Diabetic retinopathy
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A VDiabetic retinopathy presentation intended to refresh the knowledge of ophthalmic nurses, ophthalmic clinical officers and other mid level ophthalmic personnel, and read initially for the self-support diabetes patients group.
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diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that results from damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to complications of diabetes. It can progress from mild nonproliferative retinopathy, to moderate and severe nonproliferative stages, and finally to the most severe proliferative retinopathy stage. Risk factors include duration of diabetes, blood sugar level, and high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the stage but may include laser photocoagulation surgery or vitrectomy to prevent vision loss. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure along with regular eye exams can help prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy.
DIABETES MELLITUS AND DIABETIC EYE DISEASE
1) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from either the body not producing enough insulin or cells ignoring the insulin.
2) There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 where the body does not produce insulin and always requires insulin treatment, and type 2 where cells ignore insulin and may be managed with diet, exercise or oral medication initially but may later require insulin.
3) Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting the eyes (such as retinopathy and macular edema), kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Intensive control and treatment can help prevent or delay these complications.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a chronic, progressive disease affecting the retinal microvasculature due to prolonged hyperglycemia. It is a leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults. The document discusses the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, classification, investigations, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Laser therapy, intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs, steroids and vitrectomy are used to treat proliferative retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in order to prevent vision loss. Strict glycemic control and management of associated risk factors are important to prevent the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Acute visual loss
This document discusses various causes of acute visual loss, categorizing them as ocular or non-ocular. In the ocular category, it describes common causes such as media opacities, retinal issues including vascular occlusions, and optic nerve disorders. It provides details on evaluating and treating specific conditions like acute angle closure glaucoma, retinal detachment, macular diseases, and ischemic optic neuropathies. It emphasizes that many ocular causes of acute visual loss require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. Non-ocular causes discussed include stroke and functional visual loss.
Proptosis
- The document discusses the evaluation of proptosis, which is the abnormal forward protrusion of the eyeball. It defines different types of orbital abnormalities and provides the approach to examining a patient with proptosis, including taking a thorough history, performing a local and systemic examination, ordering appropriate imaging and lab tests, and considering histopathological studies if needed. The causes of proptosis can be divided into categories such as inflammatory, mass effect, vascular changes, and infiltrative processes. Key aspects of the evaluation are to determine if the proptosis is unilateral or bilateral and whether there are associated signs and symptoms to suggest an underlying cause.
Management of diabetic retinopathy
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetic retinopathy from the International Council of Ophthalmology in 2017. It discusses the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, noting that it affects 1 in 3 people with diabetes and is a leading cause of preventable blindness. The pathogenesis involves microvascular changes from prolonged hyperglycemia. Treatment involves optimizing blood glucose and blood pressure control, as well as focal laser treatment, panretinal laser photocoagulation, or anti-VEGF injections depending on the severity of the retinopathy and presence of macular edema. Follow-up examinations are recommended based on the classification and severity of the diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetic macular edema-Current treatment Modalities
Diabetic macular edema-Current treatment ModalitiesCentral Park Medical College and WAPDA Teaching Hospital Lahore
Title:
Choosing amongst current modalities to manage Diabetic Retinopathy
At Medical Retina Clinic, Eye Department WAPDA Teaching Hospital Complex Lahore
Objective:
1. To review the current management options for DR
2. To share author’s four years follow up from Jan 2008 to Nov 2011 at Medical Retina Clinic, Eye Department WAPDA Teaching Hospital Complex Lahore.
3. Discussion on future Trends in management of DR.
Synopsis:
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of new blindness in the world,
Argon LASER treatment has established itself as a gold standard in the management of DR. Intravitreal therapies in the form anti VEGF agents and steroids are also being widely used nationally and internationally. These therapies do not replace but complement each other.
Author will share his four years experience at Medical Retina clinic WAPDA hospital complex Lahore. 125 patients with DR were enrolled during this period. Treatment modalities used, included Argon Green Laser, Intravitreal Anti VEGF (Bevacizumab), Intravitreal Triamcinolone and subtenon Triamcinolone. Staging and severity of the disease as well as response to the offered therapy were the parameters used to tailor the treatment options.
Dr. Zia ul Mazhry
FRCS (Edin), FRCS (Glasgow), FCPS, CICOphth (UK)
Asstt Professor Central Park Medical College Lahore.
Consultant Eye Surgeon and Head of Eye Department
Wapda Teaching Hospital Complex
210 Feroz Pur Road Lahore.
Website: www.EyeAcuity.com
mazhry@yahoo.com
03004401151
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of hereditary retinal diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. It begins with night blindness and peripheral vision loss and can progress to tunnel vision or legal blindness. Genetic mutations affecting photoreceptor structure and function or RNA splicing are responsible. On examination, bone spicule pigmentation, vascular attenuation, optic nerve pallor and RPE changes are seen. Diagnosis is confirmed by electroretinography showing photoreceptor dysfunction. There is currently no cure but management focuses on low vision aids, vitamins, and gene or stem cell therapies which are under investigation.
