International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
As rapidly increasing demand for electricity day by day Refuse Derived Fuel acts as an alternative source for the production of energy. As well as it also help to reduse landfill area where the municipal solid waste is dumped. Only the non-recycleable material goes to the landfill. Refuse derived fuel can also be used as the secondary fuel for the thermal power plant when with with the pulverized coal.
Research was conducted on various stove design (wood, charcoal, bricks) that could be potentially modified in stove for desired purpose. Of the stoves gasifiers and Rocket stoves were two of the core design for design work.
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
CO2 Capture Using Activated Alumina in Gasoline Passenger VehiclesIJERA Editor
Now a days there is a tremendous change in the climatic conditions due to global warming and greenhouse
gases results in the floods, draughts and famine. Due to increase in the usage of fossil fuels, the emission of
harmful gases into the atmosphere and results in global warming and greenhouse effect. Carbon Dioxide is one
of the major component of Greenhouse gases results in greenhouse effect. Major amount of Carbon Dioxide
releases from the combustion of fossil fuels which are emitting from the Vehicles and Industries. For the control
of the emission of the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere we have chosen for adsorption of Carbon Dioxide
from the exhaust of the gasoline vehicles using Activated Alumina. For this Alumina is phase transformed to
Gamma – Alumina (Activated Alumina) which can adsorb the Carbon Dioxide from the gases and can be
recycled without causing any effect to the neighbouring gases and material used. The gasoline vehicle used for
testing is following the EURO – V emission norms and the Carbon Dioxide content releasing from the vehicle is
reduced to 7.6%.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Bionic's µfuel catalytic MWDP (microwave depolymerization) process is a 2nd generation biomass/waste-to-fuel process ready for commercialization in 2011.
As rapidly increasing demand for electricity day by day Refuse Derived Fuel acts as an alternative source for the production of energy. As well as it also help to reduse landfill area where the municipal solid waste is dumped. Only the non-recycleable material goes to the landfill. Refuse derived fuel can also be used as the secondary fuel for the thermal power plant when with with the pulverized coal.
Research was conducted on various stove design (wood, charcoal, bricks) that could be potentially modified in stove for desired purpose. Of the stoves gasifiers and Rocket stoves were two of the core design for design work.
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
CO2 Capture Using Activated Alumina in Gasoline Passenger VehiclesIJERA Editor
Now a days there is a tremendous change in the climatic conditions due to global warming and greenhouse
gases results in the floods, draughts and famine. Due to increase in the usage of fossil fuels, the emission of
harmful gases into the atmosphere and results in global warming and greenhouse effect. Carbon Dioxide is one
of the major component of Greenhouse gases results in greenhouse effect. Major amount of Carbon Dioxide
releases from the combustion of fossil fuels which are emitting from the Vehicles and Industries. For the control
of the emission of the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere we have chosen for adsorption of Carbon Dioxide
from the exhaust of the gasoline vehicles using Activated Alumina. For this Alumina is phase transformed to
Gamma – Alumina (Activated Alumina) which can adsorb the Carbon Dioxide from the gases and can be
recycled without causing any effect to the neighbouring gases and material used. The gasoline vehicle used for
testing is following the EURO – V emission norms and the Carbon Dioxide content releasing from the vehicle is
reduced to 7.6%.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Bionic's µfuel catalytic MWDP (microwave depolymerization) process is a 2nd generation biomass/waste-to-fuel process ready for commercialization in 2011.
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
Advanced technologies as "DOC, DPF, SCR" to reduce Diesel engines harmful em...Omar Qasim
Diesel engines play a dominant role in transport because of their lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency. However, the high particulate matter (PM) emissions and high rat of the NOx emission of diesel engines also cause a series of environmental and social problems. several studies investigated the relationship between particulate matter emission and human health and found that 4.2 million deaths (7.6% of all global deaths) caused by outdoor fine particulate air pollution in 2015 and particulate matter (PM 2.5) was the fifth highest ranking risk factor for death in the world.
