This document summarizes the results of an experimental study analyzing the performance of a diesel engine fueled with blends of light fraction pyrolysis oil (LFPO) derived from waste tires. The study included analyzing the brake specific energy consumption, exhaust gas temperature, emissions of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and smoke for the diesel engine fueled with diesel and blends containing 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 40% LFPO. The brake specific energy consumption was highest for the 10% LFPO blend while the exhaust gas temperature was highest for the 10% LFPO blend. Carbon monoxide emissions increased with higher LFPO content blends while nitric oxide decreased. Smoke emissions were highest for the 15% LFPO blend.
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
- The document discusses an experimental study on the effects of ethanol carburetion on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine.
- Ethanol was introduced into the engine's intake manifold using a carburetor at a flow rate of 1.39 kg/hr, while diesel fuel was directly injected into the cylinder. This created a dual-fuel system.
- The results showed that ethanol fumigation reduced smoke emissions and NOx at lower loads but increased NOx at higher loads compared to diesel alone. It also increased HC emissions across all loads but reduced CO at lower and medium loads. Brake thermal efficiency decreased at lower loads but increased at medium and higher loads.
The document discusses the effects of adding HHO gas produced through water electrolysis on the performance of a single cylinder, four stroke spark ignition engine. Three key findings are presented:
1) The addition of 2.57-2.74% HHO gas to the intake air decreased fuel consumption by 1.95-3.58% compared to petrol alone, with greater decreases at higher compression ratios and higher percentages of HHO gas.
2) Brake thermal efficiency increased by 0.34-0.74% with the addition of HHO gas at compression ratios of 7-9, indicating improved engine performance.
3) Mechanical efficiency increased with both higher compression ratios and higher percentages of added H
Simulation of FCC Riser Reactor Based on Ten Lump ModelIJERA Editor
The ten lump strategy and reaction schemes are based on the concentration of the various stocks i.e., paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic and aromatic substituent groups (paraffinic and napthenic groups attached to aromatic rings). The developed model has been studied using C++ programming language using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg mathematical method. At a space time of 4.5 s, the gasoline yield is predicted to be 72 mass % and 67 mass % for naphthenic and paraffinic feedstock respectively. Type of feed determines the yield of gasoline and coke. A highly naphthenic charge stock has given the greatest yield of gasoline among naphthenic, paraffinic and aromatic charge stock. In addition to this, effect of space time and temperature on the yield of coke and gasoline and conversion of gas oil has been presented. Also, the effect of catalyst to oil ratio is also taken in studies.
The effect of S in diesel fuel on PM2.5 in medellínEnrique Posada
This presentation was given in Athens during the Air Pollution Conference in 2012. It deals with research made during the Sulfur change in the diesel fuel used in the Aburra Valley in Colombia
Production of Hydrocarbons from Palm Oil over NiMo Catalystdrboon
This document summarizes a study on the hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil over a NiMo catalyst. Key findings include:
1. Palm oil was converted to hydrocarbons ranging from C15 to C18 under various reaction conditions in a continuous stirred tank reactor.
2. The amount of desired hydrocarbon products increased with reaction temperature up to 628K but decreased at higher temperatures likely due to cracking reactions.
3. Selectivity to C16 and C18 hydrocarbons was higher than C15 and C17, respectively, and the Cn+1/Cn ratio decreased with increasing temperature indicating more decarbonylation/decarboxylation.
4. In the presence of the
COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINESBarhm Mohamad
The blending technique used in internal combustion engines can reduce emission of toxic exhaust components and noises, enhance overall energy efficiency and reduce fuel costs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dual alcohols (methanol and ethanol) blended in gasoline fuel (GF) against performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Problems arise in the fuel delivery system when using the highly volatile methanol - gasoline blends. This problem is reduced by using special fuel manifold. However, the satisfactory engine performance of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends need to be proved. The test fuels were GF, blend M35g65 (35 % methanol, and 65% GF by volume), blend E40g60 (40% ethanol, and 6o% GF by volume). The blend M35g65 was selected to match the vapor pressure (VP) of GF. The test fuels were a lean mixture with excess-air ratio of λ=1.1. The reaction parameters are taken from literatures and fitting calculations. Mathematical model and Computer software AVL program were conducted on a naturally-aspirated, spark ignition engine. The results show that indicate thermal efficiency (ITE) improved whereas the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) of the blends reduced, which is a benefit that reduces compression work. The regulated emissions were also reported. The blend E40g60 was recommended in preference to use because the former had shortened combustion duration, high energy content and its VP was selectively matched to that of GF's.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
- The document discusses an experimental study on the effects of ethanol carburetion on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine.
- Ethanol was introduced into the engine's intake manifold using a carburetor at a flow rate of 1.39 kg/hr, while diesel fuel was directly injected into the cylinder. This created a dual-fuel system.
- The results showed that ethanol fumigation reduced smoke emissions and NOx at lower loads but increased NOx at higher loads compared to diesel alone. It also increased HC emissions across all loads but reduced CO at lower and medium loads. Brake thermal efficiency decreased at lower loads but increased at medium and higher loads.
The document discusses the effects of adding HHO gas produced through water electrolysis on the performance of a single cylinder, four stroke spark ignition engine. Three key findings are presented:
1) The addition of 2.57-2.74% HHO gas to the intake air decreased fuel consumption by 1.95-3.58% compared to petrol alone, with greater decreases at higher compression ratios and higher percentages of HHO gas.
2) Brake thermal efficiency increased by 0.34-0.74% with the addition of HHO gas at compression ratios of 7-9, indicating improved engine performance.
3) Mechanical efficiency increased with both higher compression ratios and higher percentages of added H
Simulation of FCC Riser Reactor Based on Ten Lump ModelIJERA Editor
The ten lump strategy and reaction schemes are based on the concentration of the various stocks i.e., paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic and aromatic substituent groups (paraffinic and napthenic groups attached to aromatic rings). The developed model has been studied using C++ programming language using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg mathematical method. At a space time of 4.5 s, the gasoline yield is predicted to be 72 mass % and 67 mass % for naphthenic and paraffinic feedstock respectively. Type of feed determines the yield of gasoline and coke. A highly naphthenic charge stock has given the greatest yield of gasoline among naphthenic, paraffinic and aromatic charge stock. In addition to this, effect of space time and temperature on the yield of coke and gasoline and conversion of gas oil has been presented. Also, the effect of catalyst to oil ratio is also taken in studies.
