This presentation covers a brief introduction to Diagnostic kit with its different types and examples. Also, this presentation covers examples of some common diseases with their diagnostic test.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a highly fatal disease that affects goats in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. It is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. The disease has an incubation period of 6-10 days and is highly infectious, with morbidity of 100% and mortality rates between 60-100%. Clinical signs include fever, coughing, respiratory distress, and frothy salivation. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, pathology findings of fibrinous pneumonia, and confirmation via PCR, culture, or serology. Treatment includes antibiotics while vaccination programs can help control the spread of the disease.
The document describes procedures for the haemagglutination (HA) test and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The HA test detects viruses that can agglutinate or clump red blood cells by binding viral proteins to receptors on RBCs. It is used to measure virus titers. The HI test detects antibodies that inhibit HA by binding to viral antigens and blocking receptor binding. It is used to measure antibody titers and evaluate vaccines. Both tests involve making serial dilutions of virus or serum samples in microtiter plates, then adding RBCs to detect agglutination or its inhibition.
Babesiosis, caused by infection with intra erythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia, is one of the most common infections of free living animals worldwide and is gaining increasing interest as an emerging zoonosis in humans. this is a detailed study on this ......considering all the facts such as definition , management, parthenogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention , etc
please comment
thank u
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An OverviewGazanfarAbass0966
Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many serious human pathogens are zoonotic, including 61% of human pathogens, 64% of newly identified infectious agents between 1973-1994, and 74.45% of emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected animals, through animal products, contaminated water, vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and through the air. Groups at high risk include farmers, livestock owners, veterinarians, and individuals with weak immune systems. Zoonotic diseases are caused by a variety of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with sick or wild
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis, also known as hardware disease, is caused when a sharp foreign object perforates the wall of the reticulum, causing acute local peritonitis. Common causes include accidental ingestion of objects through feed or while grazing. The foreign object can become trapped in the honeycomb-like reticulum or penetrate other organs. Clinical signs include high fever, loss of appetite, ruminal stasis, abdominal pain, and reluctance to move. Diagnosis involves history, clinical signs, abdominal fluid analysis, radiography, ultrasound, and metal detection. Treatment options are conservative care with immobilization and antibiotics, or surgical removal via rumenotomy. Prevention focuses on magnet removal of metals from feed and keeping cattle away
This document provides an overview of the General Veterinary Pathology course (PATH-201). It outlines the course aims, objectives, topics covered, and textbooks recommended. The key goals of the course are to introduce students to common pathological terms, pathogens, and gross and microscopic lesions in animal tissues. Students will also learn about disease mechanisms and how to interpret lesions to assist clinicians with diagnosis. The document also defines several important pathology terms and concepts.
This document summarizes mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue in dairy cattle. It is usually caused by bacterial infection entering through the teat canal. Common bacteria that cause mastitis include Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Symptoms include changes to the udder like swelling and milk like flakes or pus. Mastitis results in economic losses due to reduced milk yield and quality, extra labor and veterinary costs, and premature culling of infected cows. Prevention focuses on hygienic milking practices and dry cow therapy with antibiotics to treat infections.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a highly fatal disease that affects goats in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. It is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. The disease has an incubation period of 6-10 days and is highly infectious, with morbidity of 100% and mortality rates between 60-100%. Clinical signs include fever, coughing, respiratory distress, and frothy salivation. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, pathology findings of fibrinous pneumonia, and confirmation via PCR, culture, or serology. Treatment includes antibiotics while vaccination programs can help control the spread of the disease.
The document describes procedures for the haemagglutination (HA) test and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The HA test detects viruses that can agglutinate or clump red blood cells by binding viral proteins to receptors on RBCs. It is used to measure virus titers. The HI test detects antibodies that inhibit HA by binding to viral antigens and blocking receptor binding. It is used to measure antibody titers and evaluate vaccines. Both tests involve making serial dilutions of virus or serum samples in microtiter plates, then adding RBCs to detect agglutination or its inhibition.
Babesiosis, caused by infection with intra erythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia, is one of the most common infections of free living animals worldwide and is gaining increasing interest as an emerging zoonosis in humans. this is a detailed study on this ......considering all the facts such as definition , management, parthenogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention , etc
please comment
thank u
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An OverviewGazanfarAbass0966
Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many serious human pathogens are zoonotic, including 61% of human pathogens, 64% of newly identified infectious agents between 1973-1994, and 74.45% of emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected animals, through animal products, contaminated water, vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and through the air. Groups at high risk include farmers, livestock owners, veterinarians, and individuals with weak immune systems. Zoonotic diseases are caused by a variety of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with sick or wild
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis, also known as hardware disease, is caused when a sharp foreign object perforates the wall of the reticulum, causing acute local peritonitis. Common causes include accidental ingestion of objects through feed or while grazing. The foreign object can become trapped in the honeycomb-like reticulum or penetrate other organs. Clinical signs include high fever, loss of appetite, ruminal stasis, abdominal pain, and reluctance to move. Diagnosis involves history, clinical signs, abdominal fluid analysis, radiography, ultrasound, and metal detection. Treatment options are conservative care with immobilization and antibiotics, or surgical removal via rumenotomy. Prevention focuses on magnet removal of metals from feed and keeping cattle away
This document provides an overview of the General Veterinary Pathology course (PATH-201). It outlines the course aims, objectives, topics covered, and textbooks recommended. The key goals of the course are to introduce students to common pathological terms, pathogens, and gross and microscopic lesions in animal tissues. Students will also learn about disease mechanisms and how to interpret lesions to assist clinicians with diagnosis. The document also defines several important pathology terms and concepts.
