This document discusses an experimental study that investigated the effects of different fuel types (gasoline, ethanol, gasohol E10, and kerosene) on the performance and combustion characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The study found that the engine's performance was improved when using gasoline and gasohol E10 compared to ethanol and kerosene, as shown by lower specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were also measured and compared across the different fuel types tested.
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Experimental investigation of ethanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. But the future of automobile based on internal combustion engines has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10% 20% and 30% of ethanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with ethanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption showed comparable performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on performanc...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Compression Ignition (CI) engines are widely used for transportation, agriculture, power generation and industrial applications. The conventional fuel for CI engine is petro diesel. Among the countries in the world, India is one of the largest consumers of petro diesel fuel. Indian economy is very much dependant on the consumption of petro diesel. Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, emissions of CO, HC, CO2, NOx and smoke opacity are the major considerations with the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. Injection pressure, compression ratio, injection timing, and fuel quality are parameters which affect the engine performance and emissions. For optimizing the consumption of diesel, use of blends of alternative fuels with diesel has been promoted and study of engine parameters with the use of these fuels have been presented by many researchers across the world.
In this review paper, effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using different alternative fuels has been studied and compared with the diesel fuel. Alternative fuels under study were ethanol, methanol, Jatropha Methyl Ester, Mahua Methyl Ester and Pangomia Methyl Ester in 20% blending with diesel fuel. In this study, compression ratios 16.5, 17.5, 18.5 and injection pressures 200, 225, 250 bar have been considered for review. Review reveals that performance characteristics have been improved for all test fuels with increasing compression ratio and injection pressure at full load conditions. On the other hand emission characteristics of engines have been affected as NOx increase and HC and CO decrease with increase in compression ratio and injection pressure for all test fuels.
Keywords: injection pressure; compression ratio; alternative fuels; emission.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
A Study on Engine Performance and Emission Reduction by Ethanol Addition in C...inventionjournals
Using alcohol fuels instead of fossil fuels is encouraging for alternative fuels. However, the use of compression ignition engines has been limited by its low viscosity and cetane number. In this study, fumigation combustion was performed using a dual fuel supply system that supplies diesel fuel through a compression ignition engine and ethanol through a carburetor. As the ethanol feed rate increased compared to pure diesel fuel, Torque, BMEP and BHP were slightly decreased. As the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of diesel and oxygen is sucked due to the role of ethanol as an oxygenate, the generation of CO, HC, and Smoke is less as the ethanol mixture increases compared with the operation of diesel fuel . Ethanol fuel has the effect of lowering the combustion temperature because it has larger latent heat of vaporization than diesel fuel. Therefore, it was found that the effect of reducing NOx is great.
Experimental investigation of Methanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. And it runs on fossil fuel. But the excessive use of fossil fuels will very soon leads to the energy crises so the future of automobile based on fossil fuels has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10%, 20% and 30% of methanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with methanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption showed improved performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Experimental investigation of ethanol blends with gasoline on SI engineIJERA Editor
Automobile have become a very important part of our modern life style. But the future of automobile based on internal combustion engines has been badly affected by two major problems. That is less availability of fuel and environmental degradation. So it is very important to found some new renewable non polluting alternative fuels to ensure the proper and safe survival of internal combustion engines. In present study we evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder spark ignition engine with ratio of 10% 20% and 30% of ethanol and gasoline by volume. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and brake specific fuel consumption) were determined at various loads on engine with ethanol blended gasoline. The comparison was made on performance of conventional SI engine with pure gasoline operation. As a result, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption showed comparable performance when compared with pure gasoline performances.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on performanc...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Compression Ignition (CI) engines are widely used for transportation, agriculture, power generation and industrial applications. The conventional fuel for CI engine is petro diesel. Among the countries in the world, India is one of the largest consumers of petro diesel fuel. Indian economy is very much dependant on the consumption of petro diesel. Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, emissions of CO, HC, CO2, NOx and smoke opacity are the major considerations with the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. Injection pressure, compression ratio, injection timing, and fuel quality are parameters which affect the engine performance and emissions. For optimizing the consumption of diesel, use of blends of alternative fuels with diesel has been promoted and study of engine parameters with the use of these fuels have been presented by many researchers across the world.
In this review paper, effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using different alternative fuels has been studied and compared with the diesel fuel. Alternative fuels under study were ethanol, methanol, Jatropha Methyl Ester, Mahua Methyl Ester and Pangomia Methyl Ester in 20% blending with diesel fuel. In this study, compression ratios 16.5, 17.5, 18.5 and injection pressures 200, 225, 250 bar have been considered for review. Review reveals that performance characteristics have been improved for all test fuels with increasing compression ratio and injection pressure at full load conditions. On the other hand emission characteristics of engines have been affected as NOx increase and HC and CO decrease with increase in compression ratio and injection pressure for all test fuels.