The effect of S in diesel fuel on PM2.5 in medellínEnrique Posada
This presentation was given in Athens during the Air Pollution Conference in 2012. It deals with research made during the Sulfur change in the diesel fuel used in the Aburra Valley in Colombia
Production of Hydrocarbons from Palm Oil over NiMo Catalystdrboon
This document summarizes a study on the hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil over a NiMo catalyst. Key findings include:
1. Palm oil was converted to hydrocarbons ranging from C15 to C18 under various reaction conditions in a continuous stirred tank reactor.
2. The amount of desired hydrocarbon products increased with reaction temperature up to 628K but decreased at higher temperatures likely due to cracking reactions.
3. Selectivity to C16 and C18 hydrocarbons was higher than C15 and C17, respectively, and the Cn+1/Cn ratio decreased with increasing temperature indicating more decarbonylation/decarboxylation.
4. In the presence of the
NMP is the most effective solvent for removing ash content from Indian coal samples based on a comparative study of 5 solvents. The maximum reduction of ash content achieved was:
1) 72% for a coal sample with initial ash content of 51.1% using a 1:10 ratio of NMP to coal at 120°C.
2) 20% for a sample with 37% initial ash using a 1:40 NMP to coal ratio.
3) 26% for a sample with 26% initial ash using a 1:10 NMP to coal ratio.
In contrast, acetic acid and toluene achieved negligible maximum reductions of only 1.5-1.9% ash
The document summarizes an experimental study on the combustion performance and tailpipe emissions of a diesel engine run on blends of palm methyl ester (biodiesel), diesel, and ethanol. Six test fuels were evaluated: pure diesel, pure palm methyl ester, 95% palm methyl ester + 5% ethanol, 80% diesel + 15% palm methyl ester + 5% ethanol, 95% diesel + 5% ethanol, and 80% palm methyl ester + 15% diesel + 5% ethanol. The engine was run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and compression ratio of 18.5. Results for brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NO, and
Performance Analysis of HIGHER ALCOHOL/GASOLINE BLENDS as a fuel in 4-stroke ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on using higher alcohol/gasoline blends as fuels in 4-stroke spark ignition engines. It discusses previous studies that found blending alcohols like methanol and ethanol with gasoline can reduce CO and HC emissions while increasing NOx emissions. The document then reviews literature on using various higher alcohols - propanol, butanol, and pentanol - blended with gasoline. The objectives are to investigate the performance and exhaust gas characteristics of these higher alcohol/gasoline blends in a single cylinder 4-stroke SI engine. The plan of work involves literature review, experimental setup, and experimentation to analyze variables like emissions and engine performance under different operating conditions.
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Hydrodeoxygenation-supported metal catalyst-lignin-aromatic monomers- A.K.Dee...Deepa A K
Pd, Pt, and Ru catalysts supported on various supports were evaluated for hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenolic compounds. Pd/SiO2-Al2O3 showed the highest activity for guaiacol HDO, achieving 99% conversion to cyclohexane within 6 hours. Pt and Ru catalysts gave similar results. The acidic SiO2-Al2O3 support promoted cleavage of the C-O bond, while neutral carbon and basic hydrotalcite supports favored ring hydrogenation over full deoxygenation. Combining metals with strongly acidic supports maximized HDO. The catalysts could be recycled with no loss of activity. HDO of phenolic mixtures mimicking lignin
This document summarizes reactions and applications of methanol. It describes reactions involving cleavage of the O-H bond including reactions with active metals and acids, and oxidation reactions. It also describes reactions involving cleavage of the C-O bond including reactions with hydrochloric acid and phosphorus compounds. Applications discussed include use as a fuel in vehicles and for producing biodiesel, as a solvent, in waste water treatment, as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and in direct methanol fuel cells, camping stoves, and formerly as an antifreeze.
This document provides definitions for over 50 terms related to diesel fuel and emissions. Some key terms defined include: additives, which improve fuel quality and lower emissions; aftertreatment devices, which remove pollutants from exhaust; diesel particulate matter, which are sub-micron particles in diesel exhaust; and nitrogen oxides (NOx), air-polluting gases composed of nitrogen and oxygen that play a role in smog formation. The document is a glossary that concisely defines technical terms for diesel fuel, emissions equipment, and regulations.
Emission Control Using Methanol, Ethanol And Butanol In Diesel Engine: A Comp...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document contains a 50 question chemistry exam from 1996 with multiple choice answers for each question. The questions cover topics like the main constituent of natural gas, the product of reacting chloroform with silver powder, and which gas is used as an anesthesia. Each question is a standalone multiple choice problem with 4 possible answers to choose from.
This appendix contains 34 tables and figures with thermodynamic property data for various common gases, liquids, refrigerants and other substances. Table A-1 lists the molar mass, gas constant and critical point properties for over 30 common gases and refrigerants. The appendix provides property data including temperature-dependent properties of saturated liquids and gases, ideal gas properties, enthalpy, entropy and other thermodynamic values.
The efect of diesel Sulfur content on PM2.5 aburra valley colombiaEnrique Posada
This paper was presented at the Air Pollution conference in Athens in 2012. Describes research done at the Aburra Valley during the change in sulfur content of the diesel fuel
Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion p...Amiya K. Sahoo
The world is presently confronted with two major issues; fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and high consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in crude oil resources. The search for an alternative fuel, which promises a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, management, efficiency, and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.
One approach to reduce these problems is by blending hydrogen gas with hydrocarbon fuels used in internal combustion engines.Recently, using hydrogen or hydrogen-gasoline blends as a supplement fuel for spark ignition and compression ignition engines is one of the potential solutions for improving brake thermal efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions from internal combustion engines.
In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of Hydrogen-Gasoline fuels in the context of combustion engines are discussed, and combustion performances and emission characteristics are experimentally investigated at various hydrogen volume fraction and graphs are plotted.
The document is a collection of tables containing thermodynamic property data for various common gases and refrigerants. Table A-1 lists molar masses, gas constants, and critical point properties for over 30 substances. Table A-2 provides ideal gas specific heat values for common gases at different temperatures, including air, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The tables provide thermodynamic reference data for engineering applications.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study on the kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of propranolol by sodium-N-chloro-p-toluenesulphonamide (Chloramine-T or CAT) in sodium hydroxide medium. The key findings are:
1) The rate of reaction was first order with respect to CAT concentration, fractional order with respect to propranolol concentration, and zero order with respect to hydroxide ion concentration.
2) Addition of p-toluenesulphonamide, NaCl, and NaBr did not affect the reaction rate. Variation in ionic strength also did not affect the rate, indicating non-ionic species are involved in the rate-
The document discusses the progression of US emissions requirements for heavy duty diesel engines and the technologies developed to meet these stricter standards. Tighter particulate matter and nitrogen oxide regulations have driven the use of advanced injection systems, diesel particulate filters, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce emissions by over 98%. Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is also needed to enable the use of after-treatment systems and meet stringent emissions limits.