This document summarizes mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue in dairy cattle. It is usually caused by bacterial infection entering through the teat canal. Common bacteria that cause mastitis include Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Symptoms include changes to the udder like swelling and milk like flakes or pus. Mastitis results in economic losses due to reduced milk yield and quality, extra labor and veterinary costs, and premature culling of infected cows. Prevention focuses on hygienic milking practices and dry cow therapy with antibiotics to treat infections.
Tuberculosis hardly excuse anyone irrespective of its shape, size, colour, cast, creed, breed, species or genus having a little warmth in blood. Therefore, elephants e not exception, rather very prone for this disease which have taken many times more lives than any of the war.
1. Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the bacteria Anaplasma marginale. It is characterized by fever, weakness, anemia, emaciation, and jaundice.
2. The disease is transmitted by ticks of several genera and can also be spread mechanically by flies or contaminated surgical instruments.
3. Anaplasmosis causes major losses to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects red blood cells and clinical signs vary from mild to severe depending on factors like age and previous exposure.
This document summarizes information about bovine tuberculosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can infect many other species. Humans can contract it through ingesting unpasteurized dairy or inhaling infected aerosols. Control relies on test and slaughter programs along with pasteurization. Outbreaks in wildlife pose challenges. While treatable in humans, it remains an occupational hazard for farmers and abattoir workers in areas where bovine tuberculosis is endemic.
This document provides guidance on performing a clinical examination of cattle. It outlines examining the animal's signalment and history, general appearance, vital signs, and performing a systems-based physical exam. The systems examined include cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, skin, and head and neck. Basic examination techniques are described for evaluating posture, gait, ears, eyes, body condition, and specific regions of the animal. The goal of the clinical exam is to develop a differential diagnosis and plan appropriate tests, treatment, and information for the owner.
This document provides information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia. It affects cattle and is transmitted by ticks. The most important species are B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, jaundice, and red urine. Severe cases can cause death. Diagnosis involves finding the parasites on blood smears. Control relies on tick control, vaccination, and treatment of infected cattle. Babesiosis can also infect humans in some areas.
This document provides a detailed classification of zoonoses, or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, based on several factors. It describes classifications based on the nature of reservoirs, epidemiological features like life cycle and transmission mode, the animals involved like wild, pet or lab animals, physical conditions like urban vs. rural, transmission types like food-borne or vector-borne, the type of pathogen such as viral, bacterial, parasitic, and more. Many examples are given for each classification category to illustrate the different types of zoonotic diseases.
Animal Disease Control Programs in India.pptBhoj Raj Singh
India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation describes the pros and cons of different ongoing disease control programs going on in India.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Veterinary forensic sciences involve applying science to answer legal questions related to animal cruelty and welfare cases. Veterinary experts conduct post-mortem examinations to determine the cause and time of death, collect relevant samples, document findings, and report their conclusions. The goal is to provide objective scientific evidence to aid legal investigations into allegations of cruelty, neglect, poisoning or other harms against animals. All veterinary forensic work must be performed according to legal protocols, with proper authorization and documentation to support applicable animal protection laws.
Taking history of animals is the most important part of the clinical examination as animals cannot describe their own symptoms. The veterinarian must carefully examine the animal and assess the accuracy of the owner's history. It is essential to handle the owner with diplomacy and use non-technical language, as livestock owners may not understand technical terms. Relevant history includes the owner's name, species/breed, disease history, present illness details, previous exposure, previous disease, and management history including nutrition, breeding, housing and handling. The goal is to determine if any changes preceded the disease appearance.
Trichostrongyloidea are parasitic nematodes that infect the small intestine of ruminants and other animals. Trichostrongylus axei causes gastritis in horses by infecting the abomasum. T. tenuis causes severe enteritis in game birds. The life cycle is direct and typical of other strongyles. Infective larvae are ingested and penetrate the intestinal mucosa, causing damage and clinical signs like diarrhea and weight loss. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in feces and identifying larvae through culture. Treatment involves anthelmintics like levamisole. Control relies on pasture management to prevent accumulation of infective larvae.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Globally and in India.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
LSD has emerged as a dairy industry devastating disease in India in the last four years. First noticed in Orrisa and is now present all over India. Recurring outbreaks are now noticed in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and other states indicating that the disease is becoming endemic in India.
