1) Researchers developed a microcontroller-based multi-frequency ultrasonic pulser receiver system that can generate pulsed radio frequencies of different frequencies as selected from a PC without needing to change oscillators.
2) The system uses an ATMega16 microcontroller to control an oscillator chip that can generate frequencies from 1-10MHz as commanded by the PC. It then generates pulse repetition frequencies to create tone bursts that are amplified and transmitted into samples via a transducer.
3) Received echoes are amplified and processed by the receiver section before being displayed on an oscilloscope. The system was tested on water and ethanol samples and able to measure ultrasonic velocities accurately at different frequencies.
Implementation of Simple Wireless NetworkNiko Simon
End of course project where students were given free rein to explore wireless concepts through analysis of theory and hardware builds. The transmitter sends a Morse code audio signal which is then outputted by the receiver. Test of Morse code output: https://youtu.be/-06qOH7lYCg
Implementation of Simple Wireless NetworkNiko Simon
End of course project where students were given free rein to explore wireless concepts through analysis of theory and hardware builds. The transmitter sends a Morse code audio signal which is then outputted by the receiver. Test of Morse code output: https://youtu.be/-06qOH7lYCg
(Slides from Live webinar on September 25, 2014, presented by Mike Schnecker. Watch the webinar On-Demand here: http://goo.gl/LkjUUg)
Attendees Will Learn:
An overview of switched mode power supplies
Common measurements (ie, what to measure and why)
Circuit loading and probing considerations
How instrument specifications impact measurement accuracy
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications.
In this webinar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
Technical details of one of the two first color-flow Doppler two- dimensional real-time cardiac ultrasound systems.
Moving blood flow is displayed in color in real time superimposed on a real-time grayscale anatomical image.
Join us for a LIVE WEBINAR on this topic! Wednesday, November 14, 2:00pm ET
http://bit.ly/XPgjO7
Wide bandwidth modulation is becoming more common in communications. The emergence of the 802.11ac wireless Ethernet standard has extended the modulation bandwidth to 160 MHz which requires very wide band measurement equipment to measure. This presentation illustrates the details of a measurement method that uses a real time digital down converter and post processing software that measures the performance of this signal.
The USB 2.0 standard is widely deployed in both computer and embedded systems. Compliance testing for this standard includes signal integrity as well as a number of low-level protocol tests.
This presentation provides an overview of the test requirements for USB 2.0 compliance and provide background on each test case. Details of fixtures and signal integrity requirements are highlighted in detail.
For more information visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
Effect of Rotation on a Layer of Micro-Polar Ferromagnetic Dusty Fluid Heated...IJERA Editor
This paper deals with the theoretical investigation of effect of rotation on micro-polar ferromagnetic dusty fluid
layer heated from below in a porous medium. Linear stability analysis and normal mode analysis methods are
used to find an exact solution for a flat micro-polar ferromagnetic fluid layer contained between two free
boundaries . In case of stationary convection, the effect of various parameters like medium permeability
parameter, non-buoyancy magnetization parameter, micro-polar coupling parameter, spin-diffusion parameter,
micro-polar heat conduction parameter, dust particles parameter and rotation parameter has been analyzed and
results are depicted graphically. In the absence of dust particles, rotation, micro-viscous effect and micro-inertia,
the sufficient condition is obtained for non-oscillatory modes
Soot Formation in Diesel Engines By Using CfdIJERA Editor
In order to meet the stringent emission standards significant efforts have been imparted to the research and
development of cleaner IC engines. Diesel combustion and the formation of pollutants are directly influenced by
spatial and temporal distribution of the fuel injected. The development and validation of computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) models for diesel engine combustion and emissions is described. The complexity of diesel
combustion requires simulations with many complex interacting sub models in order to have a success in
improving the performance and to reduce the emissions. In the present work an attempt has been made to
develop a multidimensional axe-symmetric model for CI engine combustion and emissions. Later simulations
have been carried out. Commercial validation tool FLUENT was used for simulation. The tool solves basic
governing equations of fluid flow that is continuity, momentum, species transport and energy equation. Using
finite volume method turbulence was modeled by using RNG K-ɛ model. Injection was modeled using La
Grangian approach and reaction was modeled using non premixed combustion which considers the effects of
turbulence and detailed chemical mechanism into account to model the reaction rates. The specific heats were
approximated using piecewise polynomials. Subsequently the simulated results have been validated with the
existing experimental values
(Slides from Live webinar on September 25, 2014, presented by Mike Schnecker. Watch the webinar On-Demand here: http://goo.gl/LkjUUg)
Attendees Will Learn:
An overview of switched mode power supplies
Common measurements (ie, what to measure and why)
Circuit loading and probing considerations
How instrument specifications impact measurement accuracy
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications.