Recommended
diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that results from damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to complications of diabetes. It can progress from mild nonproliferative retinopathy, to moderate and severe nonproliferative stages, and finally to the most severe proliferative retinopathy stage. Risk factors include duration of diabetes, blood sugar level, and high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the stage but may include laser photocoagulation surgery or vitrectomy to prevent vision loss. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure along with regular eye exams can help prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy.
DIABETES MELLITUS AND DIABETIC EYE DISEASE
1) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from either the body not producing enough insulin or cells ignoring the insulin.
2) There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 where the body does not produce insulin and always requires insulin treatment, and type 2 where cells ignore insulin and may be managed with diet, exercise or oral medication initially but may later require insulin.
3) Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting the eyes (such as retinopathy and macular edema), kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Intensive control and treatment can help prevent or delay these complications.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a chronic, progressive disease affecting the retinal microvasculature due to prolonged hyperglycemia. It is a leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults. The document discusses the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, classification, investigations, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Laser therapy, intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs, steroids and vitrectomy are used to treat proliferative retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in order to prevent vision loss. Strict glycemic control and management of associated risk factors are important to prevent the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Acute visual loss
This document discusses various causes of acute visual loss, categorizing them as ocular or non-ocular. In the ocular category, it describes common causes such as media opacities, retinal issues including vascular occlusions, and optic nerve disorders. It provides details on evaluating and treating specific conditions like acute angle closure glaucoma, retinal detachment, macular diseases, and ischemic optic neuropathies. It emphasizes that many ocular causes of acute visual loss require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. Non-ocular causes discussed include stroke and functional visual loss.
Proptosis
- The document discusses the evaluation of proptosis, which is the abnormal forward protrusion of the eyeball. It defines different types of orbital abnormalities and provides the approach to examining a patient with proptosis, including taking a thorough history, performing a local and systemic examination, ordering appropriate imaging and lab tests, and considering histopathological studies if needed. The causes of proptosis can be divided into categories such as inflammatory, mass effect, vascular changes, and infiltrative processes. Key aspects of the evaluation are to determine if the proptosis is unilateral or bilateral and whether there are associated signs and symptoms to suggest an underlying cause.
Management of diabetic retinopathy
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetic retinopathy from the International Council of Ophthalmology in 2017. It discusses the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, noting that it affects 1 in 3 people with diabetes and is a leading cause of preventable blindness. The pathogenesis involves microvascular changes from prolonged hyperglycemia. Treatment involves optimizing blood glucose and blood pressure control, as well as focal laser treatment, panretinal laser photocoagulation, or anti-VEGF injections depending on the severity of the retinopathy and presence of macular edema. Follow-up examinations are recommended based on the classification and severity of the diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetic macular edema-Current treatment Modalities
Diabetic macular edema-Current treatment ModalitiesCentral Park Medical College and WAPDA Teaching Hospital Lahore
Title:
Choosing amongst current modalities to manage Diabetic Retinopathy
At Medical Retina Clinic, Eye Department WAPDA Teaching Hospital Complex Lahore
Objective:
1. To review the current management options for DR
2. To share author’s four years follow up from Jan 2008 to Nov 2011 at Medical Retina Clinic, Eye Department WAPDA Teaching Hospital Complex Lahore.
3. Discussion on future Trends in management of DR.
Synopsis:
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of new blindness in the world,
Argon LASER treatment has established itself as a gold standard in the management of DR. Intravitreal therapies in the form anti VEGF agents and steroids are also being widely used nationally and internationally. These therapies do not replace but complement each other.
Author will share his four years experience at Medical Retina clinic WAPDA hospital complex Lahore. 125 patients with DR were enrolled during this period. Treatment modalities used, included Argon Green Laser, Intravitreal Anti VEGF (Bevacizumab), Intravitreal Triamcinolone and subtenon Triamcinolone. Staging and severity of the disease as well as response to the offered therapy were the parameters used to tailor the treatment options.
Dr. Zia ul Mazhry
FRCS (Edin), FRCS (Glasgow), FCPS, CICOphth (UK)
Asstt Professor Central Park Medical College Lahore.
Consultant Eye Surgeon and Head of Eye Department
Wapda Teaching Hospital Complex
210 Feroz Pur Road Lahore.
Website: www.EyeAcuity.com
mazhry@yahoo.com
03004401151
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of hereditary retinal diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. It begins with night blindness and peripheral vision loss and can progress to tunnel vision or legal blindness. Genetic mutations affecting photoreceptor structure and function or RNA splicing are responsible. On examination, bone spicule pigmentation, vascular attenuation, optic nerve pallor and RPE changes are seen. Diagnosis is confirmed by electroretinography showing photoreceptor dysfunction. There is currently no cure but management focuses on low vision aids, vitamins, and gene or stem cell therapies which are under investigation.
Pathological myopia 01.03.2014
This document provides a history and overview of pathological myopia. It discusses definitions, classifications, prevalence, risk factors, genetic factors, manifestations, and complications of pathological myopia. Key points include that pathological myopia is defined as a refractive error greater than -6 diopters or the presence of degenerative changes in the posterior segment of the eye. It predominantly affects Asian populations and is associated with increased axial length of the eye. Complications can include retinal detachment, macular holes, choroidal neovascularization, and posterior staphyloma.
