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Development Stages in World Agriculture
This document summarizes the history of agriculture in four broad periods: prehistoric (Neolithic Period), historic through Roman period, feudal, and scientific. It discusses the early centers of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals. During the Neolithic Period, people began farming, herding animals, and living in villages. The feudal period saw the rise of the manorial system in Europe. Scientific advances beginning in the 16th century improved agriculture through innovations like plant breeding, crop rotations, and machinery.
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Development Stages in World Agriculture
- 2. • Four broadperiods of unequal length – Prehistoric (Neolithic Period) – Historic through Roman period –Feudal –Scientific
- 3. • Early centersof agriculture – (SW Asia) Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Turkey
- 4. – (SE Asia) Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia
- 5. Africa (Egypt, Sudan,Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania)
- 6. Europe (Germany, CzechRepublic, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
- 7.
- 8. – (India &Pakistan)
- 9. – (Mexico) TehuacanValley, NW of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
- 10. • The NeolithicPeriod is part of the late Stone Age. • During the Neolithic Period people used stone tools, domesticated plants and animals, and lived in villages. http://icnorthwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/regionalnews/content_objectid=13499034_ method=full_siteid=50142_headline=-Are-we-the-progeny-of-stone-age-Siberians-- name_page.html
- 12. • Sheep 9000BC (N Iraq) • Cattle 6th millennium BC (NE Iran) • Goats 8000 BC (Iran) • Pigs 8000 BC (Thailand) & 7000 BC (Greece) • Horses 4350 BC (Ukraine) • Llama & alpaca 3rd millennium (Andean region of S. America) http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
- 13.
- 14. • Wheat &barley 8th millennium BC (Middle East) • Millet & rice 5500 BC (China & SE Asia) • Squash 8000 BC (Mexico) • Legumes 6000 BC (Thessaly & Macedonia) • Flax for textiles in early Neolithic period • Transition from hunting and food gathering to dependence on food gathering was gradual – Has not been accomplished worldwide http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
- 15. • Lived incaves, sun-baked mud houses, of reed or wooden houses • Housed grouped into small villages with surrounding fields • Growth of cities such as Jericho (9000 BC) was stimulated by production of surplus crops
- 16. • More permanentthan camps of hunting populations • Needed to move periodically – Soils deteriorated – Practiced slash & burn in Europe • Nile settlements more permanent – River kept soils fertile
- 17. • A laterdevelopment • Mixed farming, combining cultivation of crops and stock raising was a common Neolithic pattern • Nomadic herders roamed the plains of Europe and Asia where the horse and camel were domesticated
- 18.
- 20. • Roughly definedas 2500 BC to 500 ad • Introduction of metals • Information from: – Bible – Near Eastern record & monuments – Chinese, Greek, & Roman writings • Later dev in Central & S. America
- 21. • Trade inwine and olive oil mentioned in Egyptian records (2900 BC) • Rye & oats cult widely in N. Europe (1000 BC) • Dates/figs important source of sugar in Near East • Cotton spun in India 2000 BC • Linen & silk in 2nd millennium in China
- 22. • Metal toolslonger lasting & more efficient – Ox-drawn plow (iron tipped) – Funnel added to plow for seeding – Horses for work • Threshing done with animal power
- 23.