In this webinar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
Technical details of one of the two first color-flow Doppler two- dimensional real-time cardiac ultrasound systems.
Moving blood flow is displayed in color in real time superimposed on a real-time grayscale anatomical image.
Join us for a LIVE WEBINAR on this topic! Wednesday, November 14, 2:00pm ET
http://bit.ly/XPgjO7
Wide bandwidth modulation is becoming more common in communications. The emergence of the 802.11ac wireless Ethernet standard has extended the modulation bandwidth to 160 MHz which requires very wide band measurement equipment to measure. This presentation illustrates the details of a measurement method that uses a real time digital down converter and post processing software that measures the performance of this signal.
The USB 2.0 standard is widely deployed in both computer and embedded systems. Compliance testing for this standard includes signal integrity as well as a number of low-level protocol tests.
This presentation provides an overview of the test requirements for USB 2.0 compliance and provide background on each test case. Details of fixtures and signal integrity requirements are highlighted in detail.
For more information visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
Effect of Rotation on a Layer of Micro-Polar Ferromagnetic Dusty Fluid Heated...IJERA Editor
This paper deals with the theoretical investigation of effect of rotation on micro-polar ferromagnetic dusty fluid
layer heated from below in a porous medium. Linear stability analysis and normal mode analysis methods are
used to find an exact solution for a flat micro-polar ferromagnetic fluid layer contained between two free
boundaries . In case of stationary convection, the effect of various parameters like medium permeability
parameter, non-buoyancy magnetization parameter, micro-polar coupling parameter, spin-diffusion parameter,
micro-polar heat conduction parameter, dust particles parameter and rotation parameter has been analyzed and
results are depicted graphically. In the absence of dust particles, rotation, micro-viscous effect and micro-inertia,
the sufficient condition is obtained for non-oscillatory modes
Soot Formation in Diesel Engines By Using CfdIJERA Editor
In order to meet the stringent emission standards significant efforts have been imparted to the research and
development of cleaner IC engines. Diesel combustion and the formation of pollutants are directly influenced by
spatial and temporal distribution of the fuel injected. The development and validation of computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) models for diesel engine combustion and emissions is described. The complexity of diesel
combustion requires simulations with many complex interacting sub models in order to have a success in
improving the performance and to reduce the emissions. In the present work an attempt has been made to
develop a multidimensional axe-symmetric model for CI engine combustion and emissions. Later simulations
have been carried out. Commercial validation tool FLUENT was used for simulation. The tool solves basic
governing equations of fluid flow that is continuity, momentum, species transport and energy equation. Using
finite volume method turbulence was modeled by using RNG K-ɛ model. Injection was modeled using La
Grangian approach and reaction was modeled using non premixed combustion which considers the effects of
turbulence and detailed chemical mechanism into account to model the reaction rates. The specific heats were
approximated using piecewise polynomials. Subsequently the simulated results have been validated with the
existing experimental values
Interactive E-Lecture Using Video Annotation in Learning GroupsIJERA Editor
Now day‘s users are interested in distance learning as there is rapid growth in digital data due to day today
development in information as well as computer technology. Also its applications or usage have tremendous
response in market. Peoples are attracted towards interactivity in each thing, we found that for e-learning is a
very interactive way to learn and understand things. Currently, YouTube is the global way of video sharing. It is
having certain limitations such as, it having inactivity in online learning. In online study students expecting
some extra guidelines from given resources. In this project we developed video annotation system for foster
active learning. In this project, we achieved active participation of students. There is certain kind of technologies
that extracts some important keywords from textual information. MOOC‘s model is another technology to solve
interaction problem of users in active learning. It also has limitations that it suffered from the problem of
gamification. Our system is interactive as it provides real-time annotations to the video. In our system user can
give their active participation as they have direct interaction to our system. As part of our contribution in this
project we did SVM analysis to provide recommended videos for end users. SVM is Support Vector Machine
algorithm; it classifies the things according to user interest. So, in our system user can search for video and they
get recommended video list for their study.
Weldability of Friction Welding Process for AA2024 Alloy and SS304 Stainless ...IJERA Editor
The objective of this work was to assess the weldability of AA2024 alloy and SS304 stainless steel. The process
parameters were frictional time, frictional pressure, rotational speed and forging pressure. The joints were
evaluated for their strength, bulk deformation, penetration and flange formation employing finite element
analysis software code. For friction welding of AA2024 alloy and SS304 stainless steel, the ratio of forging
pressure / frictional pressure should be optimum for good welding.