This document describes a study examining the binding of carbon monoxide (CO) to different substituted iron porphyrins in ionic liquids. CO binding properties were analyzed to potentially reduce CO emissions from automobile exhaust. Various tetraaryliron(II) porphyrins were synthesized and their CO binding affinity was examined in the ionic liquid [bmim][PF6]. The study found that substituents on the porphyrin did not significantly affect CO binding in the ionic liquid, which could enhance CO binding to the iron porphyrin complexes. The goal was to develop a method to reduce CO levels in automobile exhaust using metalloporphyrin catalysts.
This document summarizes a simulation study of gasoline HCCI combustion with direct injection. It investigated the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and air-fuel ratio on combustion characteristics, pressures, and emissions using two combustion models. Increasing EGR decreased peak pressures and temperatures as well as NOx emissions exponentially, but also increased soot and delayed ignition timing. Lower air-fuel ratios below stoichiometric improved emissions when combined with EGR.
The document summarizes research on a Homogeneous Combustion Catalyst called FPC. Key findings include:
1) Laboratory tests on diesel engines confirmed that FPC provides significant fuel savings and reductions in emissions such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter.
2) The research improved understanding of FPC's mechanisms for improving combustion and reducing soot formation in diesel engines.
3) FPC was also found to improve the combustion and emissions of biodiesel in diesel engines.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
This document summarizes research on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of methanol and diesel fuel at different injection timings. The tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at three injection timings (15°, 20°, and 25° CA BTDC) and various fuel blends (0-15% methanol). The results showed that increasing the methanol content or retarding the injection timing generally increased emissions and fuel consumption but decreased combustion efficiency and pressures. Advanced injection timing had the opposite effects. Overall, the original injection timing of 20° CA BTDC performed best across fuel blends in terms of emissions, fuel consumption, and efficiency.
Vegetable oils as Diesel Fuels for Rebuilt Vehicles QW9
This document discusses using vegetable oils and animal fats as diesel fuels in standard diesel engines. It summarizes results from tests of a passenger car running on rapeseed oil, chicken fat, and blends of rapeseed oil with ethanol. The key findings are:
1) Vegetable oils and animal fats have higher viscosity than diesel fuel, which can cause incomplete combustion and deposits. Various approaches can help address this, such as blending with diesel, heating the oils, or adding alcohols.
2) Engine tests showed maximum power and torque were lower when running on vegetable oils/animal fats compared to diesel fuel, due to their lower energy content.
3) Emissions of particulate matter and
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
NMP is the most effective solvent for removing ash content from Indian coal samples based on a comparative study of 5 solvents. The maximum reduction of ash content achieved was:
1) 72% for a coal sample with initial ash content of 51.1% using a 1:10 ratio of NMP to coal at 120°C.
2) 20% for a sample with 37% initial ash using a 1:40 NMP to coal ratio.
3) 26% for a sample with 26% initial ash using a 1:10 NMP to coal ratio.
In contrast, acetic acid and toluene achieved negligible maximum reductions of only 1.5-1.9% ash
The document summarizes an experimental study on the combustion performance and tailpipe emissions of a diesel engine run on blends of palm methyl ester (biodiesel), diesel, and ethanol. Six test fuels were evaluated: pure diesel, pure palm methyl ester, 95% palm methyl ester + 5% ethanol, 80% diesel + 15% palm methyl ester + 5% ethanol, 95% diesel + 5% ethanol, and 80% palm methyl ester + 15% diesel + 5% ethanol. The engine was run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and compression ratio of 18.5. Results for brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NO, and
Performance Analysis of HIGHER ALCOHOL/GASOLINE BLENDS as a fuel in 4-stroke ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on using higher alcohol/gasoline blends as fuels in 4-stroke spark ignition engines. It discusses previous studies that found blending alcohols like methanol and ethanol with gasoline can reduce CO and HC emissions while increasing NOx emissions. The document then reviews literature on using various higher alcohols - propanol, butanol, and pentanol - blended with gasoline. The objectives are to investigate the performance and exhaust gas characteristics of these higher alcohol/gasoline blends in a single cylinder 4-stroke SI engine. The plan of work involves literature review, experimental setup, and experimentation to analyze variables like emissions and engine performance under different operating conditions.
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Hydrodeoxygenation-supported metal catalyst-lignin-aromatic monomers- A.K.Dee...Deepa A K
Pd, Pt, and Ru catalysts supported on various supports were evaluated for hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenolic compounds. Pd/SiO2-Al2O3 showed the highest activity for guaiacol HDO, achieving 99% conversion to cyclohexane within 6 hours. Pt and Ru catalysts gave similar results. The acidic SiO2-Al2O3 support promoted cleavage of the C-O bond, while neutral carbon and basic hydrotalcite supports favored ring hydrogenation over full deoxygenation. Combining metals with strongly acidic supports maximized HDO. The catalysts could be recycled with no loss of activity. HDO of phenolic mixtures mimicking lignin
This document summarizes reactions and applications of methanol. It describes reactions involving cleavage of the O-H bond including reactions with active metals and acids, and oxidation reactions. It also describes reactions involving cleavage of the C-O bond including reactions with hydrochloric acid and phosphorus compounds. Applications discussed include use as a fuel in vehicles and for producing biodiesel, as a solvent, in waste water treatment, as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and in direct methanol fuel cells, camping stoves, and formerly as an antifreeze.
This document provides definitions for over 50 terms related to diesel fuel and emissions. Some key terms defined include: additives, which improve fuel quality and lower emissions; aftertreatment devices, which remove pollutants from exhaust; diesel particulate matter, which are sub-micron particles in diesel exhaust; and nitrogen oxides (NOx), air-polluting gases composed of nitrogen and oxygen that play a role in smog formation. The document is a glossary that concisely defines technical terms for diesel fuel, emissions equipment, and regulations.
Emission Control Using Methanol, Ethanol And Butanol In Diesel Engine: A Comp...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document contains a 50 question chemistry exam from 1996 with multiple choice answers for each question. The questions cover topics like the main constituent of natural gas, the product of reacting chloroform with silver powder, and which gas is used as an anesthesia. Each question is a standalone multiple choice problem with 4 possible answers to choose from.
This appendix contains 34 tables and figures with thermodynamic property data for various common gases, liquids, refrigerants and other substances. Table A-1 lists the molar mass, gas constant and critical point properties for over 30 common gases and refrigerants. The appendix provides property data including temperature-dependent properties of saturated liquids and gases, ideal gas properties, enthalpy, entropy and other thermodynamic values.