This document discusses Babesia, a tick-borne protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle involving ticks and mammalian hosts. It causes babesiosis, also known as Texas cattle fever, in cattle and other animals. The parasite infects and lyses red blood cells, causing anemia. Clinical signs include fever, hemoglobinuria, jaundice and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears or serological tests. Control relies on reducing tick populations through acaricides and quarantining infected animals.
This document discusses various animal diseases including bacterial, viral, parasitic, and non-infectious diseases. It describes how diseases are spread, the body's immune response to fight off pathogens, and methods to prevent disease such as vaccination, quarantine, and selective breeding practices. Key points covered include the types of bacteria and viruses that cause illness, how antibodies are produced during active and passive immunity, pioneers in vaccine development like Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, and common diseases stemming from nutritional deficiencies or toxins.
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
STAT and SHUNT (DSI) scores from the HepQuant dual cholate breath and blood tests correlate with liver fibrosis in HCV patients and predict clinical outcomes over 5 years of follow up better than fibrosis stage alone. A baseline DSI cutoff of 18.6 had 87% sensitivity and 72% specificity for predicting clinical outcomes like variceal bleeding or ascites. Both STAT and DSI remained significant predictors of outcomes after adjusting for fibrosis stage and other clinical factors, showing the tests measure hepatic functional impairment directly linked to clinical prognosis.
Overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government health insti...Yakubu Sunday Bot
overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government owned health institution in nigeria.Several challenges abound in the Nigerian health sector ranging from financial,political and lack of commitment.Its obvious and no wonder the state of health care deliveryy, vis a vis its quality of care to its citizenry.
Tuberculosis hardly excuse anyone irrespective of its shape, size, colour, cast, creed, breed, species or genus having a little warmth in blood. Therefore, elephants e not exception, rather very prone for this disease which have taken many times more lives than any of the war.
1. Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the bacteria Anaplasma marginale. It is characterized by fever, weakness, anemia, emaciation, and jaundice.
2. The disease is transmitted by ticks of several genera and can also be spread mechanically by flies or contaminated surgical instruments.
3. Anaplasmosis causes major losses to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects red blood cells and clinical signs vary from mild to severe depending on factors like age and previous exposure.
This document summarizes information about bovine tuberculosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can infect many other species. Humans can contract it through ingesting unpasteurized dairy or inhaling infected aerosols. Control relies on test and slaughter programs along with pasteurization. Outbreaks in wildlife pose challenges. While treatable in humans, it remains an occupational hazard for farmers and abattoir workers in areas where bovine tuberculosis is endemic.
This document provides guidance on performing a clinical examination of cattle. It outlines examining the animal's signalment and history, general appearance, vital signs, and performing a systems-based physical exam. The systems examined include cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, skin, and head and neck. Basic examination techniques are described for evaluating posture, gait, ears, eyes, body condition, and specific regions of the animal. The goal of the clinical exam is to develop a differential diagnosis and plan appropriate tests, treatment, and information for the owner.
This document provides information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia. It affects cattle and is transmitted by ticks. The most important species are B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, jaundice, and red urine. Severe cases can cause death. Diagnosis involves finding the parasites on blood smears. Control relies on tick control, vaccination, and treatment of infected cattle. Babesiosis can also infect humans in some areas.
This document provides a detailed classification of zoonoses, or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, based on several factors. It describes classifications based on the nature of reservoirs, epidemiological features like life cycle and transmission mode, the animals involved like wild, pet or lab animals, physical conditions like urban vs. rural, transmission types like food-borne or vector-borne, the type of pathogen such as viral, bacterial, parasitic, and more. Many examples are given for each classification category to illustrate the different types of zoonotic diseases.
Animal Disease Control Programs in India.pptBhoj Raj Singh
India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation describes the pros and cons of different ongoing disease control programs going on in India.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Veterinary forensic sciences involve applying science to answer legal questions related to animal cruelty and welfare cases. Veterinary experts conduct post-mortem examinations to determine the cause and time of death, collect relevant samples, document findings, and report their conclusions. The goal is to provide objective scientific evidence to aid legal investigations into allegations of cruelty, neglect, poisoning or other harms against animals. All veterinary forensic work must be performed according to legal protocols, with proper authorization and documentation to support applicable animal protection laws.
Taking history of animals is the most important part of the clinical examination as animals cannot describe their own symptoms. The veterinarian must carefully examine the animal and assess the accuracy of the owner's history. It is essential to handle the owner with diplomacy and use non-technical language, as livestock owners may not understand technical terms. Relevant history includes the owner's name, species/breed, disease history, present illness details, previous exposure, previous disease, and management history including nutrition, breeding, housing and handling. The goal is to determine if any changes preceded the disease appearance.
Trichostrongyloidea are parasitic nematodes that infect the small intestine of ruminants and other animals. Trichostrongylus axei causes gastritis in horses by infecting the abomasum. T. tenuis causes severe enteritis in game birds. The life cycle is direct and typical of other strongyles. Infective larvae are ingested and penetrate the intestinal mucosa, causing damage and clinical signs like diarrhea and weight loss. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in feces and identifying larvae through culture. Treatment involves anthelmintics like levamisole. Control relies on pasture management to prevent accumulation of infective larvae.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Globally and in India.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
LSD has emerged as a dairy industry devastating disease in India in the last four years. First noticed in Orrisa and is now present all over India. Recurring outbreaks are now noticed in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and other states indicating that the disease is becoming endemic in India.