A Fast Floating Point Double Precision Implementation on FpgaIJERA Editor
In the modern day digital systems, floating point units are an important component in many signal and image
processing applications. Many approaches of the floating point units have been proposed and compared with
their counterparts in recent years. IEEE 754 floating point standard allows two types of precision units for
floating point operations, single and double. In the proposed architecture double precision floating point unit is
used and basic arithmetic operations are performed. A parallel architecture is proposed along with the high
speed adder, which is shared among other operations and can perform operations independently as a separate
unit. To improve the area efficiency of the unit, carry select adder is designed with the novel resource sharing
technique which allows performing the operations with the minimum usage of the resources while computing
the carry and sum for „0‟ and „1‟. The design is implemented using the Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA and the results
show the 23% improvement in the speed of the designed circuit
Solving Transportation Problems with Hexagonal Fuzzy Numbers Using Best Candi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, we introduce a Fuzzy Transportation Problem (FTP) in which the values of transportation costs are
represented as hexagonal fuzzy numbers. We use the Best candidate method to solve the FTP. The Centroid
ranking technique is used to obtain the optimal solution.
Theoretical and experimental spectroscopic analysis by FTIR in the effect of ...IJERA Editor
The development of new fibrous composites with specific properties has attracted a big interest in the
development of new technologies. One of the biggest problems in this area is the improvement of the
fiber/matrix interface to increase the mechanical properties in the final composite. In this work, surface chemical
modifications of the rice husk (by-product of the rice industry) were carried out to achieve a better compatibility
with diverse polymeric matrices. These modifications include the use of three different silanes: 3-
(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TMS), dichlorodimethylsilane (DDS) and trichlorovinylsilane (TVS). The
natural fibers and their changes after each treatment were studied experimentally by Fourier Transformed
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This experimental spectroscopic information was compared with a theoretical
analysis of molecular vibrations using the HyperChem Release 7.0 software as molecular modeling tool. The
result of this comparison confirmed the chemical modification. It was concluded that the chemical modification
was carried out and after an experimental spectroscopic analysis (FTIR) the molecular vibrations data were agree
with those calculated by theoretical analysis being verified in this way the chemical modification of the rice-husk
fiber surface.
Optimizing Hybrid Wind/Diesel Generator System Using BAT AlgorithmIJERA Editor
Hybrid system comprising of Wind/Diesel generation system for a practical standalone application considers
Wind turbine generators and diesel generator as primary power sources for generating electricity. Battery banks
are considered as a backup power source. The total value of cost is reduced by meeting energy demand required
by the customers. Bat optimization technique is implemented to optimize wind and battery modules. Wind and
battery banks are considered as primary sources and diesel generator as a secondary power source for the system
The Role Played by the Advance Maintenance Practice in manufacturing pеrforma...IJERA Editor
It is not obvious how firms should mеasurе thеir manufacturing pеrformancеs. Various approachеs, most of
thеm with a largе numbеr of mеasurеs on diffеrеnt hiеrarchical lеvеls, еxist. Many of thе mеasurеs usеd arе
considеrеd obsolеtе and inconsistеnt for various rеasons. Thе usеfulnеss of most cost accounting systеms,
individual mеasurеs as wеll as morе comprеhеnsivе activity-basеd costing systеms, arе frеquеntly quеstionеd
sincе thеy do not covеr manufacturing pеrformancеs rеlativе to thе compеtitivе capabilitiеs (е.g. Dixon еt al.,
1990, Whitе, 1996). Anothеr sеrious problеm with most pеrformancе mеasurеmеnt systеms usеd in firms is that
thеy oftеn includе too many diffеrеnt mеasurеs, which makеs it difficult to undеrstand thе "big picturе" (Kееgan
еt al., 1989).
Supply Chain Coordination with Buy-back and Wholesale-price Contracts under R...IJERA Editor
In order to increase supply chain total profit, we design a supply chain collaboration mechanism between one
supplier and one retailer. Throughout the paper we present one supplier and one retailer set up with random
demand in a decentralized supply chain. An incentive function on the buy-back cost and wholesale price cost is
presented and scheme through the buy-back contract and wholesale-price contract has been developed to enrich
the retailer take part in the collaboration ways. Furthermore, the paper shows that, how corporation between
buy-back contract and wholesale contract could coordinate the supply chain in both a decentralized and
centralized supply chain. Lastly, we set up numerical analyses and the result shows the implied collaboration
mechanism is not permit the decentralized system to achieve the same performance as the centralized decision
however it allows both members in the supply chain gains profit sharing by setting up the contract parameters.