Keywords: injection pressure; compression ratio; alternative fuels; emission.
Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) i...IOSR Journals
To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Performance Analysis of HIGHER ALCOHOL/GASOLINE BLENDS as a fuel in 4-stroke ...IOSR Journals
An experimental investigation of combustion characteristics of higheralcohols/gasoline (UTG 96) blends is presented. Lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol)have been used in the past as fuel extenders by mixing them with gasoline, but relativelylittle work has been reported on higher alcohols (propanol, butanol, and pentanol). Comparisons of knock limits, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP),emissions, and fuel characteristics between higher alcohol/gasoline blends and neatgasoline were made to determine the advantages and disadvantages of blending alcoholwith gasoline. All tests were conducted on a single-cylinder Waukesha Cooperative FuelResearch (CFR) engine operating at steady state conditions and stoichiometric air-to-fuelratio.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Experimental Study of Variable Compression Ratio Engine Using Diesel Blend...IJAEMSJORNAL
Increase in the scarcity of the fossil fuels, prices and global warming have generated an interest in developing alternate fuel for engine. Technologies now focusing on development of plant based fuel, plant oils and plant fats as alternative fuel. The present work deals with finding the better compression ratio for the honne oil diesel blend fueled C.I engine at variable load and constant speed operation. In order to find out optimum compression ratio, experiments are carried out on a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Engine performance tests are carried out at different compression ratio values. The optimum compression ratio that gives better engine performance is found from the experimental results. Using experimental data Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed and the values were predicted using ANN. Finally the predicted values were validated with the experimentally.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by ethanol dieselKalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
Present study evaluates the performance of a compression ignition engine running in dual fuel mode with Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Petroleum Diesel. The LPG was inducted in the engine by Fumigation method at the rate of 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr. Major performance parameters such as Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption etc. were evaluated at different load & different fuel combinations.
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
REDD - Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação Florestal
(Fonte: https://capitalismoverdeneocolonialismo.wordpress.com/2014/08/29/10-alertas-sobre-redd-para-comunidades/)
O Movimento Mundial pelas Florestas Tropicais (WRM, em sua sigla em inglês) compilou em uma cartilha popular os 10 Alertas sobre REDD para Comunidades. Resumidamente, são estes os alertas que fazem sobre o REDD:
1. Vem de fora, de “cima para baixo”: o REDD não foi construído coletivamente pelas comunidades e pelos povos que vivem na floresta e que sempre as defenderam, até mesmo porque dependem dela para sobreviver;
2. Implica restrições e proibições para as comunidades: a partir da implantação de um projeto de REDD, são feitas muitas restrições e proibições às comunidades, que têm que alterar o seu modo de vida tradicional, ficando proibidas, por exemplo, de caçar, pescar, coletar frutos, plantas medicinais e alimentos da floresta, fazer o roçado, etc. Isso significa uma brutal interferência e violação do modo de vida milenar das comunidades – que sempre protegeram as florestas – para “compensar” as violações cometidas pelas grandes corporações e pelos países poluidores;
3. Ameaça a soberania alimentar: proibir a comunidade de realizar suas Charge_exploracaoatividades essenciais como, por exemplo, a roça na mata, pode comprometer a própria alimentação do povo;
4. Significa ter controle sobre o território das comunidades: governos e empresas justificam esse controle pela necessidade de comprovar, para aqueles que financiam os projetos, que o desmatamento na área foi reduzido e que o “perigo” proporcionado pela comunidade (que foi quem sempre protegeu a floresta) foi controlado. Esse “controle” é um potencial gerador de conflitos, já que as comunidades não terão mais autonomia sobre seus próprios territórios e não terão os seus direitos respeitados. Sem falar que a luta das comunidades e dos povos pelo direito às suas terras será ainda mais difícil. E tudo isso é feito para garantir que as empresas e os países não mudem seu modo destruidor de produzir, consumir e poluir;
Performance Analysis of HIGHER ALCOHOL/GASOLINE BLENDS as a fuel in 4-stroke ...IOSR Journals
An experimental investigation of combustion characteristics of higheralcohols/gasoline (UTG 96) blends is presented. Lower alcohols (methanol and ethanol)have been used in the past as fuel extenders by mixing them with gasoline, but relativelylittle work has been reported on higher alcohols (propanol, butanol, and pentanol). Comparisons of knock limits, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP),emissions, and fuel characteristics between higher alcohol/gasoline blends and neatgasoline were made to determine the advantages and disadvantages of blending alcoholwith gasoline. All tests were conducted on a single-cylinder Waukesha Cooperative FuelResearch (CFR) engine operating at steady state conditions and stoichiometric air-to-fuelratio.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Experimental Study of Variable Compression Ratio Engine Using Diesel Blend...IJAEMSJORNAL