The efect of diesel Sulfur content on PM2.5 aburra valley colombiaEnrique Posada
This paper was presented at the Air Pollution conference in Athens in 2012. Describes research done at the Aburra Valley during the change in sulfur content of the diesel fuel
Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion p...Amiya K. Sahoo
The world is presently confronted with two major issues; fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and high consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in crude oil resources. The search for an alternative fuel, which promises a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, management, efficiency, and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.
One approach to reduce these problems is by blending hydrogen gas with hydrocarbon fuels used in internal combustion engines.Recently, using hydrogen or hydrogen-gasoline blends as a supplement fuel for spark ignition and compression ignition engines is one of the potential solutions for improving brake thermal efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions from internal combustion engines.
In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of Hydrogen-Gasoline fuels in the context of combustion engines are discussed, and combustion performances and emission characteristics are experimentally investigated at various hydrogen volume fraction and graphs are plotted.
The document is a collection of tables containing thermodynamic property data for various common gases and refrigerants. Table A-1 lists molar masses, gas constants, and critical point properties for over 30 substances. Table A-2 provides ideal gas specific heat values for common gases at different temperatures, including air, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The tables provide thermodynamic reference data for engineering applications.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study on the kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of propranolol by sodium-N-chloro-p-toluenesulphonamide (Chloramine-T or CAT) in sodium hydroxide medium. The key findings are:
1) The rate of reaction was first order with respect to CAT concentration, fractional order with respect to propranolol concentration, and zero order with respect to hydroxide ion concentration.
2) Addition of p-toluenesulphonamide, NaCl, and NaBr did not affect the reaction rate. Variation in ionic strength also did not affect the rate, indicating non-ionic species are involved in the rate-
The document discusses the progression of US emissions requirements for heavy duty diesel engines and the technologies developed to meet these stricter standards. Tighter particulate matter and nitrogen oxide regulations have driven the use of advanced injection systems, diesel particulate filters, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce emissions by over 98%. Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is also needed to enable the use of after-treatment systems and meet stringent emissions limits.
This document describes a study examining the binding of carbon monoxide (CO) to different substituted iron porphyrins in ionic liquids. CO binding properties were analyzed to potentially reduce CO emissions from automobile exhaust. Various tetraaryliron(II) porphyrins were synthesized and their CO binding affinity was examined in the ionic liquid [bmim][PF6]. The study found that substituents on the porphyrin did not significantly affect CO binding in the ionic liquid, which could enhance CO binding to the iron porphyrin complexes. The goal was to develop a method to reduce CO levels in automobile exhaust using metalloporphyrin catalysts.
This document summarizes a simulation study of gasoline HCCI combustion with direct injection. It investigated the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and air-fuel ratio on combustion characteristics, pressures, and emissions using two combustion models. Increasing EGR decreased peak pressures and temperatures as well as NOx emissions exponentially, but also increased soot and delayed ignition timing. Lower air-fuel ratios below stoichiometric improved emissions when combined with EGR.
The document summarizes research on a Homogeneous Combustion Catalyst called FPC. Key findings include:
1) Laboratory tests on diesel engines confirmed that FPC provides significant fuel savings and reductions in emissions such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter.
2) The research improved understanding of FPC's mechanisms for improving combustion and reducing soot formation in diesel engines.
3) FPC was also found to improve the combustion and emissions of biodiesel in diesel engines.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
This document summarizes research on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of methanol and diesel fuel at different injection timings. The tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at three injection timings (15°, 20°, and 25° CA BTDC) and various fuel blends (0-15% methanol). The results showed that increasing the methanol content or retarding the injection timing generally increased emissions and fuel consumption but decreased combustion efficiency and pressures. Advanced injection timing had the opposite effects. Overall, the original injection timing of 20° CA BTDC performed best across fuel blends in terms of emissions, fuel consumption, and efficiency.
Vegetable oils as Diesel Fuels for Rebuilt Vehicles QW9
This document discusses using vegetable oils and animal fats as diesel fuels in standard diesel engines. It summarizes results from tests of a passenger car running on rapeseed oil, chicken fat, and blends of rapeseed oil with ethanol. The key findings are:
1) Vegetable oils and animal fats have higher viscosity than diesel fuel, which can cause incomplete combustion and deposits. Various approaches can help address this, such as blending with diesel, heating the oils, or adding alcohols.
2) Engine tests showed maximum power and torque were lower when running on vegetable oils/animal fats compared to diesel fuel, due to their lower energy content.
3) Emissions of particulate matter and
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Ethanol based low-temperature combustion in CI engines. Uses dual fuel technology to reduce NOx emissions and soot emissions. Advanced technology using ethanol as base fuel and diesel as ignition fuel so as to reduce the temperature inside the combustion chamber by 100-degree Celsius.
Effects of Ethanol-Gasoline blends on Performance and Emissions of Gasoline E...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effects of ethanol-gasoline blends on the performance and emissions of gasoline engines. Several studies found that blending ethanol with gasoline increased engine torque, power and fuel consumption, while decreasing carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emissions compared to gasoline alone. Ethanol blends also allowed engines to operate at higher compression ratios without knocking. Specifically, blends with up to 50% ethanol performed better and had lower emissions than gasoline. Higher ethanol content blends increased brake specific fuel consumption but reduced emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
Engine Performance and Emission Test of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil, Methanol...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: In this study, diesel fuel, Methanol and Waste Plastic Pyrolysis oil with an addition of cetane additive blends were tested in a four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine. The objective of adding Cetane Additive is to improve the combustion of blended fuel and have better performance characteristics for the blend. The Cetane additive addition is as recommended by TOTAL AC2010A. The 1ml cetane additive is added to 1000ml of blended fuel. The main objective of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a diesel engine which uses waste plastic pyrolysis oil in alternation of an ordinary diesel which are available in the market. Four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was used in this study to find out the brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions with the fuel of fraction methanol and Waste plastic pyrolysis oil in diesel. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using methanol and waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diesel at certain mixing ratio of 5:5:90, 10:10:80 and 15:15:70 of methanol and waste plastic pyrolysis oil to diesel respectively. Experimental results of blended fuel and diesel fuel are also compared.
Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced through gasification processes. It can be used directly as fuel or to synthesize other fuels and chemicals. The main industrial processes for syngas production are steam reforming, autothermal reforming, and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Partial oxidation involves reacting hydrocarbons with oxygen without steam, producing syngas at lower costs but higher temperatures than steam reforming. Catalytic partial oxidation uses catalysts to control the reaction and reduce heat generation. Research continues to improve catalyst heat resistance and prevent coking while reducing costs of syngas production.
