This document provides information about diabetes, including the different types, symptoms, causes, treatment, and complications. It discusses how diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond properly to insulin. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Treatment focuses on diet, exercise, weight control, and insulin as needed. Complications can include eye, foot, heart and kidney problems if diabetes is not well managed. Ways to support diabetes prevention and management in schools are also outlined.
Diabetes mellitus -INTRODUCTION,TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUSvarinder kumar
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
DIAGNOSE TEST FOR DIABETES MELLITUS
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF INSULIN (IDDM)
HERBAL DRUG TREATMENT FOR DIABETES
LIFESTYLE FOR TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DM
NEW ANTI DIABETIC DRUGS
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves.
1. Microvascular (due to damage to small blood vessels).
2. Macrovascular (due to damage to larger blood vessels).
Diabetes mellitus -INTRODUCTION,TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUSvarinder kumar
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
DIAGNOSE TEST FOR DIABETES MELLITUS
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF INSULIN (IDDM)
HERBAL DRUG TREATMENT FOR DIABETES
LIFESTYLE FOR TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DM
NEW ANTI DIABETIC DRUGS
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves.
1. Microvascular (due to damage to small blood vessels).
2. Macrovascular (due to damage to larger blood vessels).
Definition of diabetes - introduction - classification of diabetes - etiology of diabetes type 1 and type 2- risk factors for diabetes - diagnosis of diabetes - clinical manifestations of diabetes type 1 and type 2- investigations for diabetes - treatment of diabetes - non-pharmacological treatment and pharmacological treatment - pharmacotherapy of type 1 and type 2 - acute complications of diabetes and treatment
Nursing Management · Monitor blood sugar and use a sliding scale to treat high levels of glucose · Educate patient about diabetes · Examine feet .
Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels. Ongoing specialized assessment and evaluation for complications are essential for diabetes management.
Controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels is the major goal of diabetes treatment, in order to prevent complications of the disease.
Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin as well as dietary changes and exercise.
Type 2 diabetes may be managed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or dietary changes.
Medications for type 2 diabetes are designed to
increase insulin output by the pancreas,
decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver,
increase the sensitivity (response) of cells to insulin,
decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine, and
slow emptying of the stomach, thereby delaying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Definition of diabetes - introduction - classification of diabetes - etiology of diabetes type 1 and type 2- risk factors for diabetes - diagnosis of diabetes - clinical manifestations of diabetes type 1 and type 2- investigations for diabetes - treatment of diabetes - non-pharmacological treatment and pharmacological treatment - pharmacotherapy of type 1 and type 2 - acute complications of diabetes and treatment
Nursing Management · Monitor blood sugar and use a sliding scale to treat high levels of glucose · Educate patient about diabetes · Examine feet .
Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels. Ongoing specialized assessment and evaluation for complications are essential for diabetes management.
Controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels is the major goal of diabetes treatment, in order to prevent complications of the disease.
Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin as well as dietary changes and exercise.
Type 2 diabetes may be managed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or dietary changes.
Medications for type 2 diabetes are designed to
increase insulin output by the pancreas,
decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver,
increase the sensitivity (response) of cells to insulin,
decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine, and
slow emptying of the stomach, thereby delaying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
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http://www.our-diabetic-life.com Intake of large amount of carbohydrates can spike your blood glucose level. Right amount of carbohydrate can make your glucose level under control.
Una síntesis de lo que necesitas saber.
Bibliografía:
http://jrminterna.blogspot.com/2013/12/ultima-hora-guias-de-diabetes-2014.html
http://www.ndei.org
Diabetes as presented by cheruiyot sambu in kapkatet county hospital. cheruiyot sambu
Our lifestyle is full of sugar and people do not do regular exercise as required nowadays. remember diabetes is a lifestyle disease and 90% of the cases is caused by environmental factors related to poor lifestyle
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Diabetes – more and more common in North America every year – occurs when there is too much sugar in the blood. The most prevalent form of the disease is TYPE II diabetes. In this type, the person’s pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to metabolize the amount of sugar that they are ingesting.
There are two different types of diabetes. Type I and Type II. Type I Diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and very young adults. Type I Diabetes differs from Type II in that a person with Type I Diabetes does not produce insulin at all. Insulin is needed to take sugar from the blood into the cells. Type I diabetes used to be called Juvenile Diabetes as it was diagnosed in children at early ages. The symptoms of Type I and Type II Diabetes are very similar. Frequent urination, frequent thirst, excessive hunger are three of the most common symptoms.