Increase in the scarcity of the fossil fuels, prices and global warming have generated an interest in developing alternate fuel for engine. Technologies now focusing on development of plant based fuel, plant oils and plant fats as alternative fuel. The present work deals with finding the better compression ratio for the honne oil diesel blend fueled C.I engine at variable load and constant speed operation. In order to find out optimum compression ratio, experiments are carried out on a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Engine performance tests are carried out at different compression ratio values. The optimum compression ratio that gives better engine performance is found from the experimental results. Using experimental data Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed and the values were predicted using ANN. Finally the predicted values were validated with the experimentally.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by ethanol dieselKalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
Present study evaluates the performance of a compression ignition engine running in dual fuel mode with Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Petroleum Diesel. The LPG was inducted in the engine by Fumigation method at the rate of 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr. Major performance parameters such as Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption etc. were evaluated at different load & different fuel combinations.
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
REDD - Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação Florestal
(Fonte: https://capitalismoverdeneocolonialismo.wordpress.com/2014/08/29/10-alertas-sobre-redd-para-comunidades/)
O Movimento Mundial pelas Florestas Tropicais (WRM, em sua sigla em inglês) compilou em uma cartilha popular os 10 Alertas sobre REDD para Comunidades. Resumidamente, são estes os alertas que fazem sobre o REDD:
1. Vem de fora, de “cima para baixo”: o REDD não foi construído coletivamente pelas comunidades e pelos povos que vivem na floresta e que sempre as defenderam, até mesmo porque dependem dela para sobreviver;
2. Implica restrições e proibições para as comunidades: a partir da implantação de um projeto de REDD, são feitas muitas restrições e proibições às comunidades, que têm que alterar o seu modo de vida tradicional, ficando proibidas, por exemplo, de caçar, pescar, coletar frutos, plantas medicinais e alimentos da floresta, fazer o roçado, etc. Isso significa uma brutal interferência e violação do modo de vida milenar das comunidades – que sempre protegeram as florestas – para “compensar” as violações cometidas pelas grandes corporações e pelos países poluidores;
3. Ameaça a soberania alimentar: proibir a comunidade de realizar suas Charge_exploracaoatividades essenciais como, por exemplo, a roça na mata, pode comprometer a própria alimentação do povo;
4. Significa ter controle sobre o território das comunidades: governos e empresas justificam esse controle pela necessidade de comprovar, para aqueles que financiam os projetos, que o desmatamento na área foi reduzido e que o “perigo” proporcionado pela comunidade (que foi quem sempre protegeu a floresta) foi controlado. Esse “controle” é um potencial gerador de conflitos, já que as comunidades não terão mais autonomia sobre seus próprios territórios e não terão os seus direitos respeitados. Sem falar que a luta das comunidades e dos povos pelo direito às suas terras será ainda mais difícil. E tudo isso é feito para garantir que as empresas e os países não mudem seu modo destruidor de produzir, consumir e poluir;
Jasper Kolwijck - Lead Nurturing in de Praktijk - Multichannel Conference 2014Copernica BV
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Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
Experimental Analysis of Emission Parameters for Various Blends of Gasohol o...IJMER
In India, Ethanol is generally produced as a by-product of sugar is blended with petrol and was
tested for their use as a substitute fuel, based on their emissions. The main aim of this experiment is to
study the effect of various blends on the exhaust of the engine. The 99.96% pure ethanol was blended with
gasoline, solutions of gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline) with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol
blended in gasoline, volume per volume were prepared and tested on a 1000cc four stroke four cylinder
inline engine by a digital analyzer and on a 100cc four stroke single cylinder engine by standard PUC
norms followed in India. It was observed that E20 had the optimum readings of emission.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: An experimental study has been carried out for pyrolysis oil blended with diesel used in single
cylinder diesel engine. Pyrolysis oil is obtained from tire waste by pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis process is a
thermo-chemical decomposition of organic matter in absence of oxygen. Blending of pyrolysis oil with diesel in
maximum possible proportion helps to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel. In this study, the effects of
parameters i.e. injection timing, injection pressure, compression ratio, and load are taken as variable for
optimization. As the experiment required simultaneously optimization of four parameters with five levels,
taguchi method of optimization is used in this experiment. The results of the taguchi experiment identifies that
220 injection timing, injection pressure 200 bar, compression ratio 16 and engine load 20kg are optimum
parameter setting for lowest break specific fuel consumption. Engine performance is mostly influenced by
engine load and is least influenced by Compression ratio.