- 24. Historical Agriculture Throughthe Roman Period • Irrigation in China, Egypt, & Near East – Allowed more land to be cultivated • Windmills and water mills added at end of Roman period • Introduction of fertilizers – Animal manures – Crop rotations
- 25. Historical Agriculture Throughthe Roman Period • Rome started as rural agriculture society – Large estates supplied grain to many cities – Used slave labor – Tenants paid predetermined share to estate owner – By 4th century AD serfdom was well established and former tenant was attached to the land
- 26. Feudal Agriculture •Began soon after the fall of the Roman empire • Reached its peak in about 1100 ad
- 28. How the FeudalSystem Works http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/NORfeudalismC.htm
- 29. Feudal Agriculture •Irrigation extended in Egypt & Spain • Grain production was sufficient in Egypt to sell wheat internationally • Irrigation from Mountain streams increased vineyards in Spain • In Spain silkworm was raised and its food the mulberry tree was grown
- 30. Feudal Agriculture •Middle East agriculture became static by 12th century – Fell back to subsistence levels – Irrigation systems destroyed by Mongols • Crusades increased European contact with Islamic lands & familiarized W Europe with citrus, silk & cotton
- 31. Feudal Agriculture •In Scandinavia and E Germany, small farms and villages remained • The manorial system could not flourish in most of Europe –Stock raising and grape culture were normally outside the system
- 32. Feudal Agriculture •Manorial system – 900 to 2000 acres – Self-contained community – Large home for the lord – One or more villages as part of the manor – Peasants were the actual farmers • Raised crops and livestock and paid taxes to the lord – Large mill for grinding grain & vegetable gardens
- 33. Feudal Agriculture •Manor system – Woolen garments from sheep – Linen textiles from flax and the oil also – Food served in feudal castle varied according to season & hunting ability – Hunting done by the lord – Castle residents ate meat from poultry, cattle and etc produced by peasant farmers
- 35. The majority ofpeople were peasants who did all the hard work. They lived in small, cramped huts and had to do all the hard work on the farm lands. They were given small strips of land that they could farm for themselves, but they had to give part of the harvest to their lord. They earned just enough to survive, and because of this, they would remain poor. They did not see a purpose in life.
- 36. Feudal Agriculture •Independent manorialism affected by wars of 14th & 15th centuries & widespread plague outbreaks • Villages were wiped out and land was abandoned • Remaining peasants were discontented
- 38. Scientific Agriculture •By 16th century population & agriculture were expanding in Europe • New period of exploration & colonization – Circumvent Turkey’s control of the spice trade – Provide homes for religious refugees – Provide wealth for European nations http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
- 39. Scientific Agriculture •Colonial agriculture – Feed colonies – Produce cash crops & feed home country – Cultivation of sugar, cotton, tobacco, tea, animals for wool and hide etc – From 15th to 19th centuries slaves were used – Slaves worked in Caribbean on sugar plantations & in N America
- 40. Scientific Agriculture •Colonial agriculture – Indians enslaved in Mexico – Slaves from England’s prisons provided skilled and unskilled labor for colonies – Slavery and serfdom wiped out in the 19th century http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
- 41. Scientific Agriculture •Scientific revolution occurred from the Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment in Europe – Plant breeding – Breeding cattle & sheep • Guernsey cow breed – Crop rotations – Drainage brought more land into cultivation
- 42. Scientific Agriculture •Livestock breeding in 1700s • Limestone on soils in late 1700s • Cast-iron plow – 1797 by Charles Newbold – John Deere improved it in 1830s & made it from steel • Seed drill in early 1700s • Reaper by Cyrus McCormick in 1831
- 43. Scientific Agriculture •By late 1800s steam power replaced animal power in drawing plows and operating threshing machinery • Science and technology developed for industrial purposes in agriculture – Resulting in agribusinesses of the mid-20th century • Poisons for pests developed in 19th century • Improvements in transportation (19 & 20th) http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
- 46. Scientific Agriculture •After World War II – Green revolution • Selective breeding of crops – DNA technology • Intensive cultivation methods – Machinery development
- 47. Future of Agriculture • Genetic engineering will be important – Pests to pharmaceuticals to industrial products • Identity preserved crops – From farm gate to table top to industrial uses • Need students well versed in the basic sciences • Ever growing world population is of great concern • Space?
- 48. References • www.adbio.com/science/agri-history • www.aces.uiuc.edu/~sare/columbian.html • Franklin, R.B. 1948. A history of agriculture. G. Bell and Sons Ltd, London. • Kerr, N.A. 1987. The legacy, a centennial history of the agricultural experiment stations 1887-1987. Missouri Ag Exp Sta., Univ of Missouri-Columbia.