This document discusses Babesia, a tick-borne protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle involving ticks and mammalian hosts. It causes babesiosis, also known as Texas cattle fever, in cattle and other animals. The parasite infects and lyses red blood cells, causing anemia. Clinical signs include fever, hemoglobinuria, jaundice and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears or serological tests. Control relies on reducing tick populations through acaricides and quarantining infected animals.
This document discusses various animal diseases including bacterial, viral, parasitic, and non-infectious diseases. It describes how diseases are spread, the body's immune response to fight off pathogens, and methods to prevent disease such as vaccination, quarantine, and selective breeding practices. Key points covered include the types of bacteria and viruses that cause illness, how antibodies are produced during active and passive immunity, pioneers in vaccine development like Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, and common diseases stemming from nutritional deficiencies or toxins.
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
STAT and SHUNT (DSI) scores from the HepQuant dual cholate breath and blood tests correlate with liver fibrosis in HCV patients and predict clinical outcomes over 5 years of follow up better than fibrosis stage alone. A baseline DSI cutoff of 18.6 had 87% sensitivity and 72% specificity for predicting clinical outcomes like variceal bleeding or ascites. Both STAT and DSI remained significant predictors of outcomes after adjusting for fibrosis stage and other clinical factors, showing the tests measure hepatic functional impairment directly linked to clinical prognosis.
Overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government health insti...Yakubu Sunday Bot
overcoming the challenges of molecular diagnostics in government owned health institution in nigeria.Several challenges abound in the Nigerian health sector ranging from financial,political and lack of commitment.Its obvious and no wonder the state of health care deliveryy, vis a vis its quality of care to its citizenry.
The study to measure the level of serum annexin V in patients with renal hype...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Renovascular hypertension reflects the causal relation between anatomically evident arterial occlusive disease and elevated blood pressure. The coexistence of renal arterial vascular disease and hypertension roughly defines this type of nonessential hypertension. The aim of this study was to measure the level of serum Anti-Annexin V antibodies in patients with renal hypertension. Methods. This study was conducted on 115 patients, diagnosed with renal hypertension and hypertension. Informed consents were obtained from the patients and the study was approved by the Kharkiv National Medical University ethics committee. Ten healthy age and sex matched volunteers were included as a control group. All patients and controls were subjected to the following full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Routine laboratory testing included a complete blood count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and kidney function tests (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine). Immunological tests for antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anticentromere antibodies (ACA) was performed by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. AntiScl-70 (anti-topoisomerase antibodies) and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA: IgG and IgM) were tested using the ELISA technique. The anti-annexin V antibodies titre used the ZYMUTEST anti-Annexin IgG ELISA kit. [Hyphen-BioMed, France.]: to measure the IgG isotype of auto-antibodies to annexin V in human serum. Results. Anti-annexin V antibodies were present in 75% of patients (mean 83.46 ± 22.44 AU/mL) vs. 0% in the controls (mean 3.94 ± 4.5 AU/mL). Comparison between patients and controls as regards levels of anti-annexin V showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.001). Furthermore, correlation of anti-annexin V titres with the disease activity score in the patient group showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.51, P < 0.05).In addition, the anti-annexin V antibody titres in this study showed a highly significant positive correlation with ACL antibodies (r = 0.74, P < 0.001). Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have been known to have a higher frequency of anti-annexin V antibodies, and thrombotic events have been reported more frequently in patients with positive anti-annexin V antibodies. Furthermore, inhibition of annexin V binding to negatively charged phospholipids may be an additional pathogenic mechanism of APS.
Paratuberculosis (PTB) remains one of the most obstacles limit animal breeding sector all over the world. The current study aimed to detect the etiology of PTB in tissues of clinically suspected small ruminants using histopathological and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Clinical examination showed 10 (26.4%) PTB suspected cases out of the total (38) examined animals. The suspected cases were euthanized, necropsied, gross lesions were recorded and tissue samples were collected for histopathological and molecular procedures. Grossly intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes thickening, corrugations and edematous swellings were recorded. Semi-thin sections of the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes stained with toluidine blue demonstrated MAP organism inside epithelium cells and macrophages. RT-PCR detected MAP IS900 gene in all suspected cases (100%), thus we recommend using RT-PCR as a rapid sensitive method in the diagnosis of PTB.
Key-words: Paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium, Semi thin sections, Toluidine blue, IS900 gene
Principles of Pathological Investigation and Imaging in Skeletal DisordersPurvi Verma
The current presentation explains about the pathological and pathological investigation required for the skeletal disorders.
The basic requirement for a good prognostic and diagnostic feature which helps in evaluation of any skeletal disorders.