Experimental Study on Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Rectangular Minichannel wi...IJERA Editor
An experimental study was conducted to investigate two-phase air-water flow characteristics, in horizontal
rectangular minichannel with Y-junction. The width (W), the height (H) and the hydraulic diameter (DH) of the
rectangular cross section for the upstream side of the junction are 4.60 mm, 2.50 mm and 3.24 mm, while those
for the downstream side are 2.36 mm, 2.50 mm and 2.43 mm. The entire test section was machined from
transparent acrylic block, so that the flow structure could be visualized. Liquid single-phase and air-liquid twophase
flow experiments were conducted at room temperature. The flow pattern, the bubble velocity, the bubble
length, and the void fraction were measured with a high-speed video camera. Pressure profile upstream and
downstream from the junction was also measured for the respective flows, and the pressure loss due to the
contraction at the junction was determined from the pressure profiles. Two flow patterns, i.e., slug and annular
flows, were observed in the fully-developed region apart from the junction. In the analysis, the frictional pressure
drop data, the two-phase frictional multiplier data, bubble velocity data, bubble length data and void fraction data
were compared with calculations by some correlations in literatures. In addition, new pressure loss coefficient
correlations for the pressure drop at the junction has been proposed. Results of such experiment and analysis are
described in the present paper.
Some Remarks on Prime Submodules in Weak Co-Multiplication ModulesIJERA Editor
Throughout this paper, the entire ring will be treated as commutative ring with non-zero identity and all the
modules will be treated as unitary modules. In this paper we shall discuss some remarks on prime submodules in
weak co-multiplication modules.
Study of Surface Roughness Characteristics of Drilled Hole in Glass Fiber Rei...IJERA Editor
Now-a-days glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRP) are always applicable in variety of engineering applications.
It is used in aerospace, automotive and aircraft industries due to their well known properties. Milling of GFRP
composite materials is very difficult due to its heterogeneity and the number of troubles like as surface
delamination during machining affects uniqueness of the material and the machining parameters. Present paper
focuses the experimental details to find out delamination factor on GFRP composite laminates by using
Taguchi‟s DOE L9 orthogonal array. The main objective of the present work is to optimize the process
parameters in the drilling of GFRP composite using Taguchi DOE and to find the significance of each process
parameter using ANOVA. As far as the effect of input factors are considered, the factors drilled material and
spindle speed both have nearly predominant influence on the delamination factor of drilled holes on GFRP
composite by using CNC milling process.
Performance Analysis of Multi-QoS Model of OCDMA System by Adopting OPPM Sign...IJERA Editor
In this paper, optical CDMA which combines the large bandwidth of the fibre medium with the flexibility of the
CDMA technique to achieve high speed connectivity has been used. For achieving this purpose, OPPM
signalling and switching techniques have been employed. This helps in the achievement of high tolerance to
Multiple Access Interference, further resulting in improvement of both the Bit Error Rate and optical channel
capacity without the need to decrease the light pulse width. An OPPM scheme to support multimedia services
with different transmission rates and Quality of Service requirements is proposed. Packet Switching technique
has been employed to help in the transfer of data in the form of packets from the source to the destination via a
specified route. The results are calculated by using PPM signalling and switching technology.But switching
technology has been found to be far better than the OOK-OCDMA if the average power has been considered as
the restraining factor.
Transportation Problem with Pentagonal Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers Solved Us...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a solution methodology for transportation problem in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment in
which cost are represented by pentagonal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Transportation problem is a particular
class of linear programming, which is associated with day to day activities in our real life. It helps in solving
problems on distribution and transportation of resources from one place to another. The objective is to satisfy
the demand at destination from the supply constraints at the minimum transportation cost possible. The problem
is solved using a ranking technique called Accuracy function for pentagonal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers and
Russell’s Method
Cryptographic Technique Used Lower and Upper Triangular Decomposition MethodIJERA Editor
In this paper, the main cryptographic technique we will use affine cipher used for encryption and also
decryption by using one of the linear algebra technique lower and upper triangular technique
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops EnvironmentIJERA Editor
Laptops in 21st century are an integral part of every professional in vivid fields. Off late there has been
emergence of several ergonomic injuries such as repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) due to extensive usage of
laptops, which can be closely linked with applied force and postures. This study investigated the effect of
various angles of keyboard on the applied force and motor action plus response time while performing five
distinct tasks. On the basis of literature two different laptops were selected for performing different tasks. For
each case the three levels of platform angle were considered as 0°, 5°, and 10°. Male subjects were selected to
perform five distinct tasks for each platform angle for both laptops. The force applied (in milli-volts) and the
motor action plus response time (milli-seconds) were recorded using an oscilloscope. The data collected were
analyzed through ANOVA using MINITAB software. The abduction angle with the least mean response time
and applied force were considered as the best from ergonomics viewpoint. The ANOVA results showed that the
angle of abduction for both laptops (small and large) do have significant effect on applied force but not on motor
action plus response time. The analysis of results indicate that 10° angle of abduction in case of small laptops
should be applied to minimize musculoskeletal disorder and repetitive strain injuries.
Research relevance: This work suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of laptops would
have to redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal disorder, repetitive strain injuries and
other related problems are concerned. The present work can be quite useful for the system designers of
tomorrow.