Keyword: Pyrolysis oil, SFC, Taguchi Analysis, CI engine, Diesel
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
The use of blend methanol at High Compression Ratio in spark-ignition engineijsrd.com
it can be obviously seen the world's fossil fuel reserves are limited. It is well known those passenger vehicles are dependent on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas. The fossil fuel used in passenger vehicles induces the air pollution, acid rains, build-up of carbon dioxide and crude oil; petroleum product will become very scarce and costly. Hence, there is a progressively interest related with using non-fossil sources in vehicles. Especially, the alcohol fuels (methanol, ethanol etc.) have been showed good candidates as alternative fuels for the vehicles equipped with SI. In this experimental study, the effect of methanol (30% and 40%) with gasoline (70% and 60%) tested to measure the performance and emission of 4- cylinder spark ignition multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engine. The tests with/without methanol blends and increase compression ratio 8.8:1 to 11:1 were performed on a rope belt dynamometer while running the engine at speed 1500 rpm at different varying engine load. In these tests measure engine performance parameters like engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission. After experimental investigations to measure engine power increase 10.6%, brake specific fuel consumption decrease 4.2%, brake thermal efficiency increase and exhaust gas emission is decrease with use of methanol blend fuel with gasoline.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON DI-DIESEL ENGINE RUNS WITH THE COMBINATION OF BLENDE...IAEME Publication
An experimental Study is carried out to study the performance and emission on direct injection, diesel engine run with Bio diesel (PaME), Diesel and ethanol blended fuel taking
conventional Diesel as base line. The test fuels (six) are pure Diesel, pure PaME, (95% PaME + 5%
ethanol in vol.), (80% Diesel+15% PaME+5% ethanol in vol.), (95% Diesel + 5% ethanol in vol.),and (80% PaME +15% Diesel +5% ethanol in vol.) respectively.
Ethanol Concentration Variations on Arak Bali influence to Torque, Power and ...theijes
Increased motor vehicle population will affect the increase in fuel oil consumption. The existence of oil is now very limited and not renewable. And therefore required an alternative fuel. The author conducted research using Arak Bali as a substitute fuel. Because Arak Bali has physical properties similar to gasoline fuel, such as flammable in air atmospheric conditions. How is the writer doing research on the effects of the use of Arak Bali to Torque, Power and Specific fuel consumption of the four Stroke engine. Testing was conducted on a fourstroke engine with a compression ratio of 7.8, concentration of Arak Bali are: 81.2%, 88.7%, 93.4%, 95.6%, testing was conducted on the variation of the engine speeds are: 1000 rpm , 1500 rpm , 2000 rpm , 2500 rpm and 3000 rpm. The result is that variations in the concentration of Arak Bali and engine speed at the same compression ratio can improve the performance generated from machine. The best Arak Bali to used fuel is Arak Bali with a concentration of 88.7% compared with the use of premium fuel. At 88.7% concentration of Arak Bali can produced torque and power greater than premium fuel, and specific fuel consumption lower than premium fuel.
Performance & emission characteristics of Two Cylinder Diesel Engine Using D...IJMER
With modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of
diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the
petroleum reserves are scarce nowadays, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles.