The case of State of Montana vs. Michael Curtis Soule for vehicular homicide while under the influence appeared straightforward, but mistakes by law enforcement like missing evidence and being caught up in the moment complicated the case and changed the outcome, demonstrating how even small errors can alter a case from guilty to not guilty. Investigators doubted their skills or evidence in this case where determining who was at fault became more complex than initially appeared.
This document discusses various laboratory methods for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB), including:
- Sputum smear microscopy to detect acid-fast bacilli, the most common initial diagnostic method.
- Nucleic acid amplification tests like PCR and GeneXpert that can rapidly detect TB in sputum through DNA amplification.
- Culture-based methods grown on solid or liquid media to isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical samples, which is then tested for drug susceptibility.
- Immunological tests like interferon-gamma release assays that detect TB infection by measuring T-cell responses to TB antigens.
It provides details on the principles, advantages, and limitations of different microbiological, molecular,
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease caused by bacterial infection of the endothelium and cardiac valves, either native or prosthetic. In the present work the role of the new microbiological techniques (techniques of detection and amplification of the subunit 16 ribosomal sRNA by means of the chain reaction of the polymerase in blood or tissue, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and matrix-assisted laser is reviewed desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
Target Validation / Biochemical and Cellular Assay Development OSUCCC - James
Target validation and assay development are essential steps in the drug discovery process. This document discusses several approaches to target validation, including using genetic tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi to interrogate targets. It also provides an example of developing a cellular assay using patient-derived cells to validate a target for cystic fibrosis. Additionally, the document describes a case study where phenotypic screening was used to discover a small molecule that restores function of a mutant protein associated with Usher Syndrome type III.
Dr. Graham Plastow - Resilience and PRRS in a natural disease challenge modelJohn Blue
Resilience and PRRS in a natural disease challenge model - Dr. Graham Plastow, University of Alberta, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
Ehrlichia canis in a dog with large granular lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia,...Omega Cantrell
This document summarizes a case study of a 7-year old mixed breed dog presenting with epistaxis, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytosis, azotemia, and hyperproteinemia. Laboratory tests revealed large granular lymphocytes, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and a positive antibody titer for Ehrlichia canis. The dog was diagnosed with chronic canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and treated with doxycycline and prednisone, resulting in resolution of abnormalities.
Capstone assignment on Clostridium Perfringens Associates degree in Medical T...write31
- A 96-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with diarrhea, weakness, and fever. Initial labs showed elevated white blood cells and liver enzymes.
- Follow-up labs the next morning showed severe hemolytic anemia. A peripheral smear found evidence of intravascular hemolysis.
- Blood cultures grew Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium produces toxins that lyse red blood cells, causing rapid deterioration seen in the patient.
- Despite antibiotic treatment, the patient's condition continued to worsen and she died within hours, likely from C. perfringens sepsis and toxic shock.
Capstone assignment on Clostridium Perfringens Associates degree in Medical T...write22
- A 96-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with diarrhea, weakness, and fever. Initial labs showed elevated white blood cells and liver enzymes.
- Follow-up labs the next morning showed severe hemolytic anemia. A peripheral smear found evidence of intravascular hemolysis.
- Blood cultures grew Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium produces toxins that lyse red blood cells, causing rapid deterioration seen in the patient.
- C. perfringens infection was likely from the patient's gastrointestinal symptoms. The bacteria entered her bloodstream and toxins caused fatal hemolysis within hours.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial explored the safety and potential efficacy of hyperimmune caprine serum (AIMSPRO) in 20 patients with established diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (SSc) over 26 weeks. The trial found no safety concerns with AIMSPRO. Patients receiving AIMSPRO showed a mean decrease in modified Rodnan Skin Score compared to an increase in the placebo group. Levels of PIIINP, a biomarker of fibrosis, increased less in the AIMSPRO group. The results support the safety of AIMSPRO and suggest it may provide clinical benefit for skin disease in SSc.
Target Validation Academy Of Medical Sciences 1 Dec 2006Mike Romanos
An overview of the issues and approaches in selecting the best targets for drug discovery and validating them. Given at the Drug Discovery Forum held at the Royal Society, London and organised by the Academy of Medical Sciences
Intraepithelial lymphocyte distribution differs between the bulb and the seco...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Evaluation of intraepithelial duodenal lymphocytosis (IDL) is important in celiac disease (CD). There is no established cut-off value for increased number of IELs in the bulb. We therefore investigated the relation between IEL counts in the bulb and duodenal specimens in non-celiac subjects.
Comparison of Real time PCR and Conventional PCR for Detection of HLA-B27 in Suspected Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.4.4
ABSTRACT- Coronary artery disease (CAD) is suspected as a leading cause of mortality in developed countries. Due
to cholesterol and fat deposit plaque is forming into the inner walls of the arteries of the heart, which leads to narrowing
of blood vessels of heart and reduce the blood flow rate into heart. Proprotein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9
(PCSK9) is one of the candidate gene that regulate lipoprotein retention pathway of CAD development. It is a newly
discovered serine protease that plays a key role in LDL-C homeostasis by mediating LDL receptor (LDLR). The LDL
receptor is breakdown through a post transcriptional mechanism and induces the production of very low-density
lipoprotein in the fasting state. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) of PCSK9 gene of 155 CAD patients and 102 ages matched healthy controls. Serum lipids
including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL, LDL, and VLDL were analyzed. PCR-RFLP analysis was
carried out to genotype regions carrying Eam 1104I restriction site in the PCSK9. Gene considering significant
difference in serum TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels (P<0.001, <0.0001) of patients and control samples.