Anterior eye structures disorders
This document provides information on various disorders, pathologies, and diseases that can affect the anterior structures of the eye. It discusses conditions such as:
- Disorders of the eyelashes including trichiasis, distichiasis, and madarosis.
- Benign eyelid lesions including chalazions, molluscum contagiosum, and xanthelasma.
- Malignant eyelid tumors such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
- Conjunctival disorders including bacterial and viral conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, and pterygium.
- Corneal pathologies such as infectious keratitis
Latent squint or (heterophoria)
Latent squint, also known as heterophoria, is a condition where the eyes have a tendency to become misaligned when not being used, such as when one eye is covered, but remain straight during normal use. It occurs when the brain's continuous effort to maintain binocular fusion is removed, such as by covering one eye. Heterophoria is very common and usually does not cause double vision, as the brain corrects for any misalignment. While often asymptomatic, an ophthalmologist can test for latent squint using techniques like the alternate cover test.
Drusen
Drusen: What is drusen and how they affect the healthy eye. Types and pathological progression with drusen.
Size and Effect of Drusen.
Abnormalities of pupil
Abnormalities of pupil
Written By - Kh. Md .Imrul Morshed
B.Optom
Institute of community Ophthalmology, Chittagong , Bangladesh.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare form of cancer, that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina ( the light-detecting tissue of the eye). It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children.
Cancer of the Eye
Diagnosis: Birth-~6 years olds
Unilateral or Bilateral
~3% of Pediatric Cancers
Pathophysiology of Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is caused by pathological changes to the retina due to hyperglycemia. The breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier leads to vascular permeability and leakage. This results in retinal edema, hemorrhages, and exudates. Over time, there is loss of pericytes and endothelial cells, capillary nonperfusion, and upregulation of growth factors like VEGF. Eventually, this causes the development of proliferative retinopathy characterized by neovascularization and fibrovascular proliferation. The pathological effects of hyperglycemia are mediated through increased polyol pathway flux, formation of advanced glycation end products, activation of protein kinase C, and increased oxidative stress - all of which disrupt the normal vascular physiology in
Choroidal nevus and chrpe
This document discusses choroidal nevus, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), and their clinical features and management. Choroidal nevus are typically asymptomatic and appear as well-circumscribed pigmented lesions less than 5mm in diameter. CHRPE can be solitary or multifocal lesions that are flat, gray in color, and sometimes associated with familial adenomatous polyposis or Gardner syndrome. Evaluation includes imaging like OCT and ultrasound, while management involves observation with treatment if complications arise like exudation or subretinal fluid.
Diabetic retinopathy
This document summarizes diabetic retinopathy. It defines diabetic retinopathy as a chronic progressive sight-threatening disease caused by prolonged hyperglycemia. Key points include:
- Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and its prevalence is increasing globally.
- Risk factors include duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, pregnancy, hypertension, nephropathy, and smoking.
- It progresses from non-proliferative to proliferative stages and can lead to vision loss through edema, neovascularization, and retinal detachment.
- Treatments like laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF drugs aim to prevent vision loss by treating proliferative retinopathy and mac
Central Retinal Vein Occlsion (CRVO)
The document discusses retinal vein occlusion (RVO), specifically central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), including its demographics, pathogenesis, classification as either ischemic or non-ischemic CRVO, management through examination, investigation and treatment options, and guidelines on systemic evaluation and management. CRVO results from obstruction of venous outflow causing increased pressure and damage to retinal capillaries and is classified based on the location and extent of occlusion, with ischemic CRVO having a poorer visual prognosis without timely treatment.
Macular degeneration
The macula is the part of the retina responsible for central vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss in older adults. There are two forms of AMD - dry AMD, characterized by drusen deposits under the macula in 90% of cases, and wet AMD where abnormal blood vessels grow through the macula. Wet AMD causes rapid vision loss. Juvenile macular degeneration includes rare inherited diseases like Stargardt's disease that cause central vision loss in children. Stargardt's disease is characterized by yellow-white spots in the macula and gradual central vision loss.
Retinitis pigmentosa ppt
Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that causes the rods and cones in the retina to deteriorate over time. This leads to progressive vision loss starting with night blindness and loss of peripheral vision, which can eventually cause total blindness. There is no cure, but vitamin A supplementation and an omega-3 rich diet have been shown to potentially slow the progression of the disease. It is diagnosed through visual field tests and ERG testing, and patients are referred to low vision specialists who can prescribe aids to help maximize remaining vision.
Papilledema
PAPILLOEDEMA
- Oedema of the optic disc caused by increased intracranial pressure. This blocks axoplasmic transport, causing swelling of the optic nerve head.
- Symptoms include blurred vision, visual field defects, and over time potential blindness if not treated.
- Diagnosis is made through examination showing blurred disc margins, venous congestion, retinal exudates, and imaging showing disc swelling. Treatment aims to relieve intracranial pressure through surgical or medical means to prevent permanent nerve damage.
Bullous Keratopathy 1.pptx
Bullous keratopathy refers to corneal swelling caused by a dysfunctional endothelial pump, resulting in the formation of fluid-filled blisters on the cornea. It develops due to endothelial dysfunction from trauma, inflammation, or dystrophies. The endothelial cells fail to function properly, allowing fluid to accumulate in the stroma and epithelium of the cornea. This causes vision impairment, eye irritation, and the potential formation of painful corneal blisters. Treatment involves the use of hypertonic agents, bandage contact lenses, and sometimes corneal transplantation to address more severe cases.
Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: A Silent Killer-a detailed medical study
. It is the sweet killer and also known as silent killer of the life. Sugar is must for life but it may also worse your life. It can make you permanently blind.
This is a detailed study on diabetes and diabetic retinopathy ..treatment and all aspects
please comment
thank you ...from my limited knowledge
Thyroid Eye Disease
1) Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disorder associated with Graves' disease. It can affect the eye muscles, fatty tissue, and optic nerve.
2) Treatment depends on the severity and activity of TED. Mild and inactive cases may only require monitoring. Moderate to severe active TED is treated with intravenous steroids, radiation therapy, or surgery. Sight-threatening TED urgently requires treatments like steroids and orbital decompression.
3) Managing thyroid function and advising patients to stop smoking can help prevent progression of TED. Referral to a specialist TED clinic is recommended for persistent or worsening eye symptoms.
Retinitis pigmentosa
1. Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetically determined, progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors that affects both eyes symmetrically. It initially impacts rods, followed by cones.
2. Symptoms include night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, light sensitivity, and eventual loss of central vision. It can be inherited in autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked patterns.
3. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, visual fields, color vision, dilated fundus exam showing bone spicule pigmentation, attenuated vessels, and disc pallor. Electroretinography can detect early disease. There is no cure but vitamin supplementation and low-light lifestyle adaptations can
Congenital cataract
This document defines congenital cataract and provides information on its etiology, epidemiology, morphology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis. Congenital cataract is a cloudiness of the lens present at birth. It can be bilateral or unilateral, with various morphologies. Diagnosis involves examining the eye and ruling out other conditions. Management typically involves early surgical removal of dense cataracts to prevent amblyopia. Post-operative care and visual rehabilitation is important to optimize outcomes.
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is an obstruction of the retinal venous system by thrombus formation and may involve the central, hemi-central or branch retinal vein.
The most common aetiological factor is compression by adjacent atherosclerotic retinal arteries.
Other possible causes are external compression or disease of the vein wall e.g. vasculitis.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that is associated with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It results from glycation and damage to the retinal blood vessels over time. Early stages are asymptomatic, but can progress to cause vision loss through edema, hemorrhage, or the growth of abnormal new blood vessels. Risk increases with longer duration of diabetes. Management focuses on tight glycemic control through medication and lifestyle changes, as well as regular eye exams and treatments such as laser photocoagulation or anti-VEGF injections to prevent vision loss.
Diabetic retinopathy pathophysiology
Diabetic retinopathy is caused by chronic hyperglycemia leading to progressive dysfunction of the retinal vasculature. This causes vascular leakage, focal ischemia, retinal hypoxia and neovascularization as well as thickening of the basement membrane and loss of pericytes impairing oxygen and nutrient flow. The stages include non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy characterized by microaneurysms and hemorrhages, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy characterized by new vessel growth. Macular edema can also occur from fluid leakage causing vision loss.
Вскрытие абсцесса века: клинический случай и теоретическое обоснование
Описание процедуры вскрытия абсцесса века и возможных осложнений абсцесса века и процедуры.
Видео операции доступно в ютубе: https://youtu.be/ky21dNdN6Cg
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Pathological myopia 01.03.2014
This document provides a history and overview of pathological myopia. It discusses definitions, classifications, prevalence, risk factors, genetic factors, manifestations, and complications of pathological myopia. Key points include that pathological myopia is defined as a refractive error greater than -6 diopters or the presence of degenerative changes in the posterior segment of the eye. It predominantly affects Asian populations and is associated with increased axial length of the eye. Complications can include retinal detachment, macular holes, choroidal neovascularization, and posterior staphyloma.
Anterior eye structures disorders
This document provides information on various disorders, pathologies, and diseases that can affect the anterior structures of the eye. It discusses conditions such as:
- Disorders of the eyelashes including trichiasis, distichiasis, and madarosis.
- Benign eyelid lesions including chalazions, molluscum contagiosum, and xanthelasma.
- Malignant eyelid tumors such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
- Conjunctival disorders including bacterial and viral conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, and pterygium.
- Corneal pathologies such as infectious keratitis
Latent squint or (heterophoria)
Latent squint, also known as heterophoria, is a condition where the eyes have a tendency to become misaligned when not being used, such as when one eye is covered, but remain straight during normal use. It occurs when the brain's continuous effort to maintain binocular fusion is removed, such as by covering one eye. Heterophoria is very common and usually does not cause double vision, as the brain corrects for any misalignment. While often asymptomatic, an ophthalmologist can test for latent squint using techniques like the alternate cover test.
Drusen
Drusen: What is drusen and how they affect the healthy eye. Types and pathological progression with drusen.
Size and Effect of Drusen.
Abnormalities of pupil
Abnormalities of pupil
Written By - Kh. Md .Imrul Morshed
B.Optom
Institute of community Ophthalmology, Chittagong , Bangladesh.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare form of cancer, that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina ( the light-detecting tissue of the eye). It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children.