A Fuzzy Inventory Model with Perishable and Aging ItemsIJERA Editor
A parametric multi-period inventory model for perishable items considered in this paper. Each item in the stock perishes in a given period of time with some uncertainty. A model derived for recursive unnormalized conditional distributions of {} given the information accumulated about the inventory level- surviving items processes.
A Status Data Transmitting System for Vessel MonitoringIJECEIAES
This paper presents a status data transmitting system suitable for vessel monitoring. The system consists of four main parts, which are a frequency synthesizer, a horn antenna, a status data module and a power amplifier. The proposed frequency synthesizer can flexibly change the frequency in a wide range (from 600 MHz to 4.2 GHz) and the output power (from -6 dBm to -3 dBm). By using the phase-locked loop, the synthesizer’s stability over temperature and tolerance are comparable to temperature compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO) that is about +/- 3 ppm. Moreover, phase noise performance of the synthesizer is less than -90 dBc/Hz at 1 KHz and -100 dBc/Hz at 100 KHz. The impedance bandwidth of the horn antenna can be controlled by using the beveling technique. The status data module packs information of the identification, longitude, latitude, and state of the vessel into data frames. FSK/MSK/GMSK schemes were used to modulate the data. The power amplifier provides 130 W output power at S-band. The fundamental characteristics of the implemented transmitter have been measured and verified.
Design and implementation of pll frequency synthesizer using pe3336 ic for ir...elelijjournal
The design and experimental verification of a low phase noise phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer using Peregrine’s PE83336 IC is presented. This PLL is used as frequency synthesizer which generates stable and low phase noise signal for space applications. A stable reference frequency of 22.8MHz is provided to the PLL through a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO). Experimental results of the PLL frequency synthesizer shows the excellent performance achieved at Xband. The PLL model implemented with frequency resolution of 5.8MHz, and phase noise better than -
81dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz offset at X-band. The complete model is fabricated on RT-duroid 6010 substrate
Design of Waveform Generator for wearable Intermediate Frequency Therapy Appa...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Medium frequency electrotherapy increasingly applied today. However, many therapy products have the weaknesses of humdrum treatment, large size, large power consumption, heavy and wired devices. According to the above situations, this paper designs a waveform generator for wearable intermediate frequency therapy apparatus, which can be connected with the electrodes directly on parts of the body. It is based on lowpower controller chip STM32F103VET6 internal timer and DAC programmed to generate waveforms, and the audio amplifier chip named PAM8403 is composed to achieve power amplifier circuit that can amplify waveform power. Then the waveform voltage is boosted through a safety isolating transformer. Finally, the output signal is suitable modulated medium frequency current for therapy. The experiments show that our waveform generator achieves technic index. The output voltage peak-to-peak value is 0-99V, the output voltage peak-to-peak value is 0-26mA , the modulation frequency ranges from 1Hz to 150Hz, the intermediate carrier frequency ranges from 1kHz to 5kHz and it can generate kinds of pulse waveforms. The developed therapy apparatus’ size is 10cm*7cm*4.8cm, which can be worn on human arm or stomach. Its actual endurance can reach 24h.
Development of a receiver circuit for medium frequency shift keying signals.inventionjournals
Frequency shift keying (fsk) mode of digital signal information transfer switches between two predetermined frequencies of the carrier wave, either by modulating one sine wave oscillator or by switching between two oscillators.The need for a receiver to decode an fsk signal along the transmitting medium from a digital source code within about 5 kilometer radius for security monitoring of environment informed this work. The design of a receiver circuit at a frequency of 500 kHzfor an input frequency shift keying (fsk) signal from a transmitter is presented. The receiver is to receive an RF signal, amplify it, filter it to remove unwanted signals, and recover the desired base band information. It consists of an amplifier, tuned circuitsand mixers which filters the base-band information. A comparator circuit is incorporated, to detect the digital signal received. The output from the comparators is the digital equivalent of the coded signals sent by the transmitter circuit, and transferred to a microcontroller circuit, to act as a coded signal representing information from the transmitting end. The bode-plot response of the receiver to the incoming signals using a FET tuned circuit, shows that only frequencies above 470kHz, and below 495kHz are allowed to pass through the network with a resonant frequency of 483.553 kHz and a gain of 27.734dB, while others are totally attenuated. The reliability of the designed receiver circuit was evaluated for a 1 year continuous operating period and was found to be 74.7%.Area of application of this work include electronic policing of a defined environment with good success
The pulse generator which has been implemented in the pulse electric field (PEF) treatment system for food processing is worth to be highlighted and improved. It is parallel with the advancement in semiconductor technology, which offers robust and accurate devices. This research is an effort to produce a low cost, compact and reliable pulse generator as well as equipped with a pulse width modulation (PWM) method for wide selection of frequency and duty cycle. The result shows that the simulation process has proven the theoretical concept to be right and yields the desired outcome based on the designed values. Then, the actual printed circuit board (PCB) has been fabricated to obtain practical results which intended to be compared with the simulation outcomes. Concerning the frequency and its duty cycle, both parameters can be altered without affecting each other. It means by changing the frequency, duty cycle remains the same and vice versa. Thus, this proposed pulse generator achieves its objective and fits to be implemented in PEF treatment technology. It also can replace the conventional pulse forming network (PFN) which is bulky and costly.