Work has been done in using a lot of bio-fuels, the fuels obtained from plant to be used in IC engines
which have an even added advantage of lower emissions compared to that of diesel and gasoline. In the
present investigation Pine has been experimented in a direct injection diesel engine under homogeneous
charge compression ignition compression combustion mode
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS –PETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
Performance Analysis of Small Sized Engine with Supercharger using Gasoline -...ijsrd.com
This paper determines whether the mechanical action of a supercharger improves engine performance. Full power is needed only for accelerating and hill-climbing during the remainder of the time the excess weight of the engine and other parts must be carried at a loss of efficiency. That smaller engine can be used advantageously when equipped with superchargers, the supercharger being used only when excess power is required. Supercharger capable of generating the more power from given capacity of the engine. With edition to that ethanol helps in controlling the some parameter affected by the ethanol and decreasing the exhaust emission. Experiments carried out at low speed of 1500 rpm for different performance characteristics. Paper includes Curves and tables are given to show the results of comparative tests with and without a supercharger.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
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In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
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Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
Bq044417425
1. Dr. A. Hussein Al-Abbas et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.417-425
www.ijera.com 417 | P a g e
Effect of Fuel Types on Combustion Characteristics and
Performance of a Four Stroke IC Engine
Mrs. Rana Ali Hussein, Dr. Audai Hussein Al-Abbas, Dr. Abdulla Dhayea Assi
Al-Musaib Technical College, Foundation of Technical Education, Babylon, Iraq
Abstract
In this study, the effect of Gasoline, Ethanol, Gasohol E10, and Kerosene on the performance and combustion
characteristics of a spark ignition (SI) engine were investigated. In the experiment, the internal combustion
(IC) engine includes one cylinder, two valves, and four stroke spark ignition. Performance tests were carried out
for specific fuel consumption, brake specific fuel consumption, power developed, corrosion rate, and carbon
dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The measurements were conducted under various engine
speeds ranging from 1500 to 4500 rpm. The experimental results showed that the performance of engine was
improved with the use of gasoline and gasohol E10 in comparison with the Ethanol and Kerosene. The
concentrations of CO2 and CO were presented and compared for all type of fuel examined.
Keywords: Engine performance, Flue gas emissions, Ethanol, Gasoline, Gasohol E10.
I. INTRODUCTION:
In the internal combustion (IC) engine, fuel
is mixed with air (O2/N2) and burned in hollow
cylinders. The engine converts the chemical energy
released by the burned fuel into mechanical energy.
The resulting explosion inside the engine comes from
burning the fuel. This brings up an important point
that needs to be cleared up right away. Typically, an
ignition of the fuel would results in rough operation.
Therefore, the fuel must be burned at a very
controlled rate of mixture. Spark ignition (SI) engines
use an air to fuel mixture that is compressed at high
pressures. At this high pressure, the mixture has to be
close from the stoichiometric ratio, and leads as a
result to be chemically inert and able to easily ignite
[1].
It comes as no surprise that in order for an
engine to run smoothly it must have the correct type
of fuel. Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly
important to really know what type of fuel is being
used in the engine. If the right type of fuel is not
used, there is going to definitely be a problem with
engine operation. For instance, gasoline is the fuel
designed for spark-ignition IC engines. Basically, the
gasoline is derived from petroleum, and consists of
over 200 different hydrocarbons that have the correct
volatility and desirable characteristics required to
burn for high-quality engine performance. However,
many of research centers and industrial companies
are hardly working on a variety of alternative fuels to
partially or even completely replace the use of
gasoline. Some of these alternative fuels include, for
example, Ethanol, Methanol, and Methyl Teriary
Butyl Ether (MTBE). Ethanol, Methanol, and MTBE
are oxygenated fuels. In view of the fact that these
compounds add oxygen to the air/fuel mixture;
therefore, they synthetically lean the air/fuel mixture,
resulting in more complete combustion and lower
emissions [2].
For the SI four cylinder engine, M.V.
Mallikarjun1 and V. R. Mamilla [3] added methanol
in various percentages in gasoline and also used
slight modifications on the engine under different
load conditions. The authors observed that, for
various percentages of methanol blends (0-15%),
there is an increase in the octane rating of gasoline
along with increase in brake thermal efficiency, and
this is indicated a better thermal efficiency and
reduction in knocking. In terms of exhaust emissions,
they noted that the exhaust emissions (CO and HC)
are considerably decreased, but carbon dioxide (CO2)
and nitric oxides (NOx) slightly increased. In addition
to these experimental results, it was notable that for
these methanol blends the combustion temperature is
found to be high, and exhaust gas temperature is
gradually decreased.
Ioannis Gravalos et al. [4] experimentally
found that the engine brake power somewhat
increased for all engine speeds as the ethanol content
in the blended fuel was increased. The authors also
displayed that the brake power of gasoline was
slightly lower than that of E10–E30, in particular for
low engine speeds. Furthermore, the engine
volumetric efficiency and the density of the blend
increased with ethanol percentage, and this was
produced an increase in power developed. For the
same trend of investigations, Al-Hasan [5]; Bayraktar
[6] have been noted a comparable behaviour on
various types of engines and conditions. The addition
of ethanol led to a significant rose in the octane
number, and therefore resulted in an improvement in
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Dr. A. Hussein Al-Abbas et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.417-425
www.ijera.com 418 | P a g e
the antiknock behavior and in the combustion
characteristics and brake power efficiency such as
combustion pressure and torque.