Design Optimization of Diesel Particulate Filter Using CFDIJERA Editor
The diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the
exhaust gas of a diesel engine. A series of tests have been performed on a downscaled DPF prototype. This
prototype had high filtration efficiency. Then the next step is to study the soot and ash handling capacity of DPF
system and perform tests on a full-scale prototype. In order to move forward to the next step the functionality of
the filter should be investigated. Moreover, a complete model of flow inside the filter can help parameter
investigation on both downscale and full-scale prototype. Building up a CFD model using fluent which is
capable to simulate the flow through all channels and porous media of the filter plates and tuning the pressure
drop parameters for all steps of filtration from clean filter to dirty one are the main achievements of this project.
CFD results have been tuned by using experimental data of filtration tests.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI CYLINDER CRD-I ENGINE TO MEET EURO VI EMISSION NORMSIAEME Publication
Direct injection diesel engine offers the benefit of better fuel economy over gasoline engine. Diesel engine with electronic control of high press ure, multiple injections per cycle, 4valves per cylinder, turbocharged with intercooled, cooled EGR or SCR and DPF have now become the key features to meet the upcoming emissions in India. This paper describes the work done on multi-cylinder diesel engine to meet the requirements of Bharat stage 5 emissions and has the potential to meet Euro6 emission norms.
Genset Engine Development to Meet Current Emission Norms" (Conversion from CP...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
A Smart City could be depicted as a place, logical and physical, in which a crowd of heterogeneous
entities is related in time and space through different types of interactions. Any type of entity, whether it is a
device or a person, clustered in communities, becomes a source of context-based data.
Energy awareness is able to drive the process of bringing our society to limit energy waste and to optimize
usage of available resources, causing a strong environmental and social impact. Then, following social network
analysis methodologies related to the dynamics of complex systems, it is possible to find out, emergent and
sometimes hidden new habits of electricity usage. Through an initial Critical Mass, involving a multitude of
consumers, each related to more contexts, we evaluate the triggering and spreading of a collective attitude. To
this aim, in this paper, we propose a novel analytical model defining a new concept of critical mass, which
includes centrality measures both in a single layer and in a multilayer social network.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
- Person's desire to do a pregnancy examination is determined by the service place that suits the tastes
and facilities owned by it. Until now, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low (Mardiana,
2014). The purpose of the study is to analyze factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery place
in Surabaya city based on the preferences and choice theory.
Type of survey research is cross sectional approach, the population is mothers who have children aged 1-
12 months in Surabaya. The large sample of 250 mothers who have children aged 1-12 months in 2013 is taken
by simple random sampling technique. Variables of the research are the preference elements and steps, choice
elements and steps, utilization of antenatal care and delivery place. Data were collected through questionnaires
and secondary data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics in the form of a frequency distribution, shown
by the schematic diagram.
The result showed that the preference elements and steps showed almost half (42.9%) desire to give birth
in a health care because of information got from someone else, while the choice element and step shows the
bulk (57.1%) of the criteria of delivery place chosen is a safe, comfortable and cheap delivery place, the labor
place which is the main choice most (57.1%) is cheap, comfortable, close.
Conclusion of the research based on the preferences and choice theory can be found three (3) new
theories, they are preferences become choice, preferences do not become choice, choice is preceded by
preferences
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
AI for Every Business: Unlocking Your Product's Universal Potential by VP of ...
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 6 (June 2013), PP. 31-41
www.irjes.com
31
Diesel Vehicle Emission Controltechniques for Upcoming Indian
Emission Legislation
Kaustubh P. Ghodke1
, T.E. Mechanical2
RajarshiShahu College of Engineering, Pune
ABSTARCT: Due to stringentemissionregulationsintroduced by the Indian government, emission control of
diesel vehicle has become mandatory for every automobile vehicle manufacturer. Diesel powered vehicles are
preferred due to higher thermal efficiency and lower fuel consumption. Diesel engine inherently emits more
oxides of Nitrogen and particulate matters. It is not always possible to control in-cylinder NOx and Particulate
below emission legislation limit. Hence exhaust after-treatment system plays vital role in controlling vehicle
tailpipe emissions. In this paper, overview of NOx and PM control technologies were discussed.The two
technologies effective for controlling NOx emission from diesel engine are EGR(Exhaust Gas Recirculation)
and SCR(Selective Catalyst Reduction).First method became popular due to easy of adaptation and no
additional infrastructure requirement. The use of high pressure EGR cooler helps NOx reduction up to about
60%. Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) have become most important due to their ability to trap 98% particulates
but they require special arrangement to burn the trapped soot.