Cancer of the Eye
Diagnosis: Birth-~6 years olds
Unilateral or Bilateral
~3% of Pediatric Cancers
Pathophysiology of Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is caused by pathological changes to the retina due to hyperglycemia. The breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier leads to vascular permeability and leakage. This results in retinal edema, hemorrhages, and exudates. Over time, there is loss of pericytes and endothelial cells, capillary nonperfusion, and upregulation of growth factors like VEGF. Eventually, this causes the development of proliferative retinopathy characterized by neovascularization and fibrovascular proliferation. The pathological effects of hyperglycemia are mediated through increased polyol pathway flux, formation of advanced glycation end products, activation of protein kinase C, and increased oxidative stress - all of which disrupt the normal vascular physiology in
Choroidal nevus and chrpe
This document discusses choroidal nevus, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), and their clinical features and management. Choroidal nevus are typically asymptomatic and appear as well-circumscribed pigmented lesions less than 5mm in diameter. CHRPE can be solitary or multifocal lesions that are flat, gray in color, and sometimes associated with familial adenomatous polyposis or Gardner syndrome. Evaluation includes imaging like OCT and ultrasound, while management involves observation with treatment if complications arise like exudation or subretinal fluid.
Diabetic retinopathy
This document summarizes diabetic retinopathy. It defines diabetic retinopathy as a chronic progressive sight-threatening disease caused by prolonged hyperglycemia. Key points include:
- Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and its prevalence is increasing globally.
- Risk factors include duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, pregnancy, hypertension, nephropathy, and smoking.
- It progresses from non-proliferative to proliferative stages and can lead to vision loss through edema, neovascularization, and retinal detachment.
- Treatments like laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF drugs aim to prevent vision loss by treating proliferative retinopathy and mac
Central Retinal Vein Occlsion (CRVO)
The document discusses retinal vein occlusion (RVO), specifically central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), including its demographics, pathogenesis, classification as either ischemic or non-ischemic CRVO, management through examination, investigation and treatment options, and guidelines on systemic evaluation and management. CRVO results from obstruction of venous outflow causing increased pressure and damage to retinal capillaries and is classified based on the location and extent of occlusion, with ischemic CRVO having a poorer visual prognosis without timely treatment.
Macular degeneration
The macula is the part of the retina responsible for central vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss in older adults. There are two forms of AMD - dry AMD, characterized by drusen deposits under the macula in 90% of cases, and wet AMD where abnormal blood vessels grow through the macula. Wet AMD causes rapid vision loss. Juvenile macular degeneration includes rare inherited diseases like Stargardt's disease that cause central vision loss in children. Stargardt's disease is characterized by yellow-white spots in the macula and gradual central vision loss.
Retinitis pigmentosa ppt
Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that causes the rods and cones in the retina to deteriorate over time. This leads to progressive vision loss starting with night blindness and loss of peripheral vision, which can eventually cause total blindness. There is no cure, but vitamin A supplementation and an omega-3 rich diet have been shown to potentially slow the progression of the disease. It is diagnosed through visual field tests and ERG testing, and patients are referred to low vision specialists who can prescribe aids to help maximize remaining vision.
Papilledema
PAPILLOEDEMA
- Oedema of the optic disc caused by increased intracranial pressure. This blocks axoplasmic transport, causing swelling of the optic nerve head.
- Symptoms include blurred vision, visual field defects, and over time potential blindness if not treated.
- Diagnosis is made through examination showing blurred disc margins, venous congestion, retinal exudates, and imaging showing disc swelling. Treatment aims to relieve intracranial pressure through surgical or medical means to prevent permanent nerve damage.
Bullous Keratopathy 1.pptx
Bullous keratopathy refers to corneal swelling caused by a dysfunctional endothelial pump, resulting in the formation of fluid-filled blisters on the cornea. It develops due to endothelial dysfunction from trauma, inflammation, or dystrophies. The endothelial cells fail to function properly, allowing fluid to accumulate in the stroma and epithelium of the cornea. This causes vision impairment, eye irritation, and the potential formation of painful corneal blisters. Treatment involves the use of hypertonic agents, bandage contact lenses, and sometimes corneal transplantation to address more severe cases.
Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: A Silent Killer-a detailed medical study
. It is the sweet killer and also known as silent killer of the life. Sugar is must for life but it may also worse your life. It can make you permanently blind.
This is a detailed study on diabetes and diabetic retinopathy ..treatment and all aspects
please comment
thank you ...from my limited knowledge
Thyroid Eye Disease
1) Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disorder associated with Graves' disease. It can affect the eye muscles, fatty tissue, and optic nerve.
2) Treatment depends on the severity and activity of TED. Mild and inactive cases may only require monitoring. Moderate to severe active TED is treated with intravenous steroids, radiation therapy, or surgery. Sight-threatening TED urgently requires treatments like steroids and orbital decompression.
3) Managing thyroid function and advising patients to stop smoking can help prevent progression of TED. Referral to a specialist TED clinic is recommended for persistent or worsening eye symptoms.
Retinitis pigmentosa
1. Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetically determined, progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors that affects both eyes symmetrically. It initially impacts rods, followed by cones.