-Diabetes in India is chronic disease that takes place when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when the body is unable to react to the insulin produced by the pancreas. Hypereglycemia, or increased blood sugar level, is a symptom caused by uncontrolled sugar levels in the blood which over time leads to many serious damages to body functioning, especially the nerves and blood vessel.
-2 Types of Diabetes India
Prediabetes India
It is a serious health condition where sugar levels in the blood are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes.
If you have prediabetes, the cells in your body don’t respond to insulin and the pancreas makes more insulin to try to get cells to respond properly. Eventually, the pancreas can’t keep up, and blood sugar rises which is setting the stage for prediabetics and also building a path for type 2 diabetes
Types 2 Diabetes India
This type of diabetes is formerly known as the non-insulin dependent type of diabetes which is caused when the body is poorly managing body’s insulin. The pancreas has three different types of cells namely alpha cells, beta cells and gamma cells. These cells are collectively known as islets of langerhans . When there is malfunctioning of beta cells , insulin is not properly secreted in the blood. since alpha cells are responsible for maintainence of glucose level in blood, the blood glucose level increases due to malfunctioning of beta cells . This increase of blood glucose level is termed as Diabetes Mellitus Type-2.
#Causes: -
Excess body weight
Physical inactivity
Excess fast-food intake
Lethargy
Sedentary Lifestyle
obesity
Family History
Genetic
Pancreatic disorders
Race and Ethnicity
Blood Lipid Levels
Age
Pre-diabetics
In-appropriate fat distribution
-Symptoms
May be similar to those of type 1 diabetes but they are mostly less marked, which causes the disease to be diagnosed in a long time, after which complications have already
Polydipsia
Polyphasia
Polyuria
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
Weight loss
Fatigue
-Type 1 Diabetes India
Type 1 diabetes is formerly known as an insulin-dependent type of diabetes. This type of diabetes is characterized by a lack of production of insulin in the body and it requires daily injections of insulin
Causes
Nonactive lifestyle
Family member with diabetes history
Injury to or removal of the pancreas
Sedentary lifestyle
Symptoms
Excessive thirst
Increased urination
Unexplained weight loss
Headache
Dehydration
Irritability
Mood swings
Increased appetite
Fatigue
Miscarriage and menstrual cycle disruption (in adults)
Yeast infections
Sometimes wake up in the middle of the night to urinate
*
#GESTATIONAL DIABETES India
Gestational diabetes happens when the body can’t make enough insulin during pregnancy. During pregnancy, the women’s body makes more hormones and goes through many other changes such as gaining weight, due to which body cells use insulin less effectively, this condition is called insulin resistance
1. DIABETES
COMENIUS
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2. DIABETES
Diabetes describes a group of metabolic
diseases in which the person has high blood
glucose (blood sugar), either because
insulin production is inadequate, or because
the body's cells do not respond properly to
insulin, or both.
4. What happens if there is a problem with the
production of insulin?
Glucose in blood is not able to go into the cells.
The cells can’t meet energy needs and energy is
tried to be provided from ‘fat’ and protein’.
Using ‘fat’ as the energy source results the
increasing of keton in the body.
5. With the usage of protein as energy
source,the patient feels themselves tired
and sluggish.
If blood glucose is to high,It is tried to be
thrown away by kidneys so the patients
begin to urinate so often.
As a result, the patients feel thirsty and
start to drink a lot.
6. On the other
hand,despite eating
so often and a
lot,the patients lose
weight.
7. THE TYPES OF DIABETES
While type 1 and type 2 are the most common form of
diabetes, there are others that you may hear about.Impaired
Glucose Metabolism or Pre-diabetes
There are two pre-diabetes conditions:Impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT) is where blood glucose levels are higher than
normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is where blood glucose
levels are escalated in the fasting state but not high enough to
be classified as diabetes.
8. Teyp 1 Diabetes:Type
1 diabetes is usually
diagnosed in children
and young adults. Only
10% of people with
diabetes have this form
of the disease.
In type 1 diabetes, the
body does not produce
insulin.
9. Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to
take insulin injections for the rest of their life.
They must also ensure proper blood-
glucose levels by carrying out regular blood
tests and following a special diet.
10. Type 2 diabetes:
The body does not produce enough insulin
for proper function, or the cells in the body
do not react to insulin.
Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes
worldwide are of this type.
11. Some people may be able to control their
type 2 diabetes symptoms by losing weight,
following a healthy diet, doing plenty of
exercise, and monitoring their blood glucose
levels.
However, type 2 diabetes is typically a
progressive disease .
it gradually gets worse and the patient will
probably end up have to take insulin,
usually in tablet form.
12. Overweight and obese people have a much
higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared
to those with a healthy body weight.
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is also
greater as we get older.
Men whose testosterone levels are low have also
been found to have a higher risk of developing type
2 diabetes.
13. GESTATIONAL DIABETES
This type affects females during pregnancy.
The majority of gestational diabetes patients can control
their diabetes with exercise and diet. Undiagnosed or
uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk of
complications during childbirth. The baby may be bigger
than he/she should be.
14. WHAT CAUSES DIABETES?
Diabetes causes vary depending on your
genetic makeup, family history, ethnicity, health
and environmental factors.
There is no defined diabetes cause because
the causes of diabetes vary depending on the
individual and the type.
16. HOW ARE DIABETES AND PRE-
DIABETES DIAGNOSED?
Blood tests are used to diagnosis diabetes
and pre-diabetes . Lab analysis of blood is
needed to ensure test results are accurate.
Glucose measuring devices used in a
health care provider’s office, such as finger-
stick devices, are not accurate enough for
diagnosis but may be used as a quick
indicator of high blood glucose.
17. DIABETES TREATMENT
Prevention and treatment often involve :
physical exercise,
being a normal body weight.
Healthy diet
18. DIET PLAN
Daily nutritional
needs should be
taken frequently but
small portions.
19. BELOW ARE SOME DIABETES MYTHS:
People with diabetes should not exercise – not
true!!
Exercise is important for people with diabetes, as it
is for everybody else.
Dıabetes patients should discuss exercise with their
doctors before starting the exercise.
Fat people always develop type 2 diabetes
eventually - this is not true.
Being overweight or obese raises the risk of
becoming diabetic, they are risk factors, but do not
mean that an obese person will definitely become
diabetic.
20. Children can outgrow diabetes - this is not true.
Nearly all children with diabetes have type 1; insulin-
producing beta cells in the pancreas have been
destroyed. These never come back. Children with type 1
diabetes will need to take insulin for the rest of their
lives, unless a cure is found one day.
Only older people develop type 2 diabetes - things
are changing.
A growing number of children and teenagers are
developing type 2 diabetes due to the explosion in
childhood obesity rates, poor diet, and physical
inactivity.
21. If you have diabetes you cannot eat chocolates
or sweets - people with diabetes can eat
chocolates and sweets if they combine them with
exercise or eat them as part of a healthy meal.
Diabetics cannot eat bread, potatoes or pasta -
people with diabetes can eat starchy foods.
However, they must keep an eye on the size of the
portions.
22. Diabetes diets are different from other people's
- the diet doctors recommend healthy nutritions;
healthy for everybody.Meals should contain plenty
of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and they should
be low in salt and sugar, and saturated or trans fat.
23. SOME COMPLİCATİONS LİNKED TO BADLY CONTROLLED
DİABETES:
Eye complications - glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and
some others.
Foot complications - neuropathy, and sometimes gangrene which
may require that the foot be amputated
Heart problems - heart disease when the blood supply to the heart
muscle is diminished
Hypertension - common in people with diabetes, which can raise
the risk of kidney disease, eye problems, heart attack and stroke
Mental health - uncontrolled diabetes raises the risk of suffering
from depression, anxiety and some other mental disorders
Hearing loss - diabetes patients have a higher risk of developing
hearing problems
Gastroparesis - the muscles of the stomach stop working
properly
Stroke - if blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood
glucose levels are not controlled, the risk of stroke increases
significantly
24. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR DIABETES AT SCHOOL?
Brochures and films should be prepared to inform
the students about diabets
Students should be informed about the importance
of healthy eating and doing exercises.
25. School canteens shoul be controlled and warned to
sell healthy food and healthy drinks rather than fast
food and fizzy drinks.
26. Students should be
informed about not
eating fast food
Parents should be
informed about healthy
nutrition and the
importance of home
made food in children's
bag.
27. Teachers should follow their students about their
health problems.If they have some symptoms with
any diseases ,they should contact with the parents .
They also should inform the students about the
importance of their health.