The autonomous Test Bench is the growing field of
testing device. The Rapid production firms require rapid testing
infrastructure. Many firms till now use legacy system. The
Autonomous Test Bench is a Rapid Application Development tool
to accelerate the device testing rapid. To implementation ATB
(Autonomous Test Bench) the major requirement is to measure
the target object distance from robotic arm to trigger the device
(like push button, gripping something etc.) Not only Robotic
system, many fields of industry are required to capture ultrasonic
scan data. Sometimes it should be wireless system which may be
positioned anywhere. This paper describes a novel way to capture
surrounded ultrasonic scan data. The device is portable and
wireless and as well as cost effective. To measure object distance,
ultrasonic peripatetic scanner uses two servo motors to scan the
object horizontally and vertically. The main controller is a credit
card sized computer Raspberry pi with high processing capability
and portability. The programs are written using Python which is
an interpreted language.
Luigi Giubbolini | Time/Space-Probing Interferometer for Plasma DiagnosticsLuigi Giubbolini
By Luigi Giubbolini Published article about Rapid progress in plasma applications requires new instrumentation. Luigi Giubbolini has engineering experience in industrial, government laboratory & academic environments.
Development of Compact P-Band Vector Reflectometer IJECEIAES
A compact and low cost portable vector reflectometer is designed for a reliable measurement of reflection coefficient, S . This reflectometer focuses on return loss measurement of frequency ranges from 450 MHz to 550 MHz. The detection of magnitude and phase is based on the utilization of surface mount Analog Devices AD8302 gain/phase detector. The data acquisition is controlled by using Arduino-Nano 3.0 microcontroller, with the use of two analog to digital converter (ADC) and a digital to analog converter (DAC). One port (Open, short and matched load) calibration technique is used to eliminate systematic errors prior to data acquisition. The evaluation of the reflectometer is done by comparing the result of the measurement to that of vector network analyzer. 11
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Design of Microcontroller Based Multi-Frequency Ultrasonic Pulser Receiver
1. Rakhi V. Vyaghra et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 4) February 2016, pp.55-58
www.ijera.com 55 | P a g e
Design of Microcontroller Based Multi-Frequency Ultrasonic
Pulser Receiver
Rakhi V. Vyaghra, Satish J. Sharma and S. Rajagopalan
(Department of Electronics and Computer Science, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur – 440033 (India)
ABSTRACT
Ultrasonic technique is widely accepted as a characterizing tool because of its non destructive nature. Great
technical advancement in ultrasonic apparatuses over the last few years has permitted their increased use. In the
present work, an attempt has been made to develop an ultrasonic pulser receiver for pulse echo technique which
gives pulsed RF of desired frequency on selection from PC without shifting to another oscillator. A
microcontroller (ATMega16) controlled oscillator generates required frequencies on receiving a command. A
pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is generated by microcontroller in such a way to give fixed number of RF
cycles for each selected frequency. The receiver section receives the echoes from the same transducer, rectifies
and amplifies it and is projected to oscilloscope for further study. The designed multi frequency ultrasonic pulser
receiver system has been tested in standard liquids for velocity measurements.
Keywords - ATMega16, multi frequency, PC Interface, pulse echo technique, ultrasonics
I. Introduction
Ultrasonic technique is widely accepted because
of its accuracy and non destructive nature; and finds
its applications in medical imaging, detection,
cleaning, diagnosis, physiotherapy, dentistry,
surgical tools, radiology, industries, automobile
industry, sonochemistry, spectroscopy, agriculture
and even as weapons. NDT is perhaps better known
in its more common applications for thickness
gauging, flaw detection, and acoustic imaging, high
frequency sound waves can also be used to
discriminate and quantify some basic mechanical,
structural, or compositional properties of solids and
liquids. Commonly used ultrasonic testing method
is pulse echo technique in which a sound wave is
launched by exciting the transducer with a voltage
spike or square wave. The sound wave travels
through the test material, either reflecting off the far
side to return to its point of origin (pulse/echo), or
being received by the other transducer (through
transmission). The received signal is then amplified,
detected and analyzed. A variety of commercial
instrumentation is available for this purpose,
utilizing both analog and digital signal processing.
