DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - THE CONTINUUMPraveen Nagula
DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES WORLD WIDE.
EVERY 6 SECONDS ONE PERSON IS AFFECTED BY DIABETES..
THEME FOR 2014-2016
LETS UNITE FOR DIABETES
DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - THE CONTINUUMPraveen Nagula
DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES WORLD WIDE.
EVERY 6 SECONDS ONE PERSON IS AFFECTED BY DIABETES..
THEME FOR 2014-2016
LETS UNITE FOR DIABETES
Long term spinal cord injury (SCI) and diabetes? Some research suggests the two go hand in hand with as
many as 20 percent of spinal cord injured people having adult-onset diabetes. If you have an SCI, what should
you know about diabetes?
Long term spinal cord injury (SCI) and diabetes? Some research suggests the two go hand in hand with as
many as 20 percent of spinal cord injured people having adult-onset diabetes. If you have an SCI, what should
you know about diabetes?
Diabetes Slideshow that I made when I was in Grade 10, talks about everything you would need to know about diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2).
Have fun educating yourself!
My Email: Tranc3r1992@gmail.com
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel.
With diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it as well as it should. When there isn’t enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.
Diabetes Mellitus type 1 major comorbidity now days.
Insulin injection being the major treatment Diabetes Mellitus.
Some other drugs used to treat the Diabetes Mellitus are Tablet Metformin 500 mg and other hypoglycemic drugs.
Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension how they are interlinked.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. Diabetes and Occupational Health
• By
• Dr.Ashok laddha
• Occupational Health
Physician
• MBBS, PGDC ,PGDD,
PGDEM, AFIH
• Diploma in Workplace
Health and safety. MBAHA(In –Progress
3. Indian scenario
• India is Home to over 61 million Diabetic
patient
• Expected 100 million –by 2030
• Economic burden is very high
• Accounted 15% of hospital cost
• Every 5th person with diabetes will be Indian
5. Diabetes type-1
• The body does not produce insulin. Some people may refer to this
type as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes, or earlyonset diabetes.
• People usually develop type 1 diabetes before their 40th
year, often in early adulthood or teenage years.
• It is autoimmune disorder
• Results in total insulin deficiency.
• Autoimmunity occurs in islet of Langerhans against the beta cells...
• Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1..
• Type 1 diabetes is caused by a T cell–mediated autoimmune
destruction of the pancreatic beta cells
• Life long insulin treatment
6. Future Plan ?
• Type-1 Diabetes is currently non-preventable but…
• Drugs?
Diet?
•
… Mostly in experimental stages. Further
research is required.
• Pancreas transplantation?
• Islet cell transplantation?
7. Diabetes type-2
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Common
Affecting 90 to 95% of all diabetic population
Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
Metabolic disorder
Obesity is the primary cause
Lack of sleep has been linked to type 2
Can be prevented or delayed through proper diet
and structured exercise
• Life style intervention is more effective
8. Diagnosis
• The WHO definition of diabetes (both type 1
and type 2) is for a single raised glucose
reading with symptoms, otherwise raised
values on two occasions, of either
• Fasting blood sugar 126 mg/dl
• Random blood sugar more than 200 mg/dl
• Hb1AC more than 6.5
9. Other specific Type-1
• Genetic defects affecting beta cell function:
MODY; mitochondrial DNA mutations; Wolfram’s
syndrome
• • Genetic defects affecting insulin action: insulin
receptor mutations; lipodystrophies
• • Diseases of pancreas: CF; iron overload
syndromes; neoplasia; pancreatitis, trauma
• • Endocrine disorders: glucagonoma, Cushing’s,
pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism,
acromegaly, somatostatinoma
11. Pre-Diabetic
• High risk of developing diabetes and heart
disease
• Blood sugar is high but not enough to labelled
as diabetes
• Impaired plasma fasting sugar -100-125 mg/dl
• Impaired glucose tolerence-144-199 mg/dl
12. who should be screened for prediabetes
• are habitually physically inactive
• have previously been identified as having IFG (impaired fasting
glucose) or IGT (impaired glucose tolerance)
• have a family history of diabetes
• are members of certain ethnic groups (including Asian
American, African-American, Hispanic American, and Native
American)
• have had gestational diabetes or have given birth to a child
weighing more than 9 pounds
• have elevated blood pressure
• have an HDL cholesterol level (the “good” cholesterol) of 35 mg/dl
or lower and/or triglyceride level of 250 mg/dl or higher
• have polycystic ovary syndrome
• have a history of vascular disease
13. Gestational Diabetes
• Gestational diabetes is a condition in which women
without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high
blood glucose levels during pregnancy.
• This is likely due to pregnancy-related factors such as
the presence of Human placental lactogen that
interferes with susceptible insulin receptors. This in
turn causes inappropriately elevated blood sugar
levels.
• Gestational diabetes generally has few symptoms and
it is most commonly diagnosed by screening during
pregnancy
• Gestational diabetes affects 3-10% of pregnancies
14. Risk factors for GDM
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Classical risk factors for developing gestational diabetes are:
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A previous diagnosis of gestational diabetes or prediabetes, impaired glucose
tolerance, or impaired fasting glycaemia
A family history revealing a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes
Maternal age - a woman's risk factor increases as she gets older (especially for
women over 35 years of age).
