit by means of the tail pipe at the
back which diverts gasses from the vehicle and the travelers inside.
II. CATALYTIC CONVERTER
As indicated by the meaning of chemistry, a catalyst is a substance that causes or quickens a compound response without itself
being influenced. Catalysts take an interest in the responses, however are neither reactants nor results of the response they
catalyze. An exhaust system is a vehicle discharges control gadget which changes over lethal by-results of burning in the fumes
of an interior ignition motor to less poisonous substances by method for catalyzed compound responses [3]. It lessens
temperature at which CO and HC change over into CO2 and H2O. Big and large exhaust systems utilize platinum gathering
ofrespectable metals [4].
Fig. 2: Converting system in catalytic converter. Fig. 3: Position of catalytic converter in automobile [15].
The contaminations have negative effect on air quality, environment and human wellbeing that leads in stringent standards of
poison outflow. Quantities of option innovations like change in motor plan, fuel pretreatment, utilization of option energizes, fuel
added substances, fumes treatment or better tuning of the ignition procedure and so forth, are being considered to lower the
release levels of the engine. Out of various progressions available for auto vapor radiation control a fumes framework is found to
best choice to control CO, HC and NOx discharges from petrol driven vehicles while diesel particulate channel and oxidation
forces converter or diesel oxidation impulse have so far been the most potential other option to control particulates outpourings
from diesel driven vehicle [5]. An exhaust system (CC) is put inside the tailpipe through which destructive fumes gasses
containing unburnt fuel, CO, NOx are transmitted [6].
3. Catalytic Converter in Automobile Exhaust Emission
(J4R/ Volume 02 / Issue 10 / 007)
All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org 31
III. BACKGROUND OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER
The exhaust system was developed by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical specialist who lived in the United States [6,7]. In
1950, when the consequences of early investigations of brown haze in Los Angeles were distributed, Houdry got to be distinctly
worried about the part of car fumes in air contamination and established a unique organization, Oxy-Catalyst, to create exhaust
systems for fuel motors - a thought relatively revolutionary for which he achieved a patent (US2742437). In any case, until the to
a great degree viable against thump specialist tetra-ethyl lead was dispensed with from most gas over natural concerns, it would
"harm" the converter by shaping a covering on the impetus' surface, successfully crippling it. The fumes framework was later on
further made by John J. Mooney and Carl D. Keith at the Engelhard Corporation making the essential creation debilitate
framework in 1973. Starting in 1979, an ordered diminishment in NOx required the advancement and utilization of a three path
impetus for CO, HC and NOx reduction [8-13].
IV. TYPES OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER[4]
Mainly it is classified into two types- 1) Two-way catalytic converter & 2) Three-way catalytic converter. In another way it can
be classified into two types also- 3) Monolithic converter & 4) Dual Bed converter.
Two-Way Catalytic Converter
This type is also known as a two-way catalytic converter, because it can only operate with hydrocarbons (unburned fuel) and
carbon monoxide (brought about by somewhat blazed fuel). Oxidation converter components are normally canvassed in
platinum. In two-way catalytic converter mainly two tasks simultaneously occur [14]. One is oxidation of carbon mono oxide to
carbon dioxide. Another one is oxidation of unburnt and partially burnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. For these two
types of oxidation reactions, it is also known as oxidation type catalytic converter.
Conversion Reactions in Two Way Catalytic Converter
CxH4x + 2xO2 → xCO2 + 2xH2O (conversion of hydrocarbons)
2xCO + O2 → 2xCO2 (conversion of carbon mono-oxides)
Three-way Catalytic Converter
Similar to the oxidation converter, the reduction catalytic converter helps to eliminate hydrocarbons and carbon-monoxide
emanations, in addition to oxides of nitrogen discharges, or NOx. NOx outflows are created in the motor burning chamber when it
reaches extremely high temperatures more than 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit, approximately. In this type of converter, a reduction
reaction also occurs in addition to two oxidation reactions same as two-way converter. The reduction reaction occurs during the
conversion of oxides of nitrogen to nitrogen and oxygen. So this type of converter is also known as reduction type catalytic
converter.
Conversion Reactions in Three Way Catalytic Converter
CxH4x + 2xO2 → xCO2 + 2xH2O (conversion of hydrocarbons)
2xCO + O2 → 2xCO2 (conversion of carbon mono-oxides)
2NOx → N2 + xO2 [O2 + 2H2 → 2H2O] (Decomposition of oxides of nitrogen)
Monolithic Converters
These types of converters consist of ceramic material finished in a honeycomb arrangement to regulate exhaust gases flowing
through it. The catalytic elements mean catalysts are sealed off by stainless steel. When ceramic beads are used rather than
honeycomb structure, the operating unit is known as pellet type converter.
Dual Bed Converter
This is possibly one of the most proficient converters. The dual-bed is nothing but the combination of two-and three-way
catalytic converters accommodated in a single part. Both converters are coupled through a chamber where incoming emissions
are mixed. An air-line plugs into the blending chamber to drive air into the chamber to respond with the joined emanations and
diminish hydrocarbon and carbon-monoxide discharges.
V. CONSTRUCTION OF THE CATALYTIC CONVERTER
It consists of following several components-
Core or Substrate
The core is regularly an earthenware honeycomb in advanced catalytic converter, yet stainless steel thwart honeycombs are
utilized, as well. The honeycomb surface expands the measure of surface region accessible to support the catalyst, and in this
way is frequently called a "catalyst supporter" [3].