In CAD patients, G allele frequency is less than A allele frequency. G allele is responsible for decreasing the
LDL: HDL ratio which shows evidence in having its protecting effect on the occurrence of CAD in West Bengal Population.
Key-words- CAD, PCSK9, SNP, Eam1104I, Polymorphism, West Bengal population
Advances in diagnostic technology allow for more sensitive, specific, rapid and cost-effective diagnosis of diseases. New methods like PCR, real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, biosensors, infrared thermography, and ELISA have improved on classical diagnostic approaches by being able to detect minute amounts of pathogens, identify pathogens rapidly, and differentiate between field strains and vaccine strains. These advanced diagnostic techniques are important for disease control, treatment, and surveillance.
Similar to Developing diagnostic test for plant, human and animal diseases (20)
This presentation covers an introduction to UPLC, its general chemistry, and laws behind it. It also discusses the instrumentation of UPLC, advantages, disadvantages, and application of UPLC.
This presentation covers the introduction to Insect Cell Culture. Also covers its general information about cell culture practices followed in the lab. It covers culture media, the source of cells for culture and examples of the cell line with their culture conditions.
This presentation covers all approved therapy for the treatment of AIDS with their mechanism. It also includes some examples of new coming technology for treatment.
This document discusses the limits on rotation in protein backbones and defines the psi (ψ) and phi (φ) angles. It introduces the Ramachandran plot, which maps allowed combinations of ψ and φ angles based on steric constraints. The plot reveals preferred regions that correspond to common secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. Understanding the steric limits on individual amino acid residues provides insight into how proteins fold into their specific three-dimensional shapes.
This presentation gives a brief introduction of Vitamin C. It Covers it's various application and uses in various industry and health care. Also, describe the main industrial process for the production of Vitamin C.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
The Löwenstein–Jensen medium is a selective culture medium used for the isolation and cultivation of Mycobacterium species like M. tuberculosis. It was developed in the late 19th century and incorporates malachite green to inhibit unwanted bacterial growth while encouraging mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis colonies appear brown and granular on this medium after 4 weeks of incubation due to its slow growth rate. The medium contains egg suspension, glycerol, and malachite green among other ingredients to selectively promote mycobacterial growth.
The document summarizes a presentation on antioxidant peptides derived from the blue-spotted stingray. It discusses alternative methods to obtain bioactive peptides from proteins, characterization of antioxidant capacity, identification of two antioxidant peptides (WAFAPA and MYPGLA) from the <3 kDa fraction of stingray hydrolysate, and characterization of their stability under thermal, pH, and simulated digestion conditions. The conclusion discusses the potential of antioxidant peptides for food and medical applications and need for further research.
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Developing diagnostic test for plant, human and animal diseases
1. Developing Diagnostic
Tests for Plant, Animal
and Human Diseases
Presented By-
Sushant Balasaheb Jadhav (18PBT206)
M. Tech. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Institute of Chemical Technology
2. • Diagnostic
• Screening
• Monitoring
Purpose
• Patient Observations
• In Vivo Diagnostics
• In Vitro Diagnostics
Method
• Blood
• Urine
• Stool
Sample
Location
Medical Test
2
3. Diagnostic Test
A diagnostic test is a procedure performed to
confirm or determine the presence of disease in
an individual suspected of having a disease
Accuracy and Precision
Detection – Positive or Negative
Quantification – Discrete or Continuous Values
Interpretation
Risks related to test procedure
3
4. Categories of Diagnostic Tests
4
Test Category Test Purpose Examples
General Chemistry Measurements of base
compounds in the body
Urinalysis test strips
Calcium level test
HbA1c tests
Immunochemistry Match antibody-antigen
response to indicate the
presence or level of a
protein
Antibiotic
susceptibility tests
HIV antibody tests
Tumor marker tests
Hematology /
Cytology
Study of the blood,
blood producing organs,
and cells of the body
Complete blood
count Coagulation
tests (e.g., INR)
5. Categories of Diagnostic Tests
5
Test Category Test Purpose Examples
Microbiology /
Infectious Disease
Detection of disease-
causing agents
Streptococcal testing
Bacterial urine testing /
urine culture
Molecular Study of DNA and
to detect genetic
sequences that may
indicate presence or
susceptibility to
disease
HER2/neu over-
expression testing to
identify patients who are
more likely to respond to
the breast cancer drug
Herceptin HIV viral
testing and other HIV
assays
6. Uses of Diagnostic Tests
6
Test Use Purpose
Screening, Early Disease
Detection
To detect asymptomatic disease or a
predisposition to disease in order to take action
to prevent it by modifying a risk factor or to
it earlier
Diagnosis To make a diagnosis when symptoms,
abnormalities on physical examination, or other
evidence suggests, but does not prove, that a
disease may be present
Disease Staging, Prognosis To determine the extent of disease progression
severity and the likelihood of recovery or risk of