Ethnic background (those with higher risk factors include African-Americans, AfroCaribbeans, Native Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, and people originating
from South Asia)
Being overweight, obese or severely obese increases the risk by a factor 2.1, 3.6
and 8.6, respectively.[9]
A previous pregnancy which resulted in a child with a macrosomia (high birth
weight: >90th centile or >4000 g (8 lbs 12.8 oz))
Previous poor obstetric history
Other genetic risk factors: There are at least 10 genes where certain polymorphism
are associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, most notably
15. MODY
• Diabetes result from mutations in a single gene and are called
monogenic
• Monogenic forms of diabetes account for about 1 to 5 percent of all
cases of diabetes in young people.
• Genetic testing can diagnose most forms of monogenic diabetes
• Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) and maturity-onset diabetes of
the young (MODY) are the two main forms of monogenic diabetes.
• MODY is much more common than NDM.
• People with MODY are generally not overweight
• MODY can often be treated with oral diabetes medications
• hyperglycemia may only be discovered during routine blood tests
• people with MODY typically have a family history of diabetes in
multiple successive generations,
16. LADA
•
•
•
A proportion of patients ranging from 5-20% with a clinical diagnosis of type 2
diabetes have been found to possess islet auto-antibodies, most typically
GADA, and patients in this category progress more rapidly to insulin treatment.
This is referred to as Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult (LADA) and occurs
in individuals with a clinical phenotype resembling type 2 diabetes.
Immunologically LADA is characterized by islet directed auto-antibodies and is
considered a form of type 1 diabetes.
People with LADA do not require insulin for the first 3 to 6 months following
diagnosis, but up to 80% will require insulin within the next five years. Some
physicians treat LADA electively with insulin before metabolic decompensation has
occurred, but the evidence for this is contested and most patients are treated
according to standard management guidelines for type 2 diabetes.
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a form of diabetes that usually
affects people who are over 30 years old. People with LADA are often initially
thought to have type 2 diabetes, but as the disease progresses, it becomes clear
that their condition is actually type 1 diabetes.
18. Symptoms-2
• Slow-healing sores or cuts
• Itching of the skin (usually around the vaginal or groin
area)
• Frequent yeast infections
• Recent weight gain
• Velvety dark skin changes of the neck, armpit and
groin, called acanthosis nigricans
• Numbness and tingling of the hands and feet
• Decreased vision
• Sexual dysfunction, such as erectile dysfunction in
men.
20. Risk factors for diabetes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
age 45 or older
overweight or obese
physically inactive
parent or sibling with diabetes
family background that is African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian
American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander American
history of giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
history of gestational diabetes
high blood pressure—140/90 or above—or being treated for high blood pressure
high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or good, cholesterol below 35 milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dL), or a triglyceride level above 250 mg/dL
polycystic ovary syndrome, also called PCOS
prediabetes—an A1C level of 5.7 to 6.4 percent; a fasting plasma glucose test
result of 100–125 mg/dL, called impaired fasting glucose; or a 2-hour oral glucose
tolerance test result of 140–199, called impaired glucose tolerance
acanthosis nigricans, a condition associated with insulin resistance, characterized
by a dark, velvety rash around the neck or armpits
history of CVD
21. Causes of Diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes is a T cell autoimmune
disorder
• People with type 2 diabetes have two defects
– insulin resistance and relative beta cell
Failure.
• Obesity is the main environmental factor for
the insulin resistance
22. Chemical causes
• Medical science has discovered how sensitive the insulin
receptor sites are to chemical poisoning.
• Metals such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, fluoride
and possibly aluminum may play a role in the actual
destruction of beta cells through stimulating an autoimmune reaction to them after they have bonded to these
cells in the pancreas.
• It is because mercury and lead attach themselves at highly
vulnerable junctures of proteins that they find their great
capacity to provoke morphological changes in the body..
23. Potential risk factors for type-1
diabetes
•
•
•
•
Nitrates,
Nitrites, and
Nitrosoamines
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
25. Facts
• Non-communicable disease
• Life long chronic disease
• Diet/exercise/health education and team
approach is the foundation of treatment
program
• Stay up-to-date with vaccination
• Get flu shot every year
27. Long Term Complications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cardiovascular disease
Heart attack—silent—without warning signal
End stage kidney disease
Diabetic foot
Amputation
Gangrene
Blindness
Psychiatric illness
Increases risk of cancer
Increases risk for opportunistic infection-like TB AND
MANY MORE
28. Mainstay of treatment
• Team approach which consist
1. Patient himself
2. wife
3. Diet/Exercise/weight control
4. Family doctor
5. Physician
6. Diabetologist
7. Dietician
8. Compliance
29. Cornerstone of Management
• Vigorous management of hyperglycemia
i.e. High blood sugar should be brought down to
normal level within 48 hrs or as early as
possible (except in rare cases) will reduce
Mortality and morbidity
• Life style modification
• Control of cardiovascular risk factors like Blood
pressure ,lipid and smoking
30. Employment disqualification ?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Armed forces
Fire service
Ambulance service /rivers
Prison service
Airline pilots and Airline Cabin crew
Air traffic control
Offshore work
Working at height
Working in confined space
Dangerous occupation
Crane operators etc