4. Catalytic Converter in Automobile Exhaust Emission
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The Wash Coat
A washcoat is utilized to make converters more proficient, regularly as a blend of silica and alumina. The washcoat, when added
to the center, frames a harsh, sporadic surface, which has a far more prominent surface zone than the level center surfaces do,
which then gives the converter center a bigger surface territory, and in this way more places for dynamic valuable metal
destinations. The impetus is added to the wash coat (in suspension) before being connected to the core [14].
Fig. 4: Ceramic core converter [3].
The Catalyst
The catalystitself is regularly a valuable metal. Platinum is the most dynamic catalyst and is broadly utilized. It is not reasonable
for all applications, be that as it may, on account of undesirable extra responses as well as cost. Palladium and rhodium are two
other valuable metals utilized. Platinum and rhodium are utilized as a decrease catalyst, while platinum and palladium are
utilized as an oxidization catalyst [3].
VI. INFLUENCE ON ENVIRONMENT[3]
Catalytic converter has turned out to be solid and powerful in lessening harmful tailpipe discharges. However, they may have
some unfavorable natural effects being used:
The obligation for a rich blaze motor to keep running at the stoichiometric point implies it utilizes more fuel than a "lean burn"
engine running at a blend of 20:1 or less. This builds the measure of fossil fuel expended and the carbon dioxide outflows of the
vehicle. In any case, NOx control on incline smolder motors is hazardous and troublesome.
Catalytic converter generation requires palladium and additionally platinum; part of the world supply of these valuable metals
is delivered close to the Russian city of Norilsk, where the business (among others) has created Norilsk of most contaminated
spots.
VII.CONCLUSION
Natural, environmental and wellbeing concern result in progressively stringent outflows controls of poison outflows from vehicle
motors. Among every one of the sorts of advancements grew in this way, utilization of exhaust systems is the most ideal
approach to control auto fumes outflow. Three-way catalyst with stoichiometric motor control frameworks remain the condition
of workmanship technique for all the while controlling hydrocarbon, CO and NOx¬ outflows from vehicle. The practical
reasons, constrained assets of platinum gathering (honorable) metal and some working confinements of platinum assemble metal
based exhaust systems have roused the examination of option impetus materials [5].
REFERENCE
[1] Prof. Bharat S Patel, Mr. Kuldeep D Patel; A Review paper on Catalytic Converter for Automotive Exhaust Emission; International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research, ISSN: 0973-4562, Vol.7 No.11, (2012).
[2] Jay M. Parmar, Prof. Keyur D. Tandel; Performance of Limestone Coated Wiremesh Catalytic Converter for Emission Control of C.I Engine; International
Journal for Scientific Research & Development (IJSRD); ISSN(online): 2321-0613, Vol. 1, Issue 11 (2014).
[3] Md. Mizanuzzaman, Amitava Ghosh Dastidar, Mohammad Rajib Uddin Rony, Reasat Azam, Md. Almostasim Mahmud; Exhaust Gas Analysis of SI
Engine and Performance of Catalytic Converter; International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622; Vol. 3, Issue
4, pp:313-320, Jul-Aug 2013.
[4] Chirag Amin, Pravin P. Rathod; Catalytic Converter Based on Non-Noble Material; International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies
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[5] Julie M Pardiwala, Femina Patel, Sanjay Patel; Review Paper on Catalytic Converter for Automotive Exhaust Emission; International Conference On
Current Trends in Technology, ’NUiCONE-2011’.
[6] B. P. Pundir, Engine Emissions: Pollutant Formation and Advances in Control Technology, Chapter 4, pp. 115-155.
[7] P. Bera, and M. S. Hegde, “Recent advances in auto exhaust catalysis”, Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, vol. 90:2, pp.299-325, 2010.
[8] R. Heck, and R. Farrauto, ʺAutomobile exhaust catalystsʺ, Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 221, pp. 443-457, 2001.
[9] M. Shelef, and R.W. McCabe, “Twenty-five years after introduction of automotive catalysts: What next?”, Catalysis Today, vol. 62, pp. 35-50, 2000.
[10] Y. Traa, B. Burger, and J. Weitkamp, ʺZeolite-based materials for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with hydrocarbons”, Microporous and
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[11] Y. Nishita, J. Mizuki, H. Tanka, M. Uenishi and M. Kimura, ʺSelf regeneration of palladium-perovskite catalysts in modern automobileʺ. Journal of Physics
and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 66, pp. 274-282, 2005.
[12] H. He, H. Dai, and C. Au, ʺAn investigation on the utilization of perovskite type oxides La1-xSrxMO3 (M=Co0:77Bi0:20Pd0:03) as three way catalystʺ,
Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 33, pp. 65-80, 2001.
[13] Y. Nishihata, and H. Tanaka, ʺSelf-regeneration of a Pd perovskite catalyst: A philosopher's stone for today's automotive engineʺ, Environmental Science,
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[14] Published Article: catalysator, Budapest University of Technology and Economics,http://www.bme.hu
[15] M. Shelef, and R.W. McCabe, “Twenty-five years after introduction of automotive catalysts: What next?”, Catalysis Today, vol. 62, pp. 35-50, 2000.
[16] Halder D, Mondal S, Mukherjee A, Ghosh A; An Overview on The Treatment of Waste Water UsingRenewable Energy; IJRET: International Journal of
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