The relevant measurement parameters will typically
be one or more of the following: pulse-transmit time,
attenuation, scattering, frequency content etc.
In a dedicated multi frequency setup, the
frequency is selected by operating mechanical or
solid state switches manually or through giving
appropriate command using relays or solid state
switches[1][2][3]. That means for each frequency
there is a dedicated oscillator. This results in
increase in size, weight and cost of the instrument.
II.
In present work, an attempt has been made to design
a multiple frequency pulser receiver module based
on pulse echo technique, where an oscillator
generates frequency as per our requirement. Hence,
manual frequency selection has been completely
replaced by automation. The complete design of
pulser receiver has been developed using off the
shelf available electronics components. The
designed system is cost effective and smaller in size.
II. Experimental setup
Setup has a transmitter designed to generate RF
tone burst of selected RF frequency [4][5], amplified
and applied to a piezo electric transducer fitted at the
bottom of the sample holder, whose other end has a
glass reflector mounted to reflect the incident
ultrasonic waves. The sample holder is a concentric
cylindrical structure designed to hold the liquid
sample in the inner cylinder with a provision for
constant temperature maintenance. The reflected
signal i.e. echoes are collected by the same
transducer and processed by the receiver and then it
is projected on a digital storage oscilloscope for
study purpose. The device is interfaced to the serial
port of the PC for control.
III. Working Principle
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the complete
pulser receiver system. Pulsed RF is generated by
the pulser section [6][7].This section is interfaced to
a PC where a command is issued to the pulser to set
the desired frequency. The heart of this pulser is the
microcontroller ATMega16 which accepts the
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Rakhi V. Vyaghra et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 4) February 2016, pp.55-58
www.ijera.com 56 | P a g e
command from PC and redirects it to the oscillator
in the form of another command. An oscillator
generates the desired frequency whereas
microcontroller generates the pulse repetition
frequency (PRF), both of which are fed to an AND
gate and then it is amplified and fed to a PZT
transducer. This transducer is connected at bottom of
a sample holder (cell) where the sample under
consideration (liquid) is maintained at a specific
temperature. The transducer vibrates to the tuned
frequency given and thus the sound waves travel into
the sample and gets reflected from the other end of
the cell from a reflector plate. The received signal or
echoes are collected by the same transducer. The
receiver section, on receiving signals, filters,
rectifies and amplifies it and fed to the oscilloscope.
IV. Circuit Description
Figure 1 shows block diagram of ultrasonic
pulser receiver. Transmitter consists of a frequency
generator section, power amplification and output
section (Fig. 2). The whole module is controlled by a
microcontroller whereas the module itself is
controlled by a PC.
In the present work, Atmel’s ATMega16 an 8-bit
and 40-pin AVR microcontroller is used. The MCU
is operated on a 16MHz clock derived from a
piezoelectric crystal oscillator of 16 MHz. This
microcontroller is interfaced with a PC on the virtual
com port using USB to TTL UART converter.
The oscillator consists of DS1077 which is a
processor-controlled or standalone solid state
oscillator chip. It is an 8 pin, 2-wire serial interface
chip capable of generating frequency from 8.1 kHz
to 133MHz. This chip does not require any external
components for its operation. The desired frequency
is selected by issuing a command word to the chip
on a 2-wire serial interface. The output of this
oscillator is a square wave form.
Output of the oscillator is refined using a Schmitt
trigger which enables the square wave to drive the
next stage. The square wave output is synchronized
with the PRF through the interrupt pin of the
microcontroller, which results in generation of
pulsed RF with the help of an AND gate.
This tone burst, thus generated needs further
amplification to drive the transducer load. A non-
inverting buffer/driver with open collector high
voltage output chip (SN7407) is used for this
purpose. The power delivered by this stage is
governed by the open-collector resistor and voltage
applied to the open collector (Maximum 30V). The
output is amplified enough to drive the transducer.
Fig.3 shows the block diagram of receiver which
consists of passive filters, which is then pre-
amplified and amplified using op-amp LM7171. It is
then rectified using a peak detector diode, and
amplified again. The resultant received waveform
can be seen on oscilloscope. Figure 4 and 5 shows
the circuit diagram of transmitter and receiver
respectively. Figure 6 shows the implemented
system of pulser and receiver along with sample
holder and DSO. Figure 7 and 8 shows the tone burst
frequencies of 2 MHz and 5 MHz respectively as
measured by DSO. Figure 9 and 10 shows the
transmitted pulse and echo pattern received using
double distilled water at 5 MHz and 2 MHz
respectively.