In contrast, Pourkhesalian et al. [7] noted
that thermal power of the engine that operates on
gasoline is higher than those that work on other type
of fuels because the engine is essentially designed for
gasoline. In addition to that reason, the octane
number of the other fuels is higher than that of
gasoline. As a result, the engine compression ratio
may possibly be higher if the engine was dedicated to
those fuels, and thus engine performance might be
improved.
Saravanan et al.[8] studied the engine that is
run at wide open throttle and constant speed ranging
from 1500 to 5000 rpm with around 500 rpm
increment. Authors noted that the volumetric
efficiency is decreased by 4-10% with CNG
operation. Based on these results, the brake powers of
the engine are reduced by 8-16%. Regarding
emissions, the results showed that the HC, CO and
CO2 are significantly reduced by 40-66%, 55-87%
and 28-30 % respectively, compared to gasoline. For
the same trend of this study on the engine, Ajay K.
Singh, and A. Rehman [9] confirmed that the exhaust
emission is a dependent parameter on the engine
speed. Their results on the Hydrocarbon (HC)
emission showed a clear decrease when the engine
speed varies from 2100 rpm to 2400 rpm at 11 kg to
14 kg engine load, respectively.
Babazadeh et al. [10] concluded that the
engine performance parameters such as brake torque,
brake power, brake thermal efficiency and volumetric
efficiency increase with methanol amount in the
blended fuel when engine was fueled with methanol–
gasoline blend. This was because of the latent heat of
evaporation of ethanol is higher than that of gasoline.
Authors noted that the methanol is absorbed more
heat from combustion chamber in comparison with
the pure gasoline. As a result, the pressure of the
combustion chamber is consequently decreased in the
compression process.
In this experimental work, engine
performance and combustion characteristics with
different fuel types were investigated. Experiments
were performed at different engine speeds which
were from 1500 r.p.m to 4500 r.p.m. Four different
types of fuel were tested and compared. The specific
fuel consumption, brake specific fuel consumption,
corrosion rate, and flue gas emissions were presented
and discussed for all fuels examined.This study has
been carried out at Pumps Eng. Dept. of Al-Musaib
Technical College in Babylon / Iraq.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1 Engine and Equipment
In this study, the experiments were
performed on engine, one cylinder, two valves, four
stroke spark ignition. The schematic diagram of
experimental setup for the engine is showed in Fig. 1.
The engine specification is given in Table 1.
Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of experimental setup
No. of Cylinder 1
Cylinder Bore (mm) 100
Stroke (mm) 150
Maximum Power (kW) 185
Table 1. Specification of test
engine
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2.2 Types of Fuel used
In this experimental study, four different
types of fuels are used and tested to improve the
performance and exhaust emissions of a SI engine.
2.2.1 Gasoline
Gasoline (C8H15) is a mixture of volatile
hydrocarbons with heating value about 43000- 47300
kJ/kg, and this hydrocarbon fuel is the most
important component of crude oil resulted from the
distillation at all.
2.2.2 Ethanol
It is one of alcohol types that have the
chemical formula (C2H5OH) and heating value about
26950 –29710kJ/kg. It is also producing by the
fermentation of the organic material which contains
on carbohydrates mainly like more famous
agricultures crops such as corn, wheat, barley [11].
2.2.3 Gasohol E10
It is a mixture between two types of fuels
(gasoline & ethanol). It consists of blending 10%
ethanol and 90% gasoline (vol. / vol.). Therefore, the
selection of this fuel is based on being its most
efficient type of Gasohol types. The chemical
formula will be as C8H15+C2H5OH and its heating
value near to gasoline heating value [12].
2.2.4 Kerosene
It is one of refining distillation process that
is called as paraffin or paraffin oil. It is characterized
with pale-yellow or colorless liquid with sensible
odor. The boiling temperature is in a range between
140° C and 320° C. The flash temperature point is
25°C, and its chemical formula is C12H26 and
heating value about 44116 - 47474 kJ/kg [13].
2.3 Procedure
The engine was tested performing of engine
speed at 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, and
4500 rpm at wide open throttle. Before running the
engine to a new fuel blend, it was allowed to run for a
sufficient time to consume the remaining fuel from
the previous experimental test. The principle of
engine operation used in this investigation was based
on the Otto cycle for heat engines; so that it can be
seen its principle of operation in Fig. 2. The
following steps of engine operation, in this study, are
summarized in four points:
Fig. 2: Temperature and pressure versus volume in the Otto cycle for heat engines.