Keywords:- Diesel Engines, EGR, coated DPF, Emissions, Soot, NOx, Catalytic oxidation, SCR.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently India follows Bharat stage 4 (BS4) emission norms in major cities and BS3 norms in rest of
India. There is a proposal to introduce Bharat stage 5 (BS5) norms tentatively from 2014-15 onwards.
Table 1 shows the comparison of BS4 and BS5 emission legislation for vehicle category N1 class 3 of
vehicle with vehicle gross vehicle weight up to 3.5 ton.
Table 1: Comparison of BS4 and BS5 emission norms for N1 class 3 of vehicle
Emission
Norms
CO
( g/km)
HC+NOx
( g/km)
NOx (g/km)
PM
( g/km)
PM (Nb/km)
BS4 0.74 0.46 0.39 0.06 NIL
BS5 0.74 0.36 0.28 0.0045 6 x 10^11
% less No change 22 28 93 New method
Significant reduction of NOx (28%) and PM (93%) is required for BS5 as compared to BS4 emission
norms. In addition to this, a new concept of particulate number count measurement is introduced. Due to
requirement of simultaneous reduction of NOx and particulate matter,it calls for major modifications in engine
design like its EGR (exhaust gas recirculation system) and exhaust after-treatment system packaging close to
engine.
There were several methods designed by engineers to reduce the soot & NOx production as well as
emission in diesel engines. Most successful of them include the introduction of conventional catalytic oxidizer,
DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter), EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation), Closed coupled catalytic soot filters, HCCI
(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition), SCR PM Metalit®, etc.
The DPF is the most successful of them all for controlling soot, which has almost 98% efficiency. It
traps the soot particles in the emission.The existing DPF technology has also been improved to cDPF(coated
Diesel Particulate Filter), which uses catalyst for breaking down the soot particles at low temperatures. One of
the concepts is the homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) which is based on the simultaneous
ignition of a highly diluted premixed air-fuel mixture throughout the combustion chamber. This significantly
reduced NOx-soot trade-off but increased the HC and CO emissions. It reduces the engine efficiency slightly
but has significant reduction in soot & NOx emission. Close to HCCI combustion conditions are obtained by
early fuel injection. It corresponds to combustion in an area with an equivalence ratio leaner than 1 and a
temperature lower than 2200 K.The only concern in HCCI combustion is the controlling of cylinder pressure
due to the changes in the ambient condition of air.
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Partial Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) is also a possibility for low emission
combustion. In this method, fuel is injected early in the compression stroke which forms a premixed lean
mixture over a long mixing period. This results in low NOx & soot emissions, but increase in the amount of fuel
injected beyond a certain level results in knocking.The engines using multiple-pulse injection have significant
reduction in soot & NOx production than conventional single-pulse injections. With high pressure, multiple
injections (two or more injection pulses per power cycle), the soot-NOx trade-off curves of a diesel engine is
shifted closer to the origin.
In the new EGR system, high pressure EGR cooler is used with the provision of cooling bypass valve
for engine. In the exhaust after-treatment system, the normal diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) was replaced with
DOC+ cDPF (coated diesel particulate filter). Diesel particulate filters are capable to restrict 98% soot particles
from the exhaust gas. This technology is sufficient to meet proposed BS5 emission norms in India.
II. DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF)
Introduced in 1980, DPF was commercially standardized to fit on a passenger car in 2000 by PSA
Peugeot Citroën. DPF traps the particulate matter and by thermal regeneration converts it into water and CO2.