2. Symptoms include night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, light sensitivity, and eventual loss of central vision. It can be inherited in autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked patterns.
3. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, visual fields, color vision, dilated fundus exam showing bone spicule pigmentation, attenuated vessels, and disc pallor. Electroretinography can detect early disease. There is no cure but vitamin supplementation and low-light lifestyle adaptations can
Congenital cataract
This document defines congenital cataract and provides information on its etiology, epidemiology, morphology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis. Congenital cataract is a cloudiness of the lens present at birth. It can be bilateral or unilateral, with various morphologies. Diagnosis involves examining the eye and ruling out other conditions. Management typically involves early surgical removal of dense cataracts to prevent amblyopia. Post-operative care and visual rehabilitation is important to optimize outcomes.
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is an obstruction of the retinal venous system by thrombus formation and may involve the central, hemi-central or branch retinal vein.
The most common aetiological factor is compression by adjacent atherosclerotic retinal arteries.
Other possible causes are external compression or disease of the vein wall e.g. vasculitis.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that is associated with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It results from glycation and damage to the retinal blood vessels over time. Early stages are asymptomatic, but can progress to cause vision loss through edema, hemorrhage, or the growth of abnormal new blood vessels. Risk increases with longer duration of diabetes. Management focuses on tight glycemic control through medication and lifestyle changes, as well as regular eye exams and treatments such as laser photocoagulation or anti-VEGF injections to prevent vision loss.
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Diabetic retinopathy pathophysiology
Diabetic retinopathy is caused by chronic hyperglycemia leading to progressive dysfunction of the retinal vasculature. This causes vascular leakage, focal ischemia, retinal hypoxia and neovascularization as well as thickening of the basement membrane and loss of pericytes impairing oxygen and nutrient flow. The stages include non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy characterized by microaneurysms and hemorrhages, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy characterized by new vessel growth. Macular edema can also occur from fluid leakage causing vision loss.
Вскрытие абсцесса века: клинический случай и теоретическое обоснование
Описание процедуры вскрытия абсцесса века и возможных осложнений абсцесса века и процедуры.
Видео операции доступно в ютубе: https://youtu.be/ky21dNdN6Cg
Diabetic retinopathy
A complete source of information intended for ophthalmologists. Includes everything from risk factors to pathophysiology to management.
Slit lamp fundoscopy
Evaluation of the disc, macula and periphery of the retina using the slit lamp and fundus aspheric lens 90D, 78D, 60D or 120D.
Diabetic retinopathy
This document describes diabetic retinopathy (DR), its classification, pathogenesis, risk factors, screening protocols, and treatment. DR is classified as non-proliferative DR (NPDR) or proliferative DR (PDR). NPDR is further divided into mild, moderate, severe, and very severe stages based on lesions seen. PDR is characterized by new blood vessel growth. Clinically significant macular edema (CSME) can occur and cause vision loss. Screening intervals depend on DR severity. Laser treatment is used for CSME, PDR, and sometimes severe NPDR to prevent vision loss complications like vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment. Good glucose and blood pressure control can delay DR progression.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Prolonged hyperglycemia can damage retinal blood vessels and neurons. Over time, this can lead to vision loss through retinal edema, hemorrhage, fibrosis or neovascularization. Risk factors include duration and control of diabetes, hypertension, and nephropathy. Treatment focuses on laser photocoagulation and intravitreal injections to reduce edema or abnormal blood vessels, along with glycemic control to prevent progression. Regular screening is important to detect diabetic retinopathy early when treatment is most effective.
Protect Your Back Sample Presentation I
This document discusses the causes of back pain, including acute injuries from accidents or falls and chronic pain from poor posture, lifting techniques, and genetics. It emphasizes preventing back pain through maintaining good posture, learning proper lifting techniques, exercising regularly, and seeking medical care if warning signs occur. The document is divided into sections on understanding back pain, prevention, posture, proper work methods, warning signs, home care tips, and importance of medical treatment.
5 tips to prevent knee pain
The knee is the largest joint in the body. The upper and lower bones of the knee are separated by two discs (menisci). The upper leg bone (femur) and the lower leg bones (tibia and fibula) are connected by ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
Knee pain is a special problem for athletes -- over half of all athletes endure it every year. Some of the most common reasons for knee pain are swollen or torn ligaments, meniscus (cartilage) tears, and runner's knee. But the knee is a complex joint, and there's plenty more that can go wrong.
for more information, click here http://healthheal.in
Pfb17 week5-presentation
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Diabetis & brain
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Diabetis
To prevent diabetes, it is important to exercise regularly, eat a diet high in fiber and low in refined carbohydrates and unhealthy fats, and maintain a healthy weight. Unhealthy habits like smoking and drinking too much coffee or tea can increase diabetes risk. Eating smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day can help regulate blood sugar levels. Those with prediabetes should also monitor blood pressure to control cardiovascular health risks.
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This document provides information on diabetic retinopathy including:
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2. Risk factors include duration of diabetes, poor blood sugar control, pregnancy, hypertension, and nephropathy. The pathogenesis involves cellular damage from hyperglycemia and changes to the capillaries leading to leakage, occlusion, and neovascularization.