V. Result
The circuit gives stable output of RF burst for a
long duration without undergoing any frequency
variation. Double distilled water and Ethanol
(absolute for analysis) is considered for testing. The
system successfully transmitted the signal, received
and amplified and thus measured on a digital storage
oscilloscope. In the present work, 2MHz and 5MHz
frequencies are tested successfully on above
mentioned samples. The observed velocities are
plotted in a graph. Figure 11 shows the ultrasonic
velocity measurements carried out using 2MHz tone
burst on double distilled water and Ethanol and
Figure 12 shows the ultrasonic velocity
measurements carried out using 5MHz tone burst on
double distilled water and Ethanol.
VI. Conclusion
The designed multi frequency ultrasonic pulser
receiver is tested successfully using double distilled
water and Ethanol with 2MHz and 5MHz
frequencies. The transmitter successfully generates
frequencies from 1 MHz to 10 MHz without
changing any component (except transducer) or
without using a manual switch. Repeatability and
stability is observed in the functioning of the
transmitter over a period of time. PRF can also be
changed without changing a single component. The
observed velocities at different temperatures are
compared with literature values. Errors in
measurement can further be minimized by using
digital storage oscilloscope having higher resolution
or a dedicated system. Intension of this experiment
is to use locally available components. For more
power requirement this buffer/driver can be replaced
with high speed transistor or MOSFET without
disturbing the setup. Such a design is useful for the
development of light weight hand held ultrasonic
devices. Other parameter such as attenuation can
also be measured using the same setup.
3. Rakhi V. Vyaghra et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 4) February 2016, pp.55-58
www.ijera.com 57 | P a g e
Fig: 1 ultrasonic pulser receiver system
Fig: 2 block diagram of ultrasonic pulser
Fig: 3 block diagram of ultrasonic receiver
Fig: 4 circuit diagram of ultrasonic pulser
Fig: 5 circuit diagram of ultrasonic receiver
Fig: 6 Designed System
Fig: 7 rf burst (5 MHz)
Fig: 8 rf burst (2MHz)
Fig: 9 echoes obtained (tx: 5 MHz)
4. Rakhi V. Vyaghra et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 4) February 2016, pp.55-58
www.ijera.com 58 | P a g e
Fig: 10 echoes obtained (tx: 2MHz)
Fig: 11 ultrasonic velocity measurements in water and
ethanol mixture at 2MHz
Fig: 12 ultrasonic velocity measurements in water and
ethanol mixture at 5MHz
REFERENCES
[1] V. R. Vyaghra, Ultrasonic Signal Processing
For Characterization of Matter, doctoral diss.,
Department of Electronics and Computer
Science, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur,
M.S., India, 2006.
[2] V. M. Pendsey, Development of PC Based Pulse
Technique For Ultrasonic Measurements,
doctoral diss., Department of Electronics and
Computer Science, RTM Nagpur University,
Nagpur, M.S., India, 2011.
[3] G. K. Singh, S. J. Sharma and S. Rajagopalan,
Design of Multi Frequency Ultrasonic Pulse
Echo System, Journal of Applied Physics,2(4),
2012, 35-39.
[4] Ke-Nung Huang and Yu-Pei Huang, Multiple
Frequency Ultrasonic Distance Measurement
Using Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers,
Sensors and Actuators A: Journal, 149, 2009,
42-50.
[5] Wen-Yuan Tsai, Hsin-Chieh Chen, Teh-Lu
Liao, High Accuracy Ultrasonic Air
Temperature Measurement Using Multi
Frequency Continuous Wave, Sensors and
Actuators A: Journal, 132, 2006, 526-532.
[6] S. A. Jaffar, K. Malakondiah and Y.B. Gandole,
Design and Development of Computer Based
Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements in Liquids,
International Journal of Power System Analysis,
1(2), 2012, 38-44.
[7] G. K. Singh, S. J. Sharma and S. Rajagopalan,
Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids
Using Wireless Technology: SMS, Journal. of
Applied Physics, 1(3),2012, 20-22.
[8] M. Lenz, M. Bock, E. Kühnicke, J. Pal and A.
Cramer, Measurement of The Sound Velocity in
Fluids Using Signals from Scattering Particles,
Ultrasonics, 52, 2012, 117-124.
[9] M. K.-K. Figueiredo, R. P.B. Costa-Felix, L. E.
Maggi, A. V. Alvarenga and G. A. Romeiro,
Biofuel Ethanol Adulteration Detection Using
an Ultrasonic Measurement Method, Fuel, 91,
2012, 209-212.
[10]B. Liu and A.B. Koc, Ultrasonic Determination
of Water Concentration in Ethanol Fuel Using
Artificial Neural Networks, American Society of
Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 55(
5),2012, 1865-1872.
[11]P. Subramanyam Naidu and K. Ravindra
Prasad, Ultrasonic Velocity and Allied
Parameters in Solutions of Cypermethrin with
Xylene and Ethanol, Indian Journal of Pure and
Appied Physics, 42, 2004, 512-517.