Modern DPFs exhibit very high filtration efficiencies, but they need to be regenerated periodically to prevent
their clogging. As typical diesel exhaust conditions are not hot enough to initiate and maintain particulate (soot)
oxidation, active (engine) means are employed to raise the exhaust gas temperature up to the point that
particulate oxidation can be self-sustained in the filter at fast enough rates (>650° C). To achieve the oxidation
of soot particles at lower temperatures (250° – 550° C), a number of direct and indirect catalytic measures can
be employed ranging from fuel additives, generation of reactive species, catalytic combustion of post-injected
fuel and filter coatings promoting soot oxidation. So modern trends in passenger car DPF are now focusing on
the complete elimination of DPF servicing i.e. ash removal. Requirements for robust on-board monitoring and
control for these modern technologies generate the need for efficient algorithms which are implementable in
computationally limited engine control units (ECUs) and which will provide accurate knowledge of the state of
the emission control system during vehicle operation, and which can be used in control loops for management of
the integrated powertrain-emission control system.
1. Design
The most common design of diesel particulate filter is the wall-flow monolith. It is an extruded, usually
cylindrical ceramic structure made of the ceramics of higher and more precisely controlled porosity with many
small, parallel channels running in the axial direction. The filter media is ultimately packaged into steel
container which is installed in the exhaust system of the vehicle. The DPF can be packaged as a stand-alone unit
resembling a catalytic converter but usually of bigger size.
Diesel Particulate Filter Materials and Configurations
Ceramic
Oxide ceramics
• Cordierite • Extruded honeycomb wall-flow monoliths
• Mullite • Foam monolithic blocks and plates
• Aluminium titanate (tialite)
Non-oxide ceramics
• Recrystallized silicon carbide • Extruded honeycomb wall-flow monoliths
• Silicon-bonded silicon carbide • Fibrous felts
• Silicon nitride
Metallic
• Sintered metal powder • Pleated wall-flow sheets
• Metal fiber • Fibrous felt elements and cartridges
• Metal foam • Sheets and cartridges
3. Diesel Vehicle Emission Controltechniques for Upcoming Indian Emission Legislation
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Fig. 1: Cutout of Catalyzed DPF for Urban Bus (Courtesy of Nett Technologies)
Fig. 2: Computer reconstruction of various types of porous filters
2. Filtration Mechanism
The design of diesel filter monoliths has beenderived from automotive, “flow-through” catalyst
substrates. There are, however, two importantdifferences between these structures: (1) the wall-flow monoliths
are made of ceramics of higherand more precisely controlled porosity
(2) adjacent channels in the wall-flow filters arealternatively plugged at each end, thus forcing the gas to flow
through the porous walls which actas a filter medium.
The flow pattern difference between the flow-through and the wall-flowsubstrate is illustrated in Figure.
Filters, depending on the type of the barrier, may be divided into
(1) Deep-bed filters
(2) Surface-type filters.
In the deep-bed filters, the mean pore size of filter media is bigger than the mean diameter of collected
particles. The particles are deposited on the media through a combination of depth filtration mechanisms which
4. Diesel Vehicle Emission Controltechniques for Upcoming Indian Emission Legislation
34
are driven by various force fields. In the surface-type filters the pore diameter is less than the particle diameter.
The particles are deposited on the media through sieving.
The main deposition mechanisms in DPF are Brownian diffusion, Depth filtration and direct interception,
while thermophoresis can be important in the presence of temperature gradients. The depth filtration relies on
three mechanisms of aerosol deposition [Perry 1984]:
Diffusional deposition
Inertial deposition
Flow-line interception.
There is also a mechanism developed which combines deep bed and surface filtration mechanisms. In
this mechanism, soot layer itself acts as a filter media. It has advantages of both.