3. Treatment depends on the severity and includes laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrect
Diabetis management with millet
This document provides information about planning a diet for a diabetic patient. It includes:
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Diabetis sri2
- Diabetes mellitus is a disease where the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose levels. There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and prediabetes.
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DIABETIS PREVENTION
The document provides 5 tips for taking control of diabetes prevention through lifestyle changes: 1) Get more physical activity to lose weight, lower blood sugar, and reduce heart disease risk. 2) Get plenty of fiber to improve blood sugar control and promote weight loss. 3) Choose whole grains for steady blood sugar. 4) Lose extra weight through diet and exercise as overweight increases diabetes risk. 5) Skip fad diets and make consistent healthier food and lifestyle choices for long-term diabetes prevention.
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DIABETES AND THE EYE
This document discusses the effects of diabetes on the eye. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and its long-term damaging effects on organs. It then covers the two main types of diabetes and their characteristics. The document discusses the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and how high blood glucose damages blood vessels in the eye. It provides a detailed overview of the stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative and potential vision loss outcomes. Management strategies like glucose control, laser therapy, anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy are summarized.
diabetic_retinopathy.ppt
This document provides information on diabetic retinopathy including its definition, risk factors, stages, symptoms, pathogenesis, epidemiology, screening recommendations, treatment options, and importance of prevention. It defines diabetic retinopathy as progressive retinal blood vessel dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia. Key points covered include the stages ranging from mild non-proliferative DR to proliferative DR, as well as treatments such as laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy. Strict blood sugar and blood pressure control along with annual eye exams are emphasized for prevention of vision loss from this common diabetes complication.
DIABETES AND THE EYE.pptx
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is a disease of the retina caused by long-term effects of diabetes that can lead to damage of the retina and blindness. It defines diabetic retinopathy and its prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, classification, proliferative stages, macular edema stages, advanced stages, diagnosis and treatment options including laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery. The document provides detailed information on staging and treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
DIABETES AND THE EYE.pptx
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is a disease of the retina caused by long-term effects of diabetes that can lead to damage of the retina and blindness. It defines diabetic retinopathy and its prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, classification, proliferative stages, macular edema stages, advanced stages, diagnosis and treatment options including laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery. The document provides detailed information on staging and treatment of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is a microvascular complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus that causes damage to the blood vessels in the retina. It is the most severe ocular complication of diabetes and the most common cause of blindness between ages 20-65. The risk and progression of diabetic retinopathy increases with longer duration of diabetes, poor blood sugar control, pregnancy, hypertension, nephropathy, and other factors. The document describes the pathogenesis, classification, signs, and treatment options for diabetic retinopathy.
diabetic_retinopathy copy.pptx
Diabetic retinopathy is a progressive dysfunction of the retinal blood vessels caused by chronic hyperglycemia. It can cause vision loss and blindness if not treated. The risk and severity of retinopathy increases with the duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Early stages are characterized by microaneurysms and hemorrhages, while proliferative stages involve new blood vessel growth. Macular edema can occur at any stage and is a leading cause of vision loss. Treatment includes laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery depending on the severity of retinopathy and presence of macular edema. Strict blood sugar and blood pressure control can help prevent and slow the progression of diabetic ret
Diabeticretinopathy30 3-2011-121109075116-phpapp01
Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the tiny blood vessels inside the retina. Over time, patients may experience vision changes including blurred vision, floaters, and partial vision loss. Strict control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol can help prevent and slow the progression of retinopathy. For more advanced cases, treatments like laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injections, and vitrectomy surgery can help preserve vision. With proactive screening and management, blindness from diabetic retinopathy can largely be prevented or delayed.
Diabetic retinopathy.ppt
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is the progressive dysfunction of the retinal blood vessels caused by chronic hyperglycemia. It defines the condition and stages of diabetic retinopathy, from mild non-proliferative to severe proliferative retinopathy. Risk factors include high blood sugar, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The document also covers diagnosing, treating, and preventing diabetic retinopathy through strict glycemic control and annual eye exams.
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This document provides an overview of diabetic retinopathy. It discusses the etiology, anatomy, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, classification, imaging, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Some key points include:
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DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure can help prevent and slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Annual eye exams are important for early detection and treatment if needed to prevent vision loss. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, it is classified into mild, moderate, and severe non-proliferative stages and proliferative stage. Treatments include laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections to prevent further vision loss.
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Dr Shahjada Selim provides an overview of how diabetes affects the eye in 3 key areas:
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2) Diabetic macular edema, swelling of the macula, which can cause blurry vision and be treated with laser therapy.
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The document provides information about diabetic retinopathy including:
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- Risk factors include long duration of diabetes, poor blood glucose control, hypertension, and nephropathy.
- It is classified as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Signs include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, hard exudates, and abnormal blood vessel growth in severe cases.
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46191.ppt
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. As diabetes rates rise globally, diabetic retinopathy cases are projected to increase substantially. Early stages may be asymptomatic, but later stages can cause vision loss or blindness if not treated. Annual dilated eye exams are important for early detection and treatment to prevent vision loss from this progressive disease.