1. As the piston is moving from T.D.C towards
B.D.C, due to adding a work from external source
such as hander operating system or by self-operation
system, this process generates reduction in the
pressure inside the cylinder. Thus, this makes a clear
difference in the pressure between inside and outside
of the cylinder. As a result, a sufficient quantity of
mixture (air/fuel) enters the combustion chamber
after passing the tunnels of carburetor. This process is
important in order to perform vaporization, and this is
clearly represented in the path 0-1 in Fig.2. Also, this
stroke is called a suction stroke.
2. After opposing the direction of piston due
to the rotation of crank shaft, the piston moves form
B.D.C towards T.D.C. This process tends to increase
the pressure inside the cylinder that makes an
increase in the temperature of mixture. This comes
due to decreasing in the displacement volume of the
cylinder. This process is represented by the curved
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path 1-2 in Fig. 2. Also, this stroke is called a
compression process.
3. As the spark plug is used, a high power
inside the engine is generated resulting an increase in
the heat and pressure due to explosion. Thus, a high
value of pressure is increased at constant volume, as
shown in Fig.2. Therefore, the piston is located at the
same level, and it can be seen in the straight path (as
referred in 2-3 in Fig.2). Because of an unstable
condition of the system, an expansion process is
developed in that state and this leads to increasing in
volume and reducing in pressure, as represented in
the path 3-4. Also, this process is called as a power
stroke. It can be seen that this stroke has a significant
importance in comparison with other strokes because
of its ability to rotate the engine and causing a clear
moving of piston from T.D.C towards B.D.C.
4. During the moving piston downward from
the previous stroke, some power is saved in the fly
wheel. However, this power is required to return the
piston from B.D.C towards T.D.C. This process is
needed so as to exit the flue gases out of the cylinder.
This process is expressed in the straight line path (as
referred in 4-1 path of Fig. 2), and this stroke is
called as an exhaust stroke.
III. Results and Discussion
3.1Specific fuel consumption
For performing the engine tests, the specific fuel
consumption (sfc), which is equal to mass flow rate
per unit time (m ) divided by unit power output
(p), is used to measure the engine efficiency. This is
done considering the fuel supplied to produce work at
different speeds of the engine, as displyed in equation
(1). In Fig. 3 a-d, the fuel consumption for gasoline,
kerosene, ethanol, and gasohol E10 respectively, are
used to improve the engine-efficient at different
applied loads. The loads on the engine were strated
from 1500 to 4500 r.p.m. for all cases examined. As
seen in Fig. 3 a-d, gasoline is clearly showed a less
fuel consumption in comparison with the other typs
of fuels used, particularly at maximum value of
applied load. While the ethanol is displayed a higher
fuel consumption. Both the gasohol E10 and ethanol
are approximately similar in fuel consumption rates.
At the minimum load, the fuel consumption of the
gasoline and gasohol E10 are less than those of the
kerosene and ethanol. The reason of that might be
happened due to the higher energy content of
gasoline and gasohol. Also, this can be attribued
because of the initial tendency towads vapoization for
kerosene and ethanol with respect to the gasoline and
gasohol E10. At a constant speed engine of 3000
r.p.m., the fuel consumption for all types of fuel is
measured, as seen in Fig. 4. The value of SFC of E10
was close to that of gasoline with respect to the
higher values of kerosene and ethanol.
sfc= (1)
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Fig. 3 a-d: The effect of speed engine on the fuel consumption for a) Gasoline, b) Kerosene, c) Ethanol, and d)
GasoholE10.
Fig. 4: The fuel consumption rate (lit/hr) for kerosene, ethanol, gasoline, and gasohol E10 at 3000 r.p.m.
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3.2 Brake specific fuel consumption
The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
is the fuel flow rate per unit power output. Fig. 5
shows the relationship between BSFC and engine
speed for different types of fuel used in this
investigation. After increasing the appling load to
3000 r.p.m, the BSFC of ethanol is highly increased
comparing with other types of fuel. This is likely
occurred due to the lower heating value of ethanol
(26950-29710 kJ/kg). Also, this value is not good
enough to rotate the engine under the perfect
condition as that happened with the standart fuel
(gasoline) for combustion process. However, a slight
increased of BSFC for gasoline is noticed with
increasing the applied loads. For kerosene, the BSFC
was identical to the ethanol trend in range between
1500 and 2500 r.p.m. After 3500 r.p.m. the curve is
noticebly increased due to the high density material
of kerosene, and that requires a more time to perform
the ignition process. For comparison, gasohol E10
was approximentaly close to behaviour of gasoline
consumption with increasing the engine speed
beacuase of the improvement of chemical stucture of
E10.