Seminar report on modifications for ethanol enginesSughosh Deshmukh
This technical report summarizes modifications needed in a gasoline engine to enable it to run on ethanol fuel. It discusses changing the main jet, idle orifice, power valve, accelerator pump, compression ratio, cold weather starting, and thermostat. The report was submitted by Sughosh D. Deshmukh to his professor M. P. Joshi at Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management in Nagpur, India to fulfill requirements for a mechanical engineering course.
Emission Measurements of Various Biofuels using a Commercial Swirl-Type Air-A...JOACHIM AGOU
A joint university-industry research program funded by Rolls-Royce Canada, NSERC and CRIAQ is actually pursued at Université Laval to characterize the combustion performance of liquid (biodiesel blends) and gaseous (syngas blends) biofuels in terms of emissions & smoke and lean blow out. The final objective of the proposed research is to characterize the most promising liquid and gaseous novel biofuels for use in industrial gas turbines in order to reduce greenhouse gases and potentially operation costs. These combustion tests allowed the characterization of standard diesel fuel as a baseline plus two biodiesel blends as well as standard methane as a baseline plus ten syngas blends (CH4, H2, CO and CO2) in order to evaluate the emissions of the main pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx, UHCs and smoke). Combustor exit and wall temperature measurements were also taken to characterize adequately the boundary conditions for future CFD simulations. The flame was contained in a quartz tube combustor operating at ambient outlet conditions and the fuel was delivered through a commercial swirl-type, airblast dual fuel atomizer. The air mass flow rate was kept constant for all fuels to maintain the same pressure drop (ΔP) across the fuel injector while the fuel flow was varied to cover equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1. A probe connected to a FTIR/FID/O2 gas analyzer system and a smoke filter was fixed to a 3D-axis traverse in order to sample combustion products in a cross pattern at the combustor exit. This way, concentrations of various emissions were obtained at five radial positions. Burned gases and wall temperatures were measured with thermocouples along the test rig. This paper reports the findings of these experimental tests and presents the comparisons of the biofuels with baseline fuels to identify some benefits of these novel biofuels while maintaining an acceptable overall combustion performance.
The document discusses various aspects of emissions and emission control in internal combustion engines. It covers the formation of CO, hydrocarbons, NOx and particulates in both diesel and gasoline engines. It also discusses various emission control techniques like catalytic converters, exhaust gas recirculation and particulate traps that are used to control engine-out emissions and help meet emission regulations. The highest level of control is achieved through precise fuel injection and ignition timing along with feedback from oxygen sensors in closed-loop three-way catalytic converter systems.
- Formation of CO and NOx in IC engines occurs due to locally rich fuel-air mixtures and high combustion temperatures, respectively. CO is also produced during engine warm up when running rich.
- Emissions from diesel engines include particulate matter from fuel that is overmixed or undermixed with air. Soot forms when the carbon to oxygen ratio exceeds a critical value.
- Emission control methods include improving combustion, optimizing operating parameters like spark timing, and using aftertreatment devices. Catalytic converters use precious metals to catalyze the conversion of CO, HC, and NOx to less harmful emissions through oxidation and reduction reactions.
IRJET- Enhancement of Performance of Catalytic Converter using Phase Change M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing the performance of catalytic converters for internal combustion engines using phase change materials (PCMs). The researchers designed a catalytic converter with a separate chamber containing PCM surrounding the catalyst. During engine start-up when temperatures are low, the PCM in liquid form provides heat to the catalytic converter, improving the conversion of toxic gases into harmless emissions. As temperatures increase, the PCM changes from liquid to solid and back again, storing heat for up to 12-14 hours. Testing showed the PCM-enhanced catalytic converter reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions more than a conventional catalytic converter, especially at lower engine speeds.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance and emissions of a twin cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of waste plastic pyrolysis oil, ethanol, and diesel with a cetane additive. The engine was tested using blends with ratios of ethanol, waste plastic pyrolysis oil, and diesel of 5:5:90, 10:10:80, and 15:15:70 by volume. Pyrolysis is a process that converts waste plastics to fuel oil using heat in the absence of oxygen. The properties of the blended fuels were evaluated. The engine tests measured brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperatures, NOx, CO, HC, and CO2 emissions at varying loads. The 5
The document summarizes an experimental investigation of operating a diesel engine in dual fuel mode using LPG and processed waste engine oil. Key findings from the study include:
- Performance characteristics of the engine using processed waste engine oil were comparable to diesel, while NO emissions decreased and CO/UHC increased.
- In dual fuel mode, efficiency slightly decreased while CO/UHC increased and NO/smoke decreased compared to single fuel diesel mode.
- Further work is needed to develop better waste oil processing methods and evaluate dual fuel operation with other gases like natural gas.
The document discusses analytical test results for two oil samples - a heavy oil sample and a light oil sample. For each sample, it provides the approximate weight percentages of compounds that would fall within standard refinery distillation fractions. For the light oil sample, it is determined that the material is not suitable for use as a #2 diesel fuel directly due to its wide boiling range and chemical composition. However, it could potentially be used as a refinery feedstock, pending additional analytical testing required by individual refiners.
This document discusses emissions and emission control strategies in internal combustion engines. It covers the formation of various emissions like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and particulates in both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. It also discusses emission control methods like catalytic converters and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The key points are: emissions form due to incomplete combustion and high temperatures; a three-way catalytic converter controls CO, HC, and NOx using platinum, palladium and rhodium; and EGR reduces NOx by lowering combustion temperatures but increases particulates.
(1) The document discusses optimization of AB2-type alloy composition for improved hydrogen storage properties. (2) Testing of alloys with varying non-stoichiometry found that A1.05B2 alloy exhibited the best properties with a working capacity of 1.55 wt%, fast kinetics, and suitable thermodynamics. (3) Overall, modifying the chemical environment through non-stoichiometry was found to increase storage capacity by altering the size of interstitial sites.
This document summarizes the findings of a field survey on consumer behavior towards electricity consumption in India. The survey analyzed household electricity demand based on various parameters such as demographical area, annual income, seasons, and appliances used. Some key findings included:
1) Electricity demand varied significantly between rural, suburban, and urban households.
2) Demand also varied based on income levels, with higher income households consuming more electricity on average.
3) Seasonal variations in demand were observed, with higher consumption recorded during summer months compared to monsoon season.
4) Even households with similar profiles showed different consumption patterns, highlighting the need for more customized consumer identification and demand management strategies.