5. Diesel Vehicle Emission Controltechniques for Upcoming Indian Emission Legislation
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a. THERMAL REGENERATION
DPF is designed to hold only a certain quantity of soot. If the filter becomes overloaded, the
particulates create an obstruction to the gas flow, which results in increased pressure drop and may lead to
clogging of the filter. Therefore, the filter system has to provide reliable regeneration mechanisms to ensure
problem free operation. The soot holding capacity in most filter systems is sufficient only a few of days of
engine operation. The temperature of the exhaust gases plays an important role in the filter regeneration.
Generally soot gets converted to water & CO2 at temperatures > 650° C. But exhaust gases do not have such a
high temperature. To achieve regeneration, there are following ways -
Active Regeneration Measures
External means
• Fuel burners (full and partial flow)
• Electric heating (upstream or embedded in the filter)
• Microwave heating
• Injection of combustibles (e.g. fuel) in the exhaust
• Injection of catalytic and/or reactive species in the exhaust (e.g. H2O2)
• Generation of reactive species (e.g. non-thermal plasma)
• Electrochemical filter reactor
Engine means
• Exhaust gas recirculation
• Post-injection of fuel
• Decrease of boost pressure
• Intercooler bypass
• Injection timing retard
Passive Regeneration Measures
• Catalytic means
• Fuel-borne catalysts
• Catalytic filter coatings
• Reactive species generation
To carry out the thermal regeneration process, mainly passive methods are used. Some of the popular
catalysts used are platinum, platinum-palladium alloy, etc. This new development in CDPF (Catalytic Diesel
Particulate Filter) aims at achieving:
(i) some soot oxidation activity under moderate exhaust temperature to prolong as much as possible the intervals
between fixed regenerations, exploiting direct (i.e. through oxygen transfer) as well as indirect (through NO2
generation) soot oxidation;
(ii) reduced soot ignition temperatures compared to non-catalyzed filters to allow for energy savings during
regeneration;
(iii) tolerance to ash accumulation.
Fig. 3: Soot oxidation rate on catalyzed filter
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Fig. 4: Position of DPF system in a vehicle
III. EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION
It is used in diesel engines to reduce the NOx content of emission. It works by recirculating a portion of
exhaust gas back to engine cylinders, which replaces some of excess oxygen in the pre-combustion mixture.
Because NOx forms when a mixture of nitrogen & oxygen is subjected to high temperature, lower combustion
chamber temperatures caused by EGR reduces the amount of NOx generated. A sophisticated version of EGR
was introduced by Chrysler in 1973.
Fig. 5: Exhaust Gas Recirculation Schematic
1. Modifications in conventional EGRto modern High pressure cooled EGR
The effect of injection timing on low temperature combustion process and emissions when investigated
via three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) procedures in a DI diesel engine using high EGR
rates, the results showed that when EGR was increased from low levels to levels corresponding to reduced
temperature combustion, soot emission after first increasing, was decreased beyond 40% EGR and got the
lowest value at 58% EGR rate. Soot and NOx emissions were simultaneously decreased at advanced injection
timing before 20.5 ºCA BTDC in conjunction with 58% cooled EGR rate in comparison to baseline case.
Fig. 6: Construction of Exhaust Gas Recirculation System
7. Diesel Vehicle Emission Controltechniques for Upcoming Indian Emission Legislation
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.
Fig. 7: Comparison of calculated and measured NOx emission
Some of the EGRs recommended by Euro Norms are as shown in fig.
1. Euro III
2. Euro IV
8. Diesel Vehicle Emission Controltechniques for Upcoming Indian Emission Legislation
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3. Euro V
These Euro Norms were modified for Indian vehicles and named as Bharat Stage (BS).
Fig. 8: EGR System
EGRs further have two types
High pressure EGR
9. Diesel Vehicle Emission Controltechniques for Upcoming Indian Emission Legislation
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Low pressure EGR
Fig. 9: Comparison of calculated and measured soot emission
Fig. 10: In-cylinder pressure comparison between different high EGR rate cases and baseline case
It can be seen in Fig. 10 that the in-cylinder peak pressure is reduced with increase of EGR with earlier
injection. This is because the use of high EGR ratio reduces further the availability of oxygen. This lack of
10. Diesel Vehicle Emission Controltechniques for Upcoming Indian Emission Legislation
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oxygen in the cylinder charge reduces the combustion rate leading to retarded combustion and thus to lower
peak cylinder pressure values thereby reducing NOx production.