Fig. 5. The effect of fuel types on the BSFC at different applied loads.
3.3 Power developed
The comparison of indicated power (Wi),
friction power (Wf), and efficiency for fuel tests are
showed in Table 2. The friction power is given as
(Wf = Wi-Wb). The results are indicated a better
thermal efficiency and reduction in knocking for all
fuel used except for Kerosene that displayed a less
thermal efficiency.
Table 2: The values of indicated power, friction
power, and efficiency for all fuel tested.
Fuel Type
Indicated
power
(W)
Friction
power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
Kerosene 237.92 53.105 77.67
Gasoline 199.4 14.58 92.6
Ethanol 209.33 22.59 89.1
Gasohol 208.49 23.67 88.6
3.4 Corrosion rate
The physics properties of specimen (Al3)
used in this study for corrosion rate tests are listed in
Table 3.
Table 3: The physical properties of the specimen
Density
(kg/m3
)
Volume
(m3
)
Mass (kg)Properties
17662.45.202*10-8
9.188*10-4
Value
In order to add another useful parameter for
comparison among the fuel examined, the tests on the
corrosion rates of the selected specimen are utilized.
This importance of testing is basically dependent on
the knowledge of favorite type of fuel used such as
abundance, less pollution, less fuel consumption, and
cost-effective basis. Table 4 shows the corrosion rate
(mg per dec2
per day) tests of the fuel used for about
20 hours of testing. The values of the corrosion rates
were based on the weight of specimens (mg) before
(W1) and after (W2) the corrosion process, as well as
the surface area (dec2
) and time. The findings are
displayed interesting results on this parameter.
Gasohol E10 shows a better improvement on the
corrosion rate with regards to gasoline, while the
values of corrosion rate for kerosene and ethanol
were identical and unfavorable. They were about four
times higher than that of E10.
Table 4: The experimental results of corrosion rates for kerosene, Ethanol, Gasoline, and Gasohol E10.
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Corrosion
rate (mdd)
Surface
area (dec2
)
Time (day)
W2
(mg)
W1
(mg)
Fuel typeNo.
30.240.02280.87918.2918.8Kerosene1
30.240.02280.87914.8915.4Ethanol2
10.080.02280.87892.2892.4Gasoline3
6.570.02280.87895.3896.5Gasohol4
3.5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide
(CO) emissions
The emission of carbon dioxide is globally
considered the main source of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in which its effect on the global warming
[14][15][16]. In this section, the flue gas emissions of
burning all fuel types with oxygen (O2) inside the
combustion chamber were undertaken, and the
concentrations of CO and CO2 (volume fraction,
vol./vol.) are clearly presented, as shown in Figs. 6
and 7, respectively. As seen in Fig. 6, the
concentration of CO for kerosene and E10 are low
and approximately similar, while the CO for ethanol
and gasoline are high. In contract, the concentration
of CO2 for the kerosene and E10 are higher than
those of ethanol and gasoline, as presented in Fig. 7.
Finally, it can be concluded that the burning process
of E10 shows an improvement on the flue gas
concentrations in comparison with those of the
ethanol, and this gives a concrete confidence about
the appropriate selection of fuel type.
Fig. (6) The effect of fuel type on CO emission (vol./ vol.)
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Fig. (7) The effect of fuel type on CO2 emission (vol./ vol.)
IV. Conclusion
This study has revealed that the use of
variable fuel types in the IC engine has a potential
improvement on the fuel consumption, power
developed, corrosion rate, and species concentrations
in the exhaust gases. In short, the following
observations can be considered as conclusions for
this experimental investigation:
1- The fuel consumption of the Gasoline and
Gasohol E10, at minimum value of applied load,
were less than those of the Kerosene and
Ethanol. While at the maximum load, the fuel
consumption of Gasoline was obviously less than
those of the other types of fuel investigated.
2- Regarding the effect of fuel types on the brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC), the BSFC
Gasoline and E10 were somewhat lower than
those of the Ethanol and Kerosene with
increasing the applied loads.
3- For Kerosene, the thermal efficiency of engine
was notebly lower than those of Ethanol,
gasoline, and Gasohol E10, and led negatively to
an increase in knocking.
4- The corrosion rate of Gasohol E10 was showed
a good improvement with the other types of fuel.
Whereas the corrosion rates of the kerosene and
ethanol were around four times higher than that
of E10.
5- The concentrations of CO2 and CO for Gasohol
E10 were in a good level comparing with the
other fuel used. This revealed a considerable
improvement on the combustion characteristics
and burning process in the IC engines.
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