The document summarizes a presentation given at the IVth International Conference on Advances in Energy Research about using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with a back-to-back converter for islanding operation to provide rural electrification. It introduces DFIG technology and control schemes for DFIG, and presents simulation results showing the performance of a DFIG system with battery energy storage supplying balanced and unbalanced resistive and reactive loads. The conclusion discusses how such systems can provide power for remotely located villages using locally available wind energy.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of converting a 1400 cc diesel engine car into a hybrid electric vehicle using BLDC hub motors. Key findings include:
1) The conversion achieved fuel savings of 45-61% compared to the conventional vehicle through the use of lower power hub motors and a separate battery pack for the electric motors.
2) Performance of the vehicle was retained after conversion, with no changes needed to the existing electrical or hydraulic brake systems.
3) The proposed conversion method could be easily implemented on many existing small cars with front-wheel drive to reduce emissions and fuel consumption cost-effectively.
M. Padmini and Dr. Manoj S. Soni presented on concentrating solar photovoltaics at the IVth International Conference on Advances in Energy Research at IIT Bombay from December 10-12, 2013. Their presentation discussed various concentrating photovoltaic techniques including parabolic concentrators, hyperboloid concentrators, Fresnel lenses, compound parabolic concentrators, and quantum dot concentrators. It provided details on how each technique works and its advantages. It also discussed recent developments like rod lenses and solar spheres. Finally, it analyzed the potential cost savings of a 30MW concentrating solar farm in India compared to a non-concentrating system, finding that concentration could reduce costs from Rs. 200
The document analyzes the effect of vibration on the performance of a PEM fuel cell. It performs a modal analysis to determine natural frequencies below 1kHz. Harmonic analysis at 4g acceleration for 1 hour shows maximum deformations. Accounting for bolt loosening due to vibrations changes contact pressure profiles. Estimates include a hydrogen leakage rate of 0.16778 L/hr due to vibrations at resonance frequencies. The study provides a framework to evaluate fuel cell design for mobile applications operating in vibration environments.
The document summarizes heat and mass transfer characteristics of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) based on experiments and modeling. Key points:
- A 3D non-isothermal model is developed to predict methanol and temperature distributions in the anode. Experimental results validate the model.
- Increasing methanol concentration does not significantly impact net water generation but does increase methanol crossover, affecting cell performance.
- At 1M methanol concentration and 230mA/cm2 current density, the fuel utilization efficiency is 57% despite high methanol crossover.
- Temperature distribution shows methanol solution heated to 57°C from 27°C, improving cell performance. Double channel serpentine flow field aids methanol diffusion.
This document summarizes a study on a plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC). The PMFC generates electricity from the natural interaction between plant roots and soil bacteria. The study constructed a PMFC using a terracotta pot with a graphite anode and zinc cathode. Voltage increased over time as microbes broke down compounds from plant roots. The PMFC achieved steady voltages of 0.88V for a mud-based MFC and 1.01V. PMFCs provide renewable energy without biomass transport and utilize plant-microbe interactions.
This document summarizes a study on the kinetics of sodium borohydride hydrolysis using cobalt chloride as a catalyst. The study was conducted by Arshdeep Kaur under the guidance of Pramod K. Bajpai and Dr. D. Gangacharyulu at Thapar University in Patiala, India. The study examined the effects of temperature, sodium borohydride concentration, sodium hydroxide concentration, and cobalt chloride concentration on the hydrolysis reaction rate. Kinetic parameters including the reaction order and rate constants were determined. Hydrogen gas was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Residual products were examined using scanning electron microscopy.
This document summarizes a study comparing different clustering approaches for a decentralized solar energy project in Dhenkanal District, Odisha, India. The project aimed to provide electricity access to 5 unelectrified villages through solar mini-grids. Two clustering cases were analyzed: 1) separate mini-grids for each village and 2) a centralized solar plant in the most accessible village connected to the others. Case 1 had lower costs but Case 2's transmission losses and expenses were prohibitively high. The study concluded that for solar and sparse populations, a distributed approach with mini-grids in each village optimized costs and efficiency over a centralized design. Future research could further analyze implementation costs for different technologies and population densities to inform renewable energy program design
The document presents research on asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters. It summarizes the structure and operation of 5-level, 7-level symmetrical, and 7-level and 9-level asymmetrical configurations. Simulation results show that asymmetrical configurations reduce harmonics without increasing components compared to symmetrical configurations. The conclusion is that asymmetrical multilevel inverters can produce more output levels without adding components by using different progression factors.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of single-phase photovoltaic inverter topologies and implements a controller for a bidirectional high-frequency link inverter. It presents:
1) Mathematical models of solar photovoltaic systems, boost converters, and a bidirectional high-frequency link inverter developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
2) Simulation results comparing the performance of different inverter topologies under varying conditions.
3) Design and experimental testing of a 500VA prototype photovoltaic system using a TMS320C28027 digital controller to generate pulse width modulation signals.
The document covers topics like solar tracking algorithms, inverter types, modeling approaches
This document discusses analyzing unbalanced distribution systems using index vector approach. It aims to find optimal sizes and locations of capacitors under different loading conditions and types of unbalances. The analysis is performed on a 25-bus unbalanced radial distribution system. Results show that under unbalanced conditions, optimal capacitor allocation reduces losses and improves voltage profiles compared to the system without capacitors. The type and degree of unbalance impacts optimal capacitor sizing and placement.
This document summarizes a presentation given at ICAER 2013 at IIT Bombay about classifying and generating energy from municipal solid waste in Kolkata, India. It discusses how waste is generated and composed, methods to recover recyclable materials, waste-to-energy techniques like incineration, and landfill precautions. Specifics included are that over 2469 metric tons of waste can be burned daily to generate over 54 megawatts of power, and integrated waste management is needed to reduce landfilling and reuse materials. The presentation outlines municipal waste issues in Kolkata and solutions for improved management and energy recovery.
This document summarizes research conducted on producing and analyzing biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. The researchers used two transesterification methods to produce biodiesel from various vegetable oils including cottonseed oil. They analyzed the effects of catalyst concentration on biodiesel yield and compared properties and engine performance of biodiesel to diesel. Their results showed the second method achieved over 92% yield from cottonseed oil. Properties of the cottonseed biodiesel matched diesel specifications. Engine tests showed performance similar to diesel with higher fuel consumption for biodiesel. They concluded cottonseed biodiesel is recommended for short term use during fuel shortages based on their results.
This document summarizes a study on co-pyrolysis of paper waste and mustard press cake to optimize energy yield from pyrolysis. The objectives were to investigate product yields from a lab-scale pyrolyzer under different temperatures and feedstock ratios, develop a statistical model to predict maximum energy yield, and conduct a life cycle assessment of a 100 tonne per day co-pyrolysis plant. Response surface methodology was used to determine the condition of 812K temperature and 8.8:1 paper to cake ratio yielded the highest 56.5% energy yield as bio-oil. A life cycle assessment found the co-pyrolysis plant had better greenhouse gas performance and efficiency than conventional incineration for power generation.
This document discusses biofuels produced from biomass waste sources. It begins with introductions to biomass, biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, and describes their production processes. The key steps discussed are pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using acids, enzymatic hydrolysis to break down cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars, and fermentation of sugars into ethanol. Several biomass sources like sugarcane bagasse are tested. Enzymes and microbes involved in the process are also outlined. Advantages of bioethanol include its environmental feasibility, use as a gasoline supplement, and potential for cost reduction through large scale production.
This document summarizes the SAHYOG project, which aims to strengthen collaboration between the EU and India on biomass research and biowaste conversion. The project involves compiling inventories of biomass potentials and research projects in both regions. It will develop a joint Strategic Research Agenda and Roadmap to facilitate future EU-India research initiatives in biomass production and biowaste conversion. The document provides an overview of biomass availability and research in India and the EU, and outlines the methodology and challenges of compiling biomass inventory data across the two regions.
This document outlines an experimental investigation on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with mahua oil methyl ester (biodiesel) and an additive. The objectives were to produce biodiesel from mahua oil via transesterification, characterize fuel properties, prepare test fuels as biodiesel blends, and test the blends in a diesel engine. Various engine performance and emission parameters were estimated using the blends and compared to diesel. The results showed that with increasing additive percentage in the biodiesel, engine performance improved with lower emissions. The conclusion was that mahua biodiesel with an additive can be a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
This document summarizes an experimental study on improving the low temperature properties of biodiesel produced from high free fatty acid soy oil. The study tested blending the biodiesel with ethanol, methanol, kerosene, diesel, castor biodiesel, jatropha biodiesel, and adding a commercial antigel additive. Results showed blending with ethanol and methanol up to 20% improved cloud point and pour point the most. Adding 2% of the commercial additive also significantly improved low temperature properties. The conclusions were that ethanol, kerosene, and commercial additives can effectively enhance the cold flow properties of the high free fatty acid biodiesel, making it usable in colder climates.
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3. Need of Alternative Fuels
Increasing air pollution
Depletion of petroleum reserves
Ever growing vehicle population
High oil prices
4. Process Flow Chart of Tyre Pyrolysis
Scarp Tyres
Stocking
Pyrolysis unit
Oil (40-45%)
Carbon Black
(30-35%)
Storage
Sieve
Transfer to
Refinery
Carbon Black
Steel Weir
( 3-5%)
Gas
(8-10%)
Moisture
(3-5%)
Sieve
Burning Unit
Storage
Chimney
Storage
Pressing
Sale to market
Transfer to
scrap dealer
5. Light Fraction Pyrolysis Oil
Pyrolysis is the decomposition of organic compounds under oxygen free
(anaerobic) atmosphere that produces gas, oil, carbon black and steel.
1. Reactor 2. Electric motor 3.Sealing elements 4. Flexible connection 5.Oil separator 6.
Heavy oil tank 7. Damper 8.Condenser (8-12) 13. Cooling tower 14. Smooth inspect
mirror 15. Light oil tank 16.Water sealing and gas recycling system 17. Gas burner 18.
Pump 19. Control panel
Fig.1 Pilot Plant for Pyrolysis of Waste Tyres
6. Properties of diesel, TPO*, LFPO
Table 1
Properties
Diesel
TPO
LFPO
Density (kg/m3@20 0C)
830
920
910
viscosity 2-4
3.77
36.06
38
39.2
Abel 50
43
30
Fire point (0C)
56
50
50
Cetane number
45-50
-
25-30
0.72
1.17-4.00
Kinematic
(cSt@40 0C)
Calorific value (MJ/kg)
Flash
point
by
43.8
method (0C)
Sulphur Content ( % w t) 0.29
*Properties of TPO obtained as crude from a lab level pyrolysis reactor
7. Experimental Condition for the samples studied [35]
Table 2
Product
NA1
NA2
Reactor type
A
A
A
B
C
C
C
C
Feedstock
(kg)
25
25
25
1
504
686
175
Average
pressure
(k Pa)
4
4
4
0.9
3.4
530
530
530
536
1
1
1
1
Maximum
Bed
temperature
NA3 EU1 EU2 EU3 EU4 EU5 EU6
EU7
LFPO
C
C
C
86
86
130
80001000
1.2
2.8
1.6
4.7
19
520
513
496
424
520
375-440
5
2
2
1
1
1
( C)
Number of
consecutive
runs
*A=Multiple
3
hearth furnace; B=Laboratory batch reactor; C=Horizontal, pilot reactor, NAI-EU7Data reference from “Vacuum pyrolysis of used tyres”
8. Table 3 FTIR Analysis of light fraction oil compare with diesel fuel
Diesel
LFPO
Wave
number(cm-1)
Bonds
Class of
compounds
Frequency
range (cm-1)
Bonds
Class of
compounds
2921.33
C-H,
Stretch
C-H,
Stretch
C=C,
C=N,
Stretch
O-H,
Bending
Nitrate
C- Cl
C-Br
Alkanes
3095-3005
C=C stretching
Alkenes
Alkanes
3000-2800
C-H stretching
Alkanes
Alkenes,
Amide
1680-1620
C=C stretching
Alkenes
Alcohol
1600-1525
Nitrate
Chloride
Bromide
1520-1220
1035-830
825-650
Carbon-carbon Aromatic
stretching
compounds
C-H bending
Alkanes
C=C stretching
Alkenes
C-H out of
Aromatic
plane bending compounds
2812.72
1605.47
1461.19
1376.55
722.05
468.67
9. GC-MS Analysis of LFPO
The Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) make an
effective combination for chemical analysis.
The GC-MS analysis identify the various compounds present in the sample
The GCMS analysis can work on liquids, gases and solids[ 36].
10. Table 4 GC-MS Analysis of major compounds present in LFPO compare with diesel fuel
GC-MS Analysis of LFPO
R. time
Area
(%)
3.290
4.85
4.859
Name of compound
GC-MS Analysis of Diesel
Molecular
formula
R.
time
Area
(%)
Name of compound
Molecular
formula
0.98
1-EthylMetylcyclohexane
6.24
p-Xylene Benzene, 1,3- C8H10
or 3.065
dimethyl
C6H4(CH3)2,
C10H14
Benzene,
C9H12
3.359
1.06
Propyl cyclohexane
5.236
2.17
Benzonitrile
3.782
1.04
5.962
15.24
4.274
3.51
6.035
10.45
5.19
2.19
Benzene,
1,2,3,4- C20H26O,
tetramethyl, o-Cymene
CH3C6H4CH(
CH3)2
D-Limonene
C10H16
1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- C9H8
1,1,5-trimethyl-
M-Ethyl
benzene
Decane
5.822
7.356
2.14
2.71
n-Undecane
Dodecane
C11H24
CH3(CH2)10C
H3
12.207
3.77
Naphthalene,
dimethyl
15.959 3.38
n-Hexadecane
CH3
(CH2)14 CH3
12.411
4.58
Quinoline, 4,8-dimethyl
17.885 2.57
Octadecane
13.587
4.65
19.648 1.61
Octacosane
CH3(CH2)16C
H3
C28H58
19.585
2.68
20.476 1.35
Tetracosane
H(CH2)24H
C6H5CN
2,7- C10H8,
C10H6(CH3)2
C9H7N,
C11H18
Naphthalene,
2,3,6- C10H8,
trimethyl
C9H12O
Heptadecanenitrile,
C17H33N.
Octadecanenitrile,
C18H35N,
Hexadecanenitrile
C16H31N
C9H18
C6H11CH2
CH2CH3
methyl C9H12
C10H22
11. It is found that the major compounds present in the LFPO are p-Xylene
Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl, Benzene, 1-ethyl-4-methyl, D-Limonene, 1HIndene, 2,3-dihydro-1,1,5-trimethyl-, Naphthalene, 2,7-dimethyl, Quinoline,
4,8-dimethyl,
Naphthalene,
2,3,6-trimethyl,
Heptadecanenitrile,
Octadecanenitrile and Hexadecanenitrile. In diesel fuel the compounds are
1-Ethyl-Metylcyclohexane, Propyl cyclohexane, M-Ethyl methyl benzene,
Decane, n-Undecane, Dodecane, n-Hexadecane, Octadecane, Octacosane
and Tetracosane.
The benzene, Hexadecane, Octadecane, 1-ethyl-4-methyl compounds are
commonly available in both fuels.
13. Table 5 Details of the test engine
Make/model
Kirloskar TAF 1
Brake power (kW)
4.4
Rated speed (rpm)
1500
Bore (mm)
Stroke (mm)
87.5
110
Piston type
Bowl-in-piston
Compression ratio
Nozzle opening pressure (bar)
Injection type
17.5:1
200
23 BTDC
Nozzle type
Multi holes
No. of holes
Cooling System
3
Air cooling
14. Fuel tank
Smoke meter
Data Acquisition
system
Gas Analyzer
Load cell
Engine
Fig. 3 Photographical view of engine setup
15.
16. As the load increases, the BSEC decreases for diesel, and all the LFPO
diesel blends, because of increase in cylinder temperature.
The BSEC for diesel is found to be the lowest among all the fuels tested in
this study. This is attributed to a better and complete combustion and higher
heating value than these of LFPO blends.
The engine consumes more fuel with the LFPO diesel blends than that of
diesel to develop the same power output. This is because of lower heating
value and higher density of the blends.
17. Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Exhaust Gas Temperature ( o C)
400
Diesel
LFPO5
LFPO10
LFPO15
LFPO20
LFPO40
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1.1
2.2
3.3
4.4
Brake Power ( kW)
Fig. 5 Variation of exhaust gas temperature with the brake power
The EGT is noticed higher for all the LFPO diesel blends than that of diesel
fuel, throughout the load spectrum.
The combustion of LFPO blends may be delayed due to higher viscosity and
density. This may be the reason for higher exhaust gas temperature with all
the blends.
18. Emission Parameters
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission
Diesel
LFPO5
LFPO10
LFPO15
LFPO20
LFPO40
0.12
CO (g/kWh)
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
1.1
2.2
3.3
4.4
Brake Power (k W)
Fig.6 Variation of carbon monoxide with the brake power
At full load, the CO emission per kWh for all the LFPO blends is
found to be higher in comparison with diesel.
This may be due to poor mixing and incomplete combustion of blends.
19. Nitric Oxide (NO) Emission
6
Diesel
LFPO5
LFPO10
LFPO15
LFPO20
LFPO40
5
NO (g/kWh)
4
3
2
1
0
1.1
2.2
3.3
4.4
Brake Power (kW)
Fig.7 Variation of nitric oxide with the brake power
The value of NO emission is found to be the highest for diesel at full load among all
the fuels tested in this study.
This may be due to higher heating value and complete combustion of diesel fuel
The value of NO emission higher for diesel is 1.290 g/kWh at full load.
20. Smoke Emission
100
Smoke Opacity (%)
90
Diesel
5LFPO
10LFPO
15LFPO
20LFPO
40LFPO
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1.1
2.2
Brake Power (kW)
3.3
4.4
Fig. 8 Variation of smoke emission with the brake power
Smoke is occurred due to the incomplete combustion inside the combustion
chamber, and normally formed in the rich zone [38-41].
With an increase in the load, the air fuel ratio decreases as the fuel injected
increases, and hence results in higher smoke.
The smoke emission for diesel is found to be the lowest at full load among all the
fuels in this study.
The LFPO has high density and viscosity so high smoke emission is recorded.
21. Conclusions
The conclusions of the investigation are as follows:
The BSEC for diesel is 12.29 MJ/kWh at full load and it is approximately
12.75,
14.4,
13.33,
11.8
and
11.35
MJ/kWh
for
the
LFPO5, LFPO10, LFPO15, LFPO20 and LFPO40 diesel blends
respectively.
The BSEC is found to be the lowest for LFPO40 11.35 MJ/kWh at full load.
May be present high boiling point compound
temperature .
perform good at high
The
EGT value for diesel at full load was 338 o C and
340, 370, 345, 344, 339 o C for LFPO5, LFPO10, LFPO15, LFPO20 and
LFPO40 respectively at full load.
The CO emission for diesel, LFPO5, LFPO10, LFPO15, LFPO20 and
LFPO40 are to be found 0.01454, 0.013359, 0.0440, 0.03067, 0.03144 and
0.03229 g/kW h respectively, at full load operation respectively.
The CO emission decreases with increasing load but in full load LFPO10
has more 0.044 g/kWh compare to other blends.
22. The values of NO emission for diesel, LFPO5, LFPO10, LFPO15, LFPO20
and LFPO40 are 1.290, 1.1885, 0.6776, 0.524, 0.86817 and 1.08201 g/kWh
respectively, at full load operation.
The NO emission is found to be higher for LFPO5 blend compared to all
fuels.
The
values
of
smoke
emission
diesel, LFPO5, LFPO10, LFPO15, LFPO20 and LFPO40
61.2,78, 93.9, 95, 82.2and 69.2 % respectively, at full load operation.
for
are
The LFPO15 blend is optimum smoke emission and diesel is less in
percentage.
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