Fig. 11: In-cylinder temperature comparison between different EGR rate cases and baseline case
Operating at 40% and 58% of cooled EGR rate, the maximum value of mean in-cylinder temperature is
reduced down to 1269 K and 1132 K, respectively in comparison to 1504 K at the baseline case. This is due to
the dilution effect and the thermal effect in conjunction with cooled EGR. The introduction of burnt gases into
the cylinder replaces a part of the inlet air and causes a reduction of the oxygen concentration. This effect slows
down the heat release rate if large amounts of EGR is used and leads to the reduction in mean in-cylinder
temperature. Moreover, during compression and combustion, the inert burnt gases must be heated up together
with the rest of the in-cylinder charge. Because the total heat capacity of the charge is higher with burnt gases
due to the higher specific heat capacity values of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O), lower end of
compression and combustion temperatures are achieved, and heat release rates as well as maximum pressure and
temperature are reduced as seen in Fig. 11.
From Fig. 12, firstly, the soot is increased with increasing EGR rate and decreasing air-fuel ratio
accompanied with intake charge dilution with exhaust gas and reduction of in-cylinder oxygen concentration.
However, when the EGR rate exceeds a critical point, the soot starts to sharply decrease. Therefore, it was
shown that the soot emission decreases even in the richer condition. Namely, when EGR rate is increased
beyond 40 % EGR, soot emission reduced to lowest value at 58% EGR rate. As a result, for a fixed injection
timing and injection pressure and for a given amount of fuel, it can be said that the increase in cooling EGR rate
to 58% allows us to achieve the soot emission level close to the baseline case soot engine-out level but it can’t
be eliminated completely.
Fig. 12: Effect of EGR rate on soot emission at EVO for SOI at 351.5 ºCA as compared to the baseline case.
From Fig. 13, when the EGR level is increased beyond 40 % EGR, NOx emission reduced to nearly
zero at 58% EGR rate.
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Fig. 13: Effect of EGR rate on NOx emission at EVO for SOI at 351.5 ºCA
2. Drawbacks of EGR
It reduces temperature of combustion chamber, resulting in less efficient combustion, compromising
economy & power.
EGR also increases the production of soot, which is however masked by the simultaneous introduction
of DPF.
EGR systems can also add abrasive contaminants & increase engine oil acidity, which can reduce
engine longevity.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
DPF is successfully employed to reduce soot content of the emission. CDPF has efficiency almost
98%, so it is helpful in following the strict emission regulations.
EGR, even though having many drawbacks, when coupled with DPF, can be effectively used in
vehicles to control NOx production.
High cooled EGR rates help in simultaneous reduction of soot as well as NOx, when 40 to 58% EGR is
used sacrificing the engine economy a little.
REFERENCES
[1]. Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos, Eleni Papaioannou “Update on The Science and Technology of Diesel Particulate
Filters” KONA Powder and Particle Journal No.26 (2008).
[2]. S. Juttu, S. S. Thipse, N. V. Marathe, M. K. Gajendra Babu “Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI):
A New Concept for Near Zero NOx and Particulate Matter (PM) from Diesel Engine Combustion” SAE Paper No.
2007-26-020.
[3]. Zhiyu Han, Ali Uludogan, Gregory J. Hampson, Rolf D. Reitz “Mechanism of Soot and NOx Emission Reduction
Using Multiple-Injection in a Diesel Engine” SAE Paper No. 960633.
[4]. Sh. Khalilarya, S. Jafarmadar, H. Khatamnezhad, Gh. Javadirad, M. Pourfallah “Simultaneously Reduction of
NOx and Soot Emissions in a DI Heavy Duty diesel Engine Operating at High Cooled EGR Rates” International
Journal of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 6:1 2012.
[5]. W. Addy Majewski “Diesel Particulate Filters” DieselNet Technology Guide 2001.