future adverse health outcomes (e.g., cancer
relapse)
7. Uses of Diagnostic Tests
7
Test Use Purpose
Drug Selection, Treatment
Monitoring
To allow accurate and targeted
treatment selection tailored to individual
needs
Disease or Condition
Monitoring and
Management
To understand the course of the disease
or the effect of a therapy in order to
evaluate the success of treatment and
the need for additional testing or
treatment
8. Health Conditions and
Associated Tests
8
Health Condition Test Examples
Heart Disease Lipid panel (cholesterol,
Triglycerides) Troponin
Respiratory Disease Blood gas test Bacterial
culture Viral culture
Diabetes Glucose HbA1c
HIV/AIDS Antibody testing CD4
RNA
Influenza Viral culture Serology
Rapid antigen testing
9. Top 10 Diagnostic Tests
Mammography
Echocardiography
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Colonoscopy
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Bone Density Study
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Computer Axial Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA Test)
9
10. Diabetes mellitus
The most common endocrine disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
The blood glucose concentration is the major diagnostic criterion
for diabetes with HbA1c level and is a useful tool for patient
monitoring
The majority of the current glucose biosensors are of the
electrochemical type
Enzymatic amperometric glucose biosensors are the most common
devices commercially available, and have been widely studied over
the last few decades. Amperometric sensors monitor currents
generated when electrons are exchanged either directly or
indirectly between a biological system and an electrode
10
11. Diabetes mellitus
Glucose measurements are based on interactions with one of three
enzymes: hexokinase, glucose oxidase (GOx) or glucose-1-
dehydrogenase (GDH)
GOx is the standard enzyme for biosensors; it has a relatively higher
selectivity for glucose
The basic concept of the glucose biosensor is based on the fact that
the immobilized GOx catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose by
molecular oxygen producing gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide
Glucose + GOx-FAD+ Glucolactone + Gox-FADH2
Gox-FADH2 + O2 Gox-FAD + H2O2
H2O2 2H+ + O2 + 2e- 11
12. Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs
when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing
damage to the heart muscle
The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may
travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw
There are a number of different biomarkers used to determine the
presence of cardiac muscle damage
Troponins, measured through a blood test, are considered to be the
best, and are preferred because they have greater sensitivity and
specificity for measuring injury to the heart muscle than other tests. A
rise in troponin occurs within 2–3 hours of injury to the heart muscle,
and peaks within 1–2 days. The level of the troponin, as well as a
change over time, are useful in measuring and diagnosing or excluding
myocardial infarctions, and the diagnostic accuracy of troponin testing
is improving over time. One high-sensitivity cardiac troponin is able to
rule out a heart attack as long as the ECG is normal.
12
13. Myocardial infarction
Mihaela Savin et al prepared and developed lateral flow immunoassay
test for the detection of human heart fatty acid binding protein (hFABP)
Water-soluble CdTe (Cadmium telluride) quantum dots (QDs) were
selected as the fluorescent label and were linked covalently to anti-
hFABP antibodies
Upon conjugation, the secondary structure of the anti-hFABP was
preserved and the fluorescence quantum yield of the CdTe QDs
increased
The labelled antibodies were transferred to the immunoassay test strip
and the antigen–antibody reaction was successfully performed
This evidenced the preserved antibody activity of QD-labelled anti-
hFABP towards hFABP, and provided a rapid means for the quantitation
of hFABP in human serum within the range of 0 to 160 ng ml-1, with a
much lower detection limit of 221 pg. ml-1 compared with other rapid
tests based on lateral flow immunoassays 13
14. Rabies
Viral disease that causes inflammation of brain in humans and other
mammals
Symptoms include neurological problems and a fear of light and
water
The current gold standard for post-mortem diagnosis of human
and animal rabies is the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test
An immunohistochemistry procedure, which is recommended by
the World Health Organization (WHO)
The FAT relies on the ability of a detector molecule (usually
fluorescein isothiocyanate) coupled with a rabies-specific antibody,
forming a conjugate, to bind to and allow the visualization of rabies
antigen using fluorescent microscopy techniques 14
15. Rabies
The LN34 pan-lyssavirus real-time RT-PCR assay represents a
strong candidate for rabies post-mortem diagnostics due to
its ability to detect RNA across the diverse Lyssavirus genus,
its high sensitivity, its potential for use with deteriorated
tissues, and its simple, easy to implement design
Beta-Actin Assay
Differential Diagnosis
Following the vaccination requirements for pets helps
prevent and control rabies
15
16. Q Fever
Q fever is a widespread disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella
burnetii, which is able to infect mammals, birds, reptiles and
arthropods. It causes a mild disease in ruminants, but can cause
abortions and still births in cattle, sheep and goats
C. burnetii is shed in milk, urine and feces. But most importantly,
during parturition, huge concentrations of bacteria, up to a billion
per cubic centimetre, are found in the amniotic fluids and the
placenta.