46191.ppt
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure as well as annual eye exams are important for preventing vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. The disease progresses through stages from mild nonproliferative retinopathy to more severe proliferative retinopathy. Laser treatment and anti-VEGF drugs can help treat more advanced stages to prevent blindness.
Common Eye Disorders
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This document discusses various metabolic disorders that can affect the eye, including diabetic retinopathy, galactosemic cataract, thyroid eye disease, Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, and Wilson disease. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness and is caused by retinal changes in patients with diabetes mellitus. Risk factors include duration of diabetes, age of diabetes onset, poor metabolic control, and hypertension. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy can lead to neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage if left untreated. Management involves controlling blood sugar and other factors as well as treatments like laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections.
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.pptx
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, including:
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- Diabetic retinopathy as a leading cause of blindness and its impact.
- Key risk factors like diabetes duration, glycemic control, and other systemic factors.
- The characteristic lesions and stages of non-proliferative and proliferative retinopathy.
- Treatment approaches including laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections, steroids, and surgery.
- Screening guidelines based on diabetes type and risk level.
diabetic_retinopathy.ppt
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, including its definition, risk factors, stages of progression, symptoms, and treatment options. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to recognize diabetic retinopathy as a public health problem, identify its risk factors, describe its stages, and understand prevention through risk factor control and eye exams. It then defines diabetic retinopathy as progressive dysfunction of the retinal blood vessels caused by hyperglycemia that can cause vision loss if left untreated. The stages of progression include mild to severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Treatment options aim to prevent vision loss through risk factor control, regular eye exams, and procedures like laser photocoagulation
Diabetes retinopathy
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which refers to retinal changes seen in patients with diabetes mellitus. It first describes the normal retinal structure and then defines diabetic retinopathy and its causes such as duration of diabetes and poor metabolic control. It classifies diabetic retinopathy into non-proliferative and proliferative stages and discusses their clinical features and management approaches including screening, medical treatments like controlling risk factors and intravitreal steroids, photocoagulation procedures, and surgical treatment for advanced cases.
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Diabetic retinopathy
- 1. Diabetic Retinopathy FOR MID LEVEL HEALTHCARE WORKERS DR ANTON
- 3. Diabetes Vascular disease Involves eyes and other organs Related to glucose metabolism One of the leading causes of blindness
- 4. Diabetes Epidemiology About 8% of world populations is suffering from diabetes About 75% of involved persons will have diabetic retinopathy after 20 years of disease course About 80% of diabetic patients live in low to middle income countries
- 5. Diabetes Epidemiology Five to ten percent of all diabetic patients have diabetes type 1 (use insulin injections) 90-95% is for diabetes type 2 (being treated with diet, or tablets, or injections)
- 6. Diabetes Epidemiology About 5% of world blindness is due to diabetes Every diabetic patient is twenty times more likely to go blind than the general population
- 7. Diabetes Signs Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Extreme hunger Sudden vision changes Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet Sores that are slow to heal
- 8. Diabetes Ocular Features Cataract (mostly posterior subcapsular or posterior cortical) Diabetic Retinopathy Primary open angle glaucoma (increased risk) Hypermetropia or myopia due to lens swelling
- 9. Diabetes Signs: Diabetic Feet
- 11. Diabetic Retinopathy Damage to the walls of the vessels of the fundus Causes irreversible blindness Blindness can be prevented Easily screened for Treated well
- 12. Normal fundus
- 13. Diabetic Retinopathy Can be divided into two types: * Non-proliferative DR (95%) * Proliferative DR
- 14. Non-proliferative DR Fundus features: Microaneurisms Dot-and-blot hemorrhages Cotton-wool spots +/- Macular edema
- 15. Non-proliferative DR: Mild stage
- 16. Non-proliferative DR: Severe Stage
- 17. Proliferative DR Fundus features: Microaneurisms Dot-and-blot hemorrhages Cotton-wool spots Intraretinal Microvascular Anomalies +/- Macular edema Neovascularization of the disc or retina
- 18. Proliferative DR Other Ocular Features: • Neovascularization of Pupil margin • Neovascularization of Iris stroma • Neovascularization of the AC Angle • Highly raised IOP with secondary neovascular glaucoma and finally painful blind eye • Vitreous Hemorrhage • Tractional retinal detachment
- 19. Proliferative DR – Neovascularization of the Disc
- 20. Proliferative DR – Tractional RD
- 21. Proliferative DR – Vitreous Hemorrhage
- 22. Macular Edema Complication due to leaking from damaged vessels. Can occur in both types of DR. Usually hard exudates are seen in the margin of edema.
- 23. Macular Edema
- 24. When to refer? Every diabetic patient has to be screened by ophthalmic personnel at least once annually, depending on the severity of diabetes and severity of diabetic retinopathy
- 25. Initial diagnostics 1) Fundoscopy 2) Fasting Blood Sugar 3) Amsler Grid Test for Macular Edema
- 26. Amsler Grid in Macular Edema
- 27. How to treat? 1) Control BP 2) Normalize blood glucose and HbA1c 3) Follow the diet 4) Get medicines in time 5) Laser treatment for certain complications 6) Anti-VEGF treatment for certain complications 7) Vitrectomy for certaincomplications 8) Cataract surgery for diabetic cataract 9) Glasses for refractive error
- 28. Thank you