Outside the animal the bacteria becomes a small, dense, long
lasting spore-like form which is able to resist heat and drying. It can
then contaminate dust and be spread by wind for long distances. It
so highly infectious that a single inhaled organism can cause clinical
illness in an animal or person.
Outbreaks typically occur following a birth or abortion where the
environment becomes contaminated with birthing fluids.
16
17. Q Fever
In samples from aborted or affected animals the diagnosis is
confirmed by identifying the bacteria or more commonly
using serological test to identify antibodies according to the
standards found in the OIE
Q fever is diagnosed with a blood antibody test. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), an antibody test
frequently appears negative in the first seven to 10 days of
sickness
Chest X-ray and echocardiogram as a cough and chest pain
while breathing are symptoms of this disease
17
18. Rice Bakanae
Rice bakanae is an important disease that causes serious rice
production loss worldwide
Zhenyang Rong et al, described a new method for rapid
diagnosis of rice bakanae caused by Fusarium fujikuroi and F.
proliferatum, based on loop-mediated isothermal
amplification (LAMP) assays
After screening, primers were selected to target Fusarium
DNA sequences, that is, the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of
the nuclear ribosomal operon and reductase-coding region
(RED1) in F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum, respectively
18
19. Rice Bakanae
Both LAMP assays efficiently amplified target genes in 70 min
at 62°C.
A colour change from purple to sky blue (visible to the
unaided eye) was observed in the presence of the DNA of
the targeted pathogens only, by adding hydroxynaphthol
blue to the reaction system prior to amplification.
The minimum of genomic DNA needed in the assays was 67
and 346 pg/μl for F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum, respectively
19
20. Angular leaf spot of Strawberry
M. Getaz et al, applied comparative genomics approach using
genomes of different Xanthomonas species and pathovars to
identify highly specific targets in the genome of Xanthomonas
fragariae, the causal agent of angular leaf spot of strawberry, listed
under quarantine regulations in Europe
A reliable and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(LAMP) assay was designed using a unique marker providing a
highly specific and rapid detection, making this technique
convenient for on-site detection
Specificity of the designed assay was tested on 37 culture collection
strains of X. fragariae, 82 strains of other Xanthomonas species and
pathovars and 11 strains of other bacterial genera isolated from
strawberry leaves 20
21. Angular leaf spot of Strawberry
Detection limit of 102 fg was achieved, approximating 20 genome
copies per reaction.
When performing analyses with crude plant material, a consistent
lower detection efficiency of 102 CFU ml-1 was achieved.
The LAMP assay designed in this study was adapted to work on
crude plant material without any prior extensive extraction steps or
incubation period.
Moreover, it does not require advanced analytical knowledge or a
fully equipped laboratory.
Results were produced within 7 to 20 min depending on the
pathogen concentration, thus providing a high throughput and
user-friendly method for detection and screening of plant material
in support of quarantine regulations.
21
22. References
Lewin, Laboratory Medicine: A National Status Report, pp.
67-69.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_test
https://www.littletonhealthcare.org/top_procedures.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
Gigante et al, Multi-site evaluation of the LN34 panlyssavirus
real-time RT-PCR assay for postmortem rabies diagnostics
http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/animal-
diseases/q-fever/
22
23. References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction
Mihaela Savin et al, A quantum dot-based lateral flow
immunoassay for the sensitive detection of human heart fatty
acid binding protein (hFABP) in human serum
Zhenyang Rong et al, Rapid diagnosis of rice bakanae
caused by Fusarium fujikuroi and F. proliferatum using loop-
mediated Isothermal amplification assays
M. Gentaz et al, A diagnostic tool for improved detection of
Xanthomonas fragariae using a rapid and highly specific
LAMP assay designed with comparative genomics 23
A medical test is a medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disease processes, susceptibility, or to determine a course of treatment. Medical tests relate to clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, and are typically performed in a medical laboratory
A blood calcium test is ordered to screen for, diagnose, and monitor a range of conditions relating to the bones, heart, nerves, kidneys, and teeth. The test may also be ordered if a person has symptoms of a parathyroid disorder, malabsorption, or an overactive thyroid.
he hemoglobin A1c test tells you your average level of blood sugar over the past 2 to 3 months. It's also called HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin test, and glycol hemoglobin. People who have diabetes need this test regularly to see if their levels are staying within range
A urine test strip or dipstick test is a basic diagnostic tool used to determine pathological changes in a patient's urine in standard urinalysis
An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. This test is used to check how well your lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
Biomarker - a naturally occurring molecule, gene, or characteristic by which a particular pathological or physiological process, disease, etc. can be identified
Office International des Epizooties
from the Japanese for "foolish seedling", is a disease that infects the rice plant